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1
Tunc¸, M. M., and A. Karakas¸. "Three-Dimensional Formulation of the Radiant Heat Flux Variation on a Cylinder Engulfed in Flames." Journal of Heat Transfer 107, no. 4 (November 1, 1985): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3247526.
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A three-dimensional formulation is used to determine the incident radiant heat flux on a cylinder surface which is engulfed in flames. For an axisymmetric horizontal pool fire of a specified flame shape, effective flame radiation temperature and a gray flame absorption coefficient, this analysis computes the variation of the incident radiant heat flux along the length and around the circumference of the tank portrayed as a cylinder, engulfed in flames. The radiant flux density from the flame to the cylinder becomes maximum toward the center of the pool and decreases markedly toward the edges. The points which are receiving the maximum amount of radiation heat flux around the circumference of the cylinder are also determined.
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CRETA, F., and M. MATALON. "Propagation of wrinkled turbulent flames in the context of hydrodynamic theory." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 680 (June 1, 2011): 225–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2011.157.
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We study the propagation of premixed flames in two-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulence using a Navier–Stokes/front-capturing methodology within the context of hydrodynamic theory. The flame is treated as a thin layer separating burnt and unburnt gases, of vanishingly small thickness, smaller than the smallest fluid scales. The method is thus suitable to investigate the flame propagation in the wrinkled flamelet regime of turbulent combustion. A flow-control system regulates the mean position of the flame and the incident turbulence intensity. In this context we study the individual effects of turbulence intensity, turbulence scale, thermal expansion, hydrodynamic strain and hydrodynamic instability on the propagation characteristics of the flame. Results are obtained assuming positive Markstein length, corresponding to lean hydrocarbon–air or rich hydrogen–air mixtures. For stable planar flames we find a quadratic dependence of turbulent speed on turbulence intensity. Upon onset of hydrodynamic instability, corrugated structures replace the planar conformation and we observe a greater resilience to turbulence, the quadratic scaling being replaced by scaling exponents less than one. Such resilience is also confirmed by the observation of a threshold turbulence intensity below which the propagation speed of corrugated flames is indistinguishable from the laminar speed. Turbulent speed is found to increase and later plateau with increasing thermal expansion, this affecting the average flame displacement but not the mean flame curvature. In addition, turbulence integral scale is also observed to affect the propagation of the flame with the existence of an intermediate scale maximizing the turbulent speed. This maximizing scale is smaller for corrugated flames than it is for planar flames, implying that small eddies that will be unable to significantly perturb a planar front could be rather effective in perturbing a corrugated flame. Turbulent planar flames, and more so corrugated flames, were observed to experience a positive mean hydrodynamic strain, which was explained in terms of the overwhelming mean contribution of the normal component of strain. The positive straining causes a decrease in the mean laminar propagation speed which in turn can decrease the turbulent speed. The effect of the flame on the incident turbulent field was examined in terms of loss of isotropy and vorticity destruction by thermal expansion. The latter can be mitigated by a baroclinic vorticity generation which is enhanced for corrugated flames.
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Shanbhogue, Santosh J., Michael Seelhorst, and Tim Lieuwen. "Vortex Phase-Jitter in Acoustically Excited Bluff Body Flames." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 1, no. 3 (September 2009): 365–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/175682709789141528.
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This paper describes an experimental study of the effect of acoustic excitation on bluff body stabilized flames, specifically on the flow field characteristics. The Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability of the shear layer is excited due to the incident acoustics. In turn, the KH instability imposes a convecting, harmonic excitation on the flame, which leads to spatially periodic flame wrinkling and heat-release oscillations. Understanding the factors influencing these heat release oscillations requires an understanding of the generation, convection, and dissipation of these vortical disturbances. Phase locked particle image velocimetry was carried out over a range of conditions to characterize the vortical dynamics. It was found that the vortex core location exhibits “phase jitter”, manifested as cycle-to-cycle variation in flame and vorticity field at the same excitation phase. Phase jitter is shown to be a function of separation point dynamics, downstream convection time, and amplitude of acoustic excitation. It leads to fairly significant differences between instantaneous and ensemble averaged flow fields and, in particular, the decay rate of the vorticity in the axial direction.
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Butler, B., C. Teske, D. Jimenez, J. O'Brien, P. Sopko, C. Wold, M. Vosburgh, B. Hornsby, and E. Loudermilk. "Observations of energy transport and rate of spreads from low-intensity fires in longleaf pine habitat – RxCADRE 2012." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 1 (2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14154.
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Wildland fire rate of spread (ROS) and intensity are determined by the mode and magnitude of energy transport from the flames to the unburned fuels. Measurements of radiant and convective heating and cooling from experimental fires are reported here. Sensors were located nominally 0.5 m above ground level. Flame heights varied from 0.3 to 1.8 m and flaming zone depth varied from 0.3 to 3.0 m. Fire ROS derived from observations of fire transit time between sensors was 0.10 to 0.48 m s–1. ROS derived from ocular estimates reached 0.51 m s–1 for heading fire and 0.25 m s–1 for backing fire. Measurements of peak radiant and total energy incident on the sensors during flame presence reached 18.8 and 36.7 kW m–2 respectively. Peak air temperatures reached 1159°C. Calculated fire radiative energy varied from 7 to 162 kJ m–2 and fire total energy varied from 3 to 261 kJ m–2. Measurements of flame emissive power peaked at 95 kW m–2. Average horizontal air flow in the direction of flame spread immediately before, during, and shortly after the flame arrival reached 8.8 m s–1, with reverse drafts of 1.5 m s–1; vertical velocities varied from 9.9 m s–1 upward flow to 4.5 m s–1 downward flow. The observations from these fires contribute to the overall understanding of energy transport in wildland fires.
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Bradley, D., G. A. Chamberlain, and D. D. Drysdale. "Large vapour cloud explosions, with particular reference to that at Buncefield." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, no. 1960 (February 13, 2012): 544–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0419.
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This paper first briefly surveys the energy releases in some major accidents. It then examines the analyses of the explosion at the Buncefield fuel storage site in the UK, one of the most intense accidental explosions in recent times. This followed the release of approximately 300 tonnes of winter-grade gasoline, when a 15 m high storage tank was overfilled for about 40 min before ignition of the resulting flammable mixture. The ensuing explosion was of a severity that had not been identified previously in a major hazard assessment of this type of facility. It was therefore imperative to investigate the event thoroughly and develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms to inform future prevention, mitigation and land-use planning issues. The investigation of the incident was overseen by the Buncefield Major Incident Investigation Board. A separate Explosion Mechanism Advisory Group examined the evidence and reported on the severity of the explosion. It concluded that additional work was necessary and recommended that a two-stage project be initiated, phase 1 of which has been completed. The analyses of the damage and the derivation of explosion over-pressures are described. Possible explosion mechanisms and the evidence for them at Buncefield are discussed, in the light of other major incidents. Mechanisms that are reviewed include high-speed turbulent combustion, quasi-detonations, fully developed detonations, the generation of fireballs, flame instabilites, radiative heat transfer and aspects of two-phase burning. Of particular importance is the acceleration of turbulent flames along the line of trees and hedgerows. A number of conclusions are drawn and suggestions made for further research.
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Bakka, Marit Sigfrid, Erling Kristian Handal, and Torgrim Log. "Analysis of a High-Voltage Room Quasi-Smoke Gas Explosion." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030601.
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During an air separation unit shut-down in a methanol production plant, a stop signal was sent to the control cabinet of a synchronous motor for a booster compressor. The control cabinet stopped magnetizing the rotor, while the system logic ensured that the power circuit breakers for the start reactor coils were opened, in order to be ready for the next start-up. Unintentionally, the circuit breaker was still connected (i.e., power was let through the reactors for a prolonged time period), which led to extensive overheating. Subsequently, the central control room received an unaddressed sub-station smoke alarm, and plant operators were sent out to locate the possible source of smoke. The accessible rooms were searched, and traces of smoke were confirmed. The Emergency Response Organization (ERO) was mustered and, through inspection, the Emergency Response Team (ERT) realized that the smoke originated from a ground floor high-voltage room. Fire hoses were arranged for fire extinguishing, and the ERT withdrew to wait for the room to be electrically isolated. About one minute after briefly opening the only set of doors to the high-voltage room, flames were observed, and a quasi-smoke gas explosion violently forced both door blades open and released a substantial fire ball. Personnel had been in the risk zone shortly before the explosion, but luckily no personnel were hit by the slamming door blades or the emerging flames. The incident revealed several learning points related to improper maintenance, ambiguous smoke alarm, lack of flame detectors in the high-voltage room, insufficient risk understanding and training regarding electrically related fire incidents, and the absence of an automatic fire suppression system. In plants processing hydrocarbons, the safety focus regarding hydrocarbon fire and explosion risk is paramount. However, risks related to electrical accidents and compartment fire dynamics (e.g., backdraft and smoke gas explosion) should also be given proper attention.
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Umbare, R. B., M. E. Bansude, S. M. Kadavkar, and C. R. Dode. "A prospective study of medicolegal autopsies to establish profile of burn deaths." IP International Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicological Sciences 6, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijfmts.2021.021.
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Burns injuries have been a one of the major cause of concern since prehistoric time to the present era of modern medicine. Burn is considered to be the commonest cause of unnatural death in India.Burns are injuries produced by application of dry heat such as flame, radiant heat or some heated solid substance like metal or glass to the body. Dry heat, application of hot bodies, licking by flames resulting in simple burns causes local injury to the body. Moist heat leading to scalds, corrosive poisons resulting in corrosive burns. Electric spark, discharges, flashes and lightning leads to electric burns.Present study aim to know the magnitude of burn deaths in the region of southern marathwada region. Two years prospective study was conducted at Government Medical College Latur. Study of medico legal autopsies to establish the profile of burn deaths was carried out. In the present study, it is found that burns are commonly found in female (72.04%) than in females. Housewives (43.52%) were common victims followed by works (9.80%). Most of the incidences took place in morning hours (45.53%). Most common place of incidence was house (83%). Kerosene (57.63%) was the most common accelerant used to cause burn. If percentage of burn increases, the survival period decreases and vice versa. Most common alleged manner of death was accident (53, 6%).
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Dong, G., B. Fan, M. Gui, and B. Li. "Numerical simulations of interactions between a flame bubble with an incident shock wave and its focusing wave." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 10 (June 29, 2009): 2357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1467.
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The numerical investigations of interactions between a flame bubble with an incident shock wave (IW) and its focusing wave (FW) in a reactive CH4—O2—N2 mixture are presented. The time-dependent, two-dimensional axisymmetric, reactive Navier—Stokes equations, with detailed chemical mechanisms, are employed to simulate the multiple shock—flame interactions process. The effects of the IW Mach number and chemical reactivity of mixture on flame structure and evolution are examined. The results of simulations show that the initial flame bubble can interact with IW, bow wave (BW), reflected BW, and FW in sequence. For the weak IW case, the repeated shock—flame interactions produce multiple Richtmyer—Meshkov (RM) instabilities that lead to the convolved flame with vortex structures, and the chemical heat release does not play a major role. While for the strong IW case, the multiple RM instabilities lead to the highly distorted flame with the complex vortices structures of large magnitude. With the lower reactive mixture, the instability process is the major mechanism for shock—flame interaction, while the chemistry only plays a minor role. However, with the higher reactive mixture, the distorted flame expands rapidly and finally forms the large-scale combustion through the interaction with FW. Both instability and chemical heat release play the important mechanisms in this case. The combustion acceleration in the highly reactive mixture can produce the stronger overpressure and the higher propagation speed of complex FW because of the chemi-acoustic interaction effect.
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Gobato, Ricardo, and Manuel Simões Filho. "ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF RGB CHANNEL SPECTROSCOPY USING A CCD READER." Ciência e Natura 39, no. 2 (May 23, 2017): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x25617.
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Spectroscopy is a technique for collecting physicochemical data through the transmission, absorption or reflection of incident radiant energy in a sample. Our work is used in common low cost and easy access devices that have a CCD reader. Our idea is a set of devices, such as a cell phone, which contains an optical CCD reader, where these equipment materials, materials, compounds, simplifying the image obtained by these optical devices. As filming obtained by optical CCD reader theses hardware, form decoded and separated into their quantified RGB color channels. Our initial technique consists of the analysis of the pixels of the images of primary light sources, such as: the sun, incandescent lamps, fire, candle flames, matchestick flame, wood combustion, etc. We conclude that it is possible to do a spectroscopic analysis using our technique.
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Dou, Huating. "Effect of Coating Application on Chilling Injury of Grapefruit Cultivars." HortScience 39, no. 3 (June 2004): 558–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.3.558.
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The effects of grapefruit cultivar and coating type on chilling injury (CI) incidence were examined. The shellac coating widely used for exported citrus resulted in the lowest CI incidence in white `Marsh' grapefruit stored for 2 months at 4 °C and 92% ± 3% relative humidity compared with nonwaxed fruit or fruit waxed with either carnauba or polyethylene waxes. The order of coating performance for reducing CI was shellac > carnauba > polyethylene > nonwaxed fruit. For `Flame' little difference of coating type on CI was detected after 2 months of storage. Overall, CI incidence was high in fruit of the cultivars harvested from September to December, low in February, and high again after March but was generally higher in white `Marsh' seedless grapefruit than `Ruby Red', `Rio Red', or `Flame'. However, little difference of cultivar on CI incidence was found among the `Ruby Red', `Rio Red', and `Flame' grapefruit except the October harvest in which CI was higher in `Ruby Red' than in `Rio Red' and `Flame' grapefruit. These studies suggest that the coating and cultivar should be considered in the postharvest management of CI in commercial packing.
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Luo, Jing, Shengtao Ma, Chengqian Zhu, and Guohua He. "Research on Automatic Patrol Inspection Technology Scheme for Safe Operation of Super Long and Long Span Highway Tunnel." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (March 30, 2023): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v5i2.6856.
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Firstly, this paper conducts systematic research on tunnel fire and traffic incident detection technologies, and develops a high-precision monitoring and detection implementation plan for ultra-long and large-span tunnels; Secondly, in terms of tunnel fire detection, video thermal imaging technology is used as the main detection method, combined with dual wavelength flame detectors, to achieve fire open fire monitoring and pure smoke detection, making up for the blind spots of traditional fire detection, and improving the accuracy, timeliness, and reliability of monitoring. In terms of traffic incident detection, based on traditional traffic incident detection technology and advanced technical means, the system mainly focuses on lightning visual integration detection, combined with artificial video monitoring, to comprehensively judge the status of tunnel traffic incidents, thereby reducing the false alarm rate of incident detection. Finally, based on the technical research scheme, an intelligent automatic patrol robot was developed using the mobile automatic patrol mode. Using this as a carrier, various sensor modules and emergency equipment were built to replace manual 24-hour uninterrupted full coverage patrols, achieving automatic patrol, automatic reporting, analysis, early warning, and emergency response for ultra-long tunnels, reducing the cost of manual patrols and improving the efficiency of patrols, Enhanced emergency response capabilities of operating units.
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Abedin, Minhazul, Farah Naz Rahman, Shagoofa Rakhshanda, Saidur Rahman Mashreky, A. K. M. Fazlur Rahman, and Ahmed Hossain. "Epidemiology of non-fatal burn injuries in children: evidence from Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey 2016." BMJ Paediatrics Open 6, no. 1 (June 2022): e001412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001412.
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BackgroundBurn is a major cause of childhood injury-related morbidity and mortality. Global estimates suggest that 90% of all cases occur in low-income and middle-income countries and over half of the disability-adjusted life-years are lost from fire-related burns in children. In Bangladesh, there is a scarcity of data on childhood burn injuries. The goal of the study was to describe the epidemiology of non-fatal burns in Bangladeshi children, including incidence estimates and identify high-risk groups.MethodsBangladesh Health and Injury Survey 2016 was a large scale cross-sectional survey. The survey was conducted among 299 216 population utilising a multistage cluster sampling method. Among the 100 842 children, there were 437 non-fatal burn cases.ResultsAmong different injury mechanisms in children, burn was ranked fifth (7.4%). The overall yearly incidence rate (IR) of burns was 866.7 per 100 000 children (95% CI 785.6 to 947.8) in Bangladesh. The incidence was highest among 1–4 years old children (IR 2028.3, 95% CI 1761.1 to 2334.7) and had a 3.5 times higher risk of burns compared with the 15–17 years age group. Females had a much higher IR of non-fatal burns than males between the ages of 10–15 years (1655.2 vs 482.2). About 70% of burns occurred in rural areas. Hot liquid (44.7%), flames (32.5%) and hot objects (20.7%) were identified as the main causes of burns. The kitchen (60.9%), yards (20.8%) and bedroom and living room (10.5%) were the three most common places for burns. According to the study, 34.8% of burn incidences occurred between the hours of 7:00 and 10:00.ConclusionChildren in Bangladesh suffer from a high rate of non-fatal burns. The high-risk category was identified as preschool-aged boys and adolescent girls. The majority of the incidents occurred in the morning and inside the kitchen. These findings will help raise awareness and create intervention measures to reduce the high incidence of non-fatal childhood burns in Bangladesh.
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Manohar, S. S., A. K. Kulkarni, and S. T. Thynell. "In-Depth Absorption of Externally Incident Radiation in Nongray Media." Journal of Heat Transfer 117, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822295.
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During flame spread along a surface, the thermal radiation emitted by high-temperature combustion products supports the advancement of the flame front. To model the response of the solid to the externally incident radiation, it is necessary to consider the spectral variation of radiative properties of the solid. For highly absorbent solids, such as wood or particle board, almost all of the externally incident radiation is absorbed at or very near the surface. However, for highly semitransparent materials, such as a plastic material whose surface is not clean, the externally incident radiation is absorbed both at the surface and within the material. In this work, the objective is to study both theoretically and experimentally the importance of in-depth radiation. A transient, one-dimensional model is formulated and solved numerically. The spectral radiative properties employed in the radiation model have been obtained from separate experiments on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), a clear plastic. The model demonstrates the importance of in-depth absorption. Model results exhibit the same trend as those revealed in experiments for the rise in surface temperature of the sample.
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Ghassempour, Nargess, Wadad Kathy Tannous, Kingsley Emwinyore Agho, Gulay Avsar, and Lara Ann Harvey. "The Impact of Reduced Fire Risk Cigarettes Regulation on Residential Fire Incidents, Mortality and Health Service Utilisation in New South Wales, Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 12481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912481.
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Smoking materials are a common ignition source for residential fires. In Australia, reduced fire risk (RFR) cigarettes regulation was implemented in 2010. However, the impact of this regulation on residential fires is unknown. This paper examines the impact of the RFR cigarettes regulation on the severity and health outcomes of fire incidents in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, from 2005 to 2014. Fire department data from 2005 to 2014 were linked with ambulance, emergency department, hospital, outpatient burns clinic and mortality datasets for NSW. Negative binomial regression analysis was performed to assess the changes to fire incidents’ severity pre- and post-RFR cigarettes regulation. There was an 8% reduction in total fire incidents caused by smokers’ materials post-RFR cigarettes regulation. Smokers’ materials fire incidents that damaged both contents and structure of the building, where fire flames extended beyond the room of fire origin, with over AUD 1000 monetary damage loss, decreased by 18, 22 and 12%, respectively. RFR cigarettes regulation as a fire risk mitigation has positively impacted the residential fire incident outcomes. This provides support for regulation of fire risk protective measures and bestows some direction for other fire safety policies and regulations.
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Dhar, Palasri. "Design & Implementation of Advanced Fire Controller- PRAKASH." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 2876–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44389.
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Abstract: This paper is the implementation of the fire alarm security system using ARDUINO, digital flame sensor and gas sensor. Flame and infrared light sources with wavelengths ranging from 760 nm to 1100 nm can be detected by the flame sensor. The gas detector detects the concentration of flammable gas present around its placed atmosphere. This gadget is a modern household solution from gas leakages as well as incidents of explosion of cylinders or any emergency situation due to unobserved fire. The objective of this project is to contribute towards the safety of human life or saving a human from firehazards.
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Daniel, Ashley, Jenna Miller, Emily Brier, Jennifer Flint, Marita Thompson, Pablo Aguayo, Kelli Patterson, et al. "77 A Comparison of Large Tbsa Scald Versus Flame Burns in Young Children." Journal of Burn Care & Research 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2023): S41—S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irad045.051.
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Abstract Introduction It is generally accepted that children with large total body surface area (TBSA) flame burns have worse outcomes as compared to those with scald injury. Anecdotally, we have observed the opposite. We sought to compare outcomes of patients using data from the Pediatric Injury Quality Improvement Collaborative (PIQIC). Methods This multicenter, retrospective cohort study collected data from 4 pediatric hospitals participating in PIQIC over a 10 year period. Exclusion criteria were TBSA <15% and mechanism not scald or flame. Patients were categorized by age in years: 0 to <3, toddler; 3 to <10, child; and age ≥ 10. Demographics, clinical features, and adverse events were collected. Models were controlled for percent full thickness burn. Results Due to small sample size of age >10, this group was excluded. 164 patients were identified: 96 (59%) with scald and 68 (41%) were flame. Patients in the toddler group were mainly scalds (N=73, 58%) while the child group was mostly flame (N=52, 67%). Only 28% of scald patients had full-thickness burns compared to 67% of flames. In the scald group, toddlers experienced significantly longer PICU LOS and mechanical ventilator (MV) days than the child group (13 vs. 5 MV days, p < 0.001). Hospital LOS was significantly higher in the child group compared to toddlers. There was trend of higher incidence of sepsis, nosocomial infection, and abdominal catastrophe in toddlers. All mortalities were observed in the child group. In flame patients, toddlers had no mortalities, cases of sepsis or abdominal catastrophe. Toddlers had significantly shorter hospital LOS (18 vs 25, p< 0.001), PICU LOS (9 [1-14] vs 7 [2-18], p< 0.001), and MV days (6 vs. 9, p< 0.001). Older patients with flame burns had higher %TBSA and full-thickness burns. Odds of mortality in both mechanisms was significantly increased for higher TBSA. Each 1% increase in TBSA related to an average 3% increase mortality (OR=1.03, 95% CI: (1.00, 1.06), P=0.04). Separating mechanisms, the model determined mortality was affected by age. While scalds had significantly reduced mortality (OR=0.05, 95% CI: (0.00, 0.057), P=0.02), each additional year of age increased mortality by 42% (OR=1.42, 95% CI: (1.07, 1.89), P=0.02). Each additional year of age resulted in an 18% reduction in nosocomial infection (OR=0.83 95% CI: (0.73,0.96), P=0.01). Conclusions Given the differences in hospital and PICU LOS, MV days, and complication rates, this study confirms that not all burns carry the same risks across age groups and mechanisms. Despite lower rates of full thickness burns, younger patients with scalds may have a longer PICU course, more time on the ventilator, and increased risk of sepsis, nosocomial infection, and abdominal catastrophe than similarly aged patients with flame burns or older patients with scalds. Applicability of Research to Practice Burn mechanism and patient age should be considered in addition to TBSA and burn thickness when caring for a critically ill patient.
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Buzdar, Zulfiqar Ali, Nassir Nazir, and Mansoora Mirza. "Association of Incidences of Burns and Place of Occurrence - Investigative Approach among Victims of Domestic Violence." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 5 (May 27, 2023): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs202317519.
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Background: Burn injuries are the trauma to live human tissue as result of some burning source including fire, flame, heat, electricity or some chemical. The interrelated intricate complexity of the place of occurrence and incidents of burns had long been a scope of interest to medical and medicolegal personnel. Aim: To investigate the association of incidences of burns with their place of occurrence. Methodology: The research data has been collected from the victims of domestic burn presenting in the Accident and Emergency Department (AED) Jinnah Hospital Lahore and filtered at the medicolegal clinic of Alama Iqbal Medical College Lahore. A total of 250 burns of domestic violence were registered from January 2018 to August 2018 and were included in the study after fulfilling the exclusion and exclusion criteria. Observation research method was carried out with descriptive cross-sectional study design by applying quantitative questionnaire as a data collection tool. The study population consisted of the rural and urban areas of the area of drainage of the said research settings. Results: The study revealed highly significant association with medium of burns and place of occurrence grossly taking place at home with scalds as most frequent medium with 0.000 significant p value. Single or unmarried population was strongly associated with p value 0.004 facing burn injuries at home. Professional population versus amateur had also shown strong association for place of occurrence as home for burn injuries with p value 0.021 though less marked in professional population. The study concludes that scalds as commonest medium, single unmarried persons involved more than married ones and home of the victim was an easy target for the perpetrators. Conclusion: The study revealed strong association of medium of burns, marital status and proficiency of the population for incidence of burns frequently had home setting as a place of occurrence. Keywords: Burns, Domestic Violence, Place of Occurrence, Incidences of Burns
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Pandeeswari, D., A. Hariharasudan, C. Gangalakshmi, P. Madhumitha, and C. Saranya. "Linking Metanarrative: Lexical Content in Preeti Shenoy’s A Hundred Little Flames." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n2p14.
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The Postmodern metanarrative abbreviates the relation between entrap the texts that are wreaked by incidents, quotes, allusions, translation and so on. The aim of the study spotlights on the postmodern tendency of metanarrative in Preeti Shenoy’s selected text, A Hundred Little Flames. Preeti Shenoy is a multifarious postmodern writer. The term metanarrative is linked with dialect in the texts. The features of metanarrative are dialect, incident, way of narration and allusion etc. Jean Francois Lyotard is one among notable theorist of metanarrative. The present study has adopted only Lyotard’s metanarrative theory. The methodology of the study splits into three metanarrative concepts – narration towards knowledge, narration towards dialect and narration towards nostalgia. Lyotard proposed these three diverse concepts in his famous book The Postmodern Condition. These metanarrative concepts are adapted to the present study, and the authors have investigated the metanarrative elements in the select text of Shenoy. The results of the study are evaluated with other studies under postmodern metanarrative.
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Yang, Shi Gang, Ya Dong Zhang, and Hao Wu. "Comparison and Validation of Thermal Radiation Models for Hydrocarbon Jet Fire and Fireball." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3503.
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Primary consequences of fire hazards include personnel injuries, fatalities and/or facility and equipment damage due to high air temperatures, radiant heat fluxes or direct contact with flames. Many methods have been proposed to evaluate the thermal radiation incident on a target. This paper presents a survey of thermal models that can be used in quantitative consequence analysis and recommends a model that should be used to examine accident-related hazards. The capabilities of the existing conventional empirical models for estimating the incident thermal radiation from fireballs and jet fires were thoroughly evaluated by conducting several field trials. First, it was found that for estimating a fireball’s diameter, duration and surface emissive power in the downwind location, the TNO (The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research) model should be employed. Second, for estimating surface emissive power from fireballs in the crosswind location and incident thermal radiation power absorbed by the target located in the fireball’s diameter, the CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers) solid flame model is proposed. Third, for estimating incident thermal radiation from fireballs one diameter away and elevations of fireballs, the Roberts point source model is recommended. Finally, for estimating incident thermal radiation from jet fires and flame length, the TNO model is suggested.
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Buzdar, Zulfiqar Ali, and Mubarak Mehmood Ahmad Khan. "Role of Apparels in Burns due to Domestic Violence – A tool for assessing Degree of Burns." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 12 (December 30, 2022): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221612200.
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Background: Human life is subject to certain environmental, cultural and ethnic origin factors. Based upon the above facts loose and tight variety of clothing/apparel are commonly used. Fire and flames are an integral part of human life on the other hand and accidents do occur in natural course of history. In such accidents type of apparel one might be wearing play a great role in degree or severity of burns. Association and assessments need to be established in this regard. Methods: The study has been conducted on 250 cases of dry flame burns in AED of Mayo Hospital Lahore/Medicolegal Clinic of King Edward Medical University Lahore for a period of nine months in 2017-18. The population of 250 cases were selected through convenient non-probability purposive sampling technique. The study descriptive cross-sectional study design was applied to the above population selected for the study. Results: Our study revealed1.6% females were involved more than males in the burn incident during the period of study. A wide majority up to 70% used Shalwar and Kameez of loose wearable category as per culture of the country in comparison to the relatively tight clothing of Trousers and Pantaloons variety. A grossly significant role has been established with a p value of 0.024 that loose variety of apparel are responsible for causing greater degree of damage in burns as compared to that of tight variety of apparel worn at the time of incidence. Conclusion: The study concludes that wearing relatively short apparels or of tight i.e. Trousers and Pantaloons variety can be safe, protective and a healthy habit during cooking, working in fire burning vicinity like that of industry, hotels, restaurants and winter outdoor activities. The loose variety hereafter referred as Shalwarand Kameezvariety of cultural apparels can be dangerous and even life threatening when it involves higher percentages of burns. Keywords: Burns, Apparel, Clothing, Degree of Burns
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Orta, Olivia R., Amelia K. Wesselink, Traci N. Bethea, Birgit Claus Henn, Jennifer Weuve, Victoria Fruh, Michael D. McClean, Andreas Sjodin, Donna D. Baird, and Lauren A. Wise. "Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pesticides and incidence of uterine leiomyomata." Environmental Epidemiology 5, no. 1 (January 27, 2021): e127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ee9.0000000000000127.
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Kang, Seung-Goo. "Prediction of Incident Heat Flux of Facade Considering Opening Jet Plume." Fire Science and Engineering 36, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.45a09918.
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In this study, a combustion experiment was performed by setting fire source conditions to generate an opening fire plume and flame for various opening shapes using a large-scale compartment model. It was confirmed that the opening temperature and incident heat flux increased with increasing fire source condition. Regression analysis was performed using the relationship between the dimensionless numbe QD*-2/3z* and the incident heat flux q’’. Comparison of the derived formula with the experimental value confirmed the validity of the results.
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Kurniasih, P., W. A. Wirawan, A. Narto, O. S. Pribadi, N. A. Imron, N. F. Rachman, and A. Pradipta. "Flammability and morphology of Agel leaf fibre- epoxy composite modified with carbon powder for fishing boat applications." Archives of Materials Science and Engineering 122, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.8842.
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Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites have been extensively developed to construct fishing vessels. This study reports on the successful development of the Agel Leaf Fibre (ALF)-Epoxy composite reinforced with carbon powder and fabricated using the Vacuum Infusion method.The composites were prepared by varying the carbon powder filler content at volumes of 0%, 10%, and 30%. The fire resistance of the composites was investigated using a burning test according to ASTM D-3014 standards. The morphology of the composites was observed through SEM analysis and analysed using ImageJ software.The research findings reveal that adding 30% carbon powder in the HCP composite reduced the burning rate by 42.624 mm/sec and the time to ignition by 17.33 seconds, indicating improved fire resistance properties. The carbon powder inhibited flame propagation and reduced the combustion rate by 0.49%. The SEM examination confirmed that the fibre porosity decreased, resulting in a denser composite with enhanced fibre-matrix adhesion. Therefore, the implementation of fire-resistant composite materials in fishing vessel construction can be realised.The present study primarily examined the immediate effects of carbon powder additions on the morphology of the composites. However, it is crucial to consider these composites’ long-term stability and durability. Future research should investigate the ageing behaviour, considering environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, and UV radiation, to assess their impact on the morphology and flammability resistance of the composites. Additionally, it is essential to acknowledge that other factors, including fibre orientation, fibre length, and matrix properties, can significantly influence the overall performance of the composites.The enhanced flammability resistance of Agel Leaf Fibre-Epoxy composites with carbon powder additions holds significant benefits for fishing boat applications. In marine environments, the risk of fire incidents on fishing boats is high, making materials with good fire resistance highly desirable. Therefore, implementing fire-resistant composite materials in fishing boat construction can be realised to reduce the risk of fire incidents in high-seas fishing vessels.Composites with added carbon powder exhibited smaller flames, slower burning rates, and a lack of significant flame propagation. This suggests that adding carbon powder acts as an oxygen barrier and reduces the availability of fuel within the composite.
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Shirzaei, Mohammadreza, Jafar Zanganeh, and Behdad Moghtaderi. "Obstacle Impacts on Methane-Air Flame Propagation Properties in Straight Pipes." Fire 6, no. 4 (April 19, 2023): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6040167.
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Accidental flame initiation to propagation in pipes carrying flammable gases is a significant safety concern that can potentially result in loss of life and substantial damage to property. The understanding of flame propagation characteristics caused by methane–air mixtures within various extractive and associated process industries such as coal mining is critical in developing effective and safe fire prevention and mitigation countermeasures. The aim of this study is to investigate and visualise the fire and explosion properties of a methane–air mixture in a straight pipe with and without obstacles. The experimental setup included modular starting pipes, an array of sensors (flame, temperature, and pressure), a gas injection system, a gas analyser, data acquisition and a control system. The resulting observations indicated that the presence of obstacles within a straight pipe eventuated an increase in flame propagation speed and deflagration overpressure as well as a reduction in the elapsed time of flame propagation. The maximum flame propagation speed in the presence of an orifice with a 70% blockage ratio at multiple spots was increased around 1.7 times when compared to the pipe without obstacles for 10% methane concentration. The findings of this study will augment the body of scientific knowledge and assist extractive and associated process industries, including stakeholders in coal mining to develop better strategies for preventing or reducing the incidence of methane–air flame propagation caused by accidental fires.
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Singh, Priyanshu, Ankit Solanki, Priyanshu Paras, Devendra Soni, Shreya Bhavsar, and Suveer Dubey. "Design and Analysis of Mini Fire Fighting Robot." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 1037–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47515.
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Abstract: Fire Incident is a disaster that can potentially cause the loss of life, property damage and permanent disability to the affected victim. The Victim of Fire Incident can also suffer from prolonged psychological and trauma. Fire fighters are primarily tasked to handle fire incidents, but they are often exposed to higher risks when extinguishing fire, especially in hazardous environments such as in nuclear power plant, petroleum refineries and gas tanks. They are also faced with other difficulties, particularly if fire occurs in narrow and restricted places, as it is necessary to explore the ruins of buildings and obstacles to extinguish the fire and save the victim. With high barriers and risks in fire extinguishment operations, technological innovations can be utilized to assist firefighting. Therefore, this paper presents the design of a firefighting robot dubbed that can extinguish fire without the need for fire fighters to be exposed to unnecessary danger. It is designed to be compact in size than other conventional fire-fighting robot to ease small location entry for deeper reach of extinguishing fire in narrow space. It is also equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to avoid it from hitting any obstacle and surrounding objects, while a flame sensor is attached for fire detection. This resulted in It demonstrating capabilities of identifying fire locations automatically and ability to extinguish fire remotely at distance
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Singh, Priyanshu, Priya Pandit, Omprakash Vishwakarma, Shekh Kalam, and Suveer Chandra Dubey. "Fabrication of Mini Fire Fighting Robot." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 1316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51747.
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Abstract: Fire Incident is a disaster that can potentially cause the loss of life, property damage and permanent disability to the affected victim. The Victim of Fire Incident can also suffer from prolonged psychological and trauma. Fire fighters are primarily tasked to handle fire incidents, but they are often exposed to higher risks when extinguishing fire, especially in hazardous environments such as in nuclear power plant, petroleum refineries and gas tanks. They are also faced with other difficulties, particularly if fire occurs in narrow and restricted places, as it is necessary to explore the ruins of buildings and obstacles to extinguish the fire and save the victim. With high barriers and risks in fire extinguishment operations, technological innovations can be utilized to assist firefighting. Therefore, this paper presents the design of a firefighting robot dubbed that can extinguish fire without the need for fire fighters to be exposed to unnecessary danger. It is designed to be compact in size than other conventional fire-fighting robot to ease small location entry for deeper reach of extinguishing fire in narrow space. It is also equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to avoid it from hitting any obstacle and surrounding objects, while a flame sensor is attached for fire detection. This resulted in It demonstrating capabilities of identifying fire locations automatically and ability to extinguish fire remotely at distance
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Chen, Timothy Bo Yuan, Ivan Miguel De Cachinho Cordeiro, Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Wei Yang, Qing Nian Chan, Jin Zhang, Sherman C. P. Cheung, and Guan Heng Yeoh. "An Investigation towards Coupling Molecular Dynamics with Computational Fluid Dynamics for Modelling Polymer Pyrolysis." Molecules 27, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010292.
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Building polymers implemented into building panels and exterior façades have been determined as the major contributor to severe fire incidents, including the 2017 Grenfell Tower fire incident. To gain a deeper understanding of the pyrolysis process of these polymer composites, this work proposes a multi-scale modelling framework comprising of applying the kinetics parameters and detailed pyrolysis gas volatiles (parent combustion fuel and key precursor species) extracted from Molecular Dynamics models to a macro-scale Computational Fluid Dynamics fire model. The modelling framework was tested for pure and flame-retardant polyethylene systems. Based on the modelling results, the chemical distribution of the fully decomposed chemical compounds was realised for the selected polymers. Subsequently, the identified gas volatiles from solid to gas phases were applied as the parent fuel in the detailed chemical kinetics combustion model for enhanced predictions of toxic gas, charring, and smoke particulate predictions. The results demonstrate the potential application of the developed model in the simulation of different polymer materials without substantial prior knowledge of the thermal degradation properties from costly experiments.
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Oliwa, Rafał, Mariusz Oleksy, Justyna Czech-Polak, Magdalena Płocińska, Sławomir Krauze, and Maciej Kowalski. "Powder-epoxy resin/glass fabric composites with reduced flammability." Journal of Fire Sciences 37, no. 2 (March 2019): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119831211.
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This study investigates the possible enhancement of flame resistance in powder-epoxy resin/glass fabric composites. For this purpose, the halogen-free flame retardants containing phosphorous, nitrogen and aluminium were used. The total content of the fillers did not exceed 25 wt%. The laminates assessed for flame retardancy were designed specifically to be used as components of seats in public transport. Thermal resistance of the laminates and the surfaces of partially burned composites were also examined using thermogravimetric and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analyses, respectively. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that the highest flame resistance (V-0 class, minimum oxygen concentration = 35.5% and maximum average rate of heat emission = 38.5 kW/m2 at an incident heat flux of 50 kW/m2) was identified in the laminates with matrix comprising 15 wt% aluminium diethyl phosphinate and 10 wt% melamine polyphosphate. In turn, the laminates with the matrix containing ammonium polyphosphate as the main component achieved only the V-1 flammability class.
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Shen, Pengfei, Ning Sun, Kai Hu, Xiaoling Ye, Pingping Wang, Qingfeng Xia, and Chen Wei. "FireViT: An Adaptive Lightweight Backbone Network for Fire Detection." Forests 14, no. 11 (October 30, 2023): 2158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14112158.
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Fire incidents pose a significant threat to human life and property security. Accurate fire detection plays a crucial role in promptly responding to fire outbreaks and ensuring the smooth execution of subsequent firefighting efforts. Fixed-size convolutions struggle to capture the irregular variations in smoke and flames that occur during fire incidents. In this paper, we introduce FireViT, an adaptive lightweight backbone network that combines a convolutional neural network (CNN) and transformer for fire detection. The FireViT we propose is an improved backbone network based on MobileViT. We name the lightweight module that combines deformable convolution with a transformer as th DeformViT block and compare multiple builds of this module. We introduce deformable convolution in order to better adapt to the irregularly varying smoke and flame in fire scenarios. In addition, we introduce an improved adaptive GELU activation function, AdaptGELU, to further enhance the performance of the network model. FireViT is compared with mainstream lightweight backbone networks in fire detection experiments on our self-made labeled fire natural light dataset and fire infrared dataset, and the experimental results show the advantages of FireViT as a backbone network for fire detection. On the fire natural light dataset, FireViT outperforms the PP-LCNet lightweight network backbone for fire target detection, with a 1.85% increase in mean Average Precision (mAP) and a 0.9 M reduction in the number of parameters. Additionally, compared to the lightweight network backbone MobileViT-XS, which similarly combines a CNN and transformer, FireViT achieves a 1.2% higher mAP while reducing the Giga-Floating Point Operations (GFLOPs) by 1.3. FireViT additionally demonstrates strong detection performance on the fire infrared dataset.
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Laksmana, Bisma. "Rancang Bangun Alat Penanganan Dan Pengendalian Kebakaran Berbasis Arduino Nano Dengan Si stem IoT." Teknologi Rekayasa Jaringan Telekomunikasi (TRekRiTel) 1, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51510/trekritel.v1i1.395.
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This will be very useful for residents of the house to prevent what can cause a fire incident. In the main research, system design will make a fire detector and smoke and gas detector, using 3 Flame Sensors and 3 MQ-2 Sensors. This design concept will be installed in each room which consists of 3 rooms. The microcontroller used in this design system is an Arduino Nano microcontroller which functions as part of the Flame Sensor controller, MQ-2 Sensor, WeMos D1 Mini, Relay, and Buzzer. Furthermore, the system output uses a Flame Sensor which is already in a HIGH state so that it can activate automatic shutdown, and the tool can submit a notification to the occupants of the house via an android application called Blynk and an alarm sounds. If the implementation of the MQ-2 Sensor is in a HIGH state, the system will provide warning instructions in the form of a notification from the android and an alarm will sound for the occupants of the house. So that the residents of the house will be prepared to take action to extinguish the fire in the house.
Keywords : Fire, Flame Sensor, MQ-2 Sensor
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Di Renzo, Mario, Javier Urzay, Pietro De Palma, Marco D. de Tullio, and Giuseppe Pascazio. "The effects of incident electric fields on counterflow diffusion flames." Combustion and Flame 193 (July 2018): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.03.001.
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A, Hamid, M., Sen, S. L, Moniruzzaman, S, Mukit, S. M. A, Sultana, S. N, and Biswas, G. "An Analysis of Hospitalized Burn Injuries in a Burn Care Unit of Northern Bangladesh." Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 05 (May 10, 2024): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2024.v10i05.002.
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Introduction: Burn injuries remain a significant public health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries where comprehensive data is scarce. This study provides a detailed analysis of burn injuries in Northern Bangladesh, focusing on epidemiological characteristics and factors influencing burn severity and incidents. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 477 cases of acute, unintentional burns recorded between January 2022 and December 2022 at the Rangpur Medical College Hospital's Burn and Plastic Surgery unit. Data on demographics, burn types, etiology, and severity were collected from hospital registers. Statistical analysis, including chi-square tests and logistic regression, was used to identify predictors of burn severity. Result: Of the 477 documented cases, females represented 62.05% (296 cases) and males 37.95% (181 cases). Flame burns predominated, comprising 70% of incidents, significantly impacting females engaged in cooking activities. The data revealed a distinct seasonal trend with a significant peak in January, where 40% (191 cases) of annual burn incidents occurred due to campfire exposure. The analysis further demonstrated that burns covering more than 30% of total body surface area (TBSA) were significantly associated with higher morbidity and mortality, with third-degree burns occurring in 92.9% of females compared to 55.8% of males. Logistic regression identified age (OR = 1.28, CI [1.13-2.71]), gender (OR = 1.75, CI [1.11-1.47]), and the cause of ignition (OR = 0.56, CI [0.41-0.76]) as significant predictors of burn severity. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions to address the high incidence of burns among young to middle-aged women, particularly through safer cooking practices and awareness campaigns. Additionally, public health strategies should consider seasonal risks and promote safer heating methods during colder months. This study underlines critical areas for intervention and highlights the importance of culturally tailored public health strategies to reduce burn injuries in Northern Bangladesh.
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Chaudhry, Bilal M., Subin Lee, Jonathan Pineda, Michael A. Marano, Robin A. Lee, Cherry Song, and Christina J. Lee. "733 Pediatric Burns: A Single Institution Retrospective Review of Incidence, Etiology, and Outcomes in 685 Patients." Journal of Burn Care & Research 45, Supplement_1 (April 17, 2024): 216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irae036.276.
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Abstract Introduction Nearly 300 children die from burn injuries every year, and over 100,000 are admitted to a hospital or treated in an emergency department in the United States. Although largely preventable, burns remain a leading cause of morbidity in the pediatric population globally. This study assesses all pediatric burn admissions to a State Wide Certified Burn Treatment Center to evaluate trends in demographics, burn incidence, and cause across different age groups. Methods Demographic and clinical data were collected on all pediatric burn admissions during an 8 year period (2015-2022). These patients were stratified by age into "age 0 to 6," "age 7 to 12," and "age 13 to 18." Data were analyzed using standard statistical methodology. A state wide map was created allocating all patients into their respective zip codes to aid in targeting pediatric burn prevention programs. Results A total of 685 burn patients under age 18 were treated between 2015 and 2022. A total of 511 (74.6%) patients were ages 0 to 6, 89 (12.9%) were 7 to 12, and 85 (12.4%) were age 13 to 18. A total of 362 (52.8%) were male and 323 (47.2%) were female (male: female ratio of 1.12:1). Hispanics had the highest burn admissions across all age groups (35.8%), followed by African-Americans (23.6%). Caucasian teenagers formed the largest part (41%) of the teenage admissions. Mean TBSA burned was 8.9%, with torso being the most common site (68%). Scald burns constituted the majority of cases (83.4%, n = 571), with 70% attributable to hot liquids related to cooking, including coffee, tea or soup. In the 0-6 age group scald burns were the overwhelming cause (92.6%). In the teenage group, flame burns were the dominant cause (47.1%). Overall mean length of stay was 10.9 days for all patients. A total of 159 patients (23.2%) required an ICU admission. Seventeen patients (2.6 %) required a ventilator. Overall mortality was 0.4% (n = 3). Conclusions The majority of pediatric burn admissions were caused by scald burns, ages 0-6 were the most vulnerable in this regard. Flame burns predominated in the teenage population. Mean TBSA burned was 8.9% with the torso being the most likely to be involved. Mean length of stay was 11 days, 23% required ICU and 2.6% required a ventilator. Mortality was 0.4%. Applicability of Research to Practice The results of this study emphasize the need to target etiology specific burn prevention programs against scald burns in the very young (0-6yrs) and flame burns in the teenage population. Geographic depiction aids in highlighting the more vulnerable counties in our state.
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Zhang, Letian, Wenfa Xie, Yong Hou, Aiwu Li, Jie Zheng, Wei Zheng, and Yushu Zhang. "UV-Irradiation-Induced Refractive Index Increase of Ge-Doped Silica Films." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1837.
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Ge-doped silica glass films were fabricated on Si (100) substrates for core materials of waveguide using flame hydrolysis deposition. Then the films were hydrogen loaded and irradiated to KrF excimer laser. The refractive indices and extinction coefficients of the samples before and after irradiation were determined using M-2000 variable angle incidence spectroscopic ellipsometer (VASE) and obtain the maximum increase about 0.3% at 1550 nm.
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Aizawa, T., and H. Kosaka. "Investigation of the Early Soot Formation Process in a Transient Spray Flame Via Spectral Measurements of Laser-Induced Emissions." International Journal of Engine Research 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808705x60825.
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In order to investigate the early soot formation process in a diesel spray flame, two-dimensional imaging and spectral measurements of laser-induced emission from soot precursors and soot particles in a transient spray flame achieved in a rapid compression machine (2.8 MPa, 710 K) were conducted. The 3rd harmonic (355 nm) and 4th harmonic (266 nm) Nd: YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) laser pulses were used as the light source for laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) from soot precursors and laser-induced incandescence (LII) from soot particles in the spray flame. The two-dimensional imaging covered an area between 30 and 55 mm downstream from the nozzle orifice. The results of two-dimensional imaging showed that strong laser-induced emission excited at 266 nm appears only on the laser incident side of the spray flame, in contrast to an entire cross-sectional distribution of the emission excited at 355 nm, indicating that 266 nm-excited emitters are stronger absorbers and more abundant than 355 nm-excited emitters in the spray flame. The spectral measurements were conducted at three different positions, 35, 45, and 55 mm downstream from the nozzle orifice, along the central axis of the spray, where LIF from soot precursors was observed in a previous two-dimensional imaging study. The spectra measured in upstream positions showed that broad emission peaked at around 400–500 nm, which is attributable to LIF from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The spectra measured in downstream positions appeared very much like grey-body emission from soot particles.
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Puzach, S. V., R. G. Akperov, O. S. Lebedchenko, and O. B. Boldrushkiev. "Evaluation of the Toxicity of Flame Retardant Signal Cables in Case of Fire in the Industrial Premises." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 5 (May 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2022-5-75-80.
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Currently, flame retardant materials made from polymers with flame retardant additives are widely used. However, the thermal effects of the fire on these materials from the point of view of the release of toxic gases are not sufficiently studied. The purpose of the article is an experimental assessment of the toxicity of the gaseous environment of a room during thermal decomposition of flame retardant signal cables used in the industrial premises and in the buildings with a massive presence of people. Experimental method is used for studying the process of formation of the hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide during thermal decomposition of the cable product samples in a small-scale pilot plant. The analysis of the obtained results was carried out. Density of the radiant heat flux incident on the cable surface, which is characteristic of a fire in a room, is modeled. Dependences are obtained concerning the partial densities of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide, as well as the specific emission coefficients of these gases on the duration of experiments in the case of thermal decomposition of a modern flame retardant signal cable of the ng LS FR HF E1180 brand, the insulation of which is made of polymers with flame retardant additives. It is found that this cable under real fire conditions can release toxic compounds (carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide) in the concentrations exceeding their maximum allowable values during the evacuation of people from the premises. The obtained values of the specific mass coefficients of formation of CO and HCN, as well as the specific mass coefficient of O2 absorption, can be used in the mathematical models of the dynamics of fire hazards when calculating the time of blocking escape routes in the industrial premises, as well as in the buildings with a mass stay of people, where flame retardant signal cables are located.
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Hussein, Nadia Mahmoud, Yasmin Makki Mohialden, and Saba Abdulbaqi Salman. "Impact of IoT-Based Environmental Monitoring on Lab Safety and Sustainability." Babylonian Journal of Internet of Things 2024 (March 1, 2024): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.58496/bjiot/2024/003.
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Several internal and external dangers might threaten a laboratory, the institution, and the public if not addressed properly. These hazards are addressed by our extensive laboratory monitoring system. This device detects elevated temperatures, gas leaks, fires, and solution pH. Elements of this system include an Esp32 microcontroller, LCD, Arduino Uno, mq2 gas sensor, DS18B20 temperature sensor, flame sensor, relay, water pump, and pH sensor for acidity measurement. The Arduino IDE controls sensors. Once the temperature reaches 50 degrees Celsius, an alarm, red LED, and mobile phone notification activate. Gas leaks activate a green LED, an alarm, and a message. Flame sensors notify and start water pumps when fires occur. Gas leaks and fires activate a buzzer. The IoT offers essential incident reporting and remote laboratory monitoring. The code is written in Arduino C++.
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Kiranmayee, T., B. Purushotham, C. Vyshnavi, KA Pavan Kumar, Md Syprion Prameeth, and B. Raju Kumar. "Fire Prevention in Buses Using Water Head and AWO System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 4 (April 30, 2024): 1517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.59772.
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Abstract: Buses can be designed to carry many passengers ,and in public places, incidents such as bus fires impose a relatively high threats to assets and lives. Hence, it is common to witness substainal casualties when a bus fire occurs .Fire diaster is common threat to lives and property . An IOT based automatic window opening system when smoke is detected by sensors is efficient one but ,this paper represents with a doubt if any one is struck on the bus ,this project helps to save their lives that keeping the steel pipes inside and outside of the bus and providing sprinkles and holes to the pipe In and Out side of the side of the bus in respectively. When some amount of fire/flame and smoke is detected by the sensors the water and foam mixture pass through the pipes and spreads over the bus.The rectangular water and foam storage tank is kept on the roof of the bus .The equipment here is the foam that can resists the fire so, Silicon Foam is the flame-retardant, self-extinguishing and can withstand 2100℃ flame .This project helps minimizing and delaying the spread of fire
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Lavigne-Cruège, Valérie, Jean-Noël Boidron, and Denis Dubourdieu. "Dosage des composés soufrés volatils légers dans les vins par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et photométrie de flamme." OENO One 27, no. 1 (March 31, 1993): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1993.27.1.1181.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Les composés soufrés volatils légers (point d'ébullition < 90°C) sont analysés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et détection à photométrie de flamme (FPD 393 nm).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En raison de la forte volatilité des substances à doser, nous avons choisi d'utiliser la technique de "l'espace de tête'; méthode simple à mettre en oeuvre et qui permet d'apprécier, avec une bonne répétabilité, des quantités inférieures au microgramme par litre.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">De plus, la détermination des seuils de perception des molécules dosées nous a permis d'évaluer leur incidence sur les défauts olfactifs de réduction rencontrés dans les vins.</p>
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Zhu, Xiao Bin, Tang Qin Wu, Lin He Zhang, and Hai Xiang Chen. "Experimental Study on the Breakdown of Gaps in Fire." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 1201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.1201.
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Some flashover incidents of high-voltage transmission lines are reported to be induced by fire. Though the mechanism of fire induced flashover is not well understood, it is deemed that fire could reduce the insulation strength of air. This paper has compared the breakdown characteristics of gaps in normal air conditions and those in fire. The results show that the breakdown voltage or electric field strength of gaps in fire decreases greatly. The value of breakdown electric field strength in alcohol flame is about 1.454 KV/cm, which is only about 28.8% of that in air. The value of breakdown electric field strength in wood crib fire is about 0.300KV/cm, corresponding to 19.9% of that in air. This study demonstrates that flame and soot particle of fire are responsible for fire induce flashover of high-voltage transmission lines.
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IWAMURA, Yoshitaka, Tatsuya YAMAGUCHI, Akihiro HAYAKAWA, Taku KUDO, and Hideaki KOBAYASHI. "Effects of Incident Shockwave on Flame-holding Downstream of Ramp Injector in Supersonic Flow." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 59, no. 2 (2016): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/tjsass.59.64.
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Legros, S., B. Barviau, and F. Grisch. "Chirped-Probe-Pulse Femtosecond Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering For Gas-Phase Temperature Measurements In High-Pressure Kerosene/Air Flames." Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics 20 (July 11, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55037/lxlaser.20th.124.
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Air traffic is increasing and its related emission is a major concern for the stability of the planet's climate. Innovative combustion systems need to be developed to continue to enable mobility while respecting the environment. The qualification of new propulsive systems requires the analysis of the associated combustion and one of the quantities of major interest is temperature. The present work exposes the development of the chirped-probe-pulse femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CPP-fs-CARS) thermometry at 1 kHz and its application in a semi-industrial test bench. Temperature measurements in a kerosene/air flame at a pressure of 0.75 MPa were carried out. CARS is a third order nonlinear optical diagnostic renown for high accuracy temperature determination. CPP-fs-CARS rely on the analyzis of the frequency-spread dephasing rate after the initial excitation of the Raman coherence on N2. This pump-probe method needs three input pulses. The two first excitation pulses are Fourier transform limited and present a temporal width of 100 fs at 800 nm and 675 nm. The frequency difference matches 𝑁2 molecular vibrational energy gap. Then the evolution of the coherence generated in the medium is probed with a delayed picosecond which encompass a sufficient part of the coherence evolution. In the CPP configuration, this longer probe pulse results from a 100 fs, 675 nm temporally stretched through a propagation in 30 cm glass rod. Following the energy conservation principle, the interaction of the probe with the excited medium results in the generation of a CARS signal, presenting a spectral shape sensitive to the temperature. Nevertheless, the spectral shape is also dependant on the incident pulses spectro-temporal features implying that spectral phases of the three input pulses need to be precisely evaluated. A polynomial fourth order function is then used to describe each pulse phase shape. Moreover, the molecular bath encompassing the nitrogen molecule contribute in a certain extend to the CARS spectrum. To deal with such a number of adjustable parameters, a genetic algorithm is used to tune those parameters. Finally, temperature is deduced from the single-shot CARS spectra. First results will report the application of the diagnostic in atmospheric pressure well known environments and the associated data processing. Such environments lead to found a temperature accuracy determined in a near-adiabatic laminar flame better than 1.5% at 2250 K. Those results demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of CPP-fs CARS and are pursued with the investigation of the high-pressure two-phase flames. The whole CPP-fs-CARS setup was then moved close to the representative aircraft combustor engine facility and adapted for pressurized environment. Measurements where performed at several locations in the plane orthogonal to the flame propagation and at several distances from the injection system. The data processing of the measurements in such harsh conditions was then adapted to disregard spectra resulting from the presence of liquid droplets. Finally, temperature evolution was extracted from single shot measurements and probability density function (PDF) are reported at several location of interest enabling to retrieve not only the mean temperature, but also important information on flame behaviour at different stages of its evolution within the combustion chamber length.
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Fan, Zuwei, Yuanyuan Yu, Xiaojie Cheng, and Rangtong Liu. "Electromagnetic Shielding and Flame Retardancy of Composite Films Constructed with Cellulose and Graphene Nanoplates." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031088.
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Aimed at improving the electromagnetic (EM) shielding and flame retardancy of cellulose materials, graphene (GE) nanoplates were introduced into cellulose matrix films by blending in1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. The structure and performance of the obtained composite films were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, EM shielding effectiveness (SE), and combustion tests. GE introduction formed and stacked laminated structures in the films after drying due to controlled shrinkage of the cellulose matrix. The lamination of GE nanoplates into the films was beneficial for providing EM shielding due to multiple internal reflection of EM radiation; furthermore, they also increased flame resistance based on the “labyrinth effect.” The SE of these composite films increased gradually with increased GE content and reached 22.3 dB under an incident frequency of 1500 MHz. TG analysis indicated that these composite films possessed improved thermal stability due to GE addition. Reduced flammability was confirmed by their extended times to ignition or inability to be ignited, reduced heat release rates observed in cone calorimetry tests, and increased limiting oxygen index values. These films with improved EM shielding and flame retardancy could be considered potential candidates for multipurpose materials in various applications, such as electronics and radar evasion.
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Gui, Mingyue, Baochun Fan, Gang Dong, and Jingfang Ye. "Experimental and numerical studies on interactions of a spherical flame with incident and reflected shocks." Acta Mechanica Sinica 25, no. 2 (October 18, 2008): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10409-008-0202-x.
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R, Prabhu, Venkatajalapathi T, Srisanth S, and Mahendran R. "Automatic Fire Detecting and Fighting Robot Using Proteus." International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering 11, no. 04 (April 5, 2024): 386–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/ijirae.2024.v1104.35.
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Fire incident is a disaster that can potentially cause the loss of life, property damage and permanent disability to the affected victim. Fire fighters often exposed to higher risks. With the advent of technology, humans are replaced with robots in life-threatening situations. We aim to design a robot capable of detecting and suppressing fires. By designing and implementing a firefighting robot capable of detecting and extinguishing flames, disasters can be avoided with minimal risk to human life. The implementation of an autonomous firefighting robot which can automatically sense the smoke, fire and start to pump water over the flames.
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Ruggs, Enrica N., Michelle R. Hebl, Verónica Caridad Rabelo, Kayla B. Weaver, Joy Kovacs, and Andeneshea S. Kemp. "Baltimore Is Burning: Can I-O Psychologists Help Extinguish the Flames?" Industrial and Organizational Psychology 9, no. 3 (May 11, 2016): 525–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.5.
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Recent media coverage has called attention to what some see as an unreasonable use of force by law enforcement officers against unarmed Black citizens. Many of these incidents have stirred widespread concern, as there has been a large public outcry indicating that the incidents appear to have racial undertones, which is particularly pronounced given the fatal consequences that are too frequent. This article focuses on how psychological research on racial bias can explain some of the cognitive and affective processes that could be influencing law enforcement officer behavior in at least some of these incidents. Further, we discuss how industrial–organizational (I-O) psychologists can use this research and leverage current practices within the field to develop solutions and effectively deal with individual racial biases among officers within the law enforcement community. We also discuss avenues of future research within I-O psychology and hope to spark a conversation within the I-O community about additional ways the field can address tensions that have arisen between law enforcement and different communities regarding perceptions of excessive use of force by officers.
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Aldisa, Rima Tamara, Fhizyel Nazareta Karel, and Mohammad Aldinugroho. "Sistem Peringatan Dini Kebakaran Dengan Flame Sensor dan Arduino Uno R3." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 6, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v6i1.3499.
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An incident that is unpleasant to hear is that one fire or one in an office building is an omission of human error, caused by cigarette residue, due to LPG gas at home, or a short circuit of electric current that causes a fire and propagates. The level of losses and costs incurred by a fire incident is certainly very large. Fires that occur can be overcome, minimized, and the cost of losses that occur if we know the situation in advance and early on. For this purpose, an intelligent raft device is needed which makes a sound or full sound that there is a fire in the building. to us that there has been a fire in a room or in a public place early so that then designed a tool that can be easily reached and easy to use to prevent fires. Namely designing a fire warning system with a fire sensor and Arduino uno based on the Internet of Things by emitting a sound or sound like an alarm if it detects a fire or smoke near the device at a distance of 20cm to 250cm. This tool is very useful for laboratories because there are many personal computers inside. laboratory and the number of cables that occur in short circuits, the authors want to design and make this tool can be used in the laboratory The device to be built uses a flame sensor and uses a buzzer to make a sound.
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Sarwar, Bajwa, Jamil, Ramzan, and Sarwar. "An Intelligent Fire Warning Application Using IoT and an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 17, 2019): 3150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143150.
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In the recent past, a few fire warning and alarm systems have been presented based on a combination of a smoke sensor and an alarm device to design a life-safety system. However, such fire alarm systems are sometimes error-prone and can react to non-actual indicators of fire presence classified as false warnings. There is a need for high-quality and intelligent fire alarm systems that use multiple sensor values (such as a signal from a flame detector, humidity, heat, and smoke sensors, etc.) to detect true incidents of fire. An Adaptive neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is used in this paper to calculate the maximum likelihood of the true presence of fire and generate fire alert. The novel idea proposed in this paper is to use ANFIS for the identification of a true fire incident by using change rate of smoke, the change rate of temperature, and humidity in the presence of fire. The model consists of sensors to collect vital data from sensor nodes where Fuzzy logic converts the raw data in a linguistic variable which is trained in ANFIS to get the probability of fire occurrence. The proposed idea also generates alerts with a message sent directly to the user’s smartphone. Our system uses small size, cost-effective sensors and ensures that this solution is reproducible. MATLAB-based simulation is used for the experiments and the results show a satisfactory output.
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Di Renzo, Mario, and Giuseppe Pascazio. "A mixture fraction space model for counterflow diffusion flames with incident electric field." Combustion and Flame 218 (August 2020): 260–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2020.04.028.
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Zhao, Qing Fu, Shi Yuan Sun, Xiao Wei Jiang, Ming Hai Qu, and Yu Zhong Wang. "Preparation and Thermal Properties of Phosphorus-Containing Copolyester Nanocomposites with Carbon Nanotube." Advanced Materials Research 87-88 (December 2009): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.87-88.282.
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Flame retardant nanocomposites were synthesized by melt-blending phosphorus-containing copolymer (PET-co-DDP) with multi-wall carbon nanotubes. PET-co-DDP was copolymerized with terephthalic acid (TPA), ethylene glycol (EG) and 9, 10-dihydro-10[2, 3-di-(hydroxy carbonyl)propyl]-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DDP). The structure of the nanocomposites was characterized by scan electron microscopy (SEM). Fire property measurements by cone calorimeter revealed that the incorporation of multi wall carbon nanotubes into PET-co-DDP significantly reduced the peak heat release rates compared with the PET-co-DDP. The thermal properties of the nanocomposites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that the thermal stability of copolyester was improved by the addition of the multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Char formation is the main factor for these improvements. The flame retardant performance was achieved through the formation of a relatively uniform network-structured floccule layer covering the entire sample surface without any cracks or gaps. This layer re-emitted much of the incident radiation back into the gas phase from its hot surface.