Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flammability properties

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Academic literature on the topic 'Flammability properties'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Flammability properties"

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Osvaldová, Linda Makovická, and Stanislava Gašpercová. "The Evaluation of Flammability Properties Regarding Testing Methods." Civil and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cee-2015-0018.

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Abstract In this paper, we address the historical comparison methods with current methods for the assessment of flammability characteristics for materials an especially for wood, wood components and wooden buildings. Nowadays in European Union brings harmonization in evaluated of standards into each European country and try to make one concept of evaluated the flammability properties. In each European country to the one standard level which will be used by evaluation of materials regarding flammability. In our article we focused mainly on improving the evaluation methods in terms of flammability characteristics of using materials at building industry. In the article we present examples of different assessment methods at their own test methods in terms of fire prevention. On the base of old compared of materials by STN, BS and DIN methods for testing materials on fire and new methods of evaluating the flammability properties regarding EU standards before and after starting the flash over.
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Delichatsios, Michael, Bradley Paroz, and Atul Bhargava. "Flammability properties for charring materials." Fire Safety Journal 38, no. 3 (April 2003): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(02)00080-2.

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Delichatsios, M., and K. Saito. "Upward Fire Spread: Key Flammability Properties, Similarity Solutions And Flammability Indices." Fire Safety Science 3 (1991): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.3-217.

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Aini Ghazali, Siti Nadia, and Zurina Mohamad. "Thermal and Flammability Properties of Polypropylene Filled Rice Bran/Sepiolite Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.243.

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Polypropylene that consist of different loading of rice bran (RB) (0wt%, 10wt%, 20wt%, 30wt%, 40wt%) and sepiolite (SEP) (0phr, 1phr, 2phr, 3phr, 4phr, 5phr) were prepared by twin-screw extruder followed by compression moulding. The effect of RB and SEP loading on the thermal properties and flammability properties were studied through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and UL94 horizontal burning test (UL94HB) respectively. The result from TGA revealed that RB content at 40%wt and SEP content at 4phr showed good thermal stability. The sepiolite used for flammability properties had improved the flammability matrix; however, the amount of SEP use in this study is not enough to improve the flammability of PP/RB composite.
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Siddiqui, Vasi Uddin, Mohd Sapuan Salit, and Tarique Jamal. "Mechanical, Morphological, and Fire Behaviors of Sugar Palm/Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites." Toward Successful Implementation of Circular Economy 31, S1 (October 27, 2023): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.31.s1.08.

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This research aims to investigate using sugar palm fiber (SPF) and glass fiber (GF) in an epoxy matrix to develop composite materials with improved mechanical, morphological, and flammability properties. The mechanical and flammability properties are examined per ASTM standards, while the morphological study examines the fractured surfaces of the samples. Using the hand lay-up technique, the hybrid composite comprises 15% SPF, 15% GF, and 70% epoxy resin. Three treatments are applied to the SPF: untreated, alkaline treated, and benzoyl chloride treated, which enables research into the effect of fiber treatment on mechanical properties and flammability. The morphological investigation reveals that both treated SPF/GF/EP composites exhibit lower tensile strength than the untreated SPF/GF/EP composite due to inadequate mechanical interlocking at the fiber-matrix interface. However, the alkaline-treated SPF/GF/EP composite demonstrates a 24.8% improvement in flexural strength, a 1.52% increase in impact strength, and a 9.76% enhancement in flammability. Similarly, the benzoyl chloride-treated SPF/GF/EP composite improves flexural strength, impact strength, and flammability by 24.6%, 0.51%, and 5.66%, respectively. These results highlight the potential of fiber treatment to improve composite materials’ mechanical and flammability properties.
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Korolchenko, O. N., S. G. Tsarichenko, and N. I. Konstantinova. "Flammability properties of fire-retardant timber." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/pvb.2021.30.02.23-34.

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Introduction. At present, the house-building industry, that produces timber structures, is in the process of sufficiently intensive development; however, high flammability of wood is the factor that restrains widespread use of timber in construction. The purpose of this work is to optimize the conditions of application of fire-retardant timber in the construction industry. The co-authors believe that the following problems are to be solved to attain this objective:● a comparative analysis of the fireproofing efficiency of several fire-proofing agents applied to different species of wood;● determination of the character of influence produced by fire proofing agents on fire retardant properties of wood.Methods of research. The fire proofing efficiency of sample compositions designated for wood was measured in compliance with the benchmark testing method specified in GOST R 53292 (p. 6.2). Experiments were launched pursuant to the methodology and with the help of measurement instruments specified in GOST 30244–94 (Method 2) to study the extent of the pine-tree timber flammability suppression. Critical values of thermal loads that may trigger inflammation and flame propagation in timber structures, that can be described using values of the critical surface density of the heat flow, were determined pursuant to GOST 30402–96 and GOST R 51032–97. The toxicity of combustion products and the smoke generation ability of fire-retardant pine-tree samples was assessed using standard methods and measurement instruments pursuant to GOST 12.1.044–89 (paragraphs 4.18 and 4.20).Research results and discussion. Biological flame retardants, integrated biological flame retardants that also ensure moisture protection, intumescent coatings, lacquers and varnishes that are ready for use and labelled as having group I and II fire-retardant efficiency pursuant to GOST R 53292, were studied in the course of this research project. The co-authors have identified that the mass loss by all fire-retardant compositions is below 9 %, if applied to samples of larch and oak-tree timber, same as if it were applied to standard samples of pine-tree timber.The findings of the experiment conducted to assess the flammability, ignitibility, flame propagation, smoke generation ability and toxicity of combustion products have proven the maximal efficiency of the composition designated for full-cell pressure impregnation of timber that ensures the properties of the material labelled as G1, V1, RP1, T2, D2.Conclusions. Hence, the research results have enabled the co-authors to assess the discrepancy between average mass loss values demonstrated by the samples of different species of timber (alder, linden, pine-tree, larch, and oak-tree).The comprehensive study of flammability properties of timber, treated by compositions that vary in their chemical composition and mode of action of the fire proofing agent, enabled the co-authors to identify the impact produced by versatile fire-proofing agents on different flammability properties of pine-tree timber with regard taken of the fire-safe use of construction materials and constructions of buildings and structures.
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Quintiere, J. G. "A theoretical basis for flammability properties." Fire and Materials 30, no. 3 (2006): 175–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.905.

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Bilal, Ahmad, Richard JT Lin, and Krishnan Jayaraman. "Optimisation of material compositions for flammability characteristics in rice husk/polyethylene composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 33, no. 22 (September 23, 2014): 2021–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684414552542.

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A parametric study on the flammability characteristics of rice husk-reinforced polyethylene composites with various material compositions was conducted to find the “best” composites’ formulation for fire retardancy. Composites were manufactured using rice husk, maleated anhydride polyethylene and linear medium density polyethylene. The blends for manufacturing of composites were selected using mixture design approach. The individual effects of each constituent material on the fire performance of composites by cone calorimeter were studied using trace and contour plots for the various thermal and flammability properties. Regression coefficients were also estimated for each measured response. The cone calorimetry results show that the addition of rice husk improved fire retardancy of composites. The addition of maleated anhydride polyethylene did not influence the flammability properties much, except for mass loss rate and specific extinction area. The optimum mixture of rice husk, maleated anhydride polyethylene and linear medium density polyethylene for overall “best” flammability properties of the composites was also determined by multiple response optimisation using the regression models in Design Expert software. The optimum mixture for overall “best” fire retardant properties was found to be 50 wt% of rice husk, 5.6 wt% of maleated anhydride polyethylene and 44.4 wt% of linear medium density polyethylene. The flammability properties measured from composites manufactured with this formulation closely matched the values predicted by the model.
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de Oliveira, Sara Verusca, E. A. dos Santos Filho, Edcleide Maria Araújo, C. M. Correia Pereira, and Fábio Roberto Passador. "Preparation and Flammability Properties of Polyethylene/Organoclay Nanocomposites." Diffusion Foundations 20 (December 2018): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.20.92.

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Polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation, in order to evaluate the flame retardant effect of this material. For the development of nanocomposites were used the montmorillonite clay (MMT), organoclay (OMMT) and flame retardant product (FRP) with the percentage of 1, 3, 6 and 9 wt%. Grafted polyethylene with maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) was used as a compatibilizer of the systems. PE and its systems were evaluated: XRD, TEM, TG and flammability (UL94HB, oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry). The X-ray diffraction showed a partial intercalation and exfoliation as well as formation of microcomposite. The phase morphology of the systems was observed by TEM that it showed that the system with 1% OMMT clay presented a predominance of exfoliation. Already the system with 3% OMMT showed partial exfoliation and this exfoliation reduced as the clay content increased. By TG it was seen that MMT, OMMT and FRP acted improving the thermal behavior of the nanocomposites compared to PE matrix. The results obtained for the oxygen index showed that both PE and its systems presented flame retardancy behavior. By means of the horizontal flammability tests, it was found that the presence of 1% MMT clay reduced 25% the flammability of PE. By cone calorimetry it was found that the system that contains 9% of OMMT clay decreased by about 33% the flammability of PE.
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Krix, Daniel W., Megan L. Phillips, and Brad R. Murray. "Relationships among leaf flammability attributes and identifying low-leaf-flammability species at the wildland–urban interface." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 4 (2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18167.

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Leaf flammability is a multidimensional plant functional trait with emerging importance for wildfire risk management. Understanding relationships among leaf flammability attributes not only provides information about the properties of leaves as fuels in the wildland–urban interface (WUI), it can also offer an effective way to identify low-leaf-flammability species. We examined relationships between leaf ignitibility, sustainability and combustibility among 60 plant species of the WUI of eastern Australia. We found that leaf ignitibility and sustainability worked in opposition to each other as dimensions of flammability. Species with leaves that were slow to ignite were those with leaves that sustained burning for the longest, whereas species with leaves that were fast to ignite had leaves that burned for the shortest periods of time. Low leaf combustibility was related to short leaf burning sustainability but not to ignitibility. We created an overall leaf flammability index (OLFI) to rank species on emergent properties of ignitibility, sustainability and combustibility attributes in combination. We found that low-leaf-flammability species with low OLFI values had small leaf area, high leaf mass per area and high leaf water content. Our findings have implications for species selection for green firebreaks in the WUI.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flammability properties"

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Liu, Xin. "Flammability properties of clay-nylon nanocomposites." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1837.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Fire Protection Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Hill, Stephen Bernard. "Utilisation of phosphorus containing compounds to modify the properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) based polymers." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369465.

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Kop, Erhan. "Synthesis And Characterization Of Mechanical, Thermal And Flammability Properties Of Epoxy Based Nanocomposites." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609124/index.pdf.

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Polymer-clay nanocomposites have received a lot of attention because of outstanding improvements in properties when compared with neat polymeric materials. The aim of this study was to prepare epoxy-clay nanocomposites by mixing organically modified montmorillonite with an epoxy resin and to investigate the effects of clay content on the mechanical, thermal and flammability properties of the resultant nanocomposites. The production of the epoxy-clay nanocomposites was accomplished by in-situ polymerization. In the nanocomposite synthesis, organically modified clay content was varied from 1 wt.% to 9 wt.%. Araldite LY556 epoxy resin, Aradur 918 anhydride hardener, and DY070 imidazole type accelerator were used in the epoxy system. Closite 30B, an organoclay modified with methyl, tallow, bis-2-hydroxyethyl, quaternary ammonium chloride (MT2EtOH), was used as the clay material. X-ray diffraction results showed that d-spacing between the platelets of organoclay increased from 1.80 nm to 4.4 nm. The microstructures of nanocomposites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs indicated that at 1 wt.% clay loading, no clay aggregates were observed. On the other hand, beyond 1 wt.% clay loading, formation of clay agglomerations was observed. Tensile strength and tensile strain values of nanocomposites decreased with clay loading. The tensile strength value of neat epoxy resin decreased from 55 MPa to 29 MPa with 9 % clay loading. On the other hand, Young&
#8217
s modulus increased with clay content and a maximum value was obtained at 5 wt. % clay loading. At 9 % clay loading, Young&
#8217
s modulus value was 26 % higher than that of the neat epoxy resin. Impact strength property had a minimum value at 7 wt. % clay content. Flexural strength and flexural strain at break property behaved in a similar trend. They had a minimum value at 5 % clay loading. At this clay loading, flexural strength value became approximately 43 % lower compared to the flexural strength of the neat epoxy resin. On the other hand, at 9 wt.% clay loading flexural modulus value increased approximately 48 % compared to the pure epoxy resin. Up to 7 wt.% clay ratio, initial decomposition temperature of epoxy resin was slightly improved. Also, according to TGA results, amount of char formation increased with clay loading. DSC results indicate that Tg of the cured nanocomposite resins decreased from 147 oC to 129 oC with 9 wt. % clay loading. The flammability of neat epoxy resin was not significantly affected with Cloisite 30B addition.
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Steinhaus, Thomas. "Determination of intrinsic material flammability properties from material tests assisted by numerical modelling." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3273.

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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes are being increasingly used in the field of fire safety engineering. They provide, amongst other things, velocity, species and heat flux distributions throughout the computational domain. The various sub-models associated with these have been developed sufficiently to reduce the errors below 10%-15%, and work continues on reducing these errors yet further. However, the uncertainties introduced by using material properties as an input for these models are considerably larger than those from the other sub-models, yet little work is being done to improve these. Most of the data for these material properties comes from traditional (standard) tests. It is known that these properties are not intrinsic, but are test-specific. Thus, it can be expected that the errors incurred when using these in computations can be significant. Research has been held back by a lack of understanding of the basic factors that determine material flammability. The term “flammability” is currently used to encompass a number of definitions and “properties” that are linked to standardised test methodologies. In almost all cases, the quantitative manifestations of “flammability” are a combination of material properties and environmental conditions associated with the particular test method from which they were derived but are not always representative of parameters linked intrinsically with the tested material. The result is that even the best-defined parameters associated with flammability cannot be successfully introduced into fire models to predict ignition or fire growth. The aim of this work is to develop a new approach to the interpretation of standard flammability tests in order to derive the (intrinsic) material properties; specifically, those properties controlling ignition. This approach combines solid phase and gas modelling together with standard tests using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), mass fraction of flammable gases and lean flammability limits (LFL). The back boundary condition is also better defined by introducing a heat sink with a high thermal conductivity and a temperature dependant convective heat transfer coefficient. The intrinsic material properties can then be used to rank materials based on their susceptibility to ignition and, furthermore, can be used as input data for fire models. Experiments in a standard test apparatus (FPA) were performed and the resulting data fitted to a complex pyrolysis model to estimate the (intrinsic) material properties. With these properties, it should be possible to model the heating process, pyrolysis, ignition and related material behaviour for any adequately defined heating scenario. This was achieved, within bounds, during validation of the approach in the Cone Calorimeter and under ramped heating conditions in the Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA). This work demonstrates that standard flammability and material tests have been proven inadequate for the purpose of obtaining the “intrinsic” material properties required for pyrolysis models. A significant step has been made towards the development of a technique to obtain these material properties using test apparatuses, and to predict ignition of the tested materials under any heating scenario. This work has successfully demonstrated the ability to predict the driving force (in-depth temperature distribution) in the ignition process. The results obtained are very promising and serve to demonstrate the feasibility of the methodology. The essential outcomes are the “lessons learnt”, which themselves are of great importance to the understanding and further development of this technique. One of these lessons is that complex modelling in conjunction with current standard flammability test cannot currently provide all required parameters. The uncertainty of the results is significantly reduced when using independently determined parameters in the model. The intrinsic values of the material properties depend significantly on the accuracy of the model and precision of the data.
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Carrion, Domenech Luis Enrique. "Study of high flash point ethyl alcohol-based secondary fluids applied in Ground Source Heat Pumps systems." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-260335.

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Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) as secondary fluids is very popular as heat transfer fluid for indirect refrigeration system with ground source heat pump systems (GSHP) in several countries such as Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, Finland and other European countries. There have been several researches about the future ofthe refrigeration sector, refrigerants and refrigeration systems. Moreover, strict regulations such as F-gasregulation and Kigali Amendment forcing a phase down of many current widely used high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants, i.e. R134a or R410A. Therefore, secondary refrigeration systems and their working fluids are expected to play a key role in order to minimize the refrigerant charge in the systems, reduce the indirect refrigerant leakages as well as increase the safety during operation. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effect different additives to increase the flame point together with ethanol-based secondary fluids and validate their thermophysical properties by comparing them with reference values for pure ethanol water solutions. The study aims to design a new commercial ethyl alcohol-based product for GSHP system that could replace existing ones in the Swedish market and could workwith natural or flammable low GWP refrigerants. Different high flash point additives were tested such as 1-propyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, glycerol andpropylene carbonate. Thermophysical properties were investigated and a GSHP model in Excel was created in order to assess the energy performance of the resulted blends. After screening different blends and assessing the energy performance, glycerol as additive in low concentration seems to be the future for the ethyl alcohol-based secondary fluids because of its high flashpoint (160ºC) that will reduce the flammability risk associated to ethyl alcohol blends, the low viscosity (by 12% lower compared to pure ethyl alcohol blends) that help reduce pumping power by 4.5% compared topure ethyl alcohol blends. Moreover, ethyl alcohol and glycerol blend showed the lost in heat transfer coefficient by 4% lower compared to pure ethyl alcohol blends due to lower thermal conductivity compared to pure ethyl alcohol blends. Finally, it is a rather cheap and natural product which has no problem related to corrosion since ethyl alcohol and glycerol are less corrosive than water. Although, flash point test was not conducted so there is no data regarding the flash point, it is expected the flash point is increased due to the high flash point of glycerol compared to ethyl alcohol or other possible additives. Therefore, it is expected that the flammability risk associated to ethyl alcohol-based secondary fluids is reduced.
Etylalkohol (etanol) som köldbärare är mycket populärt som värmeöverföringsvätska för indirekt kylsystemmed bergvärmepumpsystem (BVP) i Sverige, Norge, Schweiz, Finland och andra europeiska länder. Fleraundersökningar har gjorts om kylsektorns framtid, köldmedier och kylsystem. Dessutom strängaförordningar som F-gas förordning och Kigali- förordning tvingar en utfasning av många nuvarande allmäntanvända köldmedier med den höga globala uppvärmningspotentialen (GWP), dvs. R134a eller R410A. Därför förväntas det att kylsystem och deras köldbärare spela en nyckelroll för att minimera köldmediumsmängd i systemen, minska de indirekta köldmedieläckage och öka säkerheten under drift. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka effekten av olika tillsatser för att öka flammanpunkten tillsammans med etanolbaserade köldbärare och validera deras termofysikaliska egenskaper genom att jämföra dem med referensvärden för rena etanolvattenlösningar. Studien syftar till att utforma en nykommersiell etylalkoholbaserad produkt för BVP-system som skulle kunna ersätta befintliga produkter på den svenska marknaden och kan arbeta med naturliga eller brandfarliga köldmedier med låg GWP. Olika tillsatser med hög flampunkt testades såsom 1-propylalkohol, n-butylalkohol, glycerol och propylenkarbonat. Termofysikaliska egenskaper undersöktes och en BVP-modell i Excel skapades för att bedöma energiprestanda för olika blandningarna. De erhållna resultaten för olika blandningar visar att glycerol i en låg koncentration som tillsats kan vara framtidens additiv för de etylalkoholbaserade köldbärare på grund av dess höga flampunkt (160 ºC) som förmodligen kan minska brandrisken för etylalkoholblandningar. Dessutom hade glycerol och etanolblandningar den lägsta viskositeten (c.a.12% lägre jämfört med ren etylalkoholblandningar) som bidrar tillen minskning av pumpeffekten med c.a. 4,5% jämfört med rena etylalkoholblandningar. Däremot visade etylalkohol och glycerol blandningen c.a. 4% lägre värmeöverövergångstal jämfört med de rena etylalkoholblandningar på grund av lägre värmeledningsförmåga jämfört med ren etylalkoholblandningar. Slutligen är glycerol en ganska billig och naturlig produkt som inte har några korrosionsproblem eftersom etylalkohol och glycerol är mindre frätande än vatten. Även om flampunkttest inte genomfördes i projektet, förväntas det att flampunkten ökas lite på grund av den höga flampunkten av glycerol jämfört med etylalkohol och andra tillsatser. Därför förväntas det att brännbarhetsrisken förknippad med etylalkoholbaserade köldbärare reduceras.
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Jasinski, Euphrasie. "Matériaux ignifugés à base de polyéthylène/éthylène acétate de vinyle et de nanotubes d’halloysite : mise en oeuvre et propriétés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10048.

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L’objectif global du projet dans lequel s’inscrit cette thèse est de diminuer la quantité d’agents retardateurs de flamme présents dans les gaines de câbles électriques tout en présentant des propriétés ignifugeantes et de vieillissement intéressantes. Le travail réalisé pendant cette thèse vise à élaborer un matériau ignifuge à base de polyéthylène linéaire basse densité (LLDPE), de copolymère éthylène-acétate de vinyle (EVA) et de nanotubes d'halloysite (HNT) pour les industries de gaines et de câbles électriques. L'halloysite est un minéral du groupe des kaolinites dont la composition chimique est basée sur Al2Si2O5(OH)4. Grâce à la présence de groupes aluminol sur la surface interne des nanotubes et de groupes silanol sur leur surface externe, les HNT peuvent être fonctionnalisés de manière sélective. Ainsi, les HNT ont été fonctionnalisés d’une part avec des molécules ignifugeantes et d’autres part avec des organosilanes afin d’améliorer leur dispersion et de contrôler leur localisation dans la matrice polymère. En effet, la dispersion et la localisation des nanoparticules dans un mélange de polymères (soit dans la phase continue, soit dans la phase dispersée, soit à l'interface) peuvent affecter certaines propriétés macroscopiques du matériau telles que la réaction au feu et les propriétés mécaniques. D'autres méthodes ont aussi été utilisées pour améliorer la dispersion et contrôler la localisation des charges dans le mélange de polymères incluant l'utilisation d'un agent de compatibilité et le changement de la séquence de mélange pendant le processus de mise en œuvre. Concernant les propriétés ignifugeantes des matériaux contenant des HNT nus, l’augmentation de la quantité de HNT entraîne une diminution du pic de chaleur relarguée (pHRR), mais aussi du temps d’ignition (TTI). L’ajout d’autres retardateurs de flamme (phosphate d’ammonium AP et pentaérythritol PER) en plus des HNT a un effet bénéfique sur le pHRR en le diminuant. De plus, le PER a contribué à augmenter le temps d’ignition des composites. Sans aucune modification chimique, il a été montré que les HNT sont localisés dans la phase d’EVA. En fonctionnalisant les HNT avec du 3-aminopropyltriéthoxysilane (APTS) et en compatibilisant le mélange avec du polyéthylène greffé anhydride maléique (PE-g-MA), dans les mélange mis en œuvre dans une micro-extrudeuse les HNT ont été localisés dans la phase de LLDPE. Néanmoins, lors de la mise en œuvre par extrudeuse il a fallu en plus réaliser un pré-mélange LLDPE/HNT−APTS/PE-g-MA avant d’ajouter l’EVA pour localiser les charges dans la phase de LLDPE. La localisation des HNT−APTS dans la phase LLDPE n’a cependant pas été bénéfique pour les propriétés ignifugeantes, celles-ci sont moins bonnes que celles pour le composite équivalent contenant des HNT nus localisés dans l’EVA. Les propriétés mécaniques et principalement l’allongement à la rupture sont aussi moins bonnes avec les HNT−APTS localisées dans le LLDPE. Ce changement n’a pas pu être attribué qu’à la localisation des charges, mais il peut aussi provenir de la nature de la molécule greffée. D’autre part, les HNT fonctionnalisés avec le PE-g-MA (localisés principalement dans la phase d’EVA et à l’interface LLDPE/EVA) ont permis de baisser le pHRR et le THR du composite LLDPE/EVA/HNT/AP comparé au composite qui contient les HNT non modifiés. Cependant, le temps d’ignition a été diminué. Enfin, les fonctionnalisations des HNT avec des molécules phosphorées ont permis d’obtenir de meilleurs résultats à la fois sur le pHRR et le THR comparés au composite LLDPE/EVA/HNT non modifiés/AP
The overall objective of the project in which this thesis is included is to reduce the amount of flame retardants present in electrical cable and wire while presenting interesting flame retardant and aging properties. The work carried out during this thesis aims to develop a flame retardant material based on linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and halloysite nanotubes (HNT) for the electrical cable and wire industries. Halloysite is a mineral of the kaolinite group whose chemical composition is based on Al2Si2O5(OH)4. Due to the presence of aluminol groups on the inner surface of the nanotubes and silanol groups on their outer surface, HNT can be selectively functionalized. Thus, on the one hand HNT have been functionalized with flame retardant molecules and on the other hand with organosilanes in order to improve their dispersion and to control their localization in the polymer matrix. Indeed, the dispersion and the localization of nanoparticles in a polymer blend (either in the continuous phase, in the dispersed phase, or at the interface) can affect certain macroscopic properties of the material such as the flammability and the mechanical properties. Other methods have also been used to improve dispersion and control the localization of fillers including the use of a compatibilizer and changing the mixing sequence during the processing. Regarding the flame retardant properties of materials containing pristine HNT, increasing the amount of HNT results in a decrease in peak of heat release rate (pHRR), but also in time to ignition (TTI). The addition of other flame retardants (ammonium phosphate AP and pentaerythritol PER) in addition to HNT has a beneficial effect on the pHRR by decreasing it. In addition, PER contributed to increase the ignition time of the composites. Without any chemical modification, HNT were shown to be localized in the EVA phase. By functionalizing the HNT with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) and compatibilizing the blend with polyethylene grafted maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA), in the blends implemented in a micro-extruder the HNT were localized in the LLDPE phase. However, in the extruder process, it was necessary to make a pre-mix of LLDPE/HNT-APTS/PE-g-MA before adding the EVA to localize the fillers in the LLDPE phase. The localization of the HNT-APTS in the LLDPE phase was not beneficial for the flame retardant properties, these are worse than those for the equivalent composite containing pristine HNT localized in the EVA. Mechanical properties and mainly elongation at break are also worse with HNT-APTS localized in LLDPE. This change could not be attributed only to the localization of the fillers, but it can also come from the nature of the grafted molecule. On the other hand, the HNT functionalized with PE-g-MA (localized mainly in the EVA phase and at the LLDPE/EVA interface) lowered the pHRR and THR of the LLDPE/EVA/HNT/AP composite compared to the composite containing the unmodified HNT. However, the ignition time was decreased. Finally, functionalization of HNT with some phosphorous molecules resulted in better results on both pHRR and THR compared to the unmodified LLDPE/EVA/HNT/AP composite
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Chung, Chung-yi, and 鐘仲毅. "A Study on the Flammability and Physical Properties of Halogen-Free Substrate Materials." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44373174754783226290.

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碩士
義守大學
材料科學與工程學系
90
The main purpose of this research is to study the flammability physical properties of halogen-free substrate materials and halogen substrate materials. The testing of ESCA and FTIR were carried out to identify the chemical composition and structure and also to identify the core material and solder mask that compose Al( OH) 3, fillers , phosphorus . By the TGA to analyze the decomposition temperature, the testing of Limit Oxygen Index and UL94 were proved the flammability and other physical property. The testing results shows the core material that compose Al(OH)3, fillers, phosphorus, it’s flammability and combustion character all meet 94VO(totally flame times is less than 50 seconds) and LOI>26 specification requirement, and core material that contains fillers of LOI=40 is the best one. In the condition of 10 wt% loss, the decomposition temperature of halogen —free substrate core material is higher than halogen substrate core material. It shows the decomposition temperature of HL832NB is 396℃, E679FG is 397℃, and HL832 is only 330℃. In addition , the result of TGA also shows, the solder mask’s decomposition temperature is higher than 256℃ and has the excellent flammability. The core materials were used in this experiment their physical properties all meet the standard requirement.
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Wang, Wen-Yu, and 王文谷. "The Dynamic Flammability, Toxic Gases and Mechanical PRoperties of Magnesium Hydroxide and Ammonium Polyphosphate Filled Polypropylene." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10480698286224607846.

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Lin, Yan-Huei, and 林晏輝. "Flame retardant and Toughening Properties of Polylactide Composites：I.Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polylactide Nanocomposites with Aluminum Trihydrate/Carbon Fiber/OrganoclayII.Toughening Properties of Polylactide Composites with branched Polymer." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hwse3t.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
化學工程研究所
100
In Part I. Polylactide (PLA) nanocomposites with aluminum hydroxide (ATH),carbon fiber and montmorillonite (Clay30B) were prepared via direct melting blending using a twin-screw mixer. In addition, add carbon fiber to try to enhance the mechanical properties of nanocomposites. The exfoliated and intercalated structures of clay in the matrix were observed by TEM and XRD. The thermal degradation temperature of the PLA/CF/ATH/MMT nanocomposite determined by thermogravimetric analysis are higher than that addition ATH and carbon fiber without organoclay. The V-0 rating of the PLA nanocomposites has been achieved, and there is no melt dripping and ignited cotton. And then add carbon fiber, the mechanical properties of the PLA/CF/ATH/Clay30B nanocomposites is higher than PLA/ATH/Clay30B nanocomposites. Results showed that adding carbon fiber to replace ATH of the nanocomposites, not only enhance the mechanical properties, also maintain the flame retardancy. In PartII. Polylactide (PLA) composites with Hyperbranched polymer were prepared via direct melting blending using a twin-screw mixer.Beacause the Hyperbranched polymer has abundant functional end groups. So add Hyperbranched polymer to try to enhance the Toughness properties of PLA composites. The thermal degradation temperature of the PLA/BP6 composite determined by thermogravimetric analysis are higher than that pure PLA.The Differential scanning calorimetry was observed the glass transition temperature(Tg) decreased with the HBP content increase in the PLA/BP6 composite. The elongation of break and impact strength of the PLA/BP6 composites huge increase when the HBP cotent over 10 percent.The SEM photos was observed brittle fracture to change ductile fracture with the HBP content increase in the PLA/BP6 composite.
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Wu, Chun-Wei, and 吳君蔚. "The Study on Improving the Flammability and Function Properties of PU Composite Films by Compounding with Metal Hydroxide and Expanded Graphite." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98xd8x.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
有機高分子研究所
96
In this study, Aluminum Tri-hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide and expanded graphite were used as halogen-free flame retardants to blend into polyurethane (DPU). Flame tests such as L.O.I. tester, Cone-calorimeter were employed to evaluate the best combination ratio between metal hydroxides and expanded graphite at a fixed additive amount of halogen-free flame retardant. The effect of addition halogen-free flame retardant and mechanical properties of PU were also investigated in this study. In addition, the synergistic effect of metal hydroxide and expanded graphite on flame retardant mechanism of PU was proposed. Experimental results indicated that flame retarded PU films which containing metal hydroxide or expanded graphite could gain a higher L.O.I. value. For specific optical density test, these films possessed the lower values of specific optical density. The lower values of pk-Heat release rate were also shown on cone calorimeter test for these films. To all of these flame retarded films, the DPU/ATH100 was found to be with better mechanical properties. Besides, DPU/ATH100 composite films presented better results in softness test, and this could be considered as an excellent candidate for a range of textile applications. Furthermore, for surface resistivity test, the lower surface resistivity index was obtained. Because of the addition of expanded graphite, it showed effective antistatic ability that might inhibit the burning from static electricity effect. Those films shown the better performance on fire retardancy and extinction coefficient were DPU/ATH100 and DPU/ATH60/EG40. The synergistic effect of metal hydroxide and expanded graphite on flame retardancy was investigated. The physical phenomena such as decreasing temperature and gas diluting were counted on contribution of the decomposition of metal hydroxides during its heating up. Moreover, the expanded graphite formed compact insulating layers after heating which would successfully restrain the transmission of heat and gas. It could be the reason that the better synergistic effect on flame retardancy was obtained.
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Books on the topic "Flammability properties"

1

Mouritz, Adrian P. Fire properties of polymer composite materials. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.

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Rosa, Maria I. De. Predicting materials' ease of combustion: Development of a simple test method. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1992.

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Mouritz, A. P., and A. G. Gibson. Fire Properties of Polymer Composite Materials. Springer, 2008.

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Fire Properties of Polymer Composite Materials. Springer, 2010.

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Mouritz, A. P., and A. G. Gibson. Fire Properties of Polymer Composite Materials (Solid Mechanics and Its Applications). Springer, 2007.

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Menna, Todd J., ed. Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics. ASM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v11b.9781627083959.

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Volume 11B serves as a reference and guide to help engineers determine the causes of failure in plastic components and make corrective adjustments through design and manufacturing modifications. It contains seven major divisions, covering polymer science and processing, material selection and design, chemical, thermal, and physical analysis, mechanical behavior and testing, degradation mechanisms, systematic failure analysis, and life assessment and optimization. It examines a wide range of factors that contribute to the properties and behaviors of engineering plastics and the effect of thermal and mechanical stresses, impact loading, fatigue, wear, weathering, moisture and chemical exposure, photochemical aging, microbial degradation, and elevated temperatures. It addresses issues such as flammability, environmental stress cracking, crazing, and stress whitening and describes the unique characteristics of polymer fracture and how to assess and predict service life using fracture mechanics. It also presents and analyzes numerous examples of failure, including design and manufacturing related failures, wear failures of reinforced plastics, and failures due to creep and yielding.
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Book chapters on the topic "Flammability properties"

1

Tewarson, Archibald. "Flammability." In Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook, 889–925. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69002-5_53.

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Aseeva, Roza M., and Gennadiy E. Zaikov. "Flammability of polymeric materials." In Key Polymers Properties and Performance, 171–229. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-15481-7_10.

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Archodoulaki, Vasiliki-Maria, and Sigrid Lüftl. "Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polyoxymethylene." In Polyoxymethylene Handbook, 257–75. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118914458.ch10.

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Low, It-Meng, Hatem R. Alamri, and Abdullah M. S. Alhuthali. "Materials Properties: Thermal Stability and Flammability." In Advanced Ceramics and Composites, 197–212. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1173-6_6.

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Jayamani, Elammaran, and Vannethasrriy Balakrishnan. "Thermal Properties and Flammability of Wood Plastic Composites." In Wood Polymer Composites, 161–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1606-8_8.

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Nyden, Marc R., James E. Brown, and S. M. Lomakin. "Flammability Properties of Honeycomb Composites and Phenol—Formaldehyde Resins." In ACS Symposium Series, 245–55. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1995-0599.ch016.

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Delichatsios, Michael A. "Prediction of Large Scale Fire Behavior Using Nuterial Flammability Properties." In Prevention of Hazardous Fires and Explosions, 29–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4712-5_3.

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Ambuken, Preejith, Holly Stretz, Joseph H. Koo, Jason Lee, and Rosa Trejo. "High-Temperature Flammability and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposites." In ACS Symposium Series, 343–60. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2012-1118.ch023.

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Satdive, Ajinkya, Saurabh Tayde, and Aniruddha Chatterjee. "Flammability Properties of the Bionanocomposites Reinforced with Fire Retardant Filler." In Composites Science and Technology, 69–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8578-1_4.

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Zeng, Zhe, Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski, Ibukun Oluwoye, and Mohammednoor Altarawneh. "Importance of Intersystem Crossing on Flammability Properties of Carbon Disulphide (CS2)." In The Proceedings of 11th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology, 77–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9139-3_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flammability properties"

1

Anez, Nieves Fernandez. "FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES OF DRY SEWAGE SLUDGES." In 13th SGEM GeoConference on ENERGY AND CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/bd4/s17.018.

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Heckenberger, Thomas E. J. "Flammability Properties of R152a versus Hydrocarbons." In Vehicle Thermal Management Systems Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-2042.

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Ibeh, Christopher C., Monika Bubacz, and Stefano Bietto. "Flammability Resistance Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15672.

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Current aerospace and naval applications require blast and flammability resistance characteristics. Materials and formulations with flammability resistance properties are most suitable in these type applications since fire and smoke toxicity are inherently associated with blast situations. In this effort, VAHLUP fabricated epoxy nanocomposites are evaluated and characterized for flammability resistance properties such as effective heat of combustion, ignition time, rate of mass loss, rate of heat release and smoke density. The effects of nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites are also evaluated. Uncoated polyaramid papers (Kevlar, Nomex with heat release rates of 0.18, 0.175 MJ/m2 respectively) exhibit better flammability resistance properties than resin/nanocomposites coated polyaramid papers. VAHLUP fabricated epoxy nanocomposites exhibit better flammability resistance properties than cast epoxy nanocomposites. Kapton, polyimide film with ignition time of 90 seconds+] give the best overall flammability resistance properties. Mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites are enhanced by processing. The preliminary data of the influence of the post-curing protocol tend to suggest the 2.0% nanoclay level as the optimal clay content level with respect to mechanical properties.
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Lee, Jason, Joseph Koo, Christopher Lam, and Ofodike Ezekoye. "Flammability Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer Nanocomposites." In 50th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-2544.

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Suvar, Niculina Sonia, Maria Prodan, Irina Nalboc, Andrei Szolloszi-Mota, and Iuliana Asimina Toplician. "FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES DETERMINATION OF AVIATION RELATED FLUIDS." In 20th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Proceedings SGEM 2020. STEF92 Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2020/1.2/s06.089.

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Koo, Joseph, Louis Pilato, and Gerry Wissler. "Flammability Properties and Microstructure Studies of Polymer Nanocomposites." In 47th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
14th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
7th. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-1856.

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Ibeh, Christopher C., and Stefano Bietto. "Flammability Resistance of Nanocomposite Foams." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43545.

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The recent attention being given to blast mitigation research by government, industry and academia implies the need for flammability resistance studies of nanocomposite foams. Fire and smoke toxicity are typically associated with blasts, and some of the current designs for blast mitigation involve the use of nanocomposites and foams. The Center for Nanocomposites and Multifunctional Materials [CNCMM] employs a nanocomposite foam impregnated honeycomb as core for its energy dissipative designs. Preliminary results indicate that other than the enhancement of mechanical properties, well formulated nanocomposite foams provide improvement in flammability resistance. In this study, flammability resistance properties of syntactic nanocomposite foams are evaluated by cone calorimetry via such parameters as smoke density, mean heat release rate (MHRR), mass loss rate (MLR) and ignition time.
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Koo, Joseph, Eric Allcorn, Blake Johnson, Min Baek, Karen Carpenter, Daniel Eils, Si Chon Lao, Carla Lake, and Patrick Lake. "Multi-component Polyamide 11 Nanocomposites: Thermal, Mechanical, and Flammability Properties." In 53rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference
20th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
14th AIAA. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-1413.

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Szollosi-Mo?a, Andrei, Maria Prodan, Irina Vasilica Nalboc, Sonia Niculina Suvar, and Iuliana Asimina Toplician. "DETERMINATION OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LYCOPODIUM AND STARCH COMBUSTIBLE POWDER." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/1.1/s03.47.

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Fine particles known as combustible dusts can cause explosions when they are suspended in the air under certain conditions. A dust explosion could result in severe fatalities, injuries, and structural devastation. The risk of such events can be reduced by knowing the flammability parameters and the physico-chemical analysis for combustible dusts, in order to take additional protective measures generated by the occurrence of these types of explosive mixtures. The purpose of this research was to identify the flammability properties for two combustible dusts, lycopodium and starch, such as minimum ignition temperature of the dust cloud and dust layer, and some physico chemical analysis regarding the composition.
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Santangelo, Paolo E., Noah L. Ryder, Andre´ W. Marshall, and Christopher F. Schemel. "Flammability of Solid Materials: An Experimental Calorimetric Approach." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63870.

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Flammability properties of solid materials are necessary to be a known parameter for many purposes: among them, forensic investigations of fire and explosion events, fire risk or hazard analysis, design and development of combustion-based systems. However, despite the large quantity of data in the literature, the flammability properties of many materials still appear not to be available or show a degree of uncertainty associated with them, which makes their value limited. The present work is aimed at proposing a calorimetric-based approach to determine some flammability and thermophysical properties of solids, with specific regard to time-to-ignition as a function of the imposed heat flux. Plastic materials have been here chosen as test cases, even though this approach has a general applicability. The two mentioned parameters have been analyzed to provide a quantitative estimation of the critical heat flux (minimum heat flux resulting in ignition). A cone calorimeter has been employed to conduct the experiments: the facility complies with standard ASTM E 1354; the related uncertainty and validity range has been evaluated through an appropriate error analysis. Finally, thermal inertia has been thereby calculated for the considered materials through a simple thermodynamic model, which is based upon critical heat flux and energy conservation.
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Reports on the topic "Flammability properties"

1

Investigation into the flammability properties of honeycomb composites. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5509.

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