Journal articles: 'Flammability properties'

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Osvaldová, Linda Makovická, and Stanislava Gašpercová. "The Evaluation of Flammability Properties Regarding Testing Methods." Civil and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cee-2015-0018.

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Abstract In this paper, we address the historical comparison methods with current methods for the assessment of flammability characteristics for materials an especially for wood, wood components and wooden buildings. Nowadays in European Union brings harmonization in evaluated of standards into each European country and try to make one concept of evaluated the flammability properties. In each European country to the one standard level which will be used by evaluation of materials regarding flammability. In our article we focused mainly on improving the evaluation methods in terms of flammability characteristics of using materials at building industry. In the article we present examples of different assessment methods at their own test methods in terms of fire prevention. On the base of old compared of materials by STN, BS and DIN methods for testing materials on fire and new methods of evaluating the flammability properties regarding EU standards before and after starting the flash over.

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Delichatsios, Michael, Bradley Paroz, and Atul Bhargava. "Flammability properties for charring materials." Fire Safety Journal 38, no. 3 (April 2003): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(02)00080-2.

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Delichatsios, M., and K. Saito. "Upward Fire Spread: Key Flammability Properties, Similarity Solutions And Flammability Indices." Fire Safety Science 3 (1991): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.3-217.

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Aini Ghazali, Siti Nadia, and Zurina Mohamad. "Thermal and Flammability Properties of Polypropylene Filled Rice Bran/Sepiolite Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.243.

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Polypropylene that consist of different loading of rice bran (RB) (0wt%, 10wt%, 20wt%, 30wt%, 40wt%) and sepiolite (SEP) (0phr, 1phr, 2phr, 3phr, 4phr, 5phr) were prepared by twin-screw extruder followed by compression moulding. The effect of RB and SEP loading on the thermal properties and flammability properties were studied through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and UL94 horizontal burning test (UL94HB) respectively. The result from TGA revealed that RB content at 40%wt and SEP content at 4phr showed good thermal stability. The sepiolite used for flammability properties had improved the flammability matrix; however, the amount of SEP use in this study is not enough to improve the flammability of PP/RB composite.

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Siddiqui, Vasi Uddin, Mohd Sapuan Salit, and Tarique Jamal. "Mechanical, Morphological, and Fire Behaviors of Sugar Palm/Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites." Toward Successful Implementation of Circular Economy 31, S1 (October 27, 2023): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.s1.08.

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This research aims to investigate using sugar palm fiber (SPF) and glass fiber (GF) in an epoxy matrix to develop composite materials with improved mechanical, morphological, and flammability properties. The mechanical and flammability properties are examined per ASTM standards, while the morphological study examines the fractured surfaces of the samples. Using the hand lay-up technique, the hybrid composite comprises 15% SPF, 15% GF, and 70% epoxy resin. Three treatments are applied to the SPF: untreated, alkaline treated, and benzoyl chloride treated, which enables research into the effect of fiber treatment on mechanical properties and flammability. The morphological investigation reveals that both treated SPF/GF/EP composites exhibit lower tensile strength than the untreated SPF/GF/EP composite due to inadequate mechanical interlocking at the fiber-matrix interface. However, the alkaline-treated SPF/GF/EP composite demonstrates a 24.8% improvement in flexural strength, a 1.52% increase in impact strength, and a 9.76% enhancement in flammability. Similarly, the benzoyl chloride-treated SPF/GF/EP composite improves flexural strength, impact strength, and flammability by 24.6%, 0.51%, and 5.66%, respectively. These results highlight the potential of fiber treatment to improve composite materials’ mechanical and flammability properties.

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Korolchenko, O. N., S. G. Tsarichenko, and N. I. Konstantinova. "Flammability properties of fire-retardant timber." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/pvb.2021.30.02.23-34.

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Introduction. At present, the house-building industry, that produces timber structures, is in the process of sufficiently intensive development; however, high flammability of wood is the factor that restrains widespread use of timber in construction. The purpose of this work is to optimize the conditions of application of fire-retardant timber in the construction industry. The co-authors believe that the following problems are to be solved to attain this objective:● a comparative analysis of the fireproofing efficiency of several fire-proofing agents applied to different species of wood;● determination of the character of influence produced by fire proofing agents on fire retardant properties of wood.Methods of research. The fire proofing efficiency of sample compositions designated for wood was measured in compliance with the benchmark testing method specified in GOST R 53292 (p. 6.2). Experiments were launched pursuant to the methodology and with the help of measurement instruments specified in GOST 30244–94 (Method 2) to study the extent of the pine-tree timber flammability suppression. Critical values of thermal loads that may trigger inflammation and flame propagation in timber structures, that can be described using values of the critical surface density of the heat flow, were determined pursuant to GOST 30402–96 and GOST R 51032–97. The toxicity of combustion products and the smoke generation ability of fire-retardant pine-tree samples was assessed using standard methods and measurement instruments pursuant to GOST 12.1.044–89 (paragraphs 4.18 and 4.20).Research results and discussion. Biological flame retardants, integrated biological flame retardants that also ensure moisture protection, intumescent coatings, lacquers and varnishes that are ready for use and labelled as having group I and II fire-retardant efficiency pursuant to GOST R 53292, were studied in the course of this research project. The co-authors have identified that the mass loss by all fire-retardant compositions is below 9 %, if applied to samples of larch and oak-tree timber, same as if it were applied to standard samples of pine-tree timber.The findings of the experiment conducted to assess the flammability, ignitibility, flame propagation, smoke generation ability and toxicity of combustion products have proven the maximal efficiency of the composition designated for full-cell pressure impregnation of timber that ensures the properties of the material labelled as G1, V1, RP1, T2, D2.Conclusions. Hence, the research results have enabled the co-authors to assess the discrepancy between average mass loss values demonstrated by the samples of different species of timber (alder, linden, pine-tree, larch, and oak-tree).The comprehensive study of flammability properties of timber, treated by compositions that vary in their chemical composition and mode of action of the fire proofing agent, enabled the co-authors to identify the impact produced by versatile fire-proofing agents on different flammability properties of pine-tree timber with regard taken of the fire-safe use of construction materials and constructions of buildings and structures.

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Quintiere, J. G. "A theoretical basis for flammability properties." Fire and Materials 30, no. 3 (2006): 175–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.905.

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Bilal, Ahmad, Richard JT Lin, and Krishnan Jayaraman. "Optimisation of material compositions for flammability characteristics in rice husk/polyethylene composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 33, no. 22 (September 23, 2014): 2021–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684414552542.

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A parametric study on the flammability characteristics of rice husk-reinforced polyethylene composites with various material compositions was conducted to find the “best” composites’ formulation for fire retardancy. Composites were manufactured using rice husk, maleated anhydride polyethylene and linear medium density polyethylene. The blends for manufacturing of composites were selected using mixture design approach. The individual effects of each constituent material on the fire performance of composites by cone calorimeter were studied using trace and contour plots for the various thermal and flammability properties. Regression coefficients were also estimated for each measured response. The cone calorimetry results show that the addition of rice husk improved fire retardancy of composites. The addition of maleated anhydride polyethylene did not influence the flammability properties much, except for mass loss rate and specific extinction area. The optimum mixture of rice husk, maleated anhydride polyethylene and linear medium density polyethylene for overall “best” flammability properties of the composites was also determined by multiple response optimisation using the regression models in Design Expert software. The optimum mixture for overall “best” fire retardant properties was found to be 50 wt% of rice husk, 5.6 wt% of maleated anhydride polyethylene and 44.4 wt% of linear medium density polyethylene. The flammability properties measured from composites manufactured with this formulation closely matched the values predicted by the model.

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de Oliveira, Sara Verusca, E. A. dos Santos Filho, Edcleide Maria Araújo, C. M. Correia Pereira, and Fábio Roberto Passador. "Preparation and Flammability Properties of Polyethylene/Organoclay Nanocomposites." Diffusion Foundations 20 (December 2018): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.20.92.

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Polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation, in order to evaluate the flame retardant effect of this material. For the development of nanocomposites were used the montmorillonite clay (MMT), organoclay (OMMT) and flame retardant product (FRP) with the percentage of 1, 3, 6 and 9 wt%. Grafted polyethylene with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) was used as a compatibilizer of the systems. PE and its systems were evaluated: XRD, TEM, TG and flammability (UL94HB, oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry). The X-ray diffraction showed a partial intercalation and exfoliation as well as formation of microcomposite. The phase morphology of the systems was observed by TEM that it showed that the system with 1% OMMT clay presented a predominance of exfoliation. Already the system with 3% OMMT showed partial exfoliation and this exfoliation reduced as the clay content increased. By TG it was seen that MMT, OMMT and FRP acted improving the thermal behavior of the nanocomposites compared to PE matrix. The results obtained for the oxygen index showed that both PE and its systems presented flame retardancy behavior. By means of the horizontal flammability tests, it was found that the presence of 1% MMT clay reduced 25% the flammability of PE. By cone calorimetry it was found that the system that contains 9% of OMMT clay decreased by about 33% the flammability of PE.

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Krix, Daniel W., Megan L. Phillips, and Brad R. Murray. "Relationships among leaf flammability attributes and identifying low-leaf-flammability species at the wildland–urban interface." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 4 (2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18167.

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Leaf flammability is a multidimensional plant functional trait with emerging importance for wildfire risk management. Understanding relationships among leaf flammability attributes not only provides information about the properties of leaves as fuels in the wildland–urban interface (WUI), it can also offer an effective way to identify low-leaf-flammability species. We examined relationships between leaf ignitibility, sustainability and combustibility among 60 plant species of the WUI of eastern Australia. We found that leaf ignitibility and sustainability worked in opposition to each other as dimensions of flammability. Species with leaves that were slow to ignite were those with leaves that sustained burning for the longest, whereas species with leaves that were fast to ignite had leaves that burned for the shortest periods of time. Low leaf combustibility was related to short leaf burning sustainability but not to ignitibility. We created an overall leaf flammability index (OLFI) to rank species on emergent properties of ignitibility, sustainability and combustibility attributes in combination. We found that low-leaf-flammability species with low OLFI values had small leaf area, high leaf mass per area and high leaf water content. Our findings have implications for species selection for green firebreaks in the WUI.

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Samujło, Bronisław. "The effect of natural fillers on the mechanical properties and flammability of low-density polyethylene." Polimery 68, no. 7-8 (October 19, 2023): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2023.7.5.

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The effect of 10-40 wt% natural fillers (pumpkin husks, bean sorting waste, pine sawdust) on the mechanical properties and flammability of LDPE was examined. As the filler content increased, the hardness slightly increased and the tensile strength and relative elongation decreased. The tensile modulus more than doubled (pumpkin husks, pine sawdust). The linear combustion rate increased unfavorably, but the assumed flammability class HB40 was achieved, except for LDPE filled with 40 wt% pine sawdust (HB75). At the same time, the temperature in the combustion area decreased in the vertical flammability test.

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Dimitrakopoulos, A. P. "A statistical classification of Mediterranean species based on their flammability components." International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, no. 2 (2001): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf01004.

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Eight dominant Mediterranean species were classified into similar groups according to their expected flammability, by applying multivariate statistical methods (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Canonical Discriminant Analysis) on the values of their most significant pyric properties (heat content, total and mineral ash content, surface area-to-volume ratio, particle density). Based on the statistical classification, meaningful explanations of the flammability differences among individual species were deduced. The results were in good agreement with similar rankings based on laboratory tests. Further validation may render the method widely applicable for the assessment of species potential flammability without laboratory flammability tests.

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Gilman, Jeffrey, Douglas Fox, Alexander Morgan, John R. Shields, Paul H. Maupin, Richard E. Lyon, Hugh C. De Long, and P. C. Trulove. "Characterization of Flammability Properties of Ionic Liquids." ECS Transactions 3, no. 35 (December 21, 2019): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2798652.

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Zhong, Jianlong, Tiannian Zhou, and Jian Wang. "Flammability properties of typical aviation functional oils." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 241 (October 2017): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/241/1/012037.

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Fernandez-Anez, Nieves, Javier Garcia-Torrent, and Ljiljana Medic-Pejic. "Flammability properties of thermally dried sewage sludge." Fuel 134 (October 2014): 636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.06.006.

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BRUYAKO, M. G., P. A. LIPKA, and M. S. KALININA. "Thermal Insulation Products Based on Modified Polyurethane Foam with Fire-Resistant Coating." Stroitel'nye Materialy 819, no. 11 (November 2023): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2023-819-11-14-19.

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As part of the study, thermal insulation products based on rigid polyurethane foam (PPU) with a reduced flammability group were obtained. The effect of modification of polyurethane foam with oxidized thermally expansive graphite (OTG) on physical, mechanical and fire hazard properties was studied. A two-component factory-ready system with a G4 flammability group was used as the initial composition for modification. OTG brand: KR 350-80 was used as a modifier, characterized by a degree of expansion of at least 370 ml/g, a temperature of the onset of expansion of 170°C. Products made from polyurethane foam were modified by the method of dispersing OTG in a reactive composition, as well as by applying a fire-retardant coating during injection molding of masses. Samples were made and tests were carried out to determine the flammability group in accordance with GOST 30244. It was established that an increase in the concentration of OTG in the fire retardant coating and the structure of the material reduces the flammability of products, while modification by the dispersion method makes it possible to obtain a material with a flammability group (G3), but has an effect on the technological properties of the initial composition, leads to an increase in the viscosity of the reactive composition and an increase in the density of the products, while the modification of the fire retardant coating with honey does not affect the technological and physical-mechanical properties of the final product, and makes it possible to obtain a flammability group G1–G2 depending on the concentration of OTG.

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Wu, Hao, Rogelio Ortiz, and Joseph H. Koo. "Rubber toughened flame retardant (FR) polyamide 11 nanocomposites Part 1: the effect of SEBS-g-MA elastomer and nanoclay." Flame Retardancy and Thermal Stability of Materials 1, no. 1 (July 25, 2018): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flret-2018-0003.

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Abstract The objective of this research is to develop a multifunctional polyamide 11 (PA11) with balanced thermal, mechanical, and flammability properties for SLS. In this study, two sets of formulations were prepared by twin-screw extrusion: the first set examined the effect of maleic anhydride modified elastomers on flammability and the mechanical properties, whereas the second set added various amount of nanoclay and discussed thermal stability, flammability and mechanical properties. The addition of 20 wt.% elastomer brought the elongation at break up to 40%. Reduction in heat release capacity as high as 49% was achieved, all nanocomposite samples passed UL 94 V-1 rating. The addition of nanoclay improved the tensile modulus by up to 78%, the elongation at break for all the formulations were negatively affected by the addition of flame retardant and nanoclay.

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ÇÖLÜK, GÖKHAN, ELIF URAL, and EMINE ARMAN KANDIRMAZ. "FLAME RETARDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL PAPER COATINGS WITH ROSEMARY OIL AND BARIUM BORATE." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 56, no. 7-8 (September 28, 2022): 873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2022.56.78.

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Adding an antimicrobial effect to the papers used in the cardboard packaging industry can extend the life of the packed product. Paper, due to its structure, has the property of being ignited quickly. Enhancing the properties of paper, the combination of antimicrobial protection, low flammability and good printability to the paper will expand its usage area in the packaging industry. In this study, barium borate was synthesized in order to impart low flammability to paper. Different combinations of rosemary oil and barium borate were mixed with binding starch in varying amounts, and formulations were prepared. With these mixtures, 80 g/m2 paper was coated using a laboratory-type paper coating machine. The antimicrobial properties of the paper were investigated by performing the disk diffusion antimicrobial test against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. The Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) test was performed to determine the low flammability of the paper. Color, gloss, contact angle and surface energy tests were performed for the printability properties of the paper. As a result, the coatings containing formulations of barium borate and rosemary oil, applied to the paper surface, succeeded in imparting antimicrobial and low flammability properties to the papers, while also improving the printability features.

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Hohenwarter, Dieter, Christopher Fischer, and Matthias Berger. "Influence of 3D-Printing on the Flammability Properties of Railway Applications Using Polycarbonate (PC) and Polylactic acid (PLA)." Problemy Kolejnictwa - Railway Reports 64, no. 187 (June 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36137/1874e.

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Due to limited production numbers, using additive manufacturing for the production of railway components, is proving more economical. Furthermore, strict requirements regarding flammability properties, standardised in EN 45545-2, are applied on trains. This work focuses on the production of transparent components made of Polycarbonate via 3D-printing. The polymer was modified using diff erentflame retardant agents and the influence of the printing parameters, especially the print density, was determined. Polylactic Acid was examined for comparison reasons only. The printed and modified polymers were tested exposing the samples to heat radiation, according to ISO 5660-1 using a Cone Calorimeter, and to a direct flame, according to UL 94. Processing and printing of the polymer causes thermal stress to the molecules. This may lead to a worsening of the flammability causing a decline of the properties compared to the native Polycarbonate. This was confirmed through both testing methods. Moreover, the additive and the print density both influence the flammability properties depending on the polymer type. In summary print parameters and additivation have to be carefully considered when it comes to the flammability properties of polymers. Keywords: fire behaviour of material (Polycarbonate, also with additives) after 3D print, Influence of 3D printing on the fi re behaviour

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Podkościelna, Beata, Krystyna Wnuczek, Marta Goliszek, Tomasz Klepka, and Kamil Dziuba. "Flammability Tests and Investigations of Properties of Lignin-Containing Polymer Composites Based on Acrylates." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 5947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245947.

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In this paper flammability tests and detailed investigations of lignin-containing polymer composites’ properties are presented. Composites were obtained using bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) diacrylate (BPA.GDA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and kraft lignin (lignin alkali, L) during UV curing. In order to evaluate the influence of lignin modification and the addition of flame retardant compounds on the thermal resistance of the obtained biocomposites, flammability tests have been conducted. After the modification with phosphoric acid (V) lignin, as well as diethyl vinylphosphonate, were used as flame retardant additives. The changes in the chemical structures (ATR-FTIR), as well as the influence of the different additives on the hardness, thermal (TG) and mechanical properties were discussed in detail. The samples after the flammability test were also studied to assess their thermal destruction.

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Jeencham, Rachasit, Nitinat Suppakarn, and Kasama Jarukumjorn. "Effect of Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber/Polypropylene Composites." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.652.

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Composites based on polypropylene and glass fiber were prepared by melt mixing. The effect of magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardant on flammability and thermal behavior of glass fiber/polypropylene composites was studied. Ratio of glass fiber to magnesium hydroxide in each composite sample was varied. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used to improve the interfacial adhesion between polypropylene and fillers. Flammability and thermal behavior of the composites were examined using a horizontal burning test and a thermogravimetric analyzer, respectively. Morphology and mechanical properties of the composites were also investigated. Magnesium hydroxide reduced the flammability while improved thermal decomposition temperature of the polypropylene composites. However, magnesium hydroxide showed a negative impact on the tensile strength of the polypropylene composites.

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Mak, Edwin H. T. "Measuring Foliar Flammability with the Limiting Oxygen Index Method." Forest Science 34, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/34.2.523.

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Abstract This paper stresses the importance of measuring flammability as a combination of ignitability, sustainability, and combustibility in quantitative terms. The Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) method is selected and evaluated as a means to measure ignitability and sustainability. The results demonstrated that the technique can distinguish small differences in ignitability and sustainability with good precision. This can be useful for assessing the influence of foliage properties such as chemical composition on these two flammability components. The third component of flammability, combustibility, has to be measured by a different technique. For. Sci. 34(2):523-529.

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Kraaij, Tineke, Samukelisiwe T. Msweli, and Alastair J. Potts. "Fuel trait effects on flammability of native and invasive alien shrubs in coastal fynbos and thicket (Cape Floristic Region)." PeerJ 10 (July 28, 2022): e13765. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13765.

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In June 2017, extreme fires along the southern Cape coast of South Africa burnt native fynbos and thicket vegetation and caused extensive damage to plantations and residential properties. Invasive alien plants (IAPs) occur commonly in the area and were thought to have changed the behaviour of these fires through their modification of fuel properties relative to that of native vegetation. This study experimentally compared various measures of flammability across groups of native and alien invasive shrub species in relation to their fuel traits. Live plant shoots of 30 species (10 species each of native fynbos, native thicket, and IAPs) were sampled to measure live fuel moisture, dry biomass, fuel bed porosity and the proportions of fine-, coarse- and dead fuels. These shoots were burnt experimentally, and flammability measured in terms of maximum temperature (combustibility), completeness of burn (consumability), and time-to-ignition (ignitability). Multiple regression models were used to assess the relationships between flammability responses and fuel traits, while the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to establish if differences existed in flammability measures and fuel traits among the vegetation groups. Dry biomass significantly enhanced, while live fuel moisture significantly reduced, maximum temperature, whereas the proportion of fine fuels significantly increased completeness of burn. Unlike other similar studies, the proportion of dead fuels and fuel bed porosity were not retained by any of the models to account for variation in flammability. Species of fynbos and IAPs generally exhibited greater flammability in the form of higher completeness of burn and more rapid ignition than species of thicket. Little distinction in flammability and fuel traits could be made between species of fynbos and IAPs, except that fynbos species had a greater proportion of fine fuels. Thicket species had higher proportions of coarse fuels and greater dry biomass (~fuel loading) than species of fynbos and IAPs. Live fuel moisture did not differ among the vegetation groups, contrary to the literature often ascribing variation in flammability to fuel moisture differences. The fuel traits investigated only explained 21–53% of the variation in flammability and large variation was evident among species within vegetation groups suggesting that species-specific and in situ community-level investigations are warranted, particularly in regard fuel moisture and chemical contents.

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Ma, Hai Yun, Jia Wei Liu, Wen Chuan Han, and Li Ci Zhao. "Carbon Nanotube Network in Polymer Nanocomposites: Rheology and Flammability." Advanced Materials Research 998-999 (July 2014): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.998-999.27.

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ABS/MWNTs nanocomposites were prepared by using melt blending method. Cone calorimeter and ARES were employed to measure flammability and rheological properties. The flammability properties are strongly affected by the network structure. From the results of ARES tests, it is observed that when the MWNTs content is higher than 1 wt%, nanotubes network structure is formed and flame retardancy of the nanocomposites is significantly improved. The rheological percolation threshold, 0.72 wt%, was determined on the basis of a power law relation.

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Ma, Hui, Linping Zhang, Hong Xu, Dan Wang, Xiaoyan Zhang, Yi Zhong, Huantian Cao, and Zhiping Mao. "The Properties of Modified Polysulfonamide Fabrics with Lamellar Magnesium Hydroxide Crystals." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 8, no. 2 (June 2013): 155892501300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501300800210.

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Lamellar magnesium hydroxide crystals were prepared successfully on the surface of polysulfonamide fibers with carboxylic acid groups. The polysulfonamide fabrics with Mg(OH)2 crystals were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy, Inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometer X-ray diffraction, Vertical flammability test and Thermalgravimetric analysis. The vertical flammability test showed that the damaged length of original polysulfonamide fabrics was 34mm, while that of the polysulfonamide fabrics with Mg(OH)2 crystals (treated by 7.5% NaOH solutions) was 14mm. In addition, the Mg (OH)2 crystals played a critical role in the improvement of thermal stability and heat insulation of polysulfonamide fabrics.

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Han, Kyaw Thet, Siraprapa Lhosupasirirat, Pongsid Srikhirin, Nongluck Houngkamhang, and Toemsak Srikhirin. "Development of Flame Retardant Stearic Acid Doped Graphite Powder and Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles, Material for Thermal Energy Storage Applications." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2175, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2175/1/012043.

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Abstract Nano-enhanced organic phase change material (PCM) composite consists of stearic acid (SA, act as the thermal storage media), graphite powder(GP, function as thermal conductor), and magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles(nMH), micro-sized (MMH), function as the flame retarder), were formulated and investigated for their thermophysical properties and flammability. The flame-retardant properties of nano-enhanced composite PCM were evaluated by using the burning test. Phase change temperature, phase change latent heat, and thermal conductivity were obtained by the T-history method. To reduce the flammability, 5wt% of MH with 0.8μm and 200nm were added to PCMs. 1wt% of GP improved thermal conductivity of stearic acid from 0.245 to 0.4887 W/mk, and doping of flame-retardant nanoparticles to PCM showed the reduction of flammability and slightly effecting on latent heat of PCM. nMH were found to work better for stearic acid flammability than MMH, where combustion time of 0.1g pure stearic acid(SA) was decreased from 41s to 17s and 23s. For nano-sized(SA/nMH) and micron-sized(SA/MMH)composites, the latent heat of pure PCM dropped from 171.26 to 124.85KJ/kg, but micron-sized addition negatively affects latent heat values by reducing from 171.26 to 88.87 KJ/kg. The results confirmed that nMH/GP/SA composite could reduce flammability without showing a negative impact on storage capacity.

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Azlin, M. N. M., S. M. Sapuan, M. Y. M. Zuhri, E. S. Zainudin, and R. A. Ilyas. "Thermal Stability, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Flammability Properties of Woven Kenaf/Polyester-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Hybrid Laminated Composites." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132690.

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This paper presents the thermal and flammability properties of woven kenaf/polyester-reinforced polylactic acid hybrid laminated composites. The effects of the fiber content and stacking sequences of hybrid composites were examined. The hybrid composites were fabricated using the hot press method. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and flammability properties of woven kenaf/polyester-reinforced polylactic hybrid composites were reported. The thermal results have demonstrated the effect of the hybridization of the composites on the thermal stability and viscoelastic properties of the laminates. The work also measured the burning rate of the hybrid composites during the flammability test. The S7 sample that consisted of all woven kenaf layers in composite recorded the highest char residue of 10%, and the S8 sample displayed the highest decomposition temperature among all samples. However, as for hybrid composites, the S5 sample shows the optimum result with a high char yield and exhibited the lowest burning rate at 29 mm/min. The S5 sample also shows the optimum viscoelastic properties such as storage and loss modulus among hybrid composites.

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Swasono, Yogi Angga, Benni F. Ramadhoni, and Onny Ujianto. "The Effect of Carbon Black on Thermal and Flammability Properties of Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites." International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 6, no. 3 (September 2019): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijmse.2018.6.3.80-85.

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Jarapanyacheep, Rapisa, and Kasama Jarukumjorn. "Effects of Sawdust Content and Alkali Treatment on Mechanical and Flame Retarding Properties of Sawdust/Recycled High Density Polyethylene Composites." Advanced Materials Research 970 (June 2014): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.970.79.

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Sawdust/recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) composites were prepared and their mechanical properties, flammability and morphology were investigated. Sawdust was used at contents of 30, 40 and 50 wt%. With increasing sawdust content, tensile strength and elongation at break of the composites decreased whereas tensile modulus increased. Flexural properties showed the same trend as tensile properties. Flammability of the composites enhanced with increasing sawdust content. Mechanical properties of alkali treated sawdust/rHDPE composites were higher than those of untreated sawdust/rHDPE composites at all sawdust contents. Moreover, alkali treatment improved flame retardancy of the composites. SEM micrographs showed that alkali treatment enhanced the interfacial adhesion between sawdust and rHDPE matrix.

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Grootemaat, Saskia, Ian J. Wright, Peter M. van Bodegom, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, and Veronica Shaw. "Bark traits, decomposition and flammability of Australian forest trees." Australian Journal of Botany 65, no. 4 (2017): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16258.

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Bark shedding is a remarkable feature of Australian trees, yet relatively little is known about interspecific differences in bark decomposability and flammability, or what chemical or physical traits drive variation in these properties. We measured the decomposition rate and flammability (ignitibility, sustainability and combustibility) of bark from 10 common forest tree species, and quantified correlations with potentially important traits. We compared our findings to those for leaf litter, asking whether the same traits drive flammability and decomposition in different tissues, and whether process rates are correlated across tissue types. Considerable variation in bark decomposability and flammability was found both within and across species. Bark decomposed more slowly than leaves, but in both tissues lignin concentration was a key driver. Bark took longer to ignite than leaves, and had longer mass-specific flame durations. Variation in flammability parameters was driven by different traits in the different tissues. Decomposability and flammability were each unrelated, when comparing between the different tissue types. For example, species with fast-decomposing leaves did not necessarily have fast-decomposing bark. For the first time, we show how patterns of variation in decomposability and flammability of bark diverge across multiple species. By taking species-specific bark traits into consideration there is potential to make better estimates of wildfire risks and carbon loss dynamics. This can lead to better informed management decisions for Australian forests, and eucalypt plantations, worldwide.

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Yahaya, R., N. Zahari, and W. A. W. Wan Adnan. "Flammability analysis of military fabrics." Journal of Applied Research in Technology & Engineering 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jarte.2022.16710.

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There are many types of fabric materials used in military applications. From clothing to protective equipment, fabric analysis mostly focused on its physical properties. Still, its flammability has not been well studied, such as ease of ignition, heat release, and toxicity. This paper reports the flammability properties of fabric in military applications. The ignition time, heat release, and smoke production of six commercially available military fabrics are discussed in this article. The fabrics analysed are cotton, polyester-cotton, coated nylon, and kenaf fabric. The fabric grouping into the coated and printed fabric while cotton and kenaf were tested as a comparison. Results indicated that coated fabric (N420D and N1000D) showed higher TTI compared to printed fabric (P35C65, P35C65M, and P65C35). It is affected by heat flux, the areal density of the sample, sample mass, and the number of sample layers. Coated fabrics (N420D and N1000D) indicate higher EHC compared with other fabrics. For printed fabric, a relatively lower EHC was observed as it indicates incomplete combustion. Total heat release of the samples tested was presented as an integration of the HRR vs time curve. Coated samples show the highest values for PHRR and THR values compared to printed and cotton fabrics.

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Zhang, Jinguo, and Charles A. Wilkie. "Preparation and flammability properties of polyethylene–clay nanocomposites." Polymer Degradation and Stability 80, no. 1 (January 2003): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(02)00398-1.

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Aseeva, R. M., L. V. Ruban, and V. M. Lalayan. "Thermal Properties and Flammability of Chlorine-Containing Substances." International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 16, no. 1-4 (February 1992): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914039208035430.

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Patel, Parina, Anna A. Stec, T. Richard Hull, Mohammed Naffakh, Ana M. Diez-Pascual, Gary Ellis, Natallia Safronava, and Richard E. Lyon. "Flammability properties of PEEK and carbon nanotube composites." Polymer Degradation and Stability 97, no. 12 (December 2012): 2492–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.013.

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Bahramian, Ahmad Reza. "Pyrolysis and flammability properties of novolac/graphite nanocomposites." Fire Safety Journal 61 (October 2013): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.09.012.

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Xu, Tong, Yi Zhong, Yan liu, Hong Yu, and Zhiping Mao. "Flammability properties of PI fabric coated with montmorillonite." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 111, no. 1 (July 3, 2012): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2549-2.

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Liu, Lan, Demin Jia, Yuanfang Luo, and Bo Li. "Structure and flammability properties of NR-organoclay nanocomposites." Polymer Composites 30, no. 1 (January 2009): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20542.

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Schneider, Kevin, Katrin Wudy, and Dietmar Drummer. "Flame-Retardant Polyamide Powder for Laser Sintering: Powder Characterization, Processing Behavior and Component Properties." Polymers 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081697.

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Up to now, laser-sintered components have been barely used by industries such as aerospace and transport industry due to high flammability. By the use of flame retardants, the flammability of laser-sintered parts should be reduced to extend their range of possible applications. This paper aims to investigate the influence of halogen-free phosphinate-based flame retardants on process-relevant characteristics and process behavior, as well as mechanical and physical properties. Most importantly, the flammability of the material should be reduced. Two different types of phosphinate-based fillers were used in a concentration between 10 and 25 wt % in combination with the matrix material polyamide 12 (PA12). Thermal, optical, and powder properties of the mixtures were analytically investigated. Furthermore, the mechanical characterization of the sintered specimen was carried out. The addition of filler in laser sintering changes the process behavior and properties of the component. With this investigation, the correlation among flame retardants, process-relevant characteristics, process behavior, and resulting part properties was derived for the first time. Finally, a mixture of 15–20 wt % of flame retardant leads to the best trade-off between flame retardancy and mechanical properties.

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Zuhudi, Nurul Zuhairah Mahmud, Krishnan Jayaraman, and Richard Lin. "Flammability of Bamboo Fabric Reinforced Polypropylene Composites and their Hybrids." Applied Mechanics and Materials 851 (August 2016): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.851.155.

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Hybridisation is introduced as one way to use bamboo fabric as natural fibre reinforced composites (NFRCs). The research intends to determine the extent to which bamboo fabric can replace glass fibre in glass polypropylene (GPP) composites and whether the proposed hybrids are capable of competing, particularly in comparison to the flammability of GPP composites. This study evaluates the effect of hybridization on the flammability properties of bamboo fabric reinforced polypropylene composites and their hybrids. Flammability tests using cone calorimeter show that the peak Heat Release Rate (HRR) was reduced up to 39% for BPP50%, at 511.8 kW/m2, in comparison with that of neat PP, based on maximum peak values of 842 kW/m2. Interestingly, in the hybrid composites, the peak HRR reduced as glass fibre was replaced with bamboo fibre. These composites demonstrate a significant decrease in peak HRR, over 30% less than the neat PP and GPP composites respectively. These results indicate that a significant portion of the glass in GPP may be replaced with bamboo fabric, with a positive effect on fire resistance. This reduction in flammability and the improved properties obtained demonstrate promise for these hybrid materials in future applications.

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Strąkowska, Anna, Sylwia Członka, Piotr Konca, and Krzysztof Strzelec. "New Flame Retardant Systems Based on Expanded Graphite for Rigid Polyurethane Foams." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 22, 2020): 5817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175817.

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The effect of the addition of new flame retardant systems on the properties of rigid polyurethane (RPUF) foams, in particular, reduction in flammability, was investigated. The modification included the introduction of a flame retardant system containing five parts by weight of expanded graphite (EG) (based on the total weight of polyol), one part by weight of pyrogenic silica (SiO2) and an ionic liquid (IL): 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([emim] [BF4]), in an amount of 3:1 with respect to the weight of added silica. The kinetics of the synthesis of modified foams—including the growth rate and the maximum temperature—were determined and the physicochemical properties, such as the determination of apparent density and structure by optical microscopy, mechanical properties such as impact strength, compressive strength and, three-point bending test were determined. An important aspect was also to examine the thermal properties such as thermal stability or flammability. It has been shown that for rigid polyurethane foams, the addition of expanded graphite in the presence of silica and ionic liquid has a great influence on the general use properties. All composites were characterized by reduced flammability as well as better mechanical properties, which may contribute to a wider use of rigid polyurethane foams as construction materials.

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Penman, Tara E., Jane G. Cawson, Simon Murphy, and Thomas J. Duff. "Messmate stringybark: bark ignitability and burning sustainability in relation to fragment dimensions, hazard score and time since fire." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 10 (2017): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16146.

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Messmate stringybark is common in forests across south-eastern Australia. The bark of these trees is persistent and produces firebrands that contribute to house loss and the difficulty of fire suppression during wildfires. The trees typically survive fire with the amount of bark depleted. We compared two common methods to assess messmate bark fuels: (1) field-based hazard assessment, and (2) desk-based assessment using mapped time since fire. Our measurements included space-for-time field surveys and laboratory flammability tests. Although several physical properties of bark could be approximated from both assessment methods, some bark properties important to flammability were not captured. Ignitability was found to be dependent on the amount of char on bark fragments and could be predicted by the site assessment methods, whereas sustainability was dependent on bark fragment dimensions and could not be predicted by current methods. Bark fragment properties were found to be partially a function of tree size. Overall, these findings indicate that current bark assessment methods do not capture all the key bark properties that contribute to messmate bark’s flammability. Further research is warranted to improve bark assessment methods so they better reflect bark’s contribution to fire behaviour.

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Suoware, T. O., S. O. Edelugo, C. O. Amgbari, and F. L. Sorgbara. "DETERMINATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF OIL PALM FIBRE COMPOSITE FOR BUILDING APPLICATIONS BY CONE CALORIMETER AND THERMAL ANALYSIS." Open Journal of Engineering Science (ISSN: 2734-2115) 1, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52417/ojes.v1i2.151.

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The high yielding of oil pam fibre reinforced composite (OPFC) to fire has necessitated research to improve and develop fire retardants (FR) to mitigate the spread of fire. Researchers relied on Flame Retardants (FR) classified as either halogenated or non-halogenated based FR to improve the performance of composites with emphasis on flammability properties (FP). The main object of this paper is to evaluate the effect of six non-halogenated FR species in OPFC to meet required fire safety standards for building purposes. The six FR species comprising aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), Gum Arabic powder (GAP) and carbon black (CB) were processed with OPFC at 0, 15 and 18% loading ratio using hand lay-up compression moulding technique. Specimens cut from the OPFC panels were tested for flammability and thermal properties using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC Metlar Toledo) and cone calorimeter apparatus respectively. The result obtained for thermal analysis shows that the panel was thermally stable at 391.6OC before degradation began compared to those without FR while peak flammability properties obtained for heat released rates, mass loss rates and smoke production rates showed the OPFC panels rapid fire response were significantly reduced respectively by 67.4%, 50.9% and 37.5% compared to those without FR. It can be concluded that the hybrid FR comprising APP-GAP showed a stable char structure during fire and thus prevented the escape of combustible volatiles which reduced the peak FP values of the OPFC panels. These flammability properties could be said to meet required fire safety standards for building applications.

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Andrzejewski, Jacek, and Sławomir Michałowski. "Development of a New Type of Flame Retarded Biocomposite Reinforced with a Biocarbon/Basalt Fiber System: A Comparative Study between Poly(lactic Acid) and Polypropylene." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 4086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194086.

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A new type of partially biobased reinforcing filler system was developed in order to be used as a flame retardant for polylactic acid (PLA) and polypropylene (PP)-based composites. The prepared materials intended for injection technique processing were melt blended using the novel system containing ammonium polyphosphate (EX), biocarbon (BC), and basalt fibers (BF). All of the prepared samples were subjected to a detailed analysis. The main criterion was the flammability of composites. For PLA-based composites, the flammability was significantly reduced, up to V-0 class. The properties of PLA/EX/BC and PLA/EX/(BC-BF) composites were characterized by their improved mechanical properties. The conducted analysis indicates that the key factor supporting the effectiveness of EX flame retardants is the addition of BC, while the use of BF alone increases the flammability of the samples to the reference level. The results indicate that the developed materials can be easily applied in industrial practice as effective and sustainable flame retardants.

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Gerasimovich, Bruyako Mihail, and Grigorieva Larisa Stanislavovna. "Highly Filled Building Materials Reduced Flammability." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.821.

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This paper presents research on the development of technologies for highly filled building material of low flammability based on CMSW. An affordable and effective fire retardant. The studies assessing the effect of the proportion of components of the molding composition, compaction pressure when forming the product on the final properties of the material.

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45

Dashtizadeh, Zahra, K. Abdan, M. Jawaid, and Masoud Dashtizadeh. "Thermal and Flammability Properties of Kenaf/Recycled Carbon Filled with Cardanol Hybrid Composites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (September 5, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9168342.

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In this paper, hybrid composites were fabricated by using kenaf and recycled carbon with a cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) derivative known as cardanol as the matrix by a compression molding technique. In this work, we look for the effect of recycled carbon weight loading (15%, 25%, and 35%) on the thermal properties of kenaf/cardanol composites while maintaining the total fiber loading of 50 wt%. TGA, DSC, DMA, and flammability UL 90 HB properties of the specimens were studied. The results indicate that cardanol improved the thermal stability of kenaf and hybridization with recycled carbon also further improved the thermal stability of the specimens. The flammability UL 90 HB test determines the flame retardancy property of all specimens.

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Dolotina, C. D. C., and Luis Maria T. Bo-ot. "Effect of Borax and Boric Acid on Thermal and Flammability Properties of Rice Husk Reinforced Recycled HDPE Composite." Athens Journal of Τechnology & Engineering 9, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajte.9-1-3.

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Studies show Rice Husk (RH) and plastic appear viable in the production of a composite material. Flammability is a crucial parameter that limits multiple applications of such materials. Borax (BX) and Boric Acid (BA) have been used for wood and coating products, continually proving to be decent fire retardant agents in wood and plastic composites. In this study, the aim is to develop, test and investigate the thermal and flammability properties of RH reinforced Recycled High-Density Polyethylene (rHDPE) integrated with Maleic Anhydride Polyethylene (MAPE) as a binding agent, with Borax (BX) and Boric Acid (BA) as a fire retardant agent. RH was impregnated with BX and BA (1:1) solution at 2, 3, and 4% weight concentration and oven-dried after seven days at 105 °C for 24 hours. Only an average of 43 wt% of BX and BA remains after the impregnation process. Flammability test results show that adding RH to the composite enhanced flame retardancy compared to the pure rHDPE while adding MAPE as a binding agent makes the composite more flammable. Composite with BX and BA showed significant improvement in flame retardant properties by reducing the horizontal burning rate by 26% for 3% weight and 46% for 5% weight of MAPE. Thermogravimetric analyses exhibit an increase in the thermal stability by adding RH to reinforce rHDPE than pure rHDPE and further augmented by the integration of BX and BA. Keywords: rice husk, recycled high-density polyethylene, thermal, flammability

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Abidin, Wan Nur Shasha Najiha Zainal, Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al-Edrus, Lee Seng Hua, Muhammad Aizat Abdul Ghani, Balkis Fatomer A. Bakar, Ridzuan Ishak, Fadhlin Qayyum Ahmad Faisal, et al. "Properties of Phenol Formaldehyde-Bonded Layered Laminated Woven Bamboo Mat Boards Made from Gigantochloa scortechinii." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010047.

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Bamboo is suitable to be a material for the production of new products that can be used indoors and outdoors. Five-, seven- and nine-ply laminated woven bamboo mat boards from semantan bamboo, Gigantochloa scortechinii, were fabricated in this study. G. scortechinii has been used commercially in a structural application and is easily available in Malaysia. The present work investigated the physico-mechanical properties and flammability of the laminated bamboo mat boards as a function of the number of ply. Phenol-formaldehyde resin was used as a binder. The panels’ density, physical, mechanical properties, formaldehyde emission and flammability were evaluated. As the number of ply increased, the density of the laminated boards decreased. Similarly, the highest modulus of elasticity was found in 5-ply laminated boards. However, the lowest modulus of rupture was also measured in 5-ply laminated boards. Regarding shear strength, 5-ply and 7-ply laminated boards outperformed 9-ply laminated boards. Meanwhile, 7-ply laminated boards exhibited the highest dimensional stability, as evidenced by the lowest water absorption and thickness swelling. In terms of flammability, all composites are classified as V-0 because the burning stops within 10 s and no flaming drips are observed.

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Kandola, Baljinder K., S. Ilker Mistik, Wiwat Pornwannachai, and A. Richard Horrocks. "Effects of Water and Chemical Solutions Ageing on the Physical, Mechanical, Thermal and Flammability Properties of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Molecules 26, no. 15 (July 29, 2021): 4581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154581.

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Biocomposites comprising a combination of natural fibres and bio-based polymers are good alternatives to those produced from synthetic components in terms of sustainability and environmental issues. However, it is well known that water or aqueous chemical solutions affect natural polymers/fibres more than the respective synthetic components. In this study the effects of water, salt water, acidic and alkali solutions ageing on water uptake, mechanical properties and flammability of natural fibre-reinforced polypropylene (PP) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites were compared. Jute, sisal and wool fibre- reinforced PP and PLA composites were prepared using a novel, patented nonwoven technology followed by the hot press method. The prepared composites were aged in water and chemical solutions for up to 3 week periods. Water absorption, flexural properties and the thermal and flammability performances of the composites were investigated before and after ageing each process. The effect of post-ageing drying on the retention of mechanical and flammability properties has also been studied. A linear relationship between irreversible flexural modulus reduction and water adsorption/desorption was observed. The aqueous chemical solutions caused further but minor effects in terms of moisture sorption and flexural modulus changes. PLA composites were affected more than the respective PP composites, because of their hydrolytic sensitivity. From thermal analytical results, these changes in PP composites could be attributed to ageing effects on fibres, whereas in PLA composite changes related to both those of fibres present and of the polymer. Ageing however, had no adverse effect on the flammability of the composites.

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Feng, Jie, Min Zhang, Tao Hua, and Ka Hei Chan. "Study of a newly structuralized meta-aramid/cotton blended yarn for fabrics with enhanced flame-resistance." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 5-6 (August 22, 2019): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519871262.

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This paper presents a study on a newly structuralized meta-aramid/cotton blended yarn for fabrics with enhanced flame-resistance. In this study, a new type of “marl yarn” resembling structure for cotton/aramid yarns was proposed with an aim to lower the flammability of cotton fiber strands within the yarn and thus enhance the flame resistance of the blended yarns and the resultant fabrics. To facilitate the formation of marl yarn structure, a modified device was developed that can be attached to the ring spinning machine for yarn production. Yarn structure was examined and the effects of the blending ratio of aramid/cotton fibers and yarn structure on the yarn flammability and physical properties were investigated. The results showed that a marl-like yarn structure was formed wherein a small amount of meta-aramid fibers were concentrated to form fiber strands, which served as effective fire barriers, hindering the afterflame/afterglow of cotton fibers. The experimental results demonstrated that the marl structured yarn exhibited lower yarn flammability in terms of afterflame, afterglow, damage length and limiting oxygen index (LOI) as well as possessing similar physical properties compared with conventional evenly blended yarn. By using the marl structured yarns developed, meta-aramid/cotton blended woven fabrics were produced and their flammability and physical properties were evaluated. The results showed that the fabrics using the marl structured yarns had a higher minimal flame application time for ignition and LOI as well as a lower flame spread speed than fabrics using evenly blended yarns.

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Jamal, Tarique, and Mohd Sapuan Salit. "Flammability and Soil Burial Performance of Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata (wurmb) merr) Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites." Toward Successful Implementation of Circular Economy 31, S1 (October 27, 2023): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.s1.06.

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This study investigates the effects of soil burial and flammability on sugar palm fibre (SPF) (Arenga pinnata (wurmb) merr)-reinforced epoxy composites. In order to determine the flammability and biodegradability properties, experiments are conducted in accordance with ASTM standards. The hand lay-up method was used to fabricate composite samples with two different weight ratios between epoxy and SPF, which were 70:30 and 50:50. Biodegradability and flammability properties were investigated using horizontal burning tests, limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry, and soil burial. It was found that the Epoxy/SPF-50 was the composite that exhibited the fastest degradability at 0.81%/week. The result of the horizontal burning test showed that the addition of SPF reduced the burning rate but slightly increased it at 50 wt% because the ratio between epoxy and SPF exceeds the optimum fibre loading. The Epoxy/SPF-50 exhibited a better LOI value at 23.3 than pure epoxy (control), which was 19.8. From the cone calorimetry test, it was observed that the time to ignition (TTI) and total heat release (THR) values were decreased when the amount of SPF increased. Char production increases the flame-retardant protection of SPF-reinforced epoxy composites. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no published study has been conducted on the flammability and biodegradability characteristics of SPF-reinforced epoxy composites.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flammability properties'

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