Journal articles: 'Flame weeding'

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Rajković, Miloš, Goran Malidža, Mirela Tomaš Simin, Dragan Milić, Danica Glavaš-Trbić, Maja Meseldžija, and Sava Vrbničanin. "Sustainable Organic Corn Production with the Use of Flame Weeding as the Most Sustainable Economical Solution." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020572.

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Flame weeding is an alternative method of weed control. Essentially, it is a supplement to other physical and mechanical processes used in organic production. Weed control costs have a large share of the total cost of crop production. This study aimed to investigate hand weed hoeing’s cost-effectiveness, accompanied by inter-row cultivation and flame weeding applied in organic maize production using two different machines to determine the economically best solution. For this purpose, the prototype flame weeder and commercial flame-weeding machinery were used. Designed primarily for smaller fields, the prototype flame weeder was equipped with a cultivator and a 70 kg propane bottle. Commercial Red Dragon flame weeder, fitted with an 800 kg propane tank and featuring no cultivation implements, is designed for larger areas. The analysis has shown that hand hoeing produced a higher yield (8.3 t/ha in total), but it contributed significantly to the production costs. The costs per hectare decreased when the prototype flame weeder and the commercial Red Dragon flame weeder were used compared to hand hoeing. More beneficial economic impacts were recorded when the prototype flame weeder was used (489.39 €/ha) than in applying the Red Dragon flame weeder (456.47 €/ha). The efficacy of flame weeding is somewhat limited and could be enhanced by additional hand hoeing, if the effect of the machine in terms of weeding is observed. However, the analysis has shown that, in this case, investments in additional hand hoeing are not economically justified because the operating costs incurred therein (168 €/ha) were not met by a yield increase of 500 kg/ha, i.e., a surplus revenue of 100 €/ha. Moreover, the economic impacts of flame weeding would be considerably more significant in larger fields.

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Rajković, Miloš, Goran Malidža, Mirela Tomaš Simin, Dragan Milić, Danica Glavaš-Trbić, Maja Meseldžija, and Sava Vrbničanin. "Sustainable Organic Corn Production with the Use of Flame Weeding as the Most Sustainable Economical Solution." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020572.

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Flame weeding is an alternative method of weed control. Essentially, it is a supplement to other physical and mechanical processes used in organic production. Weed control costs have a large share of the total cost of crop production. This study aimed to investigate hand weed hoeing’s cost-effectiveness, accompanied by inter-row cultivation and flame weeding applied in organic maize production using two different machines to determine the economically best solution. For this purpose, the prototype flame weeder and commercial flame-weeding machinery were used. Designed primarily for smaller fields, the prototype flame weeder was equipped with a cultivator and a 70 kg propane bottle. Commercial Red Dragon flame weeder, fitted with an 800 kg propane tank and featuring no cultivation implements, is designed for larger areas. The analysis has shown that hand hoeing produced a higher yield (8.3 t/ha in total), but it contributed significantly to the production costs. The costs per hectare decreased when the prototype flame weeder and the commercial Red Dragon flame weeder were used compared to hand hoeing. More beneficial economic impacts were recorded when the prototype flame weeder was used (489.39 €/ha) than in applying the Red Dragon flame weeder (456.47 €/ha). The efficacy of flame weeding is somewhat limited and could be enhanced by additional hand hoeing, if the effect of the machine in terms of weeding is observed. However, the analysis has shown that, in this case, investments in additional hand hoeing are not economically justified because the operating costs incurred therein (168 €/ha) were not met by a yield increase of 500 kg/ha, i.e., a surplus revenue of 100 €/ha. Moreover, the economic impacts of flame weeding would be considerably more significant in larger fields.

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Gill, J., C. Laguë, N. Lehoux, G. Péloquin, J. Coulombe, and S. Yelle. "Propane Burner Characterization for Thermal Weeding." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 819E—819. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.819e.

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To develop new alternatives to chemical pesticides in agriculture, a research program was elaborated on the use of propane flamers for weed control. One part of this project is the evaluation of different propane burners commercially available. We measured the temperature distribution within the burner flames and the fuel consumption of three different types of burner. Flame characterization allowed for the selection of appropriate burners and settings for specific applications. We also investigated the effect of preemergence thermal weeding on crop establishment for 10 different crops. The use of flaming in preemergence of crops is an effective method for controlling weeds, especially for younger and broadleaf weeds. Depending on the crop, thermal weeding can affect the emergence rate when applied just before seedling emergence.

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Cisneros, Juan Jose, and Bernard H. Zandstra. "Flame Weeding Effects on Several Weed Species." Weed Technology 22, no. 2 (April 2008): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-07-113.1.

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Frasconi, Christian, Luisa Martelloni, Marco Fontanelli, Michele Raffaelli, Paolo Marzialetti, and Andrea Peruzzi. "Thermal Weed Control in Photinia x fraseri “Red Robin” Container Nurseries." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 3 (2017): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.11529.

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Abstract. A near-zero tolerance policy on weeds by markets for nursery crops calls for weed-free container-grown plants, and forces growers to frequently remove weeds. Thermal weed control could represent a novel method to control weeds in shrubs from container nurseries, thus avoiding the use of herbicides and mulches. The aims of this study were to develop custom-built machinery for thermal weed control in container nurseries and to test the weed control efficiency of flame weeding and steaming in Photinia x fraseri “Red Robin” containers. A liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fed flamer and a steamer with a dedicated diffuser were built. Four treatments were applied for a total period of 24 months: steaming once every four months, steaming once every two months, flame weeding once every two months or once a month. Temperature values measured at different depths in the substrate after thermal applications were recorded and analyzed. Photinia x fraseri features (height, diameter, and dry biomass) and aesthetic parameters as affected by thermal treatments were also evaluated. The trend in temperature values of the substrate over time followed a two-phase exponential decay. All the thermal treatments lead to a continuous near-100% weed control level, which is the level required by growers for aesthetic reasons. No damages caused by heat on Photinia x fraseri were observed. Container nursery producers could thus adopt thermal methods as a substitute for chemical solutions for weed control management. Keywords: Container nurseries, ornamental plant production, Thermal weed control, Flame weeding, Steaming, Photinia x fraseri “Red Robin”, Two-phase temperature decay model.

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Abou Chehade, Lara, Marco Fontanelli, Luisa Martelloni, Christian Frasconi, Michele Raffaelli, and Andrea Peruzzi. "Effects of Flame Weeding on Organic Garlic Production." HortTechnology 28, no. 4 (August 2018): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04081-18.

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A lack of efficient machines and strategies for cropping practices are still problems on small farms and in difficult landscapes, especially in organic crop production. The aim of this study was to develop a new weed control strategy for a typical organic garlic (Allium sativum) grown in Liguria, Italy. Flaming was proposed as an additional tool for the physical weed control program. A field experiment was conducted to test the effects of different flaming doses and timing on weed control and garlic production. The treatments consisted of a broadcast flaming at 16, 22, 37, and 112 kg·ha−1 of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at three different crop growth stages—emergence (BBCH 9), three to four leaves (BBCH 13) and six to seven leaves (BBCH 16)—once (at each growth stage separately), twice (at BBCH 9 and BBCH 13, BBCH 9 and BBCH 16, and BBCH 13 and BBCH 16 stages) or three times (all stages combined). Treatments were compared with a weedy control and hand weeding. One flaming treatment was effective in controlling weeds during the growing season. Frequent flaming treatments did not further reduce the weed biomass measured at harvest. A higher production than the weedy control, in terms of the number of marketable bulbs and yield, was obtained for all the flaming interventions carried out at more than 16-kg·ha−1 LPG dose. Garlic flamed once at BBCH 13 at any LPG dose or three times at more than 16 kg·ha−1 led to a comparable number of bulbs as hand weeding. Three flamings at an LPG dose of 22 kg·ha−1 also gave a statistically similar yield to hand weeding. In general, garlic was shown to tolerate up to three flaming treatments without a decline in the production. The decline in yield compared with hand weeding could be offset by the economical savings of the mechanization process and by integrating flaming with other mechanical tools used for weed management.

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Ascard, J. "Flame weeding: effects of fuelpressure and tandem burners." Weed Research 37, no. 2 (October 1996): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3180.1996.d01-5.x.

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Sivesind, Evan C., Maryse L. Leblanc, Daniel C. Cloutier, Philippe Seguin, and Katrine A. Stewart. "Weed Response to Flame Weeding at Different Developmental Stages." Weed Technology 23, no. 3 (September 2009): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-08-155.1.

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Flame weeding is often used for weed control in organic production and other situations where use of herbicides is prohibited or undesirable. Response to cross-flaming was evaluated on five common weed species: common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, shepherd's-purse, barnyardgrass, and yellow foxtail. Dose-response curves were generated according to species and growth stage. Dicot species were more effectively controlled than monocot species. Common lambsquarters was susceptible to flame treatment with doses required for 95% control (LD95) ranging from 0.9 to 3.3 kg/km with increasing maturity stage. Comparable levels of control in redroot pigweed required higher doses than common lambsquarters, but adequate control was still achieved. Flaming effectively controlled shepherd's-purse at the cotyledon stage (LD95 = 1.2 kg/km). However, the LD95 for weeds with two to five leaves increased to 2.5 kg/km, likely due to the rosette stage of growth, which allowed treated weeds to avoid thermal injury. Control of barnyardgrass and yellow foxtail was poor, with weed survival > 50% for all maturity stages and flaming doses tested. Flame weeding can be an effective and labor-saving weed control method, the extent of which is partially dependent on the weed flora present. Knowledge of the local weed flora and their susceptibility to flame weeding is vital for the effective use of this method.

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Malencic, Djordje, Goran Malidza, Milos Rajkovic, Biljana Kiprovski, Simonida Djuric, Kristina Petrovic, and Jovana Krstic. "Flame-weeding: Impact on soybean plants and soil microorganisms." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 139 (2020): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2039051m.

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Flame-weeding is a very useful method for weed control, especially in organic production where the use of herbicides is prohibited. With this method heat sup?presses weeds in row within a second. Apart from this, heat also affects growing crop plants and surrounding soil. The aim of this paper was to determine the effect of different propane doses, on photosynthetic and polyphenolic (total flavonoids and anthocy?nins) pigments in soybean leaves, as well as the number of microorganisms in the soil. Soybean plants exposed to flame showed a different reaction to high temperature stress, which was reflected in differ?ent content of analyzed biochemical parameters, but the most responsive were anthocyanins. Actinomycetes turned out to be the most sensitive group of soil microorganisms affected by weed flaming, while fungi were the most tolerant.

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Martelloni, Luisa, Christian Frasconi, Marco Fontanelli, Michele Raffaelli, and Andrea Peruzzi. "Mechanical weed control on small-size dry bean and its response to cross-flaming." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 14, no. 1 (March 2, 2016): e0203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2016141-7976.

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Dry bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris </em>L.) can be a profitable crop for farmers; however controlling weeds effectively without a decrease in yield remains a problem. An example where mechanical weed control is difficult to conduct is dry bean ‘Toscanello’, which is a small sized high-income niche product growing low to the ground. Concerning intra-row weed control, also flame weeding could be an opportunity but the dry bean heat tolerance needs to be studied. The aims of this research were to study the weed control efficacy of a spring-tine harrow and an inter-row cultivator in this bean variety, and to test the tolerance of dry bean cultivated under weed-free conditions to cross-flaming applied with different liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) doses. Flame weeding was applied at BBCH 13 and BBCH 14 bean growth stages by pairs of burners producing direct double flame acting into the intra-row space, with bean plants placed in the middle. The results suggest that the spring-tine harrow used two times at BBCH 13 and 14, respectively, lead to a yield similar to that of the weedy control. The inter-row cultivator could be an opportunity for small-sized dry bean crops producers, enabling them to obtain a similar yield compared to the hand-weeded control. Concerning the bean tolerance to cross-flaming<em> </em>the results showed that bean flamed at BBCH 13 stage had little tolerance to cross-flaming. Bean flamed at BBCH 14 stage was tolerant until an LPG dose of 39 kg/ha, giving yield responses similar to those observed in the non-flamed control.

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Kanellou, Electra, Garyfalia Economou, Maria Papafotiou, Nikolaos Ntoulas, Dionyssia Lyra, Epameinontas Kartsonas, and Stevan Knezevic. "Flame Weeding at Archaeological Sites of the Mediterranean Region." Weed Technology 31, no. 3 (May 16, 2017): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2016.31.

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Archaeological sites of the Mediterranean region are widely colonized by weed species causing various problems both to the monuments and the functionality of the sites. Due to recent regulatory restrictions for herbicide use at archaeological sites, flame weeding was studied as an alternative weed management method. The objective of the study was to test two propane doses (99 kg ha−1 and 129 kg ha−1) applied two, three, or four times at three archaeological sites of Greece (Kolona, Ancient Messene and Early Christian Amfipolis). Percent weed control and weed heights were significantly affected by flaming treatments. Visual evaluation of percent weed control suggested that the propane dose of 129 kg ha−1 applied four times provided excellent weed control (>90%) for over 2 months. Annual broadleaf weeds were controlled better with flaming than grasses and perennial broadleaf species. The high propane dose applied four times reduced average vegetation height to about 10 cm, which was the desirable vegetation height wanted by the managers of the archeological sites suggesting that flame weeding has the potential to be used effectively for weed management in archaeological sites of the Mediterranean region.

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Rahkonen, J., J. Pietikäinen, and H. Jokela. "The Effects of Flame Weeding on Soil Microbial Biomass." Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 16, no. 4 (January 1999): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01448765.1999.9755239.

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Miller, Timothy W., Carl R. Libbey, and Brian G. Maupin. "Evaluation of Organic Amendments and Flaming for Weed Control in Matted-row Strawberry." HortScience 48, no. 3 (March 2013): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.3.304.

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Propane flaming and organic amendments were evaluated for usefulness in matted-row strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.). Flaming was used once before transplanting ‘Hood’ strawberry (PRETR), twice before transplanting (PRETR + PRETR), or once before and once after transplanting (PRETR + POSTR) and compared with rototilling before transplanting in 2000–02. Organic amendments tested across flame treatments included corn gluten meal (CGM) at two rates, wheat gluten (WG), and mustard seed meal (MSM) with high or low glucosinolate content, and herbicides included oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, and a combination of oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin. Amendments/herbicides were applied immediately POSTR in Year 1 and again to established plants in late winter of Year 2. All plots were weeded by hand after weed evaluations were completed and weeding hours recorded. The trial was conducted twice: Iteration 1 and Iteration 2. Effect of flaming on grass and broadleaf weed ratings was brief during Year 1 of both iterations, with only slight differences observed in June and no differences by September. Total weeding time was reduced 12% by flaming PRETR once compared with rototilling in Iteration 1 and was reduced 10% by all flame treatments in Iteration 2. Rototilling reduced total berry yield and average individual fruit weight compared with flaming treatments in Iteration 1; there was no significant effect of flame on strawberry yield or individual fruit weight in Iteration 2. Organic amendments did not reduce weeding time in Iteration 1 compared with the nontreated control, although weeding time was increased 18% by CGM at 487 kg·ha−1 compared with synthetic herbicide treatments. In Iteration 2, total weeding time was reduced 14% for the two pendimethalin treatments and for high-glucosinolate MSM compared with nontreated control plots. First-year strawberry leaf area was reduced by oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin compared with nontreated strawberries (802 and 1086 cm2/plant, respectively) and was generally increased with organic amendments. Strawberry yield in Iteration 1 was increased ≈14% by CGM at 974 kg·ha−1 and WG and low-glucosinolate MSM compared with nontreated strawberry. Oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin reduced strawberry yield by ≈20% and average individual fruit weight by ≈9% (14.8 and 14.5 g/fruit) compared with nontreated strawberry (16.1 g/fruit); high-glucosinolate MSM also reduced average individual fruit weight to 14.8 g/fruit. There were no significant effects of amendments/herbicides on strawberry yield parameters in Iteration 2.

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ASCARD, J. "Effects of flame weeding on weed species at different developmental stages." Weed Research 35, no. 5 (October 1995): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1995.tb01636.x.

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Stepanovic, Strahinja, Avishek Datta, Brian Neilson, Chris Bruening, Charles A. Shapiro, George Gogos, and Stevan Z. Knezevic. "Effectiveness of flame weeding and cultivation for weed control in organic maize." Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 32, no. 1 (April 7, 2015): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2015.1028443.

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Ascard, Johan. "Flame weeding: Effects of burner angle on weed control and temperature patterns." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science 48, no. 4 (December 1998): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064719809362505.

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Guenther, Debra, and Frank Stonaker. "Organic Garlic Research in Colorado; Winter Mulching, Irrigation Systems, Spacing, Scape Removal, and Flame Cultivation." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 987C—987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.987c.

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The Specialty Crops Program at Colorado State University conducted research of hardneck garlic (Allium sativum ophioscorodon) production on certified organic land at the Horticulture Field Research Center northeast of Fort Collins, Colo., during the garlic growing seasons of 2002–03 and 2003–04. Winter mulches and irrigation treatments were studied during the first season. It was found that garlic that was covered by any type of winter mulch (grass hay, single or double layers of floating row cover) resulted in better yields (higher average bulb weight) than garlic which was not covered at all (ANOVA, F = 2.93, P = 0.034). Yields from sprinkler and furrow irrigation were essentially the same; however, furrow irrigation used nearly 30% more water. Too little water was applied to the drip-irrigated treatment and yield suffered. Our findings suggest that yields are negatively impacted when less than 12 inches of combined precipitation and irrigation are received. During the second season, clove planting spacings of 3, 4.5, and 6 inches, and flame weeding and scape removal effects on yields were studied. The bulbs that grew at a 6-inch spacing were significantly larger than those grown at 3 and 4.5 inches (ANOVA, F = 46.5, P < 0.001). Flame weeding had no significant effects on yields (t-test, P = 0.6) and may be more economical compared to hand weeding depending on fuel costs. Removing the scapes did result in slightly higher bulb weights (t-test, P = 0.06). Removing scapes takes extra labor and may not be worth the time for only slightly higher bulb weights; however, selling the edible scapes may offset the cost and generate extra income.

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Holmøy, R., and J. Netland. "BAND SPRAYING, SELECTIVE FLAME WEEDING AND HOEING IN LATE WHITE CABBAGE - PART I." Acta Horticulturae, no. 372 (August 1994): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.372.26.

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Netland, J., G. Balvoll, and R. Holmøy. "BAND SPRAYING, SELECTIVE FLAME WEEDING AND HOEING IN LATE WHITE CABBAGE PART II." Acta Horticulturae, no. 372 (August 1994): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.372.27.

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ASCARD, J. "Dose–response models for flame weeding in relation to plant size and density." Weed Research 34, no. 5 (October 1994): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1994.tb02007.x.

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Rasmussen, J. "Punch planting, flame weeding and stale seedbed for weed control in row crops." Weed Research 43, no. 6 (November 18, 2003): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0043-1737.2003.00357.x.

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Sivesind, Evan C., Maryse L. Leblanc, Daniel C. Cloutier, Philippe Seguin, and Katrine A. Stewart. "Impact of selective flame weeding on onion yield, pungency, flavonoid concentration, and weeds." Crop Protection 39 (September 2012): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2012.03.009.

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Peruzzi, Andrea, Marco Ginanni, Marco Fontanelli, Michele Raffaelli, and Paolo Bàrberi. "Innovative strategies for on-farm weed management in organic carrot." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22, no. 4 (December 2007): 246–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507001810.

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AbstractWeed management is often the most troublesome technical problem to be solved in organic farming, especially in poorly competitive crops like vegetables. A four-year (2000–2003) series of trials was established to assess the possibility of adopting an innovative non-chemical weed management system in organic carrot grown on the Fucino plateau, i.e., the most important carrot-growing area in Italy. The system utilized for physical weed control was based first on a false seedbed technique followed by pre-sowing weed removal, performed with a special 2 m wide 6-row spring-tine harrow. Prior to crop emergence, a pass with a flame weeder equipped with four 50 cm wide-open flame burners was also performed. Post-emergence weed control consisted of one or more hoeing passes with a purpose-designed 11-tine precision hoe equipped with spring implements (torsion weeders and vibrating tines), in addition to hand weeding. This innovative system was applied to a novel planting pattern (sowing in ten individual rows within 2 m wide beds) and compared to the standard management system of the area (sowing within 2 m wide beds but in five bands, use of spring-tine harrowing and flame weeding pre-emergence and of traditional hoeing post-emergence). The new system was tested in different commercial farms including both early and late-sown carrot. Assessments included machine operative characteristics, labor time, weed density and biomass, crop root yield and yield quality, and economic data (physical weed control costs and crop gross margin). Compared to the standard system, the innovative system usually resulted in reduced labor time (from 28 to 40%) and total costs for physical weed control (on average −416 € ha−1). Use of the precision hoe resulted in intra-row weed reduction ranging from 65 to 90%, which also led to a marked reduction in the labor required for hand weeding. In 2001 the two systems did not differ in terms of yield and yield quality, whereas in 2002 and 2003 the innovative system showed a higher mean density of carrot plants (from 28 to 55%), root yield (from 30 to 42%), and gross margin (from 40 to 100%). Carrot yield was higher in farms which adopted an early sowing whereas root commercial quality was somewhat variable between systems and years. In general, results obtained with the innovative management system look very promising.

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RASMUSSEN, J., C. B. HENRIKSEN, H. W. GRIEPENTROG, and J. NIELSEN. "Punch planting, flame weeding and delayed sowing to reduce intra-row weeds in row crops." Weed Research 51, no. 5 (April 3, 2011): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00858.x.

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Sandler, Hilary. "Weed Management in Cranberries: A Historical Perspective and a Look to the Future." Agriculture 8, no. 9 (September 8, 2018): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8090138.

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Integrated weed management (IWM) has been part of cranberry cultivation since its inception in the early 19th century. Proper site and cultivar selection, good drainage, rapid vine establishment, and hand weeding are as important now for successful weed management as when the industry first started. In 1940, Extension publications listed eight herbicides (e.g., petroleum-based products, inorganic salts and sulfates) for weed control. Currently, 18 herbicides representing 11 different modes of action are registered for use on cranberries. Nonchemical methods, such as hand weeding, sanding, flooding, and proper fertilization, remain integral for managing weed populations; new tactics such as flame cultivation have been added to the toolbox. Priority ratings have been developed to aid in weed management planning. Despite many efforts, biological control of weeds remains elusive on the commercial scale. Evaluation of new herbicides, unmanned aerial systems (UAS), image analysis, and precision agriculture technology; investigation of other management practices for weeds and their natural enemies; utilization of computational decision making and Big Data; and determination of the impact of climate change are research areas whose results will translate into new use recommendations for the weed control of cranberry.

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Knežević, Stevan. "Flame weeding as an alternative tool for weed management in agronomic crops: Revisiting the old concept." Acta herbologica 25, no. 2 (2016): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/actaherb1602069k.

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Rask, Anne Merete, Palle Kristoffersen, and Christian Andreasen. "Image analysis as a non-destructive method to assess regrowth of weeds after repeated flame weeding." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Soil & Plant Science 63, no. 2 (March 2013): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2012.734322.

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Martelloni, Luisa, Marco Fontanelli, Christian Frasconi, Michele Raffaelli, Michel Pirchio, and Andrea Peruzzi. "A combined flamer-cultivator for weed control during the harvesting season of asparagus green spears." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, no. 2 (June 6, 2017): e0203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017152-10668.

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Weed competition during spears harvesting reduces asparagus yields. The application of herbicides during this period is illegal, and alternative non-chemical practices are needed. This research tested the effectiveness and efficiency of a custom-built combined flamer-cultivator to control weeds (both in the inter- and intra- spears production bands) during the spears harvest season. It also analysed the effects of various liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) doses on total asparagus yield, mean spear weight, and total number of marketable spears. In both years, the asparagus spears were generally not damaged by flame weeding using LPG doses of between 43 to 87 kg/ha. The same LPG doses were effective in controlling weeds, showing the same total marketable yields as the weed-free control. At high LPG doses (e.g. 130 and 260 kg/ha), yields decreased as a consequence of the damage caused to the spears, resulting in a lower number of marketable spears. Flaming did not affect the mean spear weight, and can be applied repeatedly during harvesting to maintain the weeds at a level that does not lead to a yield reduction. The repeated use of the combined flamer-cultivator (every seven days) led to higher yields than plots where weed control was not conducted. The new machine can be used in a period when herbicides are not possible. Flaming could be introduced by asparagus producers as an alternative, or in addition to herbicides applied in the pre-emergence and post-harvest of spears.

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Silvernail, Anthony, and Michael K. Bomford. "(157) Weed Control in Organic Edamame Soybean Production." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1031D—1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1031d.

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Weed control is a major challenge confronting growers transitioning to organic vegetable production. Organic standards require that growers manage weeds without synthetic herbicides while maintaining or enhancing soil quality. In 2005, we evaluated the effects of two seedbed preparation methods and six weed management tactics, compatible with organic standards, on soil quality indicators, weed pressure, and yield of edamame soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Seedbed preparation was conducted with either a moldboard plow and roto-tiller or a spading machine. Weeds were managed by a) regular hand weeding, b) pre-emergent flaming, c) post-emergent incorporation of 100 g of corn gluten meal/m2, or weekly passes from crop emergence until row closure with d) a spring-tine weeder, e) a rolling cultivator, or f) a between-row flame weeder. Dominant weeds were smooth pigweed [Amaranthus hybridus (L.)], goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.], and giant crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.]. Smooth pigweed dominated in the corn gluten meal and spring-tine weeder treatments; goosegrass and giant crabgrass dominated in the two flamed treatments. Weed pressure was lowest, and crop yield highest, in the hand-weeded control and rolling cultivator treatments. Relative to these, crop yield was severely depressed by weed pressure in other treatments. The labile carbon concentration and enzymatic activity of soils was tested midseason, and at harvest, showed no significant treatment effects. Results suggest that the rolling cultivator offered the best weed control among the tactics tested, without adversely affecting soil quality.

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Peruzzi, Andrea, Luisa Martelloni, Christian Frasconi, Marco Fontanelli, Michel Pirchio, and Michele Raffaelli. "Machines for non-chemical intra-row weed control in narrow and wide-row crops: a review." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 48, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2017.583.

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Intra-row weed control in organic or low-input cropping systems is more difficult than in conventional agriculture. The various mechanical and thermal devices available for intra-row weed control are reported in this review. Low-tech mechanical devices such as cultivators, finger-weeders, brush weeders, and torsionweeders tend to be used in low density crops, while spring-tine harrows are mainly applied in narrow-row high-density crops. Flame weeding can be used for both narrow and wide-row sown crops, provided that the crop is heat-tolerant. Robotic weeders are the most recent addition to agricultural engineering, and only a few are available on the market. Nowadays, robotic weeders are not yet used in small and medium sized farms. In Europe, highincome niche crops are often cultivated in small farms and farmers cannot invest in high-tech solutions. Irrespectively of the choice of low- or high-tech machines, there are several weeders that can be used to reduce the use of herbicides, making of them a judicious use, or decide to avoid them.

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Stepanovic, Strahinja, Avishek Datta, Brian Neilson, Chris Bruening, Charles Shapiro, George Gogos, and Stevan Z. Knezevic. "The effectiveness of flame weeding and cultivation on weed control, yield and yield components of organic soybean as influenced by manure application." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 4 (June 22, 2015): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000216.

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AbstractPropane flaming in combination with cultivation could be a potential alternative tool for weed control in organic soybean production. Field experiments were conducted at the Haskell Agricultural Laboratory of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), Concord, NE in 2010, 2011 and 2012 to determine the level of weed control and the response of soybean grain yield and its components to flaming and cultivation within two fertility regimes (FRs) (with and without manure) utilizing flaming equipment developed at the UNL. The treatments included: weed-free control, weedy season-long and different combinations of banded flaming (intra-row), broadcast flaming and mechanical cultivation (inter-row). The treatments were applied at VC (unfolded cotyledon) and V4–V5 (4-leaf–5-leaf) growth stages. Propane doses were 20 and 45 kg ha−1 for the banded and broadcast flaming treatments, respectively. The data were collected for visual ratings of crop injury and weed control at 7 and 28 days after treatment (DAT) at V4–V5 growth stages, weed dry matter at 60 DAT, crop yield and yield components. The annual application of 101 t ha−1 manure did not alter weed community or influence the effectiveness of weed management treatment; however, it decreased soybean yield by 0.25 t ha−1 through an increased weed biomass of 0.16 t ha−1. The weed-free control plots yielded 4.15 t ha−1. The combination of mechanical cultivation and banded flaming applied twice (at VC and V4–V5) was the best treatment resulting in 80–82% weed control and 6–9% crop injury at 28 DAT and 3.41–3.67 t ha−1 yield. Cultivation conducted twice provided only 19% weed control at 28 DAT and 1.75 t ha−1 yield. Soybean plants recovered well after all flaming treatments, with the exception of broadcast flaming conducted twice (28% crop injury at 28 DAT). Combining flaming with cultivation has a potential to effectively control weeds in organic soybean production across a range of FRs.

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Martelloni, Luisa, Marco Fontanelli, Lisa Caturegli, Monica Gaetani, Nicola Grossi, Simone Magni, Andrea Peruzzi, et al. "Flaming to control weeds in seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) turfgrass." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 50, no. 3 (June 26, 2019): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2019.904.

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Weed control is crucial to ensure that turfgrass is established effectively. Although herbicides are commonly used to control weeds in turfgrasses, environmental and public health concerns have led to limiting or banning the use of synthetic herbicides in urban areas. The species seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) is susceptible to such herbicides. Flame weeding could be an alternative to the use of synthetic herbicides for selective weed control in seashore paspalum. In this study, five different liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) doses of flaming (0, 61, 91, 157 and 237 kg ha–1) were tested in order to find the optimal dose, in terms of weed control and costs. The aim was to maintain a seashore paspalum (cultivar ‘Salam’) turf free of weeds during spring greenup, and at the same time avoid damaging the turfgrass. Using a self-propelled machine designed and built at the University of Pisa, flaming was applied three times when weeds started growing and the turfgrass started green-up. Our results highlight that an LPG dose of 157 kg ha–1 was the most economic dose that led to a significant reduction in initial weed cover and density, enabling the turfgrass to recover three weeks after the third application.

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Baker, Brian P., and Charles L. Mohler. "Weed management by upstate New York organic farmers: Strategies, techniques and research priorities." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 5 (May 16, 2014): 418–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170514000192.

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AbstractWeed management is a major concern for organic farmers. Strategies and techniques used by organic farmers vary according to crops, soils, climate and other factors. Organic farmers in upstate New York experienced in weed management were interviewed about what weed–crop complexes they face, how they manage weeds, and what priorities they have for research. The interviews were complemented with an all-day focus group conducted with the farmers who were interviewed. All of the farmers interviewed relied heavily on cultural practices, such as crop rotation, fertility management, high-density planting, transplants and the use of cover crops. Mechanical practices were also important for the farmers interviewed. They emphasized selection of the appropriate tools for the situation and techniques for using tools effectively. Most of the farmers interviewed relied on intensive tillage to control perennial weeds. Differences in practices were notable among the farmers interviewed. Several farmers shared innovations both in practices and equipment modification. Farmers identified soil and nutrient management; tillage and cultivation tools and practices; natural herbicides; flame weeding and no-till systems without herbicides as research priorities. Some of the topics suggested for research have already received substantial research attention; identification of these topics by the farmers indicated a need to disseminate research findings through extension materials and demonstration of viable practices.

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Erazo-Barradas, Mauricio, Claire N. Friedrichsen, Frank Forcella, Dan Humburg, and Sharon A. Clay. "Propelled abrasive grit applications for weed management in transitional corn grain production." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 1 (June 6, 2017): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051700031x.

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AbstractWeed control is challenging to farmers who are transitioning from production systems that use synthetic herbicides to organic systems. A 2-year field study examined air-propelled corncob grit abrasion for in-row weed control efficacy and effect on corn yield. Grit was applied based on corn vegetative developmental stages with one (V1, V3 or V5), two (V1 + V3, V1 + V5, or V3 + V5), or three (V1 + V3 + V5) applications. Flame-weeding or cultivation was used after the V5 application for between-row weed control. Grit applications decreased in-row weed densities by about 60% (α = 0.05) and biomass up to 95% (α = 0.001). Between-row treatments provided similar control, and reduced weed biomass by 55% in 2013 (α = 0.01) and 86% (α = 0.001) in 2014. In-row grit treatments increased corn yield up to 44%, and yield was more influenced by in-row weeds than between row weeds. These results indicate that abrasive corncob grit for in-row weed control, supplemented with cultivation or flaming, can reduce weed biomass substantially and help maintain corn yield. However, timing and frequency of grit application need further refinement based on weed growth as influenced by climate, as treatments at similar corn growth stages did not consistently provide adequate weed control between years.

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Brainard, Daniel C., R. Edward Peachey, Erin R. Haramoto, John M. Luna, and Anusuya Rangarajan. "Weed Ecology and Nonchemical Management under Strip-Tillage: Implications for Northern U.S. Vegetable Cropping Systems." Weed Technology 27, no. 1 (March 2013): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00068.1.

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In northern U.S. vegetable cropping systems, attempts at no-till (NT) production have generally failed because of poor crop establishment and delayed crop maturity. Strip tillage (ST) minimizes these problems by targeting tillage to the zone where crops are planted while maintaining untilled zones between crop rows, which foster improvements in soil quality. ST has been shown to maintain crop yields while reducing energy use and protecting soils in vegetable crops, including sweet corn, winter squash, snap bean, carrot, and cole crops. Despite potential benefits of ST, weed management remains an important obstacle to widespread adoption. Increased adoption of ST in cropping systems for which effective, low-cost herbicides are either limited (e.g., most vegetable crops) or prohibited (e.g., organic systems) will require integration of multiple cultural, biological, and mechanical approaches targeting weak points in weed life cycles. Weed population dynamics under ST are more complex than under either full-width, conventional tillage (CT) or NT because weed propagules—as well as factors influencing them—can move readily between zones. For example, the untilled zone in ST may provide a refuge for seed predators or a source of slowly mineralized nitrogen, which affects weed seed mortality and germination in the tilled zone. Greater understanding of such interzonal interactions may suggest manipulations to selectively suppress weeds while promoting crop growth in ST systems. Previous studies and recent experiences in ST vegetable cropping systems suggest a need to develop weed management strategies that target distinct zones while balancing crop and soil management tradeoffs. For example, in untilled zones, optimal management may consist of weed-suppressive cover crop mulching, combined with nitrogen exclusion and high-residue cultivation as needed. In contrast, weed management in the tilled zone may benefit from innovations in precision cultivation and flame-weeding technologies. These short-term strategies will benefit from longer-term approaches, including tillage-rotation, crop rotation, and cover cropping strategies, aimed at preventing seed production, promoting seed predation and decay, and preventing buildup of problematic perennial weeds. However, a concerted research effort focused on understanding weed populations as well as testing and refining integrated weed management strategies will be necessary before ST is likely to be widely adopted in vegetable cropping systems without increased reliance on herbicides.

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Frear, Sara S. "Lost Writings of Howard Weeden as "Flake White." (review)." Alabama Review 60, no. 2 (2007): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ala.2007.0028.

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Cirujeda, A., J. Aibar, M. M. Moreno, and C. Zaragoza. "Effective mechanical weed control in processing tomato: Seven years of results." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 3 (November 14, 2013): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000434.

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AbstractOpen-air crops are important in Spanish horticulture. The limited number of herbicide active ingredients in minor crops, the waste problem of polyethylene (PE) plastic mulch and the high prices of biodegradable plastics leave hand-weeding and mechanical weed control as the most viable weed control methods. Different tools have been tested in northern European countries but their performance remains unknown in the edaphoclimatic situation of southern Europe. The objective of this work was to test novel physical weed control methods on processing tomato in northeastern Spain compared with other effective control methods, i.e., plastic and paper mulches. A first sequence of field trials was established from 2005 to 2008 at Zaragoza (Spain) to select the best physical control methods out of flamer, torsion weeder, finger weeder, flex-tine harrow and brush hoe used alone or in combination. The best method was the brush hoe which was then compared from 2009 to 2011 with PE mulch, biodegradable plastic mulch and paper mulch. Flamer, flex-tine harrow, torsion weeder and finger weeder performed quite irregularly due to crusty soil conditions and needed additional tools or repeated treatments to increase weed control efficacy. The brush hoe performed best in this soil situation working at about 5 cm depth. Weed biomass reduction was higher than 80% in 6 out of 7 years and similar yield was obtained in the brushed plots compared to the yield obtained with PE, biodegradable plastic and paper mulch. The brush hoe is thus a suitable option for weed control in processing tomato while the other tools were too weak to control aggressive summer weeds in the tested conditions.

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Horesh, Alon, Karam Igbariya, Zvi Peleg, and Ran Nisim Lati. "LPG Flaming—A Safe Post-Emergence Weed Control Tool for Direct Seeded and Bulb Onion." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120786.

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The demand for pesticide-free food has increased the need for sustainable organic farming. Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important vegetable crop cultivated worldwide. The available weed control tools for intra-row weeds following onion emergence are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) flaming as a pre- and post-emergence weed control method for both direct-seeded onion seedlings and transplanted onion bulbs. The safety of cross-row, where the flames are targeted to the intra-row area from both sides of the row, and broadcast flaming for bulb onion was compared. Cross-row flaming at twelve days after planting had no effect on onion dry weight, while broadcast flaming-treated plants’ dry weight was reduced by 36% as compared to controls. For the cross-row technique, the tested burners’ angle (45° and 30°) and inter-burner distances (30 and 40 cm) had no impact on weed control efficacy, and similar control levels, between 55% (15 cm) and 45% (10 cm), were observed 15 cm from both sides of the row-center. Direct-seeded onion cultivars were treated at various growth stages. The pre-crop-emergence stage was completely safe for the crop, and the second leaf stage exhibited a wide range of tolerance levels to flaming treatment across the different onion cultivars, with dry weights ranging between 39 and 117% compared to non-treated control in the flaming sensitive and tolerant cultivars, respectively. These results were validated under field conditions using the two most tolerant cultivars (Orlando and Browny); no yield reductions were observed for either cultivar when treated from the third leaf stage. In bulb onion, flaming had no impact on dry weight of shoots or roots when applied from four weeks after planting. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the potential of using flaming as a post-emergence weed control tool for direct-seeded and bulb onion, and at earlier time points than previously shown. Cross-row flaming proved effective for controlling intra-row weeds and can lower weeding costs. Future research should evaluate the safety of sequential applications and test complementary control methods for the initial growth stages.

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Gómez-Delgado, F., O. Roupsard, R. Moussa, G. le Maire, S. Taugourdeau, J. M. Bonnefond, A. Pérez, et al. "Modelling the hydrological behaviour of a coffee agroforestry basin in Costa Rica." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 3 (May 17, 2010): 3015–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-3015-2010.

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Abstract. The profitability of hydropower in Costa Rica is affected by soil erosion and sedimentation in dam reservoirs, which are in turn influenced by land use, infiltration and aquifer interactions with surface water. In order to foster the provision and payment of Hydrological Environmental Services (HES), a quantitative assessment of the impact of specific land uses on the functioning of drainage-basins is required. The present paper aims to study the water balance partitioning in a volcanic coffee agroforestry micro-basin (1 km2, steep slopes) in Costa Rica, as a first step towards evaluating sediment or contaminant loads. The main hydrological processes were monitored during one year, using flume, eddy-covariance flux tower, soil water profiles and piezometers. A new Hydro-SVAT lumped model is proposed, that balances SVAT (Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer) and basin-reservoir routines. The purpose of such a coupling was to achieve a trade-off between the expected performance of ecophysiological and hydrological models, which are often employed separately and at different spatial scales, either the plot or the basin. The calibration of the model to perform streamflow yielded a NS coefficient equal to 0.80, while the validation of the water balance partitioning was consistent with the independent measurements of actual evapotranspiration (R2=0.79, energy balance closed independently), soil water content (R2=0.49) and water table level (R2=0.90). An uncertainty analysis showed that the streamflow modelling was precise for nearly every time step, while a sensitivity analysis revealed which parameters mostly affected model precision, depending on the season. It was observed that 64% of the incident rainfall R flowed out of the basin as streamflow, 25% as evapotranspiration and the remaining 11% was attributed to deep percolation. The model indicated an interception loss equal to 4% of R, a surface runoff of 5% and an infiltration component of 91%. The modelled streamflow was constituted by 63% of baseflow originating from the aquifer, 29% of subsurface non-saturated runoff and 8% of surface runoff. Given the low surface runoff observed under the current physical conditions (andisol) and management practices (no tillage, planted trees, bare soil kept by weeding), this agroforestry system on a volcanic soil demonstrated potential to provide valuable HES, such as a reduced superficial displacement-capacity for fertilizers, pesticides and sediments, as well as a streamflow regulation function provided by the highly efficient mechanisms of aquifer recharge and discharge. The proposed combination of experimentation and modelling across ecophysiological and hydrological approaches proved to be useful to account for the behaviour of a given basin, so that it can be applied to compare HES provision for different regions or management alternatives.

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Gómez-Delgado, F., O. Roupsard, G. le Maire, S. Taugourdeau, A. Pérez, M. van Oijen, P. Vaast, et al. "Modelling the hydrological behaviour of a coffee agroforestry basin in Costa Rica." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 28, 2011): 369–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-369-2011.

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Abstract. The profitability of hydropower in Costa Rica is affected by soil erosion and sedimentation in dam reservoirs, which are in turn influenced by land use, infiltration and aquifer interactions with surface water. In order to foster the provision and payment for Hydrological Environmental Services (HES), a quantitative assessment of the impact of specific land uses on the functioning of drainage-basins is required. The present paper aims to study the water balance partitioning in a volcanic coffee agroforestry micro-basin (1 km2, steep slopes) in Costa Rica, as a first step towards evaluating sediment or contaminant loads. The main hydrological processes were monitored during one year, using flume, eddy-covariance flux tower, soil water profiles and piezometers. A new Hydro-SVAT lumped model is proposed, that balances SVAT (Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer) and basin-reservoir routines. The purpose of such a coupling was to achieve a trade-off between the expected performance of ecophysiological and hydrological models, which are often employed separately and at different spatial scales, either the plot or the basin. The calibration of the model to perform streamflow yielded a Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) coefficient equal to 0.89 for the year 2009, while the validation of the water balance partitioning was consistent with the independent measurements of actual evapotranspiration (R2 = 0.79, energy balance closed independently), soil water content (R2 = 0.35) and water table level (R2 = 0.84). Eight months of data from 2010 were used to validate modelled streamflow, resulting in a NS = 0.75. An uncertainty analysis showed that the streamflow modelling was precise for nearly every time step, while a sensitivity analysis revealed which parameters mostly affected model precision, depending on the season. It was observed that 64% of the incident rainfall R flowed out of the basin as streamflow and 25% as evapotranspiration, while the remaining 11% is probably explained by deep percolation, measurement errors and/or inter-annual changes in soil and aquifer water stocks. The model indicated an interception loss equal to 4% of R, a surface runoff of 4% and an infiltration component of 92%. The modelled streamflow was constituted by 87% of baseflow originating from the aquifer, 7% of subsurface non-saturated runoff and 6% of surface runoff. Given the low surface runoff observed under the current physical conditions (andisol) and management practices (no tillage, planted trees, bare soil kept by weeding), this agroforestry system on a volcanic soil demonstrated potential to provide valuable HES, such as a reduced superficial displacement-capacity for fertilizers, pesticides and sediments, as well as a streamflow regulation function provided by the highly efficient mechanisms of aquifer recharge and discharge. The proposed combination of experimentation and modelling across ecophysiological and hydrological approaches proved to be useful to account for the behaviour of a given basin, so that it can be applied to compare HES provision for different regions or management alternatives.

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Gál, I., P. Pusztai, and L. Radics. "Comparison of weed management methods in organic carrot." International Journal of Horticultural Science 9, no. 1 (April 14, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.31421/ijhs/9/1/376.

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14 combinations of mechanical and also physical (thermal) weed management techniques are compared for organic growing of carrot. Crop of our weed management research is carrot because of its difficulties in weed management (long growing period, poor weed tolerance) and because carrot needs to be important product of organic farming. Herbicide treatment is used as control — cultivator, brush hoe, hand hoeing and hand weeding are mechanical control tools and flame weeder is used for thermal control. Measured parameters are the weed cover, cover of the crop and dry mass of them. Result of the two appraisable years shows contradictory results, which contradiction can be justifiable with different weather conditions of these two vegetation periods. In 2000 brush hoe was significantly the best in interrows but in the year 2001 cultivator combined with hand weeding in rows seemed to show the best result. We can see in this example that agriculture and weed management depends very much on the weather of the year, so that is why it is so difficult to develop a method, which can be generally used for organic weed control of carrot.

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Loni, Reihaneh, Mohammad Loghavi, and Abbas Jafari. "Design, Development and Evaluation of Targeted Discrete-Flame Weeding for Inter-row Weed Control Using Machine Vision." American Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7726/ajast.2014.1003.

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Martelloni, Luisa, Marco Fontanelli, Lisa Caturegli, Monica Gaetani, Nicola Grossi, Simone Magni, Andrea Peruzzi, et al. "Flaming to control weeds in seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) turfgrass." Journal of Agricultural Engineering, June 26, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2018.904.

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Weed control is crucial to ensure that turfgrass is established effectively. Although herbicides are commonly used to control weeds in turfgrasses, environmental and public health concerns have led to limiting or banning the use of synthetic herbicides in urban areas. The species seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatumSw.) is susceptible to such herbicides. Flame weeding could be an alternative to the use of synthetic herbicides for selective weed control in seashore paspalum. In this study, five different liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) doses of flaming (0, 61, 91, 157 and 237 kg ha-1) were tested in order to find the optimal dose, in terms of weed control and costs. The aim was to maintain a seashore paspalum (cultivar ‘Salam’) turf free of weeds during spring green-up, and at the same time avoid damaging the turfgrass. Using a self-propelled machine designed and built at the University of Pisa, flaming was applied three times when weeds started growing and the turfgrass started green-up. Our results highlight that an LPG dose of 157 kg ha-1was the most economic dose that led to a significant reduction in initial weed cover and density, enabling the turfgrass to recover three weeks after the third application.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flame weeding'

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