Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flammable Refrigerants / Journal articles

Journal articles on the topic 'Flammable Refrigerants'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Flammable Refrigerants.
Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Flammable Refrigerants.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Chow, Wan Ki, Tsz Kit Yue, Yiu Wah Ng, Zheming Gao, and Ye Gao. "Clean Hydrocarbon Refrigerant Explosion Hazards." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 11, no. 2 (May 15, 2022): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2022.11.2.104.

Full text
Abstract:
Explosion hazards are fire safety concerns resulting from the development of clean hydrocarbon refrigerants (environmental friendly flammable refrigerants) to reduce the emission of substances with high global warning potential. Several clean hydrocarbon refrigerants are flammable with propane. Explosion hazards due to flammable refrigerant leakage from refrigerators put inside a small cupboard may give a concentration higher than its lowest flammability. A small amount of ignition energy can ignite the flammable gas to give combustion. Limiting the pressure development in a small cupboard will result in deflagration, and then transition to detonation. Since the compositions of many of environmental friendly flammable refrigerants are not disclosed and odourless, it is very difficult to assess their hazard upon leakage. This study reveals that the hidden hazard of environmental friendly flammable refrigerants would lead to serious consequences using earlier experimental studies on explosion. This is a big problem taking time to solve. Indoor aerodynamics would affect the mixing between leaked refrigerant with air in the room. Appropriate ventilation should be provided to avoid keeping the heavier explosive gas at lower levels. Different ventilation modes with air inlets and outlets at high and low positions should be considered. Use of environmental friendly flammable refrigerants and the ways in protecting against possible explosion hazards for refrigerators commonly put in kitchen cupboards in small rooms, inter alia, economy-class hotel rooms, small apartments, or subdivided units in densely populated cities, such as Hong Kong have to be watched. At the moment, fire safety management must be enhanced to address the problem.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Piyanut Saengsikhiao and Juntakan Taweekun. "Investigation and Analysis of R438A as an Alternative Refrigerant to R22 with Lower Global Warming Potential." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 95, no. 1 (June 18, 2022): 164–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.95.1.164187.

Full text
Abstract:
This research presents the R438A refrigerant that non-flammable refrigerant and develop for retrofit to R404A. The hydrofluorocarbons/hydrocarbon (HFCs/HCs) R463A (GWP=2,265) was zeotropic mixture of R125 (45%), R134a (44.2%), R32 (8.5%), R600 (1.7%) and R600a (0.6%). The R463A refrigerants is no frame propagation class A1 and lower toxicity and used polyol ester oil (POE). The results will investigation and analysis of the environmentally friendly refrigerant for R22 replacement. All refrigerant properties in this research were based on results from the REFPROP and CYCLE_D-HX software of NIST under CAN/ANSI/AHRI540. The results of this work show that HCs R170, R290, R600, R600a, R601, R601a, R1150 and R1270 can be mixed in HFCs R417A, R417B, R422A, R422B, R422C, R422D, R424A, R437A, R438A and R453A and able to be further developed in the future. All refrigerants are non-flammable refrigerants, non-toxic and zero ODP. The R438A mixed with HCs R600 (1.7%) and R601a (0.6%) and is the refrigerant cooling coefficient of performance close to that of R22 refrigerant. In conclusion, it can be used as an environmentally friendly and energy efficiency replacement for R22. The result of R438A normal boiling was lower than R404A 4% that high cooling capacity and zero ODP. All refrigerants are also refrigerants that are matched with the 4th generation refrigerants with the use of natural refrigerants.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Vali Shaik, Sharmas, and TP Ashok Babu. "Theoretical energy performance assessment and environmental impact of various new ozone-friendly refrigerants used in residential air conditioners." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 234, no. 4 (May 29, 2020): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408920928260.

Full text
Abstract:
This study focuses on energy performance investigation and environmental impact analysis of various new ecofriendly refrigerant blends as alternatives to high global warming potential refrigerant R22 theoretically. In this study, 23 refrigerants were considered at various composition. The present work considered the practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle for the performance assessment of various R22 alternatives. Essential studies such as toxicity, flammability, and total equivalent warming index of various novel refrigerants were also conducted in this study. Results obtained from practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle revealed that the energy efficiency ratio of refrigerants such as R1270 (2.860) and RB03 (R290/R152a of 60/40 in mass %) (2.854) was closer to the energy efficiency ratio of R22 (2.940). Volumetric refrigeration capacity (VRC) of R1270 (3293 kJ/m3) was similar to that of R22 (3297 kJ/m3) whereas VRC of RB03 (2908 kJ/m3) was almost similar to that of R407C (2925 kJ/m3) which was an alternative to R22. Compressor discharge temperature of RB03 was 15.78 ℃ lower when compared to R22. Flammability study revealed that all the new refrigerant blends (RB01 to RB04) were classified into weakly flammable (A2) and flammable (A3) category refrigerants whereas toxicity study revealed that all the investigated refrigerants were classified into non-toxic group (A). Refrigerant blend RB03 was less flammable compared to R1270. Total equivalent warming index analysis revealed that the environmental impact of R422A was 27.88% higher than R22 whereas RB03 has 4.97% lower environmental impact compared to R22. Overall, performance of refrigerant blend RB03 was better compared to 23 investigated refrigerants and it was very nearer to the performance of R22 and hence, it could be considered as an ecofriendly alternative to replace high global warming potential refrigerant R22 used in air conditioners.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

GRZEBIELEC, Andrzej, Artur RUSOWICZ, and Adam SZELĄGOWSKI. "Safety aspects for the R290 (propane) as working medium in small air conditioning installations." Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37105/iboa.110.

Full text
Abstract:
Following the entry into force of the Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and repealing Regulation (EC) No 842/2006, the scope of refrigerants, which have so far been commonly used is very limited. All preferred refrigerants are mostly flammable and explosive, and they include R32, R1234yf, R1234ze, R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane), R717 (ammonia). However, it should be noted that refrigerants such as R32, R1234yf, R1234ze are classified as mildly flammable and has been created for them, in accordance with ISO 817 standard, special group called A2L. It is also worth noting that the new classification moved ammonia to the group B2L - that means is toxic and mildly flammable. The article focuses on defining the conditions in which there is possible to build safely split installation in which the propane is a refrigerant. It turns out that small splits are devices which can be used safely with R290 in most cases.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Khambali, Listiyono, and Vinan Viyus. "PENGARUH REFRIGERAN CAMPURAN HALOKARBON DAN HIDROKARBON TERHADAP TEMPERATUR EVAPORATOR." Jurnal Teknik Ilmu Dan Aplikasi 9, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtia.v9i2.25.

Full text
Abstract:
Hydrocarbon refrigerant is a type of environmentally friendly refrigerant but it has disadvantages compared to halocarbon refrigerant which is flammable. The purpose of mixing hydrocarbon refrigerants with halocarbons in the study was to determine the effect of the percentage of the refrigerant mixture on the temperature of the evaporator and reduce its flameability. The percentage of the mass of the mixed refrigerant mixture that is loaded and time is used as the independent variable, the evaporator temperature as the dependent variable. So the relationship between time and evaporator temperature will be known for each percentage of the mass of the refrigerant mixture. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi campuran massa refrigeran hidrokarbon dengan halocarbon berpengaruh terhadap laju perubahan temperatur evaporator. Persentase hidrokarbon dalam campuaran refrigeran HC-HCFC semakin besar dapat meningkatkan laju penurunan temperatur pada evaporator. Semakin besar persentase hidrokarbon dapat menghasilkan pencapaian temperatur semakin rendah pada evaporator.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Siddiqui, M. U., Amro Owes, F. G. Al-Amri, and Farooq Saeed. "Recent Developments in the Search for Alternative Low-Global-Warming-Potential Refrigerants: A Review." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 28, no. 03 (September 2020): 2030004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132520300049.

Full text
Abstract:
Conventionally, the CFC-type refrigerants were used until Montreal Protocol which stated that CFC refrigerants cause ozone depletion and should be replaced with alternative refrigerants. The alternative refrigerants are safe for ozone but they have comparatively high flammability, toxicity and global warming potential. Thus they need careful handling. In Kyoto Protocol, it was stated that the currently used refrigerants with high global warming potential need to be replaced with yet other alternative refrigerants with low global warming potential. This paper comprehensively reviews those recent studies that focused on the possible replacement of currently in-use refrigerant with a comparatively more environmental-friendly alternative refrigerant. Initially, the progression of refrigerants through different generations has been described and discussed. A list of currently in-use refrigerants has been presented. Then, the scientific developments for the replacement of listed refrigerants are thoroughly reviewed and critically analyzed. From the comprehensive review, it was found that R1234yf has the most potential to be a suitable low-flammable replacement for R134a for domestic refrigeration and automotive air-conditioning systems. Also, R32 has the most potential to be a suitable alternative of R410A.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Rosero, Cristhian R., P. Sebastián Espinel, and Pablo V. Tuza. "New Refrigerant Molecules from Structure Optimization." Processes 9, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9060949.

Full text
Abstract:
In the present work, various objective functions were formulated and optimized using the mixed integer nonlinear programming and the generalized reduced gradient nonlinear method from the solver tool of Microsoft® Excel 2016, respectively. The CH3FO2, C2H4F2O, CH2F2O2, CH2F2O, C3H4F2, and the C2H2F2O molecules were found to meet structural feasibility constraints and physical properties from refrigerant molecules and have not previously been reported in the literature. These new refrigerants present global warming potential values similar to that from the R-134a and Freon 12 refrigerants and null ozone depletion potential. Moreover, these molecules are normally flammable, as similar as to R-134a refrigerant. The CH3FO2, C2H4F2O, CH2F2O2, C2H2F2O, and CH2F2O show toxicity values similar to R-134a and Freon 12 refrigerants.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

McLinden, Mark O., Christopher J. Seeton, and Andy Pearson. "New refrigerants and system configurations for vapor-compression refrigeration." Science 370, no. 6518 (November 12, 2020): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abe3692.

Full text
Abstract:
The high global warming potential of current refrigerants in cooling equipment based on the vapor-compression cycle has triggered a major effort to find and implement more environmentally benign alternatives. Here, we review the basics of the vapor-compression cycle together with the safety, environmental, and thermodynamic constraints that have led to the current and next generation of refrigerants. The development of new fluids has focused on fluorinated olefins, known as hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), and blends that contain HFOs. Many of these are slightly flammable, presenting trade-offs between safety and environmental considerations. Engineers also have options with a resurgence of the “natural refrigerants” (ammonia, carbon dioxide, propane, and isobutane). Innovative system designs that reduce the required quantity of refrigerant may allow a wider choice of refrigerants.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Kivevele, Thomas. "Propane (HC – 290) as an Alternative Refrigerant in the Food Transport Refrigeration Sector in Southern Africa – a Review." Automotive Experiences 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.5994.

Full text
Abstract:
Most of the food transport trucks in Sothern Africa are equipped with refrigeration and air conditioning systems filled with fluorocarbon refrigerants such as R404A to facilitate the heat transfer process. These refrigerants are synthetic chemicals and have high potential to cause global warming and damage to the ozone layer. Currently, natural refrigerants are considered as alternatives to these man-made refrigerants to mitigate some of the environmental risks. The natural refrigerants are the substances that occur in nature such as hydrocarbons (HC), ammonia, and carbon dioxide. These type of refrigerants have been in the market for many years, but in some applications such as domestic refrigerators, heat pumps, chillers, and air conditioners, whereas fluorocarbons are the mostly used in the food transport refrigeration systems. Natural refrigerants such as propane (HC – 290) are now penetrating the market in food transport refrigeration systems where previously fluorocarbons were the favoured option. Therefore, this work reports the possibilities of using non-fluorinated hydrocarbon/natural refrigerant (propane – R290) in the food transport refrigerated systems in Southern Africa; a case study of South Africa. R290 has the potential to lower greenhouse gases emissions compared to hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) which are widely used in most of the existing food transport refrigeration systems in South Africa. R290 has negligible Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 3 which is well below the global threshold value of 150. The review revealed that refrigeration capacity of R290 is in the average of 10 – 30% higher than commonly used fluorocarbon refrigerants such as R404A and R134A. Since R290 is labeled as a flammable refrigerant, the present study also reviews its flammability safety measures.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Yang, Zhao, Ye Li, Qiang Zhu, and Xun Li. "Research on non-flammable criteria on refrigerants." Applied Thermal Engineering 20, no. 14 (October 2000): 1315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-4311(99)00088-5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
11

Jung, Dongsoo, Soonam Chae, Dongsoo Bae, and Sukjae Oho. "Condensation heat transfer coefficients of flammable refrigerants." International Journal of Refrigeration 27, no. 3 (May 2004): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2003.09.006.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
12

El-Sayed, A. R., M. El Morsi, and N. A. Mahmoud. "A Review of the Potential Replacements of HCFC/HFCs Using Environment-Friendly Refrigerants." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 26, no. 03 (September 2018): 1830002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132518300021.

Full text
Abstract:
The adequate and efficient performance of HVAC systems are signs of luxury and human comfort, and the improvement of their performance has been the target of continuous researches. Choosing the suitable refrigerant is the main parameter in matching the system components, selecting the type of heat exchangers, the compressor, the expansion device and the suitable lubricant. The theoretically ideal refrigerant is the one having zero ozone depletion potential (ODP), low global warming potential (GWP), nontoxic, nonflammable, has appropriate thermodynamic and heat transfer properties and is compatible with any type of lubricating oil. Chlorinated, fluorinated refrigerants, zeotropic and azeotropic mixtures satisfy many requirements, but have high ODP and GWP and are not compatible with all types of oil. Hydrocarbons (HCs) satisfy all the requirements except being highly flammable. This work reviews previous research aiming to find substitutes for the environmentally harmful refrigerants by other environmentally friendly ones and compare their performance in various HVAC appliances.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
13

Kim, Dennis K., and Peter B. Sunderland. "Viability of Various Sources to Ignite A2L Refrigerants." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010121.

Full text
Abstract:
Environmental considerations are motivating the adoption of low global warming potential refrigerants. Most of these are mildly flammable, i.e., A2L. Their susceptibility to ignition from various ignition sources is poorly understood, particularly for the stoichiometric and quiescent mixtures that are emphasized here. The viability of fifteen residential ignition sources to ignite four A2L refrigerants is considered. Tests are performed in a windowed chamber with a volume of 26 L. The refrigerants are R-32 (difluoromethane); R-452B (67% R-32, 26% R-1234yf, and 7% pentafluoroethane); R-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene); and R-1234ze (1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene). Two types of ignition sources are confirmed here to be viable: a resistively heated wire at 740 °C and open flames. When the refrigerant concentration was increased slowly, candle flames and butane flames extinguished before initiating any large deflagrations. Eleven other sources were not viable: a smoldering cigarette, a butane lighter, friction sparks, a plug and receptacle, a light switch, a hand mixer, a cordless drill, a bread toaster, a hair dryer, a hot plate, and a space heater. The difficulty to ignite these refrigerants in air is attributed to their long quenching distances (up to 25 mm). Under some conditions the refrigerants were observed to act as flame suppressants.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
14

SPATZ, MARK, SAMUEL YANA MOTTA, CHRISTOPHER SEETON, and YONGMING NIU. "LOW GLOBAL WARMING REFRIGERANTS FOR RESIDENTIAL AIR CONDITIONING APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 22, no. 02 (April 29, 2014): 1440005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132514400057.

Full text
Abstract:
Due to the growing global concerns around the use of refrigerants with relatively high global warming potential, new refrigerants with the positive attributes of both high thermal performance and low environmental impact are currently in development by Honeywell. These new refrigerants exhibit promising performance when compared with refrigerants currently used in stationary AC systems such as those that use R-410A, R-407C, and R-134a, for example. These new refrigerants also show significantly lower flammability characteristics than the much more flammable hydrocarbons. Replacements of common HFC refrigerants such as R-410A and R-407C are discussed for residential air conditioning applications. Thermal properties as well as experimental results in representative air conditioning systems are presented, showing the benefits of using these new refrigerants.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
15

Hasheer, Shaik Mohammad, Kolla Srinivas, and Prasad Katuru Bala. "Energy Analysis of HFC-152a, HFO-1234yf and HFC/HFO Mixtures as a Direct Substitute to HFC-134a in a Domestic Refrigerator." Strojnícky časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 71, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2021-0009.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract The Kyoto protocol emphasized the need of replacement of HFC refrigerant due to their high GWP values that causes pollution in the environment. So in this paper the refrigerants R1234yf, R152a and HFOs/HFCs mixtures of R134a/R152a/R1234yf such as ARM42 (in the ratio of 8.5/14 /77.5 by mass), ARM42a (in the ratio of 7/11/82 by mass) with a view of replacement of the refrigerant HFC-134a in a domestic refrigerator were analyzed theoretically. Volumetric cooling capacity, compressor discharge temperature, coefficient of performance, compressor energy consumption and refrigeration capacity are the main parameters to estimate the performance of the refrigerator. The results are revealed that HFC-152a had gave a superior performance as compared to HFC-134a in terms of COP and equal cooling and volumetric cooling capacities. However, the refrigerant HFC-152a was flammable and runs with high compressor outlet temperature which may restrict its usage. The HFO refrigerant R1234yf showed an almost equal volumetric cooling capacity, compressor energy consumption, refrigerating effect and COP when compared with HFC-134a. Among the refrigerants ARM42 and ARM42a, the refrigerant ARM42a was selected as a good alternative for HFC-134a because the Volumetric cooling capacity and COP of ARM42a were almost equal to HFC-134a. Therefore ARM42a had better choice of direct substitute to HFC-134a in a domestic refrigerator when the corresponding safety requirements are adopted. So on overall comparison of every property of refrigerants we can conclude that R1234yf can be treated as best alternative to HFC-134a in a domestic refrigerator.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
16

Yang, Zhao, Biao Feng, Haiyun Ma, Lei Zhang, Chenjun Duan, Bing Liu, Yong Zhang, Siyi Chen, and Zongyu Yang. "Analysis of lower GWP and flammable alternative refrigerants." International Journal of Refrigeration 126 (June 2021): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2021.01.022.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
17

Forssell, Eric W., and Anil Kapahi. "Odorants for use with flammable refrigerants (1794-TRP)." Science and Technology for the Built Environment 26, no. 5 (March 5, 2020): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2020.1730125.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
18

Hwang, Gyuwan, and Sangkwon Jeong. "52. Cryosurgical probe using non-flammable mixed refrigerants." Cryobiology 59, no. 3 (December 2009): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.10.066.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
19

Jung, Dongsoo, Heungseok Lee, Dongsoo Bae, and Sukjae Oho. "Nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients of flammable refrigerants." International Journal of Refrigeration 27, no. 4 (June 2004): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2003.11.007.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
20

Gigiel, Andrew. "Safety testing of domestic refrigerators using flammable refrigerants." International Journal of Refrigeration 27, no. 6 (September 2004): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2004.03.001.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
21

Davis, S. G., J. L. Pagliaro, T. F. Debold, M. van Wingerden, and K. van Wingerden. "Flammability and explosion characteristics of mildly flammable refrigerants." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 49 (September 2017): 662–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2017.05.019.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
22

Li, Yalun, Peixu Zhou, Yuan Zhuang, Xilei Wu, Ying Liu, Xiaohong Han, and Guangming Chen. "An Improved Gas Leakage Model and Research on the Leakage Field Strength Characteristics of R290 in Limited Space." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 5657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115657.

Full text
Abstract:
Some alternative refrigerants with excellent environmental performance often have different flammable limits. When refrigerant leaks, the external space may have a certain explosion risk if the refrigerant is not diffused timely. To understand the leakage and diffusion characteristics of the refrigerant, an improved gas leakage model was proposed in this paper, and the accuracy verification of the improved model was developed. Based on the above works, taking R290 as the research object, the variation law of the field strength between the leaked gas and external space and the influence of different initial leakage pressures on the field strength characteristics were analyzed. The simulation results showed that when the initial leakage pressure was 2 MPa, the R290 gas entered the external space as a supersonic jet, the gas underwent continuous expansion and compression processes in the near-field area and a Mach disk was formed within the flow area. During this process, parameters, such as the temperature, pressure, velocity and density of the leaked R290 gas, changed dramatically, and then the gas gradually returned to room temperature and normal pressure through interaction with the external space. The flammable area formed by the leaked R290 was mainly concentrated in the local flow area below the leak hole, and the existence of the Mach disk caused the R290 high concentration area to increase. With the increase in the initial leakage pressure, the distance from the Mach disk to the leak hole and the circumferential diameter of the Mach disk increased, and the flammable area increased slightly in the horizontal direction, whereas the flammable area increased significantly in the vertical direction.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
23

Mishra, R. S., Kapil Chopra, and V. Sahni. "Methods for Improving Thermal Performance of Three Stage Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems with Flash-Intercooler Using Energy– Exergy Analysis of Eight Ecofriendly Refrigerants." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 3, no. 1 (2015): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.311538.

Full text
Abstract:
The exergy analysis is a powerful tool for finding irreversibilities occurred in the components as well as complete system. Global warming and ozone depletion is a big issues for saving our environment. In this paper using first law and second law analysis , the comparison of eight environmental friendly refrigerants on multiple stage vapour compression refrigerator with flash intercooler and individual throttle valves (system-1) and multiple stage vapour compression refrigerator with flash intercooler and multiple throttle valves (system-2) has been carried out. For eight selected refrigerants irreversibilities occurred in the system -1 is higher than the system-2 and first law efficiency (COP) and exergy efficiency of system-1is lower than sytem-2.The Exergetic performance of R600 and R717 is better in comparison of other selected ecofriendly refrigerants for both systems where as ecofriendly R125 refrigerant showed lowest thermal performances in terms of COP (energetic efficiency), and exergetic efficiency (second law efficiency) and higher irreversibilities in terms of exergey destruction ratio (EDR) . As ecofriendly R717 refrigerant is toxic in nature and restricted to limited applications and hydrocarbon R600 is slightly lower performance than R717 and 2-3% higher performance than R134a refrigerant is also flammable in nature can be used without taking of any safety precautions.Therefore R134a may also be used for practical applications. Also R134A is easily available, The performance of R1234yf (GWP four with zero ozone depletion potential) gives lower thermal performance than R134a
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
24

Misra, R. K. "Thermodynamic Performance Evaluation of Multi-Evaporators single Compressor and single Expansion Valve and Liquid Vapour Heat Exchanger in Vapour Compression Refrigeration systems using Thirteen Eco-friendly Refrigerants for Reducing Global Warming and Oz." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 2, no. 2 (2014): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.221421.

Full text
Abstract:
The methods for improving first law and second law efficiency have been considered in this paper by using liquid vapour heat exchanger is investigated in this paper. Detailed energy and exergy analysis of multi-evaporators at different temperatures with single compressor and single expansion valve using liquid vapour heat exchanger vapour compression refrigeration systems have been done in terms of performance parameter for R507a, R125, R134a, R290, R600, R600a, R1234ze, R1234yf, R410a, R407c, R707, R404a and R152a refrigerants. The numerical computations have been carried out for both systems. It was observed that first law and second law efficiency improved by 20% using liquid vapour heat exchanger in the vapour compression refrigeration systems. It was also observed that performance of both systems using R717 is higher but R600 and R152a nearly matching same values under the accuracy of 5% can be used in the above system .But difficulties using R152a, R600, R290 and R600a have flammable problems therefore safety measures are required using these refrigerants. Therefore R134a refrigerant is recommended for practical and commercial applications although it has slightly less thermal performance than R152a which is not widely used refrigerant for domestic and industrial applications
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
25

Misra, R. S. "Methods for Improving Thermodynamic Performance of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems using Thirteen Ecofriendly Refrigerants in Primary Circuit and Tio2 Nano Particles Mixed with R718 used in Secondary Evaporator Circuit for Reducing Global Warming." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 2, no. 4 (2014): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.241416.

Full text
Abstract:
The methods for improving first law and second law efficiency have been considered in this paper by using water as secondary coolent in evaporator with nano particles such als Al2O3 and TiO2 mixed R718 refrigerant is investigated in this paper. Detailed energy and exergy analysis of multi-evaporators at different temperatures in the vapour compression refrigeration systems have been done in terms of performance parameter for R507a, R125, R134a, R290, R600, R600a, R410a, R407c, R404a and R152a refrigerants. The numerical computations have been carried out for both systems. The use of nano particles improves the first law and second law performance significantly. The best performance is found using R152a and worst performance is observed using R410a. Due to flammable nature of R290, R600, R600a and R152a The results were compared by using water in secondary circuit with nano refrigerants and without nano particles used and it was found that use of nano particles improves thermal performances. The first law performance improvement in terms of COP and second law performance in terms of exergetic efficiency (rational efficiency) using TiO2 is better than using Al2O3 with R718 refrigerant in the secondary evaporator circuit.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
26

Mishra, R. S. "Thermodynamic Performance Evaluation of Multi-Evaporators Single Compressor and Single Expansion Valve and Liquid Vapour Heat Exchanger in Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems using Thirteen Ecofriendly Refrigerants for Reducing Global Warming and Ozo." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 1, no. 3 (2013): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.131315.

Full text
Abstract:
The methods for improving first law and second law efficiency have been considered in this paper by using liquid vapour heat exchanger is investigated in this paper. Detailed energy and exergy analysis of multi-evaporators at different temperatures with single compressor and single expansion valve using liquid vapour heat exchanger vapour compression refrigeration systems have been done in terms of performance parameter for R507a, R125, R134a, R290, R600, R600a, R1234ze, R1234yf, R410a, R407c, R707, R404a and R152a refrigerants. The numerical computations have been carried out for both systems. It was observed that first law and second law efficiency improved by 20% using liquid vapour heat exchanger in the vapour compression refrigeration systems. It was also observed that performance of both systems using R717 is higher but R600 and R152a nearly matching same values under the accuracy of 5% can be used in the above system .But difficulties using R152a, R600, R290 and R600a have flammable problems therefore safety measures are required using these refrigerants. Therefore R134a refrigerant is recommended for practical and commercial applications although it has slightly less thermal performance than R152a which is not widely used refrigerant for domestic and industrial applications
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
27

Mishra, R. S. "Methods for Improving Thermodynamic Energy and Exergy Performance of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems Using Thirteen Ecofriendly Refrigerants in Primary Circuit and TIO2 Nano Particles Mixed with R718 Used in Secondary Evaporator Circuit for Reduc." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 4, no. 2 (2016): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.421613.

Full text
Abstract:
The methods for improving energy and exergetic efficiency have been considered in this paper by using water as secondary coolent in evaporator with nano particles ofAl2O3 and TiO2 mixed R718 refrigerant is investigated in this paper. Detailed energy and exergy analysis of multi-evaporators at different temperatures in the vapour compression refrigeration systems have been done in terms of performance parameter for R507a, R125, R134a, R290, R600, R600a, R410a, R407c, R404a and R152a refrigerants. The numerical computations have been carried out for both systems. The use of nano particles improves the energy and exergy performance significantly. The best thermodynamic performance is found using R152a and worst performance is observed using R410a. Due to flammable nature of R290, R600, R600a and R152a , the R134a is recommended for domestic applications. The results were compared by using water in secondary circuit with nano refrigerants and without nano particles used and it was found that use of nano particles improves thermal performances significantly The energy performance improvement in terms of COP and exergetic performance in terms of exergetic efficiency (rational efficiency) using TiO2 is better than using Al2O3 with R718 refrigerant in the secondary evaporator circuit.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
28

Mishra, R. S. "Methods for Improving Thermodynamic Energy and Exergy Performance of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems Using Thirteen Eco-Friendly Refrigerants in Primary Circuit and Tio2 Nano Particles Mixed with R718 Used In Secondary Evaporator Circuit for Reduc." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 4, no. 1 (2016): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.411631.

Full text
Abstract:
The methods for improving energy and exergetic efficiency have been considered in this paper by using water as secondary coolant in evaporator with nano particles of Al2O3 and TiO2 mixed R718 refrigerant is investigated in this paper. Detailed energy and exergy analysis of multi-evaporators at different temperatures in the vapor compression refrigeration systems have been done in terms of performance parameter for R507a, R125, R134a, R290, R600, R600a, R410a, R407c, R404a and R152a refrigerants. The numerical computations have been carried out for both systems. The use of nano particles improves the energy and exergy performance significantly. The best thermodynamic performance is found using R152a and worst performance is observed using R410a. Due to flammable nature of R290, R600, R600a and R152a , the R134a is recommended for domestic applications. The results were compared by using water in secondary circuit with nano refrigerants and without nano-particles used and it was found that use of nano-particles improves thermal performances significantly. The energy performance improvement in terms of COP and exergetic performance in terms of exergetic efficiency (rational efficiency) using TiO2 is better than using Al2O3 with R718 refrigerant in the secondary evaporator circuit.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
29

Mishra, R. S. "Search for Eco-friendly Alternatives Refrigerants in Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems for Reducing Global Warming and Ozone Depletion." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 4, no. 2 (2016): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.421614.

Full text
Abstract:
In the Make India and Green India Program, the use of eco-friendly refrigerants is well demonstrated due to global warming and ozone depletion. This paper highlights the use of R-290 refrigerant is the best alternative and second alternative is R600a. and third is R-152a. Due to flammable nature of these eco-friendly refrigerants, these refrigerants can only be used by using safety measures, otherwise R134a and R410a and R404a are easily available in the markets can be used. The performance of R134a gives better than using R410a and R404a, however for larger Industrial applications R 717 and R744 can be used. Even in mixing of nano-particles mixed with R718 in the secondary circuit and R1234yf for low temperature applications gives better first law and second law performance as compared to R134arefrigerant To replace, R134a, R1234yf (of zero ODP and 4 GWP) and R1234ze (GWP=6, and Zero ODP) are recommended, although these refrigerants gives 5 to 10% less performance than using R134a. Although the performance of R134a is better than R134a using nano particles mixing in R718 but R1234ze can replace R134a for higher temperature applications. The best first law and second law performances have been found using copper nano materials mixed with R718 in secondary evaporator circuit as compared to TiO2 nano particles
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
30

PASEK, ARI D., and ARYADI SUWONO. "APPLICATION OF HYDROCARBON BASED REFRIGERANTS FOR AIR CONDITIONING IN INDONESIA." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 19, no. 04 (December 2011): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s201013251100065x.

Full text
Abstract:
Electrical energy consumption in air conditioning systems reaches 60% to 70% of the total electric energy consumption in buildings. Therefore, saving electrical energy consumption in air conditioning systems would have a significant impact on the national electrical energy consumption. Currently, the air conditioning sectors were having a dilemma on finding the alternative substitutes for CFC and HCFC refrigerants which are proven to cause destruction of the ozone layer and contribute to the effects of global warming. This paper will discuss the problems faced by an Article 5 country similar to Indonesia in phasing-out HCFC especially in air conditioning and refrigeration sectors. This paper will also discuss the possibility to use hydrocarbon-based refrigerants, which have zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low global warming potential (GWP), in air conditioning sectors. Some results of field applications of this refrigerant will be reported, and in general it can be concluded that the air conditioning retrofitted with hydrocarbon refrigerant consumes 10%–20% less electrical energy. Mixture of R-290 and R-134a was also investigated. R-134a is used to reduce the flammability of R-290 and to make the saturation pressure close to R-22. The results show that at composition of 0.6 R-290/0.4 R-134a mole fractions, the mixture behave as an azeotrope refrigerant mixture and can be used for R-22 replacement. At this composition, lower flammability limit (LEL) is 3693%, which is higher than pure R-290. Hence, the refrigerant mixture can be classified as less flammable A2 class refrigerant. The performance test shows that the refrigerant mixture can be used as a drop-in refrigerant in the R-22 machine. The measurement of refrigeration capacity and compressor input work at the same chilled water temperature shows that the calculated COP of the refrigerant mixture is better than R-22's but lower than R-290's.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
31

GÓRNY, Kasper, Arkadiusz STACHOWIAK, Przemysław TYCZEWSKI, and Wiesław ZWIERZYCKI. "LUBRICITY OF OIL-REFRIGERANT MI XTURES WITH R600A UNDER STARVED LUBRICATION CONDITIONS." Tribologia 279, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7010.

Full text
Abstract:
In refrigeration nowadays, there is a dynamic return to the use of natural refrigerants such as hydrocarbons. These substances do not contain fluorine and chlorine, which contribute to the enlargement of the ozone hole and the greenhouse effect. Hydrocarbons, however, are substances from the A3 safety group (flammable) and are currently mainly used in low-capacity devices. The most commonly used refrigerant in this group is R600a (isobutene). In refrigeration compressors, a situation may occur where the amount of oil in friction nodes is insufficient. In this case, there may be poor lubrication conditions. A situation may also arise in which the lubricant in the friction areas runs out, and the lubrication of the friction nodes will be performed exclusively by the refrigerant. The article presents a concept of a test method allowing an assessment of lubricity properties of oils for refrigeration compressors in the mixture with a refrigerant in the conditions of poor lubrication and in the absence of lubrication with a lubricant. It also contains the results of wear tests that enable an evaluation of the lubricity properties of oil-refrigerant mixtures in the conditions of poor lubrication. The results were obtained for ecological, and recommended for a wider future use, R600a refrigerant with mineral oils. It is also indicated that it is possible to compare various refrigerants in the absence of lubricant and to replicate lubricity properties of oil-refrigerant mixtures in the conditions of poor lubrication and to apply the proposed method for the evaluation of different lubricants in use with a selected refrigerant.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
32

Mishra, R. S. "Thermal Analysis Optimization of Two Stages Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems Using Sixteen Ecofriendly Refrigerants." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 3, no. 1 (2015): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.311533.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper mainly deals with comparative computation performance evaluation of sixteen ecofriendly refrigerants used in the two stage vapour compression refrigeration system based on energetic and exergetic principles for findingsystem and components irreversibilities . Performance parameters have been evaluation using entropy generation concept. The numerical computation was carried out for finding rational exergy destruction ratio based on system exergy input in terms of total work dene by compressors as will as exergy destruction ratio based on exergy of product out and first law efficiency in terms of COP . The second law efficiency in terms of exergetic efficiency is also computed at different input variations . It was found Flash chamber responsible for highest exergy destruction for all refrigerants taken under consideration . R123 shows best first law efficiency and R125 shows lowest first law performance among selected sixteen ecofriendly refrigerants The first and second law performance of using R1234ze (of GWP =6) is better than R1234yf (of GWP=4) for higher temperature applications. The exergy destruction using R134a is higher than R152a. R1234yf refrigerant has (GWP = 4) can be used for high temperature applications which can replace R134a around 2030 and R152a, R600a, , R290, R600 are flammable in nature can be used by using safety measures. Therefore R134a recommended for all kind of applicationsbefore 2030.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
33

Misra, R. S. "Vapour Compression Refrigeration Technology for Sustainable Development." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 3, no. 4 (2015): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.341517.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper mainly focus on CFCs and their alternatives to their use. The main critical issue in the field of green technologies is to develop the relationship between ODP and GWP and suggest new and alternative refrigerants which do not damage ozone layer and not to increase global warming. The first and second law thermodynamic analysis of vapor refrigeration system of 1.5 ton capacity for five eco-friendly refrigerants such as (R-1234yf, R-1234ze, propane (R-290), isobutene (R-600a), butane (R-600)) have been carried out in terms of performance parameters such as COP, Exegetic efficiency, ratio of exergy destruction in components such as condenser, compressor, throttle valve and evaporator. These performance parameters have been evaluated by varying condenser temperatures in the range from 300K to 327K and evaporator temperatures in the range from 274 K to 279K. It was observed that R-290 and R-600 (butane) and R-600a (isobutene) of zero ODP and zero GWP is best alternatives if its flammable problem will mitigate and R-1234ze (of zero ODP), are the next option of R-22 refrigerant.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
34

Gil, Bartosz, and Beata Fijałkowska. "Experimental Study of Nucleate Boiling of Flammable, Environmentally Friendly Refrigerants." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010160.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper investigates the nucleate boiling process of dimethyl ether and selected hydrocarbons. The main goal of this study is to measure the heat transfer coefficients of RE170, R600a, and R601, and to compare them with R134a. The experiments were carried out for heat fluxes up to 70 kW/m2. Experimental results have shown a typical trend that the heat transfer coefficient of flammable refrigerants increases as the heat flux increases. Among the tested fluids, the highest values of heat transfer coefficient were obtained for RE170. Available correlations describing this coefficient showed a deviation of up to 93%, as compared to the data obtained. The new correlation was developed by regression analysis taking into account dimensionless variables affecting the boiling process.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
35

Liu, Quanyi, Hui Zhang, Yi Liu, Hong Huang, Xiaole Zhang, Zhipeng Li, and Wei Yao. "Influencing Factors of Flammable Refrigerants Leaking in Building Air- conditioning System." Procedia Engineering 62 (2013): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.110.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
36

Park, Ki-Jung, and Dongsoo Jung. "Condensation heat transfer coefficients of flammable refrigerants on various enhanced tubes." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 19, no. 10 (October 2005): 1957–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02984275.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
37

Lee, Cheonkyu, Junghyun Yoo, Jisung Lee, and Sangkwon Jeong. "Visualization of the solid–liquid equilibria for non-flammable mixed refrigerants." Cryogenics 75 (April 2016): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2016.01.003.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
38

Misra, R. S. "Appropriate Vapour Compression Refrigeration Technologies for Sustainable Development." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 2, no. 3 (2014): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.231411.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper mainly focuses on CFCs and their alternatives to their use. The main critical issue in the field of green technologies is to develop the relationship between ODP and GWP and suggest new and alternative refrigerants which do not damage ozone layer and not to increase global warming. The first and second law thermodynamic analysis of vapor refrigeration system of 1.5 ton capacity for seven eco-friendly refrigerants such as ( R-134a, R-404a, R-407C, R-502, propane(R-290), isobutene(R-600a), butane (R-600)) have been carried out in terms of performance parameters such as COP, EDR, Exegetic efficiency, ratio of exergy destruction in components such as condenser, compressor, throttle valve and evaporator. These performance parameters have been evaluated by varying condenser temperatures in the range from 303 K to 333K and evaporator temperatures in the range from 253 K to 278K. It was observed that R-290 and R-600 (butane) and R-600a (isobutene) of zero ODP and zero GWP is best alternatives if its flammable problem will mitigate and R-134a (of zero ODP and 1300 GWP), R-407c, R-404a and R-410a are the next option of R-22 refrigerant but it needs larger size of compressors which increases the cost of the system.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
39

Drofenik, Jan, Danijela Urbancl, and Darko Goričanec. "Comparison of the New Refrigerant R1336mzz(E) with R1234ze(E) as an Alternative to R134a for Use in Heat Pumps." Processes 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10020218.

Full text
Abstract:
R134a is currently the most widely used refrigerant, whose problem is the high value of the global warming potential, and which will have to be replaced in the near future. Thus far, R1234ze(E) has proven to be the most suitable alternative, but it is slightly flammable. Recently, R1336mzz(E) has emerged as a possible alternative. During the research, the mentioned refrigerants were compared with simulations using the Aspen Plus software package in the case of using groundwater as a heat source. It was found that R1336mzz(E) could be a suitable alternative to R134a since the highest value of coefficient of performance was obtained using it. However, it must be superheated with an internal heat exchanger. The problem with using an internal heat exchanger is that the superheating of the refrigerant vapors affects the isentropic efficiency of the heat pump compressor negatively and, consequently, lowers the COP value of the heat pump. It has been shown that a one percent decrease in isentropic efficiency results in a one percent decrease in the COP value.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
40

Mishra, R. S. "Irriversibility Analysis of Multi-Evaporators Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems Using New and Refrigerants: R134a, R290, R600, R600a, R1234yf, R502, R404a and R152a and R12, R502." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 1, no. 2 (2013): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.121316.

Full text
Abstract:
The methods for improving first law and second law efficiency have been considered in this paper. Detailed energy and exergy analysis of multi-evaporators at different temperatures with multiple compressors and multiple expansion valves in parallel and series with intercooler and flash chambers in the six type vapour compression refrigeration systems for finding irreversibilities in the systems have been done in terms of performance parameter for eco-friendly R134a, R290, R600, R600a, R1234yf, R1234ze, R404a and R152a and conventional R12, R502refrigerants. The numerical computations have been carried out for six systems. It was observed that first law and second law efficiency improved by 22%. It was also observed that performance of above six systems using R600 and R152a nearly matching same values under the accuracy of 5% can be used in the above system .But difficulties using R600, R290 and R600a have flammable problems therefore safety measures are required using these refrigerants, therefore R134a refrigerant is recommended for practical and commercial applications although it has slightly less thermal performance than R152a which is not widely used refrigerant for domestic and industrial applications.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
41

Feng, Biao, Zhao Yang, Zijian Lv, Rui Zhai, Yubo Chen, and Wenzhong Zhao. "Effect of gas disturbance on combustion characteristics of flammable refrigerants near LFLs." Journal of Hazardous Materials 368 (April 2019): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.119.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
42

Jung, Dongsoo, Heungseok Lee, Dongsoo Bae, and Jongchul Ha. "Nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients of flammable refrigerants on various enhanced tubes." International Journal of Refrigeration 28, no. 3 (May 2005): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2004.07.024.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
43

Tsvetkov, Oleg B., Igor V. Baranov, Yuriy A. Laptev, Alexander V. Sharkov, Vladimir V. Mitropov, and Alexey V. Fedorov. "Third Generation of Working Fluids for Advanced Refrigeration Heating and Power Generation Technologies." Key Engineering Materials 839 (April 2020): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.839.51.

Full text
Abstract:
Since the 1987 Montreal Protocol, chlorinated refrigerants (CFCs and HCFCs) have been pointed out as responsible for the destruction of the ozone layer. The chemical industry has realized suitable replacement for CFC-12 and for HCFC-22 e.g. HFC-134a, HFC-404A, HFC-410A, HFC-507. This generation of refrigerants developed by the chemical industry can be characterized by the no ozone depleting potential and long atmospheric lifetime resulting in global warming potential. The contribution of the HFCs to the global warming brings up to discussion whether the HFCs should be considered as a transitional substance. Historically the use of natural and ecologically safe refrigerants was a strategy to eliminate environmental problems and avoid uncertainties with synthetic replacement fluids. Since ammonia is toxic, carbon dioxide provide high pressure, and the hydrocarbons are flammable, the general conclusion is often drawn that natural fluids gave safety problems. This paper will describe the possibilities of application as working fluids in low-temperature engineering refrigeration, heat pumping and organic Rankine cycles of the hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) as third generation of synthetic working fluids.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
44

Chopra, Kapil, V. Sahni, and R. S. Mishra. "Methods for Improving First and Second Law Efficiencies of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Systems Using Flash-Intercooler with Ecofriendly Refrigerants." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 2, no. 1 (2014): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.211425.

Full text
Abstract:
In the present thermodynamic analysis, the comparison and impact of environmental friendly refrigerants(R410a, R290, R600, R600a, R1234yf, R125, R717 and R134A)on multiple stage vapour compression refrigerator with flash intercooler and individual throttle valves (system-1) and multiple stage vapour compression refrigerator with flash intercooler and multiple throttle valves (system-2) has been carried out on the basis of energetic and exergetic approach. It wasobserved that for all selected ecofriendly refrigerants, energy and exergy efficiency of system-1is lower than sytem-2.For both systems R125 showed poorperformance in terms of energetic efficiency, second law efficiency and irreversibility whereas thermodynamic performances of hydrocarbon isobutene ( i.e. R600) and R717 gives better performance in comparison of other selected ecofriendly refrigerants. AsR717 is toxic in nature and restricted to limited applications, and also R600 is flammable in nature, therefore R-134a is suggested better for practical applications for both systemswithout taking of any safety precautions. Although thermodynamic performance of R134a is only 2-3% lesser than R600 and R134A is easily available in the market
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
45

Елтышев, Илья Павлович. "Fire and explosion hazard of refrigerant R-365mfc and fireproof mixtures based on it." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 3(108) (September 15, 2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2022.90.12.007.

Full text
Abstract:
Рассмотрена проблема пожарной опасности хладагента R-365mfc, являющегося парниковым газом. Определен класс его опасности как хладоносителя. Предложен способ снижения класса опасности путем создания негорючих смесевых композиций R-365mfc с ингибиторами горения с коротким временем жизни в атмосфере. Показана возможность сокращения в смесевой композиции хладагента доли парникового компонента на 45,8 % (масс.). In connection with the adoption of a number of international environmental agreements the production of refrigerants which are greenhouse gases should be significantly reduced. This will lead to a shortage of refrigerants used in refrigeration and climate technology, as well as in other industries. A possible way to solve the problem of using greenhouse gases is to create mixed compositions with reduced content of the greenhouse component. At the same time the hazard class of the R-365mfc refrigerant is unknown. In this paper this refrigerant will be investigated and its hazard class will be determined. To solve the problem of using greenhouse gases the paper proposes the creation of non-combustible compositions with a flammable refrigerant R-365mfc with combustion inhibitor CF and CFO which are short-lived substances in the atmosphere. There were carried out the studies aimed at determining the hazard class and creating non-combustible compositions on the experimental installation “Variant” at atmospheric pressure. It is expected that when added to R-365mfc a heavy inhibitor with a high heat capacity will cause a strong inhibitory effect on the combustion process, it will also be important if this inhibitor is able to chemically inhibit the combustion process through interaction with the active sites responsible for its occurrence. It was ascertained that R-365mfc belongs to the A2L hazard class, and the non-combustible mixed composition based on R-365mfc is 54.2 % wt. R-365mfc - 42.8 % wt. CF(a). The possibility of reducing the proportion of the greenhouse component in the mixed composition of the refrigerant by 45.8 % by weight is shown. The efficiency of combustion inhibition is determined by the characteristics of the thermal degradation of inhibitors in the flame.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
46

Tian, Guansan, Xingquan Li, Yunfeng Gao, and Fengxia Zhang. "Theoretical and Experimental Study of Explosion Limits and the Inhibition of Flammable Refrigerants." Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 09, no. 10 (2016): 501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jsea.2016.910033.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
47

Choi, Ji-Hoo, Sung-Soo Park, Sun-Geun Lee, Ji-Hoon Yoon, Chang-Hyo Son, and Jung-In Yoon. "Performance Characteristics of Joule-Thomson Cycle with Non-Flammable 5-component Mixed Refrigerants." Journal of Power System Engineering 24, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.9726/kspse.2020.24.6.092.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
48

Kondo, Shigeo, Kenji Takizawa, and Kazuaki Tokuhashi. "Effect of high humidity on flammability property of a few non-flammable refrigerants." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 161 (May 2014): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.02.003.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
49

Zhang, Wang, Zhao Yang, Jin Li, Chang-xing Ren, and Dong Lv. "Study of the explosion characteristics and combustion products of air conditioner using flammable refrigerants." Journal of Fire Sciences 33, no. 5 (September 2015): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904115601871.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
50

Askar, E., V. Schröder, T. Schmid, and M. Schwarze. "Explosion characteristics of mildly flammable refrigerants ignited with high-energy ignition sources in closed systems." International Journal of Refrigeration 90 (June 2018): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2018.04.009.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography