Relevant bibliographies by topics / FLASH CHAMBER

Academic literature on the topic 'FLASH CHAMBER'

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Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "FLASH CHAMBER"

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Bock, Peter, Joachim Heintze, Thomas Kunst, Bernhard Schmidt, and Ludek Smolìk. "Drift chamber readout with flash ADCs." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 242, no. 2 (January 1986): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(86)90215-9.

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Siddique, Sarkar, Harry E. Ruda, and James C. L. Chow. "FLASH Radiotherapy and the Use of Radiation Dosimeters." Cancers 15, no. 15 (July 30, 2023): 3883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15153883.

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Radiotherapy (RT) using ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) radiation, known as FLASH RT, has shown promising results in reducing normal tissue toxicity while maintaining tumor control. However, implementing FLASH RT in clinical settings presents technical challenges, including limited depth penetration and complex treatment planning. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is a valuable tool for dose calculation in RT and has been investigated for optimizing FLASH RT. Various MC codes, such as EGSnrc, DOSXYZnrc, and Geant4, have been used to simulate dose distributions and optimize treatment plans. Accurate dosimetry is essential for FLASH RT, and radiation detectors play a crucial role in measuring dose delivery. Solid-state detectors, including diamond detectors such as microDiamond, have demonstrated linear responses and good agreement with reference detectors in UHDR and ultra-high dose per pulse (UHDPP) ranges. Ionization chambers are commonly used for dose measurement, and advancements have been made to address their response nonlinearities at UHDPP. Studies have proposed new calculation methods and empirical models for ion recombination in ionization chambers to improve their accuracy in FLASH RT. Additionally, strip-segmented ionization chamber arrays have shown potential for the experimental measurement of dose rate distribution in proton pencil beam scanning. Radiochromic films, such as GafchromicTM EBT3, have been used for absolute dose measurement and to validate MC simulation results in high-energy X-rays, triggering the FLASH effect. These films have been utilized to characterize ionization chambers and measure off-axis and depth dose distributions in FLASH RT. In conclusion, MC simulation provides accurate dose calculation and optimization for FLASH RT, while radiation detectors, including diamond detectors, ionization chambers, and radiochromic films, offer valuable tools for dosimetry in UHDR environments. Further research is needed to refine treatment planning techniques and improve detector performance to facilitate the widespread implementation of FLASH RT, potentially revolutionizing cancer treatment.
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Khamis Mansour, M., and Hassan E. S. Fath. "Comparative study for different demister locations in multistage flash (MSF) flash chamber (FC)." Desalination and Water Treatment 51, no. 40-42 (December 2013): 7379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.779940.

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Wu, Haoyu, Weimin Liu, Xiaoming Li, Fengyun Chen, and Longbin Yang. "Simulation analysis on flashing process in flash chamber." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 300 (August 9, 2019): 052022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/300/5/052022.

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Lv, Henghua, Yan Wang, Lianying Wu, and Yangdong Hu. "Numerical simulation and optimization of the flash chamber for multi-stage flash seawater desalination." Desalination 465 (September 2019): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.04.032.

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Wu, Jian, Jiakun Du, Hong Chen, Yuhuai Li, Wenfeng Zhan, Guangquan Wu, and Lin Ye. "Experimental study on flash-boiling spray structure of multi-hole gasoline direct injection injector in a constant volume chamber." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 12 (January 2020): 175682772093243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756827720932431.

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The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of flash-boiling spray were experimentally investigated with various optical measurement techniques. The effects of ambient pressure and fuel temperature on flash-boiling characteristics in multi-hole gasoline direct injection injector were analyzed. The analysis was focused on the spray structure and atomization droplet size distributions. In order to increase the understanding of the flash-boiling spray targeting, three injectors with different spray patterns were investigated under strong flash-boiling condition. The results show that ambient pressure and fuel temperature have significant influence on flash boiling. Both lower ambient pressure and higher fuel temperature could accelerate the flash-boiling process. For the macroscopic characteristics, similar influences could be found with the ambient pressure decreased by 0.4 bar and the fuel temperature increased by 10°C. Further, significant difference could be found within cold-jet spray and strong flash-boiling spray, such as the spatial structure. The spray structure always turns from hollow cone into solid when flash boiling occurs. With a higher fuel superheat degree, the spray droplet distribution moves toward smaller sizes and let the larger droplets reduce due to the promotion of atomization. For the strong flash-boiling spray, the Sauter mean diameter has decreased by 50% compared with cold-jet spray. There is a corresponding relationship between collapsed flash-boiling spray target and weighted geometric center of the injector. Spray collapse could be avoided by increasing the plume distance.
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Khamis Mansour, M., and Hassan E. S. Fath. "Numerical simulation of flashing process in MSF flash chamber." Desalination and Water Treatment 51, no. 10-12 (February 2013): 2231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.734729.

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Malik, A. U., M. Mobin, I. N. Andijani, S. Al-Fozan, and A. Al-Hamed. "Investigations on the corrosion of flash chamber floor plates in a multistage flash desalination plant." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 6, no. 6 (December 2006): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/154770206x156222.

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Zhao, Zirui, Xinyu Zhang, Mengjun Gong, Mengrong Chen, and Yong Ren. "Numerical Simulation of Cavitation and FlashBoiling in GDI Nozzle and Spray." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2454, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2454/1/012011.

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Abstract This work aims at using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to establish a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine nozzle and combustion chamber model to simulate cavitation and flash boiling phenomena and analyze how these phenomena affect the engine performance. FLUENT 15.0 is used to simulate the flow of fuel. The cavitation phenomenon in GDI nozzle was simulated comprehensively, and the influences of parameter values such as inlet pressure and outlet pressure on cavitation were studied in this work. The results show that high injection pressure can promote the occurrence of cavitation and high outlet pressure has an inhibitory effect on cavitation. However, the effect of cavitation on atomization cannot be seen intuitively only through the simulation of the internal nozzle. The two-dimensional inter nozzle model established in this work is a foundation for the establishment of external nozzle model. It can provide specific boundary conditions at nozzle outlet. In addition, a three-dimensional external nozzle model was established to simulate the flash boiling spray in the combustion chamber. Based on the mechanism, it can be found that flash boiling spray improves the atomization quality. After verifying the simulation results with relevant experiments, these models could bring great convenience to the study of cavitation and flash boiling with sufficient reliability in further study.
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Tang, Yan Fei, Chao Ding, Ya Ping He, De Chuang Zhou, and Jian Wang. "Studies on the Effect of Altitude on the Flammable Liquids' Flash Point." Advanced Materials Research 908 (March 2014): 345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.908.345.

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Presented in this paper is part of an experimental series conducted at different altitudes to investigate the influence of altitude on the flammable liquids flash point. The BS-1 closed bomb apparatus is used to measure the flash points of two flammable liquids (dimethylacetylamide (DMA) and RP-5 Jet A) in a hypobaric chamber under the altitude change from 4860 km to the sea level. The experimental results show that the flash points of DMA and Jet A decrease linearly with the increase in altitude in the low altitude region below the corresponding critical altitudes but non-linearly above. The critical altitudes for DMA and RP-5 Jet A are found to be 3 km and 3.83 km respectively. When the altitude reaches or surpasses the critical altitude, the flash point decreases rapidly. In particular, the flash point of the DMA exhibits a peculiar sudden transition above the critical altitude.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "FLASH CHAMBER"

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Chardin, Gabriel. "Recherche de muons souterrains en provenance de la direction de Cygnus X-3 dans le détecteur de Fréjus : Cygnus X-3 à haute énergie : être ou ne pas être." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112015.

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Description du détecteur calorimétrique de Fréjus et du système cygnus x-3 dans les domaines d'émission x et radio. On présente l'analyse réalisée au moyen des données du Fréjus afin de rechercher les muons en provenance de la direction de cygnus x-3. Aucun excès significatif n'est relevé dans le voisinage de cygnus x-3. Comparaison du résultat négatif avec d'autres expériences souterraines. Par les expériences cerenkov atmosphériques, on montre qu'aucune des expériences qui ont observé cygnus x-3 n'est convaincante et que l'accord entre ces expériences n'est que superficiel
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SANGADE, NIKHIL VASANT. "PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MULTI EVAPORATOR VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM WITH LIQUID-VAPOUR HEAT EXCHANGER AND FLASH CHAMBER USING ALTERNATIVE PURE REFRIGERANTS." Thesis, 2016. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15374.

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Parametric investigation of energy and exergy analysis of multi-evaporators at different temperatures with individual expansion valve and individual compressor using flash chamber and liquid vapour heat exchanger is carried out for R134A, R142B, R152A, R600 and R1234YF as alternative refrigerants. In engineering equation solver, a computational model is developed for these systems, simple multi-evaporator system and improved one system. The present investigation has been done for evaporator-I in the range -120C to -200C, evaporator-II in the range 10C to 40C and condenser in the range 350C to 550C. Performance parameters like exergetic efficiency, the coefficient of performance and exergy destruction ratio are calculated over these ranges and compared for these refrigerants. The performance comparison of the simple multi-evaporator system and improved system for dairy plant application, COP improves by 16.99%, 15.97%, 15.88%, 16.24% and 18.41% for refrigerants R134A, R142B, R152A, R600 and R1234YF respectively in multi-evaporator system with flash chamber and LVHE. Exergy efficiency improves by 16.98%, 15.97%, 15.87%, 16.22% and 18.36% for refrigerants R134A, R142B, R152A, R600 and R1234YF respectively in multi-evaporator system with flash chamber and LVHE. Due to additional components in basic system, flash chamber and LVHE, exergy destruction in multi-evaporator system increases. EDR % increases by 20.37%, 16.84%, 14.74%, 18.66% and 24.92% for refrigerants R134A, R142B, R152A, R600 and R1234YF respectively in multi-evaporator system with flash chamber and LVHE. The corresponding values of input energy consumed for expansion valve, evaporator and compressor are varied between 7% to 18%, 11% to 22% and 18 % to 24 % respectively. From the point of enery-exergy analysis, R142B is best among all five selected refrigerants as total exergy destruction of all components is always less for R142B than that of all others and R142B refrigerant has higher COP and Exergetic efficiency in this modified system. Also, R142B has least EDR in this analysis. Though R142B have highest COP and exergetic efficiency among all refrigerants, it is not recommended due to its GWP 2400, which is highest among all. Second best refrigerant R600 has only GWP 3. Hence it is recommended over R142B in dairy plant application.
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Books on the topic "FLASH CHAMBER"

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Anderson, Evelyn. Flesh Palace: Chamber of the Tourture Prince. Independently Published, 2019.

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Davis, F. A. Pkg: Flash Cards for Diff Inst and Diff Surg Inst 2e and Surg Equip and Supplies 2e and Goldman Pkt Gde to or 3e and Chambers Surg Tech Rev. Davis Company, F. A., 2016.

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Davis, F. A. Pkg: Flash Cards for Diff Inst and Diff Surg Inst 2e and Surg Equip and Supplies 2e and Goldman Pkt Gde to or 3e and Chambers Surg Tech Rev and Tabers 22e. Davis Company, F. A., 2016.

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Rutherford, Colleen J., and F. A. Davis Company Staff. Pkg: Flash Cards for Diff Inst and Diff Surg Inst 2e and Diff Surg Equip and Supplies and Goldman Pkt Gde to or 3e and Chambers Surg Tech Rev and Tabers 22e. Davis Company, F. A., 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "FLASH CHAMBER"

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Gärtner, Jan Wilhelm, Daniel D. Loureiro, and Andreas Kronenburg. "Modelling and Simulation of Flash Evaporation of Cryogenic Liquids." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 233–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09008-0_12.

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AbstractRocket engine manufacturers attempt to replace toxic, hypergolic fuels by less toxic substances such as cryogenic hydrogen and oxygen. Such components will be superheated when injected into the combustion chamber prior to ignition. The liquids will flash evaporate and subsequent mixing will be crucial for a successful ignition of the engine. We now conduct a series of DNS and RANS-type simulations to better understand this mixing process including microscopic processes such as bubble growth, bubble-bubble interactions, spray breakup dynamics and the resulting droplet size distribution. Full scale RANS simulations provide further insight into effects associated with flow dynamic such as shock formation behind the injector outlet. Capturing these gas dynamic effects is important, as they affect the spray morphology and droplet movements.
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Rees, Andreas, and Michael Oschwald. "Experimental Investigation of Transient Injection Phenomena in Rocket Combusters at Vacuum with Cryogenic Flash Boiling." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 211–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09008-0_11.

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AbstractThe substitution of the toxic hydrazine in current high-altitude rocket engines like upper stages or reaction control thrusters by green propellants is a major key driver in the current technology development of rocket propulsion systems. Operating these kind of rocket engines at high-altitude leads to a sudden pressure drop in the liquid propellants during their injection into the combustion chamber with a near-vacuum atmosphere prior to ignition. The resulting superheated thermodynamic state of the liquid causes a fast and eruptive evaporation which is called flash boiling. The degree of atomisation is important for a successful ignition and a secure operation of the rocket engine. The development and operation of a cryogenic high-altitude test bench at DLR Lampoldshausen enables the systematical experimental characterization of cryogenic flash boiling due to its ability to adjust and control the injection parameters like temperature, pressure or geometry. Several test campaigns with liquid nitrogen (LN2) were performed using two optical diagnostic methods: First, flash boiling LN2 spray patterns were visualised by means of high-speed shadowgraphy and, secondly, we determined the droplet size and velocity distributions in strongly superheated LN2 sprays with the help of a laser-based Phase Doppler system (PDA). The experimental data generated within these measurement campaigns provide defined boundary conditions as well as a broad data base for the numerical modelling of cryogenic flash boiling like e.g. the publications [8, 9].
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Anaya-Reyes, Orlando, David A. Rodriguez-Alejandro, Alejandro Zaleta-Aguilar, and Sergio Cano-Andrade. "Exergetic Analysis of a Double Flash Geothermal Plant Integrated with a Central Solar Receiver." In Proceedings of the XV Ibero-American Congress of Mechanical Engineering, 244–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38563-6_36.

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AbstractA double-flash geothermal Rankine cycle integrated with a central solar receiver is proposed. The solar field is analyzed by optimizing the radiation flux in the receiver, reaching values of 555.40 kW/m2 for a 44.32 m tower, with a receiver of 3.90 m high by 4.99 m in diameter, and a total of 417 heliostats. The cycle is analyzed by optimizing its power delivered, based on the separation pressures of both flash chambers, reaching a power of 25734 kW when the pressures are 8.668 and 2.768 bar, respectively. Results show that this type of systems are a good alternative to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels.
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Schwartz, C., M. Comet, F. Schnell, and D. Spitzer. "The Properties of Detonating Compositions Prepared from Submicron KClO4 and TiH2." In Future Developments in Explosives and Energetics, 158–63. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839162350-00158.

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A new kind of THKP was prepared by combining submicron potassium perchlorate made by the Spray Flash Evaporation (SFE) process with titanium hydride. Spray Flash Evaporation is based on flash evaporation to manufacture nanoparticles. The solvated product is nebulized in a chamber, which is maintained under vacuum, thanks to an atomization nozzle. The sudden fall of pressure induces a flash evaporation of the solvent and then crystallization of the product in the form of nanosized particles. This process was used on potassium perchlorate in order to produce nanosized particles of this product. This new type of potassium perchlorate prepared by SFE shows a particle size ranging from 50 to 400 nm. With this submicron sized potassium perchlorate, a better oxidation of titanium hydride was observed and also a transition to detonation in the THKP. This detonation transition was noted when the THKP is placed in a small diameter tube (3 mm) in loose powder. In the same time, the detonation velocity of this type of THKP increased to a value of approximatively 1250 m/s with a porosity of 86%. In comparison, micron sized potassium perchlorate in THKP tested in the same condition, no transition to detonation was observed and sometimes combustion stops. The sensitivities of THKP prepared with submicron sized potassium perchlorate are relatively high with an impact sensitivity of 44.7 J, a friction sensitivity of 192 N and an electrostatic discharge sensitivity of 34.7 mJ. THKP mixtures prepared from submicron potassium perchlorate can be classified as low-sensitivity primary explosives.
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Schwartz, C., M. Comet, F. Schnell, and D. Spitzer. "The Properties of Detonating Compositions Prepared from Submicron KClO4 and TiH2." In Future Developments in Explosives and Energetics, 158–63. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788017855-00158.

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A new kind of THKP was prepared by combining submicron potassium perchlorate made by the Spray Flash Evaporation (SFE) process with titanium hydride. Spray Flash Evaporation is based on flash evaporation to manufacture nanoparticles. The solvated product is nebulized in a chamber, which is maintained under vacuum, thanks to an atomization nozzle. The sudden fall of pressure induces a flash evaporation of the solvent and then crystallization of the product in the form of nanosized particles. This process was used on potassium perchlorate in order to produce nanosized particles of this product. This new type of potassium perchlorate prepared by SFE shows a particle size ranging from 50 to 400 nm. With this submicron sized potassium perchlorate, a better oxidation of titanium hydride was observed and also a transition to detonation in the THKP. This detonation transition was noted when the THKP is placed in a small diameter tube (3 mm) in loose powder. In the same time, the detonation velocity of this type of THKP increased to a value of approximatively 1250 m/s with a porosity of 86%. In comparison, micron sized potassium perchlorate in THKP tested in the same condition, no transition to detonation was observed and sometimes combustion stops. The sensitivities of THKP prepared with submicron sized potassium perchlorate are relatively high with an impact sensitivity of 44.7 J, a friction sensitivity of 192 N and an electrostatic discharge sensitivity of 34.7 mJ. THKP mixtures prepared from submicron potassium perchlorate can be classified as low-sensitivity primary explosives.
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Avery, William H., and Chih Wu. "Open-Cycle OTEC." In Renewable Energy from the Ocean. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071993.003.0012.

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The historical development leading to the proposal by Claude to generate power by producing steam in flash evaporation of warm seawater has been discussed in Chapter 2. In this chapter, the thermodynamic fundamentals of the open-cycle concepts are discussed, leading to a detailed review of state of the art and commercial prospects of the process. There are several variations on the standard OTEC open-cycle (OC) system. The three major variations are “hybrid cycle” (Bartone, 1978), “mist lift cycle” (Ridgway, 1977), and “foam lift cycle” (Beck, 1975; Zener et al., 1975). These are advanced concepts that offer certain attractive features and are being investigated. The three cycles will be discussed in Sections 5.3, 5.4, and 5.5, respectively. The standard OTEC open cycle is discussed in the following. The modest but nearly steady temperature difference that exists between the warm surface water and the much colder water at great depth in some tropical regions of the world has attracted the attention of many thermodynamicists from the time that these temperature differences were first observed. From the thermodynamicist’s view, any significant temperature difference can be used to produce power. The open or Claude cycle is the forerunner of various OTEC cycles. The open cycle refers to the use of seawater as the working fluid. A schematic diagram of the system, which comprises a flash evaporator, vapor expansion turbine and generator, steam condenser, noncondensables-removing equipment, and deaerator, is shown in Fig. 5-1 (Chen, 1979). The cycle is a basic Rankine cycle for converting thermal energy of the warm surface water into electrical energy. In the cycle, the warm seawater is deaerated and then passed into a flash evaporation chamber, where a fraction of the seawater is converted into low-pressure steam. The steam is passed through a turbine, which extracts energy from it, and then exits into a condenser. This cycle derives the name “open” from the fact that the condensate is not returned to the evaporator as in the “closed” cycle. Instead, the condensate can be used as desalinated water if a surface condenser is used, or the condensate is mixed with the cooling water and the mixture is discharged back into the ocean.
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Trollope, Anthony. "Guilty, or Not Guilty." In Orley Farm. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198803744.003.0014.

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Unfortunately for Mr Furnival, the intruder was Mrs Furnival — whether he pleased or whether he did not please. There she was in his law chamber, present in the flesh, a sight pleasing neither to her husband nor to her husband’s client. She had knocked at...
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Mantravadi, Anand. "New Surgical Techniques." In Glaucoma. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199757084.003.0019.

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The surgical options for glaucoma are expanding with a growing body of evidence of the short- and longer-term results. This chapter will focus on description of newer surgical techniques that hold promise in the treatment of glaucoma. The ExPRESS Mini-shunt (Optonol Ltd., Neve Ilan, Israel/Alcon, Fort Worth, TX) has emerged as a device used to help standardize one part of the trabeculectomy filtering procedure. This biocompatible, stainless-steel device, which measure 400 microns wide by 3 mm long, contains a 50-micron non-valved opening to enable filtration for the treatment of glaucoma (Fig. 14.1) Currently recommended for use underneath a partial-thickness scleral flap • Using a standard fornix- or limbus-based conjunctival flap, and after application of antimetabolites, this device is placed underneath a partial-thickness scleral flap, fashioned identically to a trabeculectomy procedure. • A 26-gauge needle or commercially available Sapphire blade is used to enter the anterior chamber under the scleral flap at the color transition from clear cornea at an angle parallel to iris plane. • Using a preloaded injector, the device is placed into the anterior chamber through the previously fashioned tract so that the plate is flush with the bed of the sclera flap. • The desired position of the device under the sclera flap is into the anterior chamber with distance from the corneal endothelium. • The flap is then sutured as is typical for a trabeculectomy, titrating tightness of sutures to desired amounts of flow. These sutures can, as with a trabeculectomy, be released or lysed with laser subsequently depending on the suture technique. • An iridotomy is not performed with this procedure. Therefore, this procedure represents a modification of a guarded filtration procedure using a device with a standardized ostium size to replace the sclerostomy and iridotomy portions of the trabeculectomy procedure. • By eliminating the sclerostomy, the rate of aqueous egress from the 50-micron opening into the subconjunctival/sub-Tenon’s plane is reportedly more standardized in comparison to trabeculectomy. • Although there are reports suggesting a lower incidence of hypotony with the ExPRESS in the immediate postoperative period as compared to trabeculectomy, the rate of flow in both ExPRESS use and trabeculectomy is critically determined by the tension of the sutures at the scleral flap, which was not standardized among the two groups.
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"coating layer itself, an d at the interface between the coating and the substrate, causes instant fracturing and separation of coating material from the surface. In general, if a coating or contaminant is CHEMICALLY bonded to a surface, dry ice particle blasting will NOT effectively remove the coating. If the bond is PHYSICAL o r MECHANICAL in nature, such as a coating of rubber residue which is "anchored" into the porous surface of an aluminum casting, then there is a good chance that dr y ice blasting will work. Contaminants which are etched, or stained into the surfaces of metals, ceramics, plastics, or other materials typically cannot be removed with dry ice blasting. If the surface of the substrate is extremely porous or rough, providing strong mechanical "anchoring" for the contaminant or coating, dr y ice blasting may not be able to remove all of the coating, or the rate of removal may be too slow to allow dry ice blasting to be cost effective. The classic example of a contaminant that does NOT respond to dry ice blast-ing is RUST. Rust is both chemically and strongly mechanically bonded to steel substrate. Advanced stages of rust must be "chiseled" away with abrasive sand blasting. Only the thin film of powderized "flash" rust on a fresh steel surface can be effectively removed with dry ice blasting. 4.2.1.1. Inductio n (venturi) and direct acceleration blast systems - the effect of the typ e of system on available kinetic energy In a two-hose induction (venturi) carbon dioxide blastin g system, the medium particles are moved from the hopper to the "gun" chamber by suction, where they drop to a very low velocity before being induced into the outflow of the nozzle by a large flow volume of compressed air. Some more advanced two-hose systems employ a small positive pressure to the pellet delivery hose. In any type of two-hose system, since the blast medium particles have only a short distance in which to gain momentum and accelerate to the nozzle exit (usually only 200 to 300 mm), the final particle average velocity is limited to between 60 and 120 meters per second. So, in general, two-hose systems, although not so costly, are limited in their ability to deliver contaminant removal kinetic energy to the surface to be cleaned. When more blasting energy is required, these systems must be "boosted" a t the expense of much more air volume required, and higher blast pressure is re-quired as well, with much more nozzle back thrust, and very much more blast noise generated at the nozzle exit plane. The other type of solid carbon dioxide medium blasting system is like the "pressurized pot" abrasive blasting system common in the sand blasting and Plas-ti c Media Blasting industries. These systems use a single delivery hose from the hopper to the "nozzle" applicator in which both the medium particles and the compressed air travel. These systems are more complex and a little more costly than the inductive two-hose systems, but the advantages gained greatly outweigh the extra initial expense. In a single-hose solid carbon dioxide particle blasting system, sometimes referred to as a "direct acceleration " system, the medium is introduced from the hopper into a single, pre-pressurized blast hose through a sealed airlock feeder. The particles begin their acceleration and velocity increase." In Surface Contamination and Cleaning, 162–63. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9789047403289-25.

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Conference papers on the topic "FLASH CHAMBER"

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Abutayeh, Mohammad, and Yogi Goswami. "Solar Flash Desalination Under Hydrostatically Sustained Vacuum." In ASME 2008 2nd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer, Fluids Engineering, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2008-54075.

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Creating vacuum conditions above liquids increases their evaporation rates. This phenomenon can be integrated into a practical continuous desalination process by repeatedly flashing seawater in vacuumed chambers to produce water vapor that condenses afterwards producing fresh water. Gravity can be used to balance the hydrostatic pressure inside the flash chambers with the outdoor atmospheric pressure to maintain that vacuum, while low grade solar radiation can be used to add heat to seawater before flashing. The proposed desalination system consists of a saline water tank, a concentrated brine tank, and a fresh water tank placed on ground level plus an evaporator and a condenser located several meters above ground. The evaporator-condenser assembly, or flash chamber, is initially filled with saline water that later drops by gravity creating a vacuum above the water surface in the unit without a vacuum pump. The vacuum is maintained by the internal hydrostatic pressure balanced by the atmospheric pressure. The ground tanks are open to the atmosphere, while the flash chamber is insulated and sealed to retain both heat and vacuum.
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Litvinov, Petr A. "Flash Chamber of a Quasi-Continuous Volume Source of Negative Ions." In PRODUCTION AND NEUTRALIZATION OF NEGATIVE IONS AND BEAMS: 10th International Symposium on Production and Neutralization of Negative Ions and Beams. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1908299.

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Matsuda, Yoshitaka, Ryoichi Sakai, Takenao Sugi, Satoru Goto, Takeshi Yasunaga, and Yasuyuki Ikegami. "Water Level Control of Flash Chamber in a Spray Flash Desalination System with Valve Dynamics and Flow Rate Limitation." In 2019 19th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/iccas47443.2019.8971571.

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Abdel-Rahim, Yousef M. "Monte Carlo Optimization of Two-Stage Cascade R134A Refrigeration System With Flash Chamber." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49063.

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Present paper studies the optimal characteristics of the two-stage cascade R134A refrigeration system with flash and mixing chambers over its operating ranges of all cycle controlling parameters. The COP, total heat rate in Qin, total work rate in Win and second law efficiency ηII are used as cycle performance parameters. Compared to the practically-limited other rate-based optimization methods and to other experimentally-optimized specific cases of cycle parameters, the application of Monte Carlo method has proved to be very effective for optimizing the cycle performance in its global sense over all cycle controlling parameters. Correlations relating performance and cycle controlling parameters are presented and discussed. Study shows that COP of the cycle can reach a value of 8 at intermediate pressure P2 of about 200 kPa, and a maximum value of 9.92 at about 370 kPa and 720 kPa, beyond which COP goes as low as 4.2. P2 alone has no significant effect on Qin, Win and ηII unless values of other controlling parameters are specified. Values of Qin, Win and ηII can reach as high as 94 kW, 23 kW and 0.85 and as low as 6.8 kW, 1.1 kW and 0.57 respectively depending on other cycle parameters. Neither pressure ratio nor volume ratio of the HP compressor has any effect on Qin, Win or ηII. However, the ratio of inlet to exit temperatures of the condenser has the greatest effect on both ηII and the volumetric specific work of the HP compressor, which is about double the value of the volumetric specific work of the LP compressor. Study shows an almost linear relationship between the two mass flow rates in the upper and lower loops of the cycle, where its value in the lower LP loop is about 75% that in the upper HP loop. Findings of the present work as well as the elaborate application of Monte Carlo method to real cycles can greatly open the way for reducing the trade-off design methods currently used in developing such systems as well as direct the useful experimentations and assessment of such designed systems.
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Akram, Muhammad Saad, Maryam Yeganeh, Qiang Cheng, Ossi Kaario, and Martti Larmi. "Experimental Study on Flash Boiling of Ammonia Fuel Sprays – A Potential Alternative Fuel." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0304.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The current transportation fuels have been one of the biggest contributors towards climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. The use of carbon-free fuels has constantly been endorsed through legislations in order to limit the global greenhouse gas emissions. In this regard, ammonia is seen as a potential alternative fuel, because of its carbon-free nature, higher octane number and as hydrogen carrier. Furthermore, many leading maritime companies are doing enormous research and planning projects to utilize ammonia as their future carbon-free fuel by 2050. Flash boiling phenomenon can significantly improve combustion by enhancing the spray breakup process and ammonia possessing low boiling point, has a considerable potential for flash boiling. However, present literature is missing abundant research data on superheated ammonia sprays. Therefore, this research work aims to optically investigate the behavior of ammonia sprays under different conditions of fuel temperatures for varying chamber pressures. This work probes overall ammonia spray geometry at engine relevant conditions and compare the results with gasoline sprays. A multi-hole solenoid gasoline injector is used to inject fuels into a constant volume spray chamber and fuel sprays are investigated using optical z-type schlieren imaging technique. Higher fuel temperatures are achieved by installing a heater coil on the injector tip with a sleeve in between to avoid possible heat transfer losses. The experimental results show significant effect of superheating on ammonia and gasoline sprays. The liquid and vapor phase are clearly characterized upon flash boiling, resulting in decreased spray tip penetration and areas compared to ambient fuel temperature conditions. The results also show differences between the overall spray geometries of both fuels, and that ammonia sprays are more sensitive to chamber pressure as compared to gasoline.</div></div>
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Islam, Md, F. Banat, A. Baba, and S. Abuyahya. "Design and Development of a Small Multistage Flash Desalination System Using Aspen HYSYS." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-4975.

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Abstract Fresh water demands are increasing day by day because of growing population, industrialization, and increased living standards. Desalination technology has become a significant solution of fresh drinking water for many parts of the world. Lack of fresh water resources in dry environments has encouraged the establishment of desalination processes and developed technology to compensate for water scarcity. The MSF (multistage flash) desalination technique has received wide spread acceptance due to low temperature heat source (waste heat/inexpensive energy), simple construction high process reliability and simple maintenance. MSF typically has the highest water production cost among available desalination technologies, which can be reduced with using solar energy/co-generation. Since Abu Dhabi is in the solar belt region and is blessed with huge solar energy, MSF desalination can be powered by solar power in addition to industrial waste/fossil fuel energy, which will significantly reduce the cost as well as carbon, footprint. In this research, multistage flash desalination is modelled using ASPEN HYSYS package V8. We have designed each components of the system, mostly heating source, vacuum/flash chambers, heat exchangers and developed the whole system. Some parametric study, i.e. feed rate, top brine temperature, heat input, pressure, productivity etc. of multistage flash desalination system has been conducted in this research. Two case studies have been conducted and found a relation between feed flow rate and water production rate as well as chamber pressure with vapor formation. This design will help to build the pilot plant, do experimental test and validate the model.
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Kay, Peter J., Andrew P. Crayford, Philip J. Bowen, and James Luxford. "Flammability of High Flash Point Liquid Fuels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69536.

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Current European Health and Safety Legislation was implemented to limit the chance of a serious explosion occurring in the workplace by highlighting potentially explosive atmospheres and ensuring that ignition sources are not present in these areas. Though hazardous area classification for gaseous and dust explosion hazards are well established, the same cannot be said for mists especially for high flash point liquids. However, a recent literature review of a range of (some fatal) incidents has shown that mist explosions are more common and the consequences more severe than previously anticipated. This work is, for example, applicable to the safe use of fuels and lubricants utilised in the gas turbine power generation and propulsion industries. Previous studies of jet breakup regimes and idealised flammability studies have indicated that low pressure releases (<10 bar) of low volatility fuels may still give rise to combustion hazards. Impingement of accidental releases onto surfaces has been shown to exacerbate the potential hazard, or broaden the range of hazardous release conditions. However, although a theoretical case can be made for generating flammable environments under moderate release conditions, very little evidence has been provided to bridge the gap between ‘idealised’ studies and full-scale incidents. The aim of this first programme of work is to start the process of bridging this gap, leading to well founded safety guidance. The test programme was conducted in a custom built spray chamber located in the Gas Turbine Research Centre (GTRC) of Cardiff University. The fuel was released at a predefined range of pressures of industrial relevance at atmospheric temperature. Igniters were positioned at three downstream locations and the continuous electrical discharge had an energy no greater than 4 mJ. Tests were conducted for ‘free sprays’ where the spray was directed along the length of the chamber, and for impinging sprays where the spray was aligned to impinge normal to a flat un-heated surface. Gas oil (flash point > 61 °C) ignited as a free jet at a working pressure consistent with previous hypotheses. However, when the jet impinged on a solid surface then the resulting spray could be ignited at considerably lower delivery pressures. Although the impingement process is complex, the data will be discussed in light of contemporary models that predict initial jet/spray characteristics along with post-impingement characteristics. This paper presents a first step towards consolidating previous studies and improving future safety guidelines concerned with the risk posed by the flammability of accidental releases of pressurised high flashpoint fuels.
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Bjorgen, Karl Oskar Pires, Inge Saanum, Stian Bratsberg, Patrick Jørgensen, Terese Lovas, and David Emberson. "Enhanced Combustion by Photo Ignition of Carbon Nanotubes in a Constant Volume Chamber." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0406.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Using ammonia as fuel in retrofitted large marine vessels or heavy-duty vehicles has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions. However, ammonia is hard to burn in an internal combustion engine (ICE) due to its poor combustion properties, i.e. having high autoignition temperatures and low flame speeds. This results in the need for a highly reactive secondary fuel or an improved ignition system for achieving complete and stable combustion. This study investigates a radical technology for the ignition of a fuel-air mixture using carbon nanotubes. The technology consists of injecting a mixture of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and ferrocene (CNT-Fe) into a fuel-air mixture and subjecting the particles to a bright flash of light. Due to the photochemical properties of CNT-Fe particles, the absorbed light initiates ignition. The burning particles thereby ignite the gas mixture at multiple points in the chamber, resulting in a flame front propagating faster compared to when using conventional methods like spark plugs. This study investigates the concept in a constant volume chamber filled with mixtures of methane and air, where the CNT-Fe is dispersed inside the chamber and ignited by an externally located xenon flash tube through a quartz window. The aim of the study was to provide a proof of concept, showing that an external light source can initiate combustion in a chamber by CNT-Fe, potentially demonstrating that the technology can be transferred to an engine. Different mixtures of methane/air and chamber pressures were tested. The results show that photo ignition of methane/air is achieved for mixtures with equivalence ratios of 0.65-0.9, whilst for spark ignition the equivalence ratio range was 0.7-1.4. A qualitative assessment of the flame spread is made through optical measurements of the flame front, showing that dispersed CNT-Fe achieves faster burn rates.</div></div>
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Abutayeh, Mohammad, D. Yogi Goswami, and Elias K. Stefanakos. "Sustainable Desalination Process Simulation." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37182.

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Experimental and theoretical simulations of a novel sustainable desalination process have been carried out. The simulated process consists of pumping seawater through a solar heater before flashing it under vacuum in an elevated chamber. The vacuum is passively created and then maintained by the hydrostatic balance between pressure inside the elevated flash chamber and outdoor atmospheric pressure. The experimental simulations were carried out using a pilot unit built to depict the proposed desalination system. Theoretical simulations were performed using a detailed computer code employing fundamental physical and thermodynamic laws to describe the separation process, complimented by experimentally based correlations to estimate physical properties of the involved species and operational parameters of the proposed system setting it apart from previous empirical desalination models. Experimental and theoretical simulation results matched well with one another, validating the developed model. Feasibility of the proposed system rapidly increased with flash temperature due to increased fresh water production and improved heat recovery. In addition, the proposed desalination system is naturally sustainable by solar radiation and gravity, making it very energy efficient.
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Nocivelli, Lorenzo, Junhao Yan, Kaushik Saha, Gina M. Magnotti, Chia-Fon Lee, and Sibendu Som. "Effect of Ambient Pressure on the Behavior of Single-Component Fuels in a Gasoline Multi-Hole Injector." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7258.

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Abstract The injection characteristics of neat ethanol and pure iso-octane are studied under different ambient pressure and temperature conditions. Injection under flash-boiling conditions can enhance liquid atomization and evaporation, providing the possibility of improvement in the fuel/air mixing. These super-heated conditions often introduce phenomena that are not taken into account in the standard modeling of sprays for engine applications. The present work proposes a numerical investigation of the behavior of Engine Combustion Network’s 8-hole spray-G injector, starting at the subcooled nominal condition and reducing the ambient pressure at constant low temperature to reach the flare flash-boiling condition. To initialize the properties of the injected fuel, the flow in the nozzle is simulated with a Eulerian approach, handling the two phases with a mixture model and the phase change, due to cavitation and flash boiling, with the Homogenous Relaxation Model. A map of the mixture’s kinematic and thermal behavior is obtained at the interface between the injector and the chamber to initialize the Lagrangian simulations. A literature-based vaporization model is implemented to obtain the proper description of the characteristic features of a multi-hole spray under super-heated conditions, like plume-plume interaction. The numerical representation of the spray is validated in terms of penetration and radial spreading on DBI images, reproducing the light attenuation profiles caused by the presence of the liquid spray. Simulations show that coupled nozzle flow and spray calculations capture the spray morphology and shape better compared to calculations performed without considering the nozzle flow simulation details, especially under flare flash conditions.
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