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Journal articles on the topic 'FLASH CHAMBER'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Bock, Peter, Joachim Heintze, Thomas Kunst, Bernhard Schmidt, and Ludek Smolìk. "Drift chamber readout with flash ADCs." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 242, no. 2 (January 1986): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(86)90215-9.

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2

Siddique, Sarkar, Harry E. Ruda, and James C. L. Chow. "FLASH Radiotherapy and the Use of Radiation Dosimeters." Cancers 15, no. 15 (July 30, 2023): 3883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153883.

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Radiotherapy (RT) using ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) radiation, known as FLASH RT, has shown promising results in reducing normal tissue toxicity while maintaining tumor control. However, implementing FLASH RT in clinical settings presents technical challenges, including limited depth penetration and complex treatment planning. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is a valuable tool for dose calculation in RT and has been investigated for optimizing FLASH RT. Various MC codes, such as EGSnrc, DOSXYZnrc, and Geant4, have been used to simulate dose distributions and optimize treatment plans. Accurate dosimetry is essential for FLASH RT, and radiation detectors play a crucial role in measuring dose delivery. Solid-state detectors, including diamond detectors such as microDiamond, have demonstrated linear responses and good agreement with reference detectors in UHDR and ultra-high dose per pulse (UHDPP) ranges. Ionization chambers are commonly used for dose measurement, and advancements have been made to address their response nonlinearities at UHDPP. Studies have proposed new calculation methods and empirical models for ion recombination in ionization chambers to improve their accuracy in FLASH RT. Additionally, strip-segmented ionization chamber arrays have shown potential for the experimental measurement of dose rate distribution in proton pencil beam scanning. Radiochromic films, such as GafchromicTM EBT3, have been used for absolute dose measurement and to validate MC simulation results in high-energy X-rays, triggering the FLASH effect. These films have been utilized to characterize ionization chambers and measure off-axis and depth dose distributions in FLASH RT. In conclusion, MC simulation provides accurate dose calculation and optimization for FLASH RT, while radiation detectors, including diamond detectors, ionization chambers, and radiochromic films, offer valuable tools for dosimetry in UHDR environments. Further research is needed to refine treatment planning techniques and improve detector performance to facilitate the widespread implementation of FLASH RT, potentially revolutionizing cancer treatment.

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3

Khamis Mansour, M., and Hassan E. S. Fath. "Comparative study for different demister locations in multistage flash (MSF) flash chamber (FC)." Desalination and Water Treatment 51, no. 40-42 (December 2013): 7379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.779940.

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4

Wu, Haoyu, Weimin Liu, Xiaoming Li, Fengyun Chen, and Longbin Yang. "Simulation analysis on flashing process in flash chamber." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 300 (August 9, 2019): 052022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/300/5/052022.

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5

Lv, Henghua, Yan Wang, Lianying Wu, and Yangdong Hu. "Numerical simulation and optimization of the flash chamber for multi-stage flash seawater desalination." Desalination 465 (September 2019): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.04.032.

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6

Wu, Jian, Jiakun Du, Hong Chen, Yuhuai Li, Wenfeng Zhan, Guangquan Wu, and Lin Ye. "Experimental study on flash-boiling spray structure of multi-hole gasoline direct injection injector in a constant volume chamber." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 12 (January 2020): 175682772093243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756827720932431.

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The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of flash-boiling spray were experimentally investigated with various optical measurement techniques. The effects of ambient pressure and fuel temperature on flash-boiling characteristics in multi-hole gasoline direct injection injector were analyzed. The analysis was focused on the spray structure and atomization droplet size distributions. In order to increase the understanding of the flash-boiling spray targeting, three injectors with different spray patterns were investigated under strong flash-boiling condition. The results show that ambient pressure and fuel temperature have significant influence on flash boiling. Both lower ambient pressure and higher fuel temperature could accelerate the flash-boiling process. For the macroscopic characteristics, similar influences could be found with the ambient pressure decreased by 0.4 bar and the fuel temperature increased by 10°C. Further, significant difference could be found within cold-jet spray and strong flash-boiling spray, such as the spatial structure. The spray structure always turns from hollow cone into solid when flash boiling occurs. With a higher fuel superheat degree, the spray droplet distribution moves toward smaller sizes and let the larger droplets reduce due to the promotion of atomization. For the strong flash-boiling spray, the Sauter mean diameter has decreased by 50% compared with cold-jet spray. There is a corresponding relationship between collapsed flash-boiling spray target and weighted geometric center of the injector. Spray collapse could be avoided by increasing the plume distance.

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7

Khamis Mansour, M., and Hassan E. S. Fath. "Numerical simulation of flashing process in MSF flash chamber." Desalination and Water Treatment 51, no. 10-12 (February 2013): 2231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.734729.

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8

Malik, A. U., M. Mobin, I. N. Andijani, S. Al-Fozan, and A. Al-Hamed. "Investigations on the corrosion of flash chamber floor plates in a multistage flash desalination plant." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 6, no. 6 (December 2006): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/154770206x156222.

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9

Zhao, Zirui, Xinyu Zhang, Mengjun Gong, Mengrong Chen, and Yong Ren. "Numerical Simulation of Cavitation and FlashBoiling in GDI Nozzle and Spray." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2454, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2454/1/012011.

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Abstract This work aims at using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to establish a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine nozzle and combustion chamber model to simulate cavitation and flash boiling phenomena and analyze how these phenomena affect the engine performance. FLUENT 15.0 is used to simulate the flow of fuel. The cavitation phenomenon in GDI nozzle was simulated comprehensively, and the influences of parameter values such as inlet pressure and outlet pressure on cavitation were studied in this work. The results show that high injection pressure can promote the occurrence of cavitation and high outlet pressure has an inhibitory effect on cavitation. However, the effect of cavitation on atomization cannot be seen intuitively only through the simulation of the internal nozzle. The two-dimensional inter nozzle model established in this work is a foundation for the establishment of external nozzle model. It can provide specific boundary conditions at nozzle outlet. In addition, a three-dimensional external nozzle model was established to simulate the flash boiling spray in the combustion chamber. Based on the mechanism, it can be found that flash boiling spray improves the atomization quality. After verifying the simulation results with relevant experiments, these models could bring great convenience to the study of cavitation and flash boiling with sufficient reliability in further study.

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10

Tang, Yan Fei, Chao Ding, Ya Ping He, De Chuang Zhou, and Jian Wang. "Studies on the Effect of Altitude on the Flammable Liquids' Flash Point." Advanced Materials Research 908 (March 2014): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.908.345.

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Presented in this paper is part of an experimental series conducted at different altitudes to investigate the influence of altitude on the flammable liquids flash point. The BS-1 closed bomb apparatus is used to measure the flash points of two flammable liquids (dimethylacetylamide (DMA) and RP-5 Jet A) in a hypobaric chamber under the altitude change from 4860 km to the sea level. The experimental results show that the flash points of DMA and Jet A decrease linearly with the increase in altitude in the low altitude region below the corresponding critical altitudes but non-linearly above. The critical altitudes for DMA and RP-5 Jet A are found to be 3 km and 3.83 km respectively. When the altitude reaches or surpasses the critical altitude, the flash point decreases rapidly. In particular, the flash point of the DMA exhibits a peculiar sudden transition above the critical altitude.

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11

Stolarczyk, L., M. Sitarz, I. Huth, P. Poulsen, and T. Pfeiler. "AN ION CHAMBER ARRAY FOR EASY ASSESSMENT OF FLASH PROTON FIELDS." Physica Medica 94 (February 2022): S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1120-1797(22)01613-1.

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12

Barker, L. "A FASTBUS flash ADC system for the mark II vertex chamber." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 36, no. 1 (1989): 643–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.34517.

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13

raj, Dhee, Manik Kataria, Saharsh Misra, Saurabh Bhatia, and S. K. Gupta. "Improvement in Coefficient of Performance of Domestic Refrigerator Using Flash Chamber." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 12, no. 6 (June 25, 2014): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v12p259.

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14

Abe, F., K. Kondo, M. Kurisu, T. Mimashi, M. Sekiguchi, and H. Takayama. "Prototype flash ADC system for the CDF vertex time projection chamber." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 259, no. 3 (September 1987): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(87)90828-x.

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15

Womersley, W. J., J. K. Walker, D. Bogert, L. Stutte, J. Bofill, J. I. Friedman, S. Fuess, et al. "Hadron showers in a low-density fine-grained flash chamber calorimeter." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 267, no. 1 (April 1988): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)90630-4.

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16

Tang, Yan Fei, Lei Yin, Yi Niu, and Jian Wang. "Experiment Study on Aviation Kerosene's Flash Point Temperature of Low Pressure Environment." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 2160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.2160.

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Flash point is one of the major physical and chemical properties used to determine the fire and explosion hazards of liquids; therefore, the prediction of flash point is an important safety consideration. However, the study on flash point and the correlation between flash point and pressure has been inadequate, and needs further investigation. So in this paper, the experimental method is adopted to study the correlation between the closed flash point temperature of RP-5 Aviation Kerosene and low pressure environment. In the experiments, use the BS-1 closed bomb apparatus to measure the oil samples and use the hypobaric chamber to change the environment pressure from 50kPa to 101.3kPa. Through the experiment data, it indicates that the atmospheric pressure is much lower than the normal atmosphere, there is a quadratic function relation between the reciprocal Aviation Kerosene's flash points and logarithm of environment pressure, therefore the relationship between the reciprocal Aviation Kerosene’s flash points and altitude is reciprocal. Compared the experiment results with theoretical results, it finds that the experiment result is closed to reality. The experiment results will provide the scientific data for the safety of aircraft tank, and benefit the fire protection, such as inflammable liquid production, transport, storage et al in oil pipeline management.

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17

Urlass, Sebastian, Roland Beyer, Sebastian Hammer, Andreas Hartmann, Arnd R. Junghans, Toni Kögler, Benjamin Lutz, et al. "Measurement of the 16O(n, α)13C cross-section using a Double Frisch Grid Ionization Chamber." EPJ Web of Conferences 239 (2020): 01030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023901030.

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The 16O(n, α)13C reaction was proposed to be measured at the neutron time-of-flight (n_TOF) facility of CERN. To this purpose, a Double Frisch Grid Ionization Chamber (DFGIC) containing the oxygen atoms as a component in the counting gas coupled with a switch device in order to prevent the charge collection from the so-called γ-flash has been developed at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), in Germany. The first 16O(n, α)13C measurement without seeing the charge of the γ-flash at n_TOF has been performed in November 2018. After the electronics did not suffer from the y-flash any more, another huge charge collection was discovered. Due to the high instantaneous flux at the n_TOF facility [1] the amount of that induced charge from neutron induced background reactions was piling up so much that the recognition of 16O(n, α)13C reactions from that background was very difficult. For that reason another 16O(n, α)13C measurement at the time-of-flight facility nELBE at HZDR which has a low instantaneous flux [2], has been performed in April 2019. Both measurements from n_TOF and nELBE will be presented here.

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18

Mullisen, R. S. "Boil–Freeze–Pop Thermodynamics." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 30, no. 2 (April 2002): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijmee.30.2.3.

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A NASA astronaut's observation of a pan of water placed in a vacuum chamber used for simulated space conditions provided information for this analysis. As the vacuum chamber was depressurized the water was observed to boil violently, then flash freeze, and then ice popped out of the pan. A thermodynamic analysis of the observed behaviour includes phase change cooling, an explanation of the boil—freeze—pop performance and a process path plot on the pressure—volume—temperature diagram that passes through the triple point of water.

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19

Matsuda, Yoshitaka, Ryoichi Sakai, Takenao Sugi, Satoru Goto, Takeshi Yasunaga, and Yasuyuki Ikegami. "Control System for Water Level Control of Flash Chamber in a Spray Flash Desalination System via Stochastic Processes." Proceedings of the ISCIE International Symposium on Stochastic Systems Theory and its Applications 2020 (June 18, 2020): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5687/sss.2020.7.

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20

Sparacino, Simone, Fabio Berni, Matteo Riccardi, Andrea Cavicchi, and Lucio Postrioti. "3D-CFD Simulation of a GDI Injector Under Standard and Flashing Conditions." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019706002.

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In the optimization of GDI engines, fuel injection plays a crucial role since it can affect the combustion process and, thus, fuel efficiency and pollutant emissions. The challenging task is to obtain the required fuel distribution and atomization inside the combustion chamber over a wide range of engine operating conditions. To achieve such goals, flash-boiling can be exploited. Flash-boiling is a phenomenon occurring when fuel temperature exceeds saturation temperature or, similarly, when ambient pressure is lower than saturation one. Under these conditions, which can occur inside the injector or directly in the combustion chamber, the fuel undergoes extremely accelerated breakup and quickly evaporates. The proposed manuscript shows the application of an alternative flashboiling model, recently implemented by Siemens-PLM in STAR-CD V.2019.1, to be applied in 3D-CFD Lagrangian simulations of GDI sprays. Results are validated against experimental data, provided by the SprayLAB of the University of Perugia, on a single-hole research injector. The new flash-boiling model consists of three main parts: an atomization model able to compute droplet initial conditions and the overall spray cone angle; an evaporation model and, finally, a droplet break-up model; the last two models are designed to simulate all the physical events occurring when droplets are injected into the combustion chamber. As for the investigated operating condition, vessel pressure and temperature are 40 kPa and 293K, respectively; as for the fuel (n-Heptane) temperature, it ranges from 303.15 K to 393.15 K, on equal injection pressure (10 MPa). The numerical-experimental comparison is carried out in terms of liquid penetration, imaging, and droplet sizing.

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21

Man, Xingjian, Nianye Ye, Yuan Yao, Shangning Wang, and Xuesong Li. "Microscopic Measurements of Liquid Rim Formation and Breakup inside a 2D Slit Nozzle under Flash Boiling Conditions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2520, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2520/1/012036.

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Abstract Flash boiling atomization has been considered a potential technique to enhance state-of-the-art atomization performance. It is usually believed that the phase change during flash boiling atomization can improve the disintegration of the bulk liquid. Many investigations have indicated that flash boiling atomization acts on the secondary breakup of the liquid droplets via micro-explosion mechanisms. However, recent investigations indicated that vapor bubbles inside the nozzle could directly affect the primary atomization of the bulk liquid. Therefore, this investigation focuses on the phase change process inside the nozzle via high-speed microscopic measurements. A two-dimensional slit nozzle with an expansion chamber was used in two dimensions to approximate the nozzle and the near field. Rim structures were observed in the measurements, and the transition from vapor bubbles to liquid rims was presented and analyzed.

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22

Kim, H., D. H. Jeong, K. W. Jang, M. Lee, H. Lim, S. K. Kang, S. J. Lee, et al. "FLASH ELECTRON BEAM MONITORING USING A CLINICAL IONIZATION CHAMBER FOR CELL IRRADIATION." Physica Medica 94 (February 2022): S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1120-1797(22)01679-9.

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23

Shichang, Xu, Liang Wencai, and Wang Shichang. "Experimental studies on orifice behavior and two-phase flow in flash chamber." Desalination 150, no. 1 (October 2002): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(02)00933-5.

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24

Eckerlin, G., E. Elsen, H. v. d. Schmitt, A. Wagner, P. v. Walter, and M. Zimmer. "Parallel processing of flash-ADC data for the jet-chamber of jade." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 263, no. 1 (January 1988): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)91036-4.

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25

Ding, Chao, De Chuang Zhou, Xiao Hui Zhang, Xin Ma, and Jian Wang. "A Relationship between Flash Point and Boiling Point of the Flammable Liquids at Low Pressure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 664 (October 2014): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.664.210.

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Flash point and boiling point are the important physical property of the flammable liquids, and are important parameters to evaluate their combustion behavior. In this study, as series of measurement of two mono compound fuels (N-decane and N-hexanol) and two mixture compound fuels (0# diesel and Jet A) at different pressure were carried out by using the flash point (open-closed cup) and boiling point measuring apparatus in an altitude chamber at different sub-atmospheric pressures at 35 KPa, 45 KPa, 55 KPa, 65 KPa, 75 KPa, 85 KPa, 95 KPa and 101 KPa were conducted. Based on the theoretical formula between the flash point (TF) and the boiling point (TB) and the atmosphere pressure, the relationship between TB and TF has been derived. The experiment results and the theoretical formula all show that the flash point is in linear relationship with the boiling point. The results can provide a more scientific insight into the production, storage, transport and use of fuel and the safety design in aircraft fuel tank.

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26

Sonawan, Hery, and Kiki Aprillianto. "Use of a self-rotating nozzle for more efficient flash purification of dirty water." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 3 (June 12, 2020): 652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.048.

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Abstract An efficient flash-purification system has been developed using a self-rotating nozzle powered by the feed-water flow. Where an electrically-powered, rotating nozzle distributes water droplets evenly in a flashing chamber to increase the evaporation rate, a self-rotating nozzle creates a continuous flow of droplets at the chamber wall by impact momentum effects. The aim of this study was to design and test a new self-rotating nozzle to improve the condensation rate in the flash-purifier. The device investigated employed a self-rotating nozzle of innovative design. The new system was constructed successfully and tested under conditions in which the vacuum and feed-water pressures, and the temperature were varied to maximize the condensation rate. Factorial design methodology showed that vacuum pressure was the most influential variable for condensation rate. The highest condensation rate achieved was 0.0748 ml/s, obtained from a combination of 2.0 bar-g feed-water pressure, vacuum pressure 0.3 bar-a and feed-water temperature 60 °C. Previous studies involved an electric rotating nozzle that generated 0.061 ml/s, but this study proved the efficiency of the self-rotating nozzle by producing a higher condensation rate.

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27

Fath, Hassan E. S. "The non-equilibrium factor and the flashing evaporation rate inside the flash chamber of a multi-stage flash desalination plant." Desalination 114, no. 3 (December 1997): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-9164(98)00018-6.

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28

Womersley, W. J., J. K. Walker, D. Bogert, L. Stutte, J. Bofill, J. I. Friedman, S. Fuess, et al. "Erratum to “hadron showers in a low-density fine-grained flash chamber calorimeter”." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 278, no. 2 (June 1989): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(89)90864-4.

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29

Commichau, Volker, Christian Neyer, Wolf-Dieter Nowak, Ulf Röser, Martin Sachwitz, Botio Betev, Stefan Botev, et al. "A shaping amplifier for a high-resolution drift chamber with flash-ADC readout." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 294, no. 3 (September 1990): 554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(90)90298-k.

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30

Cai, Benan, Yongguang Yin, Yulong Zheng, Wei Wang, Hongfang Gu, Jianan Yao, and Haijun Wang. "Mathematical study of spray flash evaporation in a spray-assisted seawater desalination chamber." Desalination 465 (September 2019): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.03.007.

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31

NAARENDORP, FRANK, YOSHINORI SATO, AIDA CAJDRIC, and NICOLE P. HUBBARD. "Absolute and relative sensitivity of the scotopic system of rat: Electroretinography and behavior." Visual Neuroscience 18, no. 4 (July 2001): 641–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523801184142.

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The goal of the present study was to relate the dark and light-adapted flash sensitivity of the scotopic threshold response (STR) and rod b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG) to behaviorally measured rod increment threshold responses. Small amplitudes of the dark-adapted STR and b-wave, the latter after application of NMDA, were found to increase in proportion to flash intensity. The value obtained for the sensitivity of the b-wave would be expected if signals from rods were summed linearly by the rod bipolar cell. The sensitivity of the STR could not be accounted for in terms of rod signal convergence as the source of this ERG component is still unknown. Increment threshold responses of rats were measured behaviorally in an operant conditioning chamber. At absolute threshold, on average 1 in 2400 rods were activated by the test flash. Comparison of the adaptive effects of background lights on behaviorally measured scotopic sensitivity and rod ERG sensitivity suggest that the increment threshold sensitivity of rat is regulated at three different sites in the retina.

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32

Wisniewski, Adam, Maciej Malicki, and Wojciech Manaj. "Visual and microscopic examination of the rocket engine combustion chamber." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 3 (February 18, 2019): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-06-2018-0166.

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Purpose This paper aims to enhance the selection of the best material of the rocket engine combustion chamber. The chamber has been destroyed during dynamometer tests, and the goal of this inspection is to verify the nature of the damage in the context of checking the usefulness of this type of graphite for the combustion chamber construction. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents the results of visual and microscopic inspection of the rocket engine combustion chamber of Ø50 × 165 mm in dimension, which was made of R type graphite. Findings An analysis of the fracture surface shows that in the inspected combustion chamber voids and inclusions are present. EDS analysis of the fracture surface shows that in the inspected combustion chamber inclusions are present which have a relatively high amount of elements like: Ti, C, S, V, Si, O and a relatively small amount of Fe and Ni. Research limitations/implications Research limitations is concerned the failure analysis by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) Zeiss EVO 25 MA with EDS detector: BrÃ¼ker X Flash Detector 5010 125 eV and Espirit 1.9.0.2176 EDS software. Practical implications Designing of the engine combustion chamber the researches can select the best of the rocket engine combustion chamber, made of R type graphite, with the minimum voids and inclusions to decrease the possibility of bursting of this chamber. Originality/value The most dangerous issues in the inspected combustion chamber during an outflow are hot gases as a result of high fuel combustion temperature, so it causes the nozzle heating and the engine stress increase of visible inclusions in cross-sections.

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33

Bianchi, Giuseppe, Stuart Kennedy, Obadah Zaher, Savvas A. Tassou, Jeremy Miller, and Hussam Jouhara. "Two-phase chamber modeling of a twin-screw expander for Trilateral Flash Cycle applications." Energy Procedia 129 (September 2017): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.208.

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34

Bressi, G., E. Calligarich, M. Cambiaghi, R. Dolfini, M. Genoni, A. Gigli Berzolari, A. Lanza, et al. "Measurement of multi-muon events in a flash chamber tracking calorimeter at sea level." Il Nuovo Cimento C 14, no. 4 (July 1991): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02509180.

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35

Jang, Y., T. Yang, S. Park, J. Kim, H. Jang, K. Kim, G. Kim, and S. Choi. "PO-1741 Development of 2D pixel array ionization chamber system for Flash Proton beam." Radiotherapy and Oncology 182 (May 2023): S1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(23)66656-3.

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36

Himata, Katsuichi, Charles Warner, Douglas Currie, Qian Graves, and Gregory Diachenko. "The Use of Electrodialysis to Prepare Aqueous Bread Extracts for Bromate Determination by Chemiluminescence." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 88, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 794–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/88.3.794.

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Abstract A cleanup procedure based on electrodialysis is described for the preparation of aqueous bread extracts for bromate determination by chemiluminescence. The technique utilizes electrophoresis with 3 chambers separated by semipermeable membranes. The relative merits of reverse osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration membranes with various molecular weight cutoffs were evaluated. The best results were obtained with an RO membrane manufactured from thin-film (composite) polysulfone as support for polyamide. A 0.14M sodium sulfate solution in the center or collection chamber provides optimum conductivity. Aqueous hydroxylamine sulfate (30mM) was selected for the anode compartment as a reductant for the anode oxidation products. The constant current mode at 150 mA with a potential of ca 100 volts was used. After electrophoretic separation, the bromate concentration in the collection chamber was typically 2 to 3 times greater than the concentration in the bread extract. The chemiluminescent reaction of bromate with sulfite with hydrocortisone as the enhancer was selected for detection of bromate. The emission, with a wavelength maximum at 575 nm, was found to “glow” rather than “flash” after the reagents were mixed; therefore, it was possible to optimize the light collection period. The method was validated with a variety of commercial bread products. White bread, hot dog buns, hamburger rolls, and a multigrain bread from 7 different manufacturers were studied.

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37

Konradsson, E., K. Petersson, G. Adrian, M. Lempart, B. Blad, S. Ceberg, T. Knöös, S. Å. J. Bäck, and C. Ceberg. "Development of dosimetric procedures for experimental ultra-high dose rate irradiation at a clinical linear accelerator." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2167, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2167/1/012003.

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Abstract As radiotherapy using ultra-high dose rates has gained new interest, the dosimetric challenges arising at these conditions needs to be addressed. Ionization chambers suffer from a large decrease in ion collection efficiency due to ion recombination, making on-line dosimetry difficult. In this work we present experimental setups and dosimetric procedures for FLASH irradiation of cells, zebrafish embryos and small animals using a 10 MeV electron beam at a modified clinical linear accelerator, and describe the dosimetric steps required to initiate clinical trials. The dosimetric equipment used for our pre-clinical experiments consisted of radiochromic film, thermoluminescent dosimeters, a Farmer-type ionization chamber and phantom material mimicking the experimental setup for irradiation. In preparation for small animal irradiation, dose profiles and depth dose curves were measured for all collimator sizes. The average dose rates were ≥620 Gy/s, ≥640 Gy/s and ≥400 Gy/s for cells, zebrafish embryos and small animals, respectively.

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Nurwahyuningsih, Nurwahyuningsih, Putu Tessa Fadhila, Ade Galuh Rahmadevi, Adi Sucipto, and Ahmad Haris Hasanuddin Slamet. "Analysis of Heat Transfer and Efficiency of Rack Type Flash Dryer Machine in Purple Sweet Potato Drying Process." Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian Tropis dan Biosistem 11, no. 2 (August 1, 2023): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jkptb.2023.011.02.01.

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Purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas var Ayumurasaki) has deep purple flesh and tuber skin. The variety of processed purple sweet potato products is increasingly diverse as purple sweet potato production increases, such as cookies and chips. Therefore, a process is needed to turn purple sweet potato into flour before being made into a variety of processed products, namely the drying process. Drying is a process of reducing the water content of a material to a certain level. To determine how much fuel is used by dryer machine, it is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the machine. So that in this study the aims were to determine the amount of energy needed to dry purple sweet potatoes, calculate the efficiency of the flash dryer machine and find out the temperature distribution on each tray of the drying machine. Based on the research results of the rack-type flash dryer drying machine, it can be concluded that the mechanism of the heat transfer rate in the purple sweet potato drying process occurs by forced convection heat transfer from the drying air to the purple sweet potatoes and a mass flow rate value of 0.1272 kg/s is obtained, the convection transfer rate in the drying chamber is 836.84 W and the sensible heat value is 1033.84 W. Hence, the amount of heat to dry 3 kg of purple sweet potato for 4 hours is 1870.68 W and an efficiency value of 55.26% is obtained. The total energy required to dry 3 kg of purple sweet potato in 4 hours is 5712.86 kJ.

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Heidary, B., T. Tavakoli Hashjin, B. Ghobadian, and R. Roshandel. "EXERGY OF A HYBRID SOLAR-WIND REVERSE OSMOSIS-MSF DESALINATION SYSTEM." Resource-Efficient Technologies, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24056529/2019/1/227.

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A novel hybrid solar-wind reverse-osmosis (RO) multistage flash (MSF) distillation desalination system was manufactured and tested in actual conditions in Iran. Solar energy was used to provide both thermal and electrical power and wind energy was used to provide electrical power. Exergy analysis can be used to design more efficient energy systems by reducing inefficien-cies, and indicates opportunities for improving performance in existing systems. The exergy involved in the hybrid solar-wind RO-MSF desalination system is analyzed below using data obtained from theoretical and experimental studies. The RO and MSF systems, powered by wind and solar energy, achieved increases in the reliability and flexibility of the system and in the quality of the resulting drinking water. According to the exergy analysis, the irreversible losses from the hybrid solar-wind RO-MSF plant are concentrated in the solar collector and the multistage flash chamber. These exergy losses can be reduced by isolating the collector, coating the pipes and MSF walls, selecting the parameters for the vapor compressor and RO membrane and pumps, and improving the flash process. By optimizing the performance of the hybrid solar-wind RO-MSF system, the amount of water recovery should increase, and the energy consumption should decrease, which should improve the overall efficiency of the system.

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Uehara, Haruo, Akio Miyara, Yasuyuki Ikegami, and Tsutomu Nakaoka. "Performance Analysis of an OTEC Plant and a Desalination Plant Using an Integrated Hybrid Cycle." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 118, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2847976.

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A performance analysis of an OTEC plant using an integrated hybrid cycle (I–H OTEC Cycle) has been conducted. The I–H OTEC cycle is a combination of a closed-cycle OTEC plant and a spray flash desalination plant. In an I–H OTEC cycle, warm sea water evaporates the liquid ammonia in the OTEC evaporator, then enters the flash chamber and evaporates itself. The evaporated steam enters the desalination condenser and is condensed by the cold sea water passed through the OTEC condenser. The optimization of the I–H OTEC cycle is analyzed by the method of steepest descent. The total heat transfer area of heat exchangers per net power is used as an objective function. Numerical results are reported for a 10 MW I–H OTEC cycle with plate-type heat exchangers and ammonia as working fluid. The results are compared with those of a joint hybrid OTEC cycle (J–H OTEC Cycle).

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Stengler, Jana, Karlheinz Schaber, and Susanne Mall-Gleissle. "Experimental study on low temperature desalination by flash evaporation in a novel compact chamber design." Desalination 448 (December 2018): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.09.021.

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Kahfi, J., N. Laily, NS Palupi, and P. Hariyadi. "Physicochemical Changes of Grobogan Variety Soybean (Glycine max) during Pilot Plant Scale Steam Flash Explosion – A Reaction Kinetics Approach." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1116, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1116/1/012058.

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Abstract A pilot plant scale of SFE (steam flash explosion) chamber has been developed in order to process raw grobogan soybean. The objectives of this research were to study the physicochemical changes of soybean in term of reaction kinetics approach and to determine the optimal variables to produce high quality soybean. We used 2.5 kg and 5 kg of soybean, representing 75% and 50%, respectively, of headspace volume of SFE chamber. After soaking in the water, these soybeans were then treated using SFE chamber operated at temperature of 115 °C (P=1 bar), 125 °C (P=2 bar), and 135 °C (P=3 bar) and time interval of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes, after which the steam was suddenly released from the chamber to provide explosion effect. The treated soybean samples were then analyzed for hardness, color characteristics, urease index (UI), protein dispersibility index (PDI), and protein solubility index (PSI). The result showed that the decrease of hardness and b-value (yellowness) of soybean during processing can be explained by 1st order kinetic model. As for hardness, SFE gave kT=115°C=0.0344 minutes-1, kT=125°C=0.0495 minutes-1, kT=135°C=0.0864 minutes-1, and Ea=60.350 Kj.mol-1 (for 2.5 kg capacity); and kT=115°C=0.0314 minutes-1, kT=125°C=0.0442 minutes-1, and kT=135°C=0.0858 minutes-1, and Ea=66.009 Kj.mol-1 (for 5 kg capacity). As for b-value, SFE gave kT=115°C=0.0225 minutes-1, kT=125°C=0.0378 minutes-1, kT=135°C=0.0558 minutes-1, and Ea=59.873 Kj.mol-1 (for 2.5 kg capacity); and kT=115°C=0.0258 minutes-1, kT=125°C=0.0393 minutes-1, kT=135°C=0.0553 minutes-1, and Ea=64.544 Kj.mol-1 (for 5 kg capacity). The Ea for 5 kg capacity is higher than Ea for 2.5 kg capacity. This research found no appropriate reaction kinetics model for urease index, PSI, dan PDI. Soybean treated under 115 °C (1 bar) within 5 minutes for both capacities satisfy the processed soybean quality requiement.

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McCreath, P. S., C. R. Neill, L. F. Sawatsky, and M. C. Mannerstrom. "River intake works for a hydroelectric plant in Papua New Guinea." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-066.

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The Ok Tedi mining development in Papua New Guinea is served by a 50 MW hydroelectric plant completed in 1988. The plant draws water from a run-of-river intake on the Ok Menga, a torrential mountain stream in tropical rain forest subject to frequent flash floods and carrying substantial sediment loads. Design and construction of a diversion weir and intake posed a number of severe problems, such as difficult access, the torrential and flashy nature of the river flows, severe constraints on location due to unstable banks and substrata, and uncertain loads of sediment and debris. Site investigations of a hydro technical nature included monitoring of precipitation, streamflow and flood levels, sampling of suspended sediment, and special measurements of bed material and bed load. On the basis of these investigations, preliminary concepts were developed for a diversion weir and intake chamber. A hydraulic model was then constructed to examine alternative forms of weir construction and to study the hydraulic behaviour of various intake chamber designs with special attention to exclusion and ejection of coarse sediment. The final design was based largely on the indications of the model study. Initial operating experience generally confirmed the validity of the design, although one or two problems arose that were not sufficiently appreciated at the design stage. These were mainly associated with organic debris and with excessive inflow of coarse sediment due to inexperienced operation. Relatively minor changes were made in operational procedures and equipment in order to remedy these problems. Key words: river, intake, sediment, diversion, weir, bedload, debris, torrent.

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Aoki, T. "Complete design of maximally-automated self-driven control mechanism for a large scale electronics system and its application to the ATLAS Phase-II TGC system." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 02 (February 1, 2023): C02054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/02/c02054.

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Abstract Establishing a reliable and efficient method to control electronics system consisting of many circuit boards is critical in the system design. Among unique requirements for the control in high energy physics experiments, we propose a maximally-automated and self-driven scheme for a system that exploits FPGAs, flash memory devices, and high-speed optical links. We have demonstrated our ideas in the ATLAS Phase-II Thin Gap Chamber system as the prototype for this new automated scheme. The method is widely applicable and knowledge and experience can be shared with other experiments using an FPGA-based large-scale electronics system.

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Di Martino, Fabio, Damiano Del Sarto, Maria Giuseppina Bisogni, Simone Capaccioli, Federica Galante, Alessia Gasperini, Stefania Linsalata, et al. "A new solution for UHDP and UHDR (Flash) measurements: Theory and conceptual design of ALLS chamber." Physica Medica 102 (October 2022): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.08.010.

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Ikhsani, Akbar Anugrah, Nurkoyim Kustanto, and Boy Arief Fachri. "Heating Treatment of Incoming Air Combustion Chamber on the E20 Fuel Mixture." LOGIC : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 23, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/logic.v23i1.49-54.

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This research was conducted to improve engine performance with a mixture of ethanol and gasoline, because the mixture of ethanol and gasoline fuel causes the value of the flash point and evaporation of fuel heat to be higher. To overcome this, the air entering the combustion chamber is carried out by being heated to 26°C (standard), 30°C, 40°C and 50°C, the fuel used is the E20 with engine revolutions of 2000 to 8000 revolutions per minute. The results showed that the highest torque of E20 fuel at 30°C with a value of 9.004 Nm increased by 0.27%. At the highest power, it is located at 30°C with a power of 5.99 kW 0.5%. For the lowest consumption in the 2000 round, it was found in the 30°C temperature treatment with a value of 1.4 Kg / Hp.Hour and for exhaust gas emissions the lowest hydro carbon value was found in the 30°C temperature treatment while the lowest value of carbon monoxide was found at the 50°C temperature treatment. These results show that the air heating treatment can improve engine performance.

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Gao, Hanhan, Aipeng Jiang, Qiuyun Huang, Yudong Xia, Farong Gao, and Jian Wang. "Mode-Based Analysis and Optimal Operation of MSF Desalination System." Processes 8, no. 7 (July 7, 2020): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8070794.

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Multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination plays an important role in achieving large-scale fresh water driven by thermal energy. In this paper, based on first-principle modeling of a typical multi-stage flash desalination system, the effects of different operational parameters on system performance and operational optimization for cost saving were extensively studied. Firstly, the modelled desalination system was divided into flash chamber modules, brine heater modules, mixed modules and split modules, and based on energy and mass conservation laws the equations were formulated and put together to describe the whole process model. Then, with physical parameter calculation the whole process was simulated and analyzed on the platform of MATLAB, and the water production performance effected by operational parameters such as the feed temperature of seawater, the recycle brine from the discharge section, steam temperature and flowrate of recycled brine were discussed and analyzed. Then, the optimal operation to achieve maximize GOR (gained output ratio) with fixed freshwater demand was considered and performed, and thus the optimal flowrate of recycled brine, steam temperature, and seawater output flowrate from rejection section were obtained based on the established model. Finally, considering that minimizing the daily operational cost is a more rational objective, the operational cost equations were formulated and the optimal problem to minimize the daily operational cost was solved and the optimal manipulated variables at different hours were obtained. The study results can be used for guideline of real time optimization of the MSF system.

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Loretto, Sandro Cordeiro, Mylena Ranieri Libdy, Fabiola do Socorro da Rocha Ribeiro, Esther Marina França Braga, Karina Gama Kato Carneiro, and Mário Honorato Silva e Souza Júnior. "Influence of whitening gel on pulp chamber temperature rise by in-office bleaching technique." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 42, no. 6 (December 2013): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1807-25772013000600007.

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INTRODUCTION: Dental bleaching is a conservative method for the aesthetic restoration of stained teeth. However, whitening treatments are likely to cause adverse effects when not well planned and executed. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the influence of whitening gel on temperature rise in the pulp chamber, using the in-office photoactivated dental bleaching technique. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The root portion of an upper central human incisor was sectioned 3mm below the cemento-enamel junction. The root canal was enlarged to permit the insertion of the K-type thermocouple sensor (MT-401) into the pulp chamber, which was filled with thermal paste to facilitate the transfer of heat during bleaching. Three photosensitive whitening agents (35% hydrogen peroxide) were used: Whiteness HP (FGM), Whiteness HP Maxx (FGM) and Lase Peroxide Sensy (DMC). An LED photocuring light (Flash Lite - Discus Dental) was used to activate the whitening gels. Six bleaching cycles were performed on each group tested. The results were submitted to one-way ANOVA and LSD t-test (α<0.05). RESULT: The lowest mean temperature variation (ºC) was detected for Lase Peroxide Sensy (0.20), while the highest was recorded for Whiteness HP (1.50). CONCLUSION: The Whiteness HP and Whiteness HP Maxx whitening gels significantly affected the temperature rise in the pulp chamber during bleaching, and this variation was dependent on the type of whitening gel used.

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Jeong, Dong-Hyeok, Manwoo Lee, Heuijin Lim, Sang-Koo Kang, Kyohyun Lee, Sang-Jin Lee, Hyun Kim, Woo-Kyung Han, Tae-Woo Kang, and Kyoung-Won Jang. "Optical Filter-Embedded Fiber-Optic Radiation Sensor for Ultra-High Dose Rate Electron Beam Dosimetry." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 5840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175840.

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FLASH radiotherapy is an emerging radiotherapy technique used to spare normal tissues. It employs ultra-high dose rate radiation beams over 40 Gy/s, which is significantly higher than those of conventional radiotherapy. In this study, a fiber-optic radiation sensor (FORS) was fabricated using a plastic scintillator, an optical filter, and a plastic optical fiber to measure the ultra-high dose rate electron beams over 40 Gy/s used in FLASH radiotherapy. The radiation-induced emissions, such as Cherenkov radiation and fluorescence generated in a transmitting optical fiber, were spectrally discriminated from the light outputs of the FORS. To evaluate the linearity and dose rate dependence of the FORS, the outputs of the fiber-optic radiation sensor were measured according to distances from an electron scattering device, and the results were compared with those of an ionization chamber and radiochromic films. Finally, the percentage depth doses were obtained using the FORS as a function of depth in a water phantom. This study found that ultra-high dose rate electron beams over 40 Gy/s could be measured in real time using a FORS.

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Stupple, G. "Design, Testing and Feasibility Analysis of an Oil-Free Twin Screw Compressor with In-Chamber Flash Cooling." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1180, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1180/1/012008.

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