Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Flame retardant materials'
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Yang, Yunxian. "Bio-based flame retardant for sustainable building materials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668530.
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As new promising alternatives, novel bio-based materials are already developed to apply in construction sectors due to biodegradability, low toxicity, sustainability, renewability, and acceptable general properties. However, their flammability and need to guarantee a low fire risk in the constructions is also an essential factor to restrict their further application. This thesis focused on investigation of bio-based material with good flame-retardant performance and corresponding flame-retardant mechanism. The detailed investigation was developed by following stages: synthesis of bio-based flame retardant and its application in PLA; effect of bio-based flame retardant on the fire resistance and other properties of natural fiber reinforced PLA. Finally, the smouldering and combustion performances of the bio-based thermal insulation material made from natural fiber were studied as well.
1) On basis of bio-based concept, PA and THAM were selected as raw material to synthesize a novel flame retardant and the chemical structure was confirmed via some characterizations. Afterwards, this synthetic product PA-THAM was employed as an efficient flame retardant to PLA by melt mixing. This binary system showed an improvement in flame retardancy, which was achieved by a combination of heat transfer effect, slight dilution and barrier action. For example, only 3 wt% loading of PA-THAM imparted PLA-based biocomposite LOI value of 25.8% and UL 94 V-0 level, as well as a significant self-extinguishing ability was observed. Besides, the molten viscosity of biocomposite also demonstrated more reduction compared with neat PLA due to the lubrication of PA-THAM, while there was little change in the mechanical properties.
2) PA-THAM and corn pith cellulose (OCC) were combined via in-situ modification and used to prepare a PLA-based biocomposite. After OCC was modified by PA-THAM successfully, which was proved by SEM/ EDS, FTIR, and TGA, the effect of PA-THAM on thermal stability and fire behaviors of PLA-based composite were also investigated accordingly. 5 phr addition of PA-THAM enabled this natural fiber reinforced polymer biocomposite (NPC) to illustrate a 50 °C higher temperature at maximum degradation rate than control sample without additive, and an improvement was also obtained in flame retardant properties with an increase of LOI value, a reduction of PHRR, and more char residue. The predominant flame-retardant mechanism focused on the synergistic effect of PA-THAM and OCC that occurred in condensed phase. Besides, the same level introduction of PA-THAM improved the interfacial affinity between PLA and OCC that maintained good mechanical properties as well.
3) A bio-based thermal insulation material was made from corn pith cellulose, alginate, and bio-efficient flame retardants. After introducing these bio-based additives, the smouldering and flaming combustion behaviors were improved significantly. Compared with the reference sample, thermal insulation particleboard with 8 wt% loading of a mixture of PA-THAM and a sodium borate salt (DOT) increased the initial temperature of smoldering ignition by 70 ºC, and meanwhile, the value of PHRR in flaming combustion decreased by 25.5%. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity was hardly affected, while the temperature at which the maximum thermal degradation occured increased. The correlative flame retardant mechanism was attributed to a synergistic effect from both flame retardants, which promoted a formation of more stable charring layer at initial stage.Los materiales de base biológica ofrecen una alternativa prometedora para aplicaciones en el sector de la construcción, debido a que se trata de materiales biodegradables, renovables y de baja toxicidad. Sin embargo, su capacidad de inflamar y la necesidad de mantener un bajo riesgo frente a incendios en los edificios es un factor esencial para restringir su posterior aplicación. Esta tesis se ha centrado en el desarrollo de materiales de base biológica con buen comportamiento frente al fuego y la investigación de los mecanismos de los retardantes de llama involucrados. La investigación se desarrolló en tres etapas que se detallan a continuación. 1) Partiendo del concepto de base biológica, se seleccionaron PA y THAM como materias primas para sintetizar un nuevo retardante de llama y la estructura química se confirmó mediante la caracterización del compuesto resultante. Posteriormente, este producto sintético PA-THAM se empleó como un retardante de llama eficiente para PLA mediante mezcla fundida. Este sistema binario mostró una mejora en la resistencia al fuego, que se logró mediante una combinación de los efectos de transferencia de calor, ligera dilución y acción barrera. Por ejemplo, con sólo un 3% en peso de carga de PA-THAM se logró un valor de LOI de 25,8% del compuesto de PLA y un nivel UL 94 V-0, así como una capacidad de autoextinción significativa. Además, la viscosidad fundida del biocompuesto también se redujo en relación a la del PLA puro debido a la lubricación ejercida por el PA-THAM. Por otro lado, la adición del retardante ocasionó pocos cambios en las propiedades mecánicas. 2) El retardante basado en PA-THAM y la fracción fina obtenida triturando la médula de maíz (OCC) se combinaron mediante modificación in situ y se usaron para preparar un biocompuesto basado en PLA. La médula de maíz fue modificada con éxito con el PA-THAM, la cual cosa se demostró por SEM / EDS, FTIR y TGA, el efecto de PA-THAM sobre la estabilidad térmica y el comportamiento al fuego del material compuesto a base de PLA también fueron investigados. La adición de 5 phr de PA-THAM permitió a este biocompuesto reforzado con fibras naturales (NPC) alcanzar una temperatura 50 °C más alta en el punto de degradación máximo comparado con la muestra de control sin aditivo. También se obtuvo una mejora en el comportamiento al fuego con un aumento del valor de LOI, una reducción del pico máximo del ritmo de liberación de calor (PHRR), y una mayor formación de residuo carbonizado. El mecanismo ignífugo predominante se centró en el efecto sinérgico del PA-THAM y la OCC que ocurrió en la fase condensada. Además, el mismo nivel de introducción de PA-THAM mejoró la afinidad interfacial entre PLA y OCC que también mantuvo buenas propiedades mecánicas. 3) Se prepararon muestras de un material de aislamiento térmico de base biológica a partir de médula de maíz, alginato y retardantes de llama de origen biológico. La adición del retardante de llama de base biológica logró mejorar significativamente el comportamiento al fuego, y el fenómeno de combustión sin llama (smouldering). En comparación con la muestra de referencia, el panel aislante con una carga de 8% en peso de una mezcla de PA-THAM y una sal de borato de sodio (DOT) aumentó la temperatura inicial a la que se produce la combustión sin llama en 70 ºC y, permitió reducir el valor de PHRR en un 25.5%. Además, la conductividad térmica apenas se vio afectada, mientras que la temperatura a la que se produce el valor máximo de degradación térmica aumentó notablemente. El análisis del mecanismo de acción de los retardantes reveló la existencia de un efecto sinérgico de ambos retardantes de llama, que promovió la formación de una capa de carbonización más estable en la etapa inicial.
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Prieur, Benjamin. "Modified lignin as flame retardant for polymeric materials." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10083/document.
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Ce travail consiste à contribuer à la valorisation de la lignine, un sous-produit important de l’industrie du papier. L’objectif est d’utiliser la lignine comme retardateur de flamme (FR) pour les matériaux polymères. Dans un premier temps, la lignine fut phosphorylée. Des analyses structurales ont permis d’établir que du phosphore est lié de manière covalente à la lignine. La conséquence est que la stabilité thermique ainsi que la quantité de résidu charbonné sont fortement améliorées. Les lignines de départ et phosphorylée ont été incorporées dans des polymères thermoplastiques afin d’évaluer l’influence du phosphore ainsi que les performances au feu. Des propriétés prometteuses ont particulièrement été obtenues dans l’acide polylactique (PLA) et l’acrylonitrile-butadiène-styrène (ABS). Des formulations combinant les lignines avec d’autres additifs furent développées, et leurs performances au feu discutées. Ainsi, un large screening considérant la lignine comme FR fut réalisé. Le système comprenant la lignine, de départ ou phosphorylée, dans l’ABS fut finalement étudié en détail afin d’en élucider leur mécanisme d’action. Un effort particulier fut porté sur la réaction au feu ainsi que la dégradation thermique de ce composite. Durant sa dégradation thermique, la lignine produit une couche carbonée qui limite les échanges de masse entre le polymère et la flamme, permettant d’améliorer la réaction au feu de l’ABS. Cette barrière est d’autant plus efficace en utilisant la lignine phosphorylée. Il a été observé que le phosphore est actif dans la phase condensée, provoquant une formation plus rapide de la barrière, qui est également plus stable thermiquementThe aim of this PhD is to contribute to the valorization of lignin, an abundant byproduct of pulping industry by using it as flame retardant (FR) additive for polymeric materials. First, phosphorylation of lignin was undertaken. According to structural characterization, phosphorus was found to be covalently bonded to lignin. As a consequence, the thermal stability of lignin was enhanced as well as the char yield. Based on these results, both neat and phosphorylated lignin were incorporated in several polymers in order to assess their FR performance and the influence of phosphorus. Promising results were especially obtained in polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). Then FR performance of formulations combining lignins and other additives was discussed. A large screening using lignin as FR additive in PLA and ABS was therefore achieved. The system considering phosphorylated lignin in ABS was finally investigated in detail. FR performance as well as thermal degradation were deeply studied. Lignin produces a char when exposed to a flame or a heat source which acts as a physical layer by mainly limiting mass transfers between the burning polymer and the flame. The char produced by phosphorylated lignin demonstrated a higher efficiency, thus leading to enhanced FR properties. Phosphorus was indeed active in the condensed phase, promoting the char formation and leading to structures which stabilize the char. The mode of action of lignin and phosphorylated lignin as flame retardant additive in ABS was elucidated
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Owen, Steven Robert. "Antimony oxide compounds for flame retardant ABS polymer." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27210.
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Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) is a common additive in flame retardant formulations and a study has been made to determine the effects of adding it alone, or with four commercial brominated materials (OBDPO, BTBPE, TBBA and PDBS80) to ABS polymer. The results focus upon mechanical, rheological, microscopical and flame retardant properties, and the effects of different Sb2O3 grades with average particle sizes ranging from 0.1 to 11.8 μm. The Sb2O3 was mainly studied up to 12 wt% loading in ABS, since this is considered to be the maximum level used in commercial flame retardant formulations.
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Mulcahy, Ciara(Ciara Renee). "Analysis of patent data for flame-retardant plastics additives." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131011.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, May, 2020Cataloged from the official PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 33-35).
Plastics are commercially produced by selecting a polymer resin and incorporating chemical additives to affect specific mechanical, chemical or aesthetic properties of the plastic products. The number of possible combinations of polymers and additives yields an enormous engineering space to meet the design requirements of the many applications of plastic materials. However, the broad scope of plastics science hinders both the invention of new plastics formulations and efforts to investigate potentially harmful polymer resins and plastic additives. In this thesis, a method of representing and analyzing the claims section of patents is presented and applied to a set of patents that refer to flame retardants. The claims section of a patent is presented as a graph, with individual claims as points and references between claims as lines connecting those points.
The chemical terms mentioned in the text of each of the claims were split into individual words or short sequences of words, called "tokens", by an existing materials tokenizer that had been trained on scientific journal articles. The term frequency - inverse document frequency (tf-idf) statistic for each token within each claim was computed, using the entire claims section of the individual patent to calculate the document frequency. Each claim was attributed the tokens that had tf-idf scores greater than the highest-scoring term shared with a claim to which that claim referred. By researcher inspection, this method served to extract relevant chemical terms, while omitting words that did not contribute to the chemical relevance of the claim or patent as a whole. A visualization of these labelled graphs of the claims was generated.
This reduced, graphical representation of materials patents could be implemented to aid in researcher review or computational tasks to survey for chemical components or resin-additive compatibilities. Such a representation of patent data could make the prioritization and review of commercial chemicals a more tractable task.
by Ciara Mulcahy.
S.B.
S.B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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Sharzehee, Maryam. "The use of urea condensates as novel flame retardant materials." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15232/.
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The aim of this work was to produce environmentally safe flame-proofing compositions to give a wash-durable finish on textile and other substrates. Thus this work describes the preparation and application of new urea condensates formed from the reaction of urea with a variety of chemicals including phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid and sulphamic acid; the condensates gave different degrees of flame retardancy (FR) on a variety of substrates. Studies of urea thermal decomposition showed the production of isocyanic acid and ammonia, above "the urea melting point (l3S•C). Using an open reaction vessel, urea, sulphamic acid and phosphorous acid gave an exothermic reaction over the temperature range 120 - 140'C with gas liberation. The condensates thus formed contained aliphatic polyamide chains, containing urea groups and sulphur and phosphorus residues. According to the type and amount of initial materials, various urea condensates, capable of imparting different degrees of flame retardancy, were synthesized. The sulphamic acid/urea (SIU), phosphoric acid /urea (P AIU), sulphamic acid/phosphoric acid/urea (SJPAIU) and also sulphamic acid/phosphorous acid/urea (S/PH/U) condensates were produced. When these urea condensates were cooled down, Water-soluble products were produced, and these materials could be applied to the textile substrate using a pad-bake technique. Cotton fabrics were treated with these condensates: typically a pad-liquor contained 500 g/l of urea condensate, 10 g/I of wetting agent; fabric was padded to 80% wet pick-up, dried (80'C) and cured for two minutes (l65'C). These urea condensates, when cured on cotton at high temperature (16S'C), change to water-insoluble products; as a result of reactions between cellulose hydroxyl group and the urea condensate a complicated polymer structure network can be produced on the surface of a fabric and a flame retardant effect imparted. The SIU condensate only produced partial FR properties, while the rest of the compounds produced completely flame retardant fabrics. FT-IR analysis and NMR analysis was carried out on the urea condensates and also on the flame retardant fabrics. DSC thermal analysis was performed on the initial materials, urea condensates and also the treated fabrics. The characterization of urea condensate treated fabrics were studied further using SEM and energy dispersion X-ray micro analysis. In the case of the urea condensates a small amount of sulphamic acid has a significant influence on the reaction between phosphating agents and urea; in fact the presence of SA reduces the exothennic reaction. However, at high concentrations of urea, the exothermic reaction occurred at a higher temperature and a hard crystalline product was produced, thus application required dissolution in warm water (50•C). A urea condensate of 1 mole sulphamic acid, 1 mole phosphorus acid and up to 18 moles of urea could produce a durable flame retardant finish on cotton fabric. A higher amount of phosphorous acid in the urea ~ondensate products (IS/2PH/IOU) reduced the exotherm temperature and a high quality flame retardant effect was produced on cotton fabric. The evenness of phosphorus and sulphur elemental distribution on the surface and cross section of treated fibre was confirmed using SEM. Desirable flame retardancy effects from the urea condensate treated fabrics were obtained with comparatively low levels of sulphur and phosphorus (in comparison with the current commercially available Proban and Pyrovatex treated fabrics). However, in the washing process of the condensate-treated fabr ics, no significant reduction in P or S concentration/level was found. The excellent flame retardancy of the new system can be explained due to the N/P/S containing polymer formed on the surface of the fabric. DSC results from the treated fabrics confirmed these observations. Fabrics treated with Pro ban and Pyrovatex showed a very sharp exotherm after 300'C, but for fabrics treated with the urea condensates only a small exotherm effect appeared. In FT-IR analysis and NMR analysis, the production of aliphatic polymer chains of different length was verified , however, for the insoluble product formed in situ by heating at 160'C, and also for the condensates formed on the fabric at high temperature, a complicated polymer structure was shown to contain a possible combination of cyanuric acid, cyclic urea, triazine and melamine. All these materials have been identified in the FT-IR spectra of a water- insoluble urea product formed at 160•C. To make a model reaction with other hydroxyl group-containing substrates, starch and polyvinyl alcohol were treated with the ISI2PH/IOU condensate. The flame retardancy effect on both these treated substrates was confirmed by DSC thermal analysis. Advantages of this new wash-durable FR system over the currently available Proban/Pyrovatex systems include: no formaldehyde, low cost, ready availability of materials, simplicity of the treatment (no specific equipment required), and maintenance of all the desirable physical properties of the fabric, such as soft handle, acceptable tensile strength, no effect on dyed grounds and also no yellowing of the fabric.
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Demir, Hasan Ülkü Semra. "Synergistic effect of natural zeolites on flame retardant additives/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2004. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/kimyamuh/T000514.rar.
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Liu, Jiacheng. "Fabrication, Synthesis, and Characterization of Flame Retardant and Thermally Stable Materials: Flame Retardant Coating for Polyurethane Foam and Fused-ring Benzo-/naphthoxazines." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1491229961956675.
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Hapuarachchi, Tharindu Dhanushka. "Development and characterisation of flame retardant nanoparticulate bio-based polymer composites." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/532.
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Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanoclays, there has been a great deal of research conducted for uses in applications such as: energy storage, molecular electronics, structural composites, biomedical to name but a few. Owing to their unique intrinsic properties and size means that they have an ever growing potential in the consumer and high technology sectors. In recent years the concept of using these as fillers in polymers has shown great potential. One such function is, as flame retardant additives. These possess much better environmental credentials than halogenated based additives as well as only needing to use a small loading content compared to traditional micron sized fillers. The combination of the above make these fillers ideal candidates for polymers and their composites. Especially with regards to natural fibre composites. Owing to environmental awareness and economical considerations, natural fibre reinforced polymer composites seem to present a viable alternative to synthetic fibre reinforced polymer composites such as glass fibres. However, merely substituting synthetic with natural fibres only solves part of the problem. Therefore selecting a suitable material for the matrix is key. Cellulose is both the most common biopolymer and the most common organic compound on Earth. About 33 % of all plant matter is cellulose; i.e. the cellulose content of cotton is 90 % and that of wood is 50 %. However just like their synthetic counterparts, the poor flame retardancy of bio-derived versions restricts its application and development in important fields such as construction and transportation. Abstract -vi- Traditional methods to improve the flame retardancy of polymeric material involve the use of the micron sized inorganic fillers like ammonium polyphosphate (APP) or aluminium trihydroxide (ATH). Imparting flame retardancy with these inorganic fillers is possible but only with relatively high loadings of more than 50 wt. %. This causes detrimental effects to the mechanical properties of the composite and embrittlement. Applying nanofillers can achieve similar if not better flame retarding performances to their micron sized counterparts but at much lower loading levels (<10 wt.%), thus preserving better the characteristics of the unfilled polymer such as good flow, toughness, surface finish and low density. This is the main focus of this study and it will be achieved by using various experimental techniques including the cone calorimeter and the newly developed microcalorimeter. After a comprehensive literature survey (Chapter 2), the experimental part of the thesis starts with a feasibility study of a flame retardant natural reinforced fibre sheet moulding compound (SMC) (Chapter 3). This work demonstrated that with a suitable flame retardant the peak heat release rate can be reduced. Chapter 4 deals with further improving the flame retardancy of the previously used unsaturated polyester resin. The aim is to study any synergistic behaviour by using aluminium trihydroxide in conjunction with ammonium polyphosphate whilst testing in the cone calorimeter. In Chapter 5, nanofillers are used to replace traditional micron sized fillers. In unsaturated polyester, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and sepiolite nanoclay are used together to create a ternary polymer nanocomposite. The microcalorimeter was employed for screening of the heat release rate. This work showed that the ternary nanocomposite showed synergistic behaviour with regards to significantly reducing the peak heat release rate. Abstract -vii- The same nanofillers were utilised in Chapters 6 and 7 but this time in combination with a thermoplastic (polypropylene) and bio-derived polymer (polylactic acid), respectively. In both systems an improved flame retardancy behavior was achieved whist meeting the recyclability objective. Chapter 8 attempts to show how the optimised natural fibre composite would behaviour in a large scale fire test. The ConeTools software package was used to simulate the single burning item test (SBI) and to classify the end product. This is a necessity with regards to commercialising the product for consumer usage. Finally, Chapter 9 is a summary of the work carried out in this research as well as possible future work that should be conducted.
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Anderton, Edwyn Christopher Morgan. "Relationships between polymer-additive molecular structure and intumescent flame retardant behaviour." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1990. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19277/.
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This thesis describes studies of the relationship between the molecular structure of a range of organophosphorus-based polymer additives and their ability to confer intumescent flame retardant properties on the resulting polymers. The development of intumescent fire retardants is discussed along with the principles of flame retardancy in general. Much of the work centred around the chemistry of a key starting material, pentaerythritol phosphate (PEPA). This compound was found to be less reactive than expected, due to a combination of its neopentyl type structure and the electron withdrawing effect of the phosphoric ester functionality. Various derivatives of PEPA were synthesised, most containing reactive functional groups which facilitated future development of the compound. The derivatives containing no reactive groups were investigated for their intumescent behaviour in their own right. Derivatives of PEPA containing an acidic functionality were utilised in the production of intumescent salt systems using cations with a high nitrogen content in the form of s-triazines. The most promising was the trimethylolmelamine salt of a bis-PEPA derivative of phosphoric acid, which, on testing, proved to be more effective than the current "state of the art" intumescent additive. Metal salts of acidic PEPA-derivatives were also investigated. Derivatives of PEPA containing a carbon-carbon double bond were investigated for their potential to polymerise and thus form more stable additives. Only one such polymer was successfully synthesised, that being poly (PEPA methacrylate). Despite being non-intumescent, due to its high thermal stability this polymer has potential as a flame retardant additive. The monomer was found to copolymerise with methyl methacrylate to form a polymer of high thermal stability. When investigating the relationship between the molecular structure of the compounds developed and their intumescent behaviour, it was observed that only compounds containing an ionisable hydrogen atom exhibited intumescent decomposition on pyrolysis.
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Gaffen, Joshua R. "Functional Main Group Materials: From Flame Retardant Ions (FRIONs) for Lithium-Ion Batteries to Polymeric Oxaphospholes." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1513801198165435.
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Shan, Fei Shan. "SYSTEMATIC STUDIES ON HIGH PERFORMANCE FLAME RETARDANT OF THIAZOLE SUBSTITUTED POLYBENZOXAZINE AND POLYBENZOXAZINE-LAPONITE NANOCOMPOSITE CONTAINING HIGH NANOFILLER CONTENT." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1522861786561848.
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Krause, John D. "Generation of carbon dioxide and mobilization of antimony trioxide by fungal decomposition of building materials." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001086.
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Price, Erik Joshua. "EXTREME-ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION USING MACROMOLECULAR COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1617027732923331.
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Stubbings, William Andrew. "Extent and mechanisms of brominated and chlorinated flame retardant emissions associated with the treatment of waste electronics, furnishings and building materials." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6522/.
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The work conducted in this thesis examines the potential for emissions of flame retardants (FRs) from a range of treated end-of-life materials during and following disposal. A series of standardised leaching experiments were developed and conducted to study FR leaching from a range of waste flame retarded products, including: textiles, EPS and XPS building insulation foams, cathode-ray tube plastics and polyurethane furniture foams (PUF). The leaching tests were conducted using a range of leaching fluids, with the view of simulating the characteristics of real landfill leachates. A number of different test parameters were examined, such as a variety of dissolved humic matter concentrations, landfill relevant pHs between 5.8 and 8.5, landfill relevant temperatures, the effect of agitation, contact durations and longer term cycles of periodic wetting and draining of waste. It is apparent from these experiments that despite the relatively hydrophobic physicochemical properties of brominated FRs (BFRs), they are able to leach from waste materials at substantial concentrations. Concentrations of ƩPBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) in the leachate from the leaching experiments in this study ranged from 14,000 – 200,000 ng L-1, while concentrations of ƩHBCDD (hexabromocyclododecane) ranged from 170 ng L-1 – 13,000 ng L-1 in textile leaching experiments and from 13,000 ng L-1 – 4,200,000 ng L-1 in building insulation foam experiments. BFR leaching appears to be a second order process, whereby a period of initially intense dissolution of more labile BFR is followed by a slower stage corresponding to external diffusion of the soluble residue in the material. Tris (chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) is more readily soluble in water than the BFRs studied, and leaching of TCIPP from PUF appears to be a first order process. Concentrations of TCIPP in the leachate from the leaching experiments in this study ranged from 13 mg L-1 – 130 mg L-1. In serial batch leaching experiments, >95 % of TCIPP was depleted from the flexible PUF after the sixth batch (168 h total contact). Hence, leaching is potentially a very significant pathway for TCIPP emissions to the environment. A small survey of waste soft furnishings from a variety of UK domestic and office locations was also conducted, to help determine the total FR content entering the UK waste stream as a result of the disposal of soft furnishings. The predominant FR detected was TCIPP. Closed test chamber experiments investigating the effect of temperature on volatilisation of TCIPP from polyurethane foam were conducted. These experiments show volatilisation of TCIPP from PUF to increase exponentially with temperature and to constitute an additional potentially significant pathway for emissions from UK MSW landfills, with TCIPP emissions via volatilisation from landfilled PUF estimated to range between ~200 and ~3,800 tonnes yr-1.
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Wang, Zheng [Verfasser], Manfred H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Wagner, Manfred H. [Gutachter] Wagner, and Bernhard [Gutachter] Schartel. "Flame retardant materials based on BDM/DBA resin and organic-inorganic additives / Zheng Wang ; Gutachter: Manfred H. Wagner, Bernhard Schartel ; Betreuer: Manfred H. Wagner." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1156177839/34.
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Zanelli, Vincenzo. "Sviluppo di materiali ritardanti di fiamma per usi industriali." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3137.
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2007/2008Gli incendi ogni anno provocano danni ingenti, la morte di numerose persone ed enormi perdite economiche. Analizzando le statistiche si può vedere come il rapporto tra morti soffocati e morti carbonizzati arriva ad essere 5 a 1. L’attributo di ritardante è duplice: ha un valore temporale, cioè indica la possibilità di rallentare lo svilupparsi di fumo permettendo l’azione antincendio e l’evacuazione degli ambienti interessati dall’incendio; ha poi anche un significato spaziale indicando la possibilità di contenere l’incendio nell’ambiente in cui si è sviluppato evitandone il propagarsi. È possibile agire sulla natura dei materiali e degli elementi di separazione tra ambienti in modo che in caso di incendio possano ritardare l’incendio consentendo alle persone di salvarsi. Il presente lavoro di tesi, avente come scopo primo lo sviluppo di sistemi ritardanti di fiamma trasparenti, ha cercato di semplificare le composizioni dei sistemi attualmente usati e sviluppare processi con produttività maggiori di quelle attuali. Sono stati scelti i silicati alcalini idrati, ritenuti i materiali più interessanti a tale scopo dal punto di vista del rapporto prestazioni/prezzo. Inoltre essi sono completamente inorganici e non sviluppano alcuna sostanza tossica durante il riscaldamento, come invece accade per materiali alternativi a base polimerica. Lo studio di differenti composizioni di silicati alcalini e delle loro proprietà tramite tecniche come reometria, spettroscopia Raman, spettroscopia VIS, NMR in bassa risoluzione, ha permesso di ottenere una composizione con proprietà ritardanti di fiamma, testate in scala, che successivamente è stata utilizzata per realizzare un processo alternativo ad elevata produttività.
XXI Ciclo
1974
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Tommey, Tyler. "Synthesis and Characterization of Free-acid Derivatives and Corresponding Ionomers of Poly(L-lactic acid)." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1596234685966831.
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Urbánek, Tomáš. "Studium chování izolačních materiálů na bázi organických vláken po zabudování do konstrukce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392336.
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This work is focuses on the modification of organic fiber insulating materials in terms of their reaction to fire after installation into the construction. The target is to find a way to improve the reaction to fire and to at least reach the reaction to fire D.
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Steinhaus, Thomas. "Determination of intrinsic material flammability properties from material tests assisted by numerical modelling." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3273.
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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes are being increasingly used in the field of fire safety engineering. They provide, amongst other things, velocity, species and heat flux distributions throughout the computational domain. The various sub-models associated with these have been developed sufficiently to reduce the errors below 10%-15%, and work continues on reducing these errors yet further. However, the uncertainties introduced by using material properties as an input for these models are considerably larger than those from the other sub-models, yet little work is being done to improve these. Most of the data for these material properties comes from traditional (standard) tests. It is known that these properties are not intrinsic, but are test-specific. Thus, it can be expected that the errors incurred when using these in computations can be significant. Research has been held back by a lack of understanding of the basic factors that determine material flammability. The term “flammability” is currently used to encompass a number of definitions and “properties” that are linked to standardised test methodologies. In almost all cases, the quantitative manifestations of “flammability” are a combination of material properties and environmental conditions associated with the particular test method from which they were derived but are not always representative of parameters linked intrinsically with the tested material. The result is that even the best-defined parameters associated with flammability cannot be successfully introduced into fire models to predict ignition or fire growth. The aim of this work is to develop a new approach to the interpretation of standard flammability tests in order to derive the (intrinsic) material properties; specifically, those properties controlling ignition. This approach combines solid phase and gas modelling together with standard tests using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), mass fraction of flammable gases and lean flammability limits (LFL). The back boundary condition is also better defined by introducing a heat sink with a high thermal conductivity and a temperature dependant convective heat transfer coefficient. The intrinsic material properties can then be used to rank materials based on their susceptibility to ignition and, furthermore, can be used as input data for fire models. Experiments in a standard test apparatus (FPA) were performed and the resulting data fitted to a complex pyrolysis model to estimate the (intrinsic) material properties. With these properties, it should be possible to model the heating process, pyrolysis, ignition and related material behaviour for any adequately defined heating scenario. This was achieved, within bounds, during validation of the approach in the Cone Calorimeter and under ramped heating conditions in the Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA). This work demonstrates that standard flammability and material tests have been proven inadequate for the purpose of obtaining the “intrinsic” material properties required for pyrolysis models. A significant step has been made towards the development of a technique to obtain these material properties using test apparatuses, and to predict ignition of the tested materials under any heating scenario. This work has successfully demonstrated the ability to predict the driving force (in-depth temperature distribution) in the ignition process. The results obtained are very promising and serve to demonstrate the feasibility of the methodology. The essential outcomes are the “lessons learnt”, which themselves are of great importance to the understanding and further development of this technique. One of these lessons is that complex modelling in conjunction with current standard flammability test cannot currently provide all required parameters. The uncertainty of the results is significantly reduced when using independently determined parameters in the model. The intrinsic values of the material properties depend significantly on the accuracy of the model and precision of the data.
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Duberg, Daniel. "Identification of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR) in building materials." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-64604.
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Humans today spend most of their time in various indoor settings such as housing, schools and workplaces. The quality of the indoor environment is therefore of great significance for our wellbeing. However, it has been suggested that the indoor environment contains over 6000 organic compounds, such as various volatile organic compounds (VOC). Around 500 of these compounds is believed to be due to emissions from different surrounding building materials such as insulation, plastic film, sealants and flooring. This study targeted building materials from three low energy preschools that were sampled and analyzed for emissions of VOCs and nine different organophosphate flame retardant compounds (OPFR) using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Low energy buildings are buildings that is particularly air tight to be so energy efficient as possible. The study uses a qualitative approach and therefore mainly identifies possible contribution from building materials to indoor environment. More than 100 different VOCs was identified and the most noticeable were meta-, ortho- and para-xylene, toluene, n-hexane and propylene glycol, all but the last compound is associated with hazardous health effects. The building materials that emitted the largest amounts of VOCs was sealants and adhesives. Linoleum flooring and acrylic was also large emitters. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were identified in all samples and all nine targeted OPFR compounds were identified in the various material samples and dust samples. T-Flex tape and plastic film was the sample materials that emitted most OPFR compounds.
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Ghincolov, Stefan <1992>. "[P=O]-containing compounds for applications in polymeric materials as flame retardants and markers." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18141.
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[P=O]-containing compounds and luminescent Ln(III) and Mn(II) complexes were prepared for applications in polymeric materials as flame retardants and markers. The experimental work first concerned the investigation of a new synthetic route to functionalize DOPO (6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) by formally replacing the P-bonded hydrogen atom with N- and O-containing fragments. The second part concerned the synthesis of new luminescent Ln(III) and Mn(II) complexes and the investigation of their optical properties. The [P=O]-containing compounds and the complexes were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, IR, NMR and magnetism measurements, while the optical properties were investigated by PL and PLE spectroscopy.
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Allen, Jane. "The effect of hard water on the wash durability of flame retardant cotton fabrics." Thesis, University of Salford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291750.
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Bin, Sulayman Abdulhamid. "Novel Amine-Functionalized Phosphoryl Hydrazine Flame Retardants for Epoxy Resin Systems." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton154456772870177.
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Joseph, Paul. "Flame retardance in styrenic and acrylic polymers with covalently-bound phosphorus-containing groups." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364317.
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Kosuri, Divya D'Souza Nandika Anne. "Polyethylene-layered double hydroxides and montmorillonite nanocomposites thermal, mechanical and flame retardance properties /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-6087.
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Kosuri, Divya. "Polyethylene-layered double hydroxide and montmorillonite nanocomposites: Thermal, mechanical and flame retardance properties." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6087/.
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The effect of incorporation two clays; layered double hydroxides (LDH) and montmorillonite layered silicates (MLS) in linear low density polyethylene (PE) matrix was investigated. MLS and LDH were added of 5, 15, 30 and 60 weight percent in the PE and compounded using a Brabender. Ground pellets were subsequently compression molded. Dispersion of the clays was analyzed using optical microscopy, SEM and XRD. Both the layered clays were immiscible with the PE matrix and agglomerates formed with increased clay concentration. The thermal properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Both clays served as nucleation enhancers increasing recrystallization temperatures in the composites. Flame retarding properties were determined by using the flammability HVUL-94 system. LDH indicated better flame retarding properties than MLS for PE. The char structure was analyzed by environmental scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties were studied by tensile testing and Vickers microhardness testing apparatus.
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Schinazi, Gustavo. "Bio-Based Flame Retardation of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1605795004534958.
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Zúñiga, Ruiz Camilo Javier. "Polybenzoxazine materials from renewable diphenolic acid." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128180.
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La síntesis de polímeros a partir de fuentes renovables como la biomasa es una forma viable de resolver los problemas relacionados con la contaminación del medio ambiente y la escasez de recursos derivados del petróleo usados como materias primas en la industria de los polímeros.
Las polibenzoxazinas son una nueva clase de resinas termoestables cuya síntesis es de gran simplicidad y presentan propiedades interesantes de potencial aplicación en diversos campos, entre otros en la industria electrónica. Además, las benzoxazinas eliminan el problema de la liberación de subproductos de condensación, que presentan las resinas fenólicas convencionales, y no necesitan de un catalizador para su entrecruzamiento. También ofrecen una mayor flexibilidad en el diseño estructural al poder utilizar fenoles y aminas de diferente estructura.
Tradicionalmente, las benzoxazinas se sintetizan a partir de fuentes derivadas del petróleo como fenoles, aldehídos y aminas primarias. Son escasos los ejemplos de síntesis de benzoxazinas parcial o totalmente derivadas de fuentes renovables. Dentro de ellas, cabe destacar el uso del cardanol, compuesto extraído del aceite de la cáscara del anacardo, y más recientemente el uso de gliceroles parcialmente enriquecidos, provenientes del aceite de girasol, en la síntesis de polibenzoxazinas con buenas propiedades de flexibilidad y adherencia.
A partir de procesos de biorefineria de la celulosa se obtiene el ácido levulínico. Este compuesto es de gran interés a nivel industrial debido a que su producción es simple y se obtiene con altos rendimientos. Una de sus aplicaciones es como precursor en la producción industrial del ácido difenólico, que se obtiene mediante una reacción de condensación de éste con fenol.
En los últimos años la Organización Mundial de la Salud ha prestado especial atención a aquellas sustancias de uso diario que representan una amenaza para la salud humana. Entre ellas están los ftalatos, las benzofenonas, los parabenos y el bisfenol A (BPA). Actualmente el ácido difenólico se está considerando como una alternativa “green” para sustituir al BPA ya que presenta una estructura química muy similar, es más barato y además posee una funcionalidad extra, que le brinda cierta versatilidad en la síntesis de polímeros.
De acuerdo a todo lo mencionado anteriormente la presente tesis aborda la utilización del ácido difenólico como material de partida para la síntesis de nuevas polibenzoxazinas con un alto valor añadido. De esta forma, diferentes estrategias se han desarrollado para explorar las diferentes aplicaciones de estos materiales que se han agrupado en distintos capítulos, que a continuación se mencionan.
En la primera parte del capítulo 1 se describe la síntesis y polimerización de dos nuevas polibenzoxazinas: la derivada del ácido difenólico (DPA-Bz) y la derivada del éster del ácido difenólico (MDP-Bz). Además, se describe la caracterización térmica y termomecánica de ambos materiales y se comparan con las de la benzoxazina derivada del bisfenol A (BPA-Bz). Como resultado de las reacciones de esterificación o transesterificación entre los grupos hidroxilos, derivados de la apertura del anillo de oxazina, y los grupos carbonilo y éster, presentes en la estructura de las benzoxazinas, la MDP-Bz y la DPA-Bz presentaron una mayor densidad de entrecruzamiento y por ende una mayor temperatura de transición vítrea (Tg) en comparación con la BPA-Bz. En la segunda parte del capítulo se describe la preparación de mezclas entre el DPA y la MDP-Bz reforzadas con fibra de vidrio. La adición de DPA disminuyó la temperatura de polimerización de las mezclas, la Tg y las propiedades termomecánicas debido a su incorporación en la red de entrecruzamiento. Así mismo, se prepararon polibenzoxazinas retardantes a la llama mediante la adición de una sal de fosfaceno derivada del DPA. Los materiales resultantes exhibieron una buena estabilidad térmica.
La primera parte del segundo capítulo trata sobre la preparación y caracterización de espumas rígidas de polibenzoxazina de baja densidad, a partir de la DPA-Bz. A través de un proceso de autoespumado en el cual se genera el agente de espumado (CO2) in situ, debido a una reacción de descarboxilación, se prepararon una serie de espumas controlando la temperatura de espumado. Los materiales resultantes se caracterizaron en función de su morfología, y propiedades térmicas y mecánicas. Un segundo estudio contempló la preparación y caracterización de espumas rígidas de polibenzoxazina retardantes a la llama. Se emplearon 2 compuestos organofosforados y se determinó la incidencia de su adición usando técnicas analíticas. Las espumas demostraron buenas propiedades retardantes y buena estabilidad térmica en comparación con las espumas sin aditivo. Finalmente, usando herramientas analíticas se propusieron modelos matemáticos para ajustar la densidad y las propiedades mecánicas (resistencia y el módulo de compresión) de las espumas retardantes a la llama en términos de las variables de espumado, es decir, la temperatura y el tiempo.
En el tercer capítulo se describe la preparación de nanocompuestos poliméricos. Como matrices poliméricas se usaron la MDP-Bz, la BPA-Bz mientras que como nanoaditivos se emplearon nanotubos de carbono de pared múltiple (MWNT) entre 0.1 y 1.0 % en peso. Con el fin de conseguir un método de dispersión que fuera más respetuoso con el medio ambiente no se empleó ningún disolvente. La dispersión de los nanoaditivos en ambos monómeros se evaluó mediante medidas reológicas mientras que la dispersión en los polímeros se observó usando un microscopio electrónico de transmisión (TEM). En general se obtuvo un buen grado de dispersión en los dos sistemas. La adición de nanotubos tuvo un efecto positivo en los nanocompuestos obtenidos ya que éstos exhibieron una alta conductividad eléctrica, una buena estabilidad térmica y una alta resistencia a la llamaPolybenzoxazines are considered a new type of thermosetting phenolic resins whose synthesis is quite simple. Polybenzoxazines present unique features that make them promising candidates for various industrial applications including electronics, aerospace, composites, coatings, adhesives, and encapsulants manufacturing. Two new benzoxazine materials have been synthesized and polymerized from the renewable diphenolic acid. The diphenolic acid-based benzoxazine (DPA-Bz) enables the preparation of rigid foams as well as flame retardant counterparts through a self-induced foaming process. For the methylester derivative benzoxazine (MDP-Bz), fiberglass reinforced materials were obtained with flame retardancy properties. Moreover, by adding neat carbon nanotubes, nanocomposite materials were prepared with low percolation threshold and improved thermal and fire properties.
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Rabe, Sebastian [Verfasser], Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Schartel, Bernhard [Gutachter] Schartel, and Reinhard [Gutachter] Schomäcker. "High throughput modules for performance and mechanism assessment of flame retardants in polymeric materials / Sebastian Rabe ; Gutachter: Bernhard Schartel, Reinhard Schomäcker ; Betreuer: Bernhard Schartel." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1156010780/34.
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Ogbomo, Sunny Minister. "Processing, structure property relationships in polymer layer double hydroxide multifunctional nanocomposites." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12174/.
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Dan Beaty (1937-2002) was a prolific composer, pianist, researcher, educator, and writer. His large compositional output included chamber works, choral works, songs, orchestral pieces, electronic music, and keyboard works. Beaty was well versed in traditional Western music as well as the more avant-garde and perplexing idioms of the twentieth century. Beaty's compositions reflect the many fascinating, if not always popular, musical trends of his time. His music encompasses styles from serial to jazz, shows compositional influences from Arnold Schoenberg to Indonesian music, and demonstrates thought-provoking and highly intellectual craftsmanship. This document explores several of Beaty's songs through a discussion of the composer's life and compositional process. Songs included in this document are Three Weeks Songs, October, November, A Sappho Lyric, Love Song, That Night When Joy Began, and War Lyrics. This document was written to accompany the author's DMA Lecture-Recital at the University of North Texas. Unfortunately, Beaty's vocal music was never published and is mostly unknown. One goal of the project was to initiate interest in Beaty's songs. Through this document, Lecture-Recital, and additional performances, considerable strides have been made to bring Beaty's songs to new audiences throughout the United States. In addition, the author has received permission from the Beaty family to publish Dan Beaty's songs.
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Mlynářová, Jana. "Vývoj izolačních materiálů na bázi druhotných textilních vláken nižší kvality." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433614.
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This diploma thesis is focused on a suitable midification of acoustic and thermal insulation materials from recycled textile fibres of lower quality due to improvement of their reaction to fire. The aim is to find an effective flame retardant and to verify suitable method of flame retardant application onto this type of insulation material.
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Kamath, Manjeshwar Ganeshaq. "Flame Retardant Mattress Pads." 2009. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/56.
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Focus of this research is on developing cotton-based nonwoven mattress pads with flame retardant (FR) properties by blending cotton with other commercially available fibers, binders, and followed by chemical treatments; offering a cost-effective recipe to meet the upcoming flammability standards. Furthermore this research explores the opportunities taking advantage of possible synergistic effects to achieve maximum performance.
Recent changes in the flammability regulations require improvements in the flame resistance of cotton-containing consumer goods such as upholstered furniture, mattresses, and pillows. Cotton, synthetic fibers, fabrics, and foam are the basic constituents of these goods that are often the first to be engulfed by fire. Hence there is a need to impart certain degree of flame resistance based on their end use. In case of real fires, these improvements in flame retardancy would provide more time for people to escape from a fire with fewer injuries, and result in savings of life as well as property.
Cotton being a highly flammable fiber, to achieve higher degree of flame resistance, it is necessary to incorporate additional fibers and chemicals into cotton products. Choice of appropriate materials can help to achieve a synergistic role in the combustion process to slow down burning, reduce flame spread, or even extinguish the fire. Many of these chemicals are expensive and lead to a spike in the product cost. Moreover there are certain FR chemicals that are likely to pose environmental and health hazards. The FR chemicals used in this research are halogen free and have been considered safe. Finally, a cost effective recipe for constructing mattress pads that passes the latest flammability tests was developed. As planned, these nonwoven pads were produced by blending cotton with other commercially available fibers, binders, and followed by chemical treatments that take advantages of various synergistic effects to achieve maximum performance at low cost. The product of this research is a good candidate for mattress pads as well as other products such as upholstered furniture, mattress ticking, and pillows, which are required to comply with the open flame standards.
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Chang, Ssu-Yao, and 章思堯. "The flame retardant thermoplastic materials prepared with Expandable Graphite." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25299597295830628924.
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碩士元智大學
化學工程研究所
89
Abstract The use of expandable graphite (EG) with high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and acrylonitrile-butydiene-styrene polymer (ABS) to make the flame retardant material with a low smoke emission is studied. From the test results of limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94, it is obtained that all three thermoplastics can have LOI greater that 26 and reach the V-0 grade of UL-94 with the addition of EG (30 parts per hundred, phr) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP, 5~10 phr). The formulated materials also have good mechanical properties. However, the impact strength of ABS is significantly decreased by the use of EG because of lacking of adhesion strength between ABS and EG. The surface treatment of EG with silane and zircoaluminate coupling agent do not result in promising improvement in mechanical strength of ABS. (Keywords: flame retardant, expandable graphite, UL-94, ABS, PP, HDPE)
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Diemont, Anthony Jan. "High temperature fabrics and flame retardant finishes for the theatre." 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/12345744.html.
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"Carbonaceous Nanomaterials as Flame Retardant Coating on Fabric." Doctoral diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.50546.
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abstract: Flame retardants (FRs) are applied to variety of consumer products such as textiles and polymers for fire prevention and fire safety. Substantial research is ongoing to replace traditional FRs with alternative materials that are less toxic, present higher flame retardancy and result in lower overall exposure as there are potential health concerns in case of exposure to popular FRs. Carbonaceous nanomaterials (CNMs) such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) have been studied and applied to polymer composites and electronics extensively due to their remarkable properties. Hence CNMs are considered as potential alternative materials that present high flame retardancy. In this research, different kinds of CNMs coatings on polyester fabric are produced and evaluated for their use as flame retardants. To monitor the mass loading of CNMs coated on the fabric, a two-step analytical method for quantifying CNMs embedded in polymer composites was developed. This method consisted of polymer dissolution process using organic solvents followed by subsequent programmed thermal analysis (PTA). This quantification technique was applicable to CNTs with and without high metal impurities in a broad range of polymers. Various types of CNMs were coated on polyester fabric and the efficacy of coatings as flame retardant was evaluated. The oxygen content of CNMs emerged as a critical parameter impacting flame retardancy with higher oxygen content resulting in less FR efficacy. The most performant nanomaterials, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and amine functionalized multi-walled carbon nantoubes (NH2-MWCNT) showed similar FR properties to current flame retardants with low mass loading (0.18 g/m2) and hence are promising alternatives that warrant further investigation. Chemical/physical modification of MWCNTs was conducted to produce well-dispersed MWCNT solutions without involving oxygen for uniform FR coating. The MWCNTs coating was studied to evaluate the durability of the coating and the impact on the efficacy during use phase by conducting mechanical abrasion and washing test. Approximately 50% and 40% of MWCNTs were released from 1 set of mechanical abrasion and washing test respectively. The losses during simulated usage impacted the flame retardancy negatively.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Materials Science and Engineering 2018
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Chen, Shih-Wen, and 陳詩雯. "The study of environmental protection materials in flame-retardant laminates containing phosphorous epoxy." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fsd9su.
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碩士元智大學
化學工程學系
93
In the era of electronic products change with each passing day, the periods of developing electronic products and life cycles of electronic products are shortened dramatically. In addition, along with the arousal of environmental consciousness, green products, including Print Circuit Board, have drawn people’s close attention worldwide. Japan takes environmental consciousness seriously, especially in communication and electronic industries. Hence PCB manufacturers have faced critical challenge. Ordinarily, PCB contains haloid flame-retardant, which would produce carcinogenic gas such as dioxin and benzofuran if inflamed in impropriate temperature. This toxic gas could cause air pollution and endanger human, then affect environmental protection indirectly. Therefore, the paper proposed here analyses effects of diverse flame-retardants, fill-ers and additives and their characteristics. The experiment shows that the amount of inorganic phosphorus in inorganic filler affects the pyrolysis temperature of that specific material. We also prove that more oxygen inorganic filler contains the better for oxide could increase insulation performance. And this will result to better dimensional stability, rigidity, workability, flame-retardant and electric performance. For this reason, halogen-free laminates could totally replace ordinary laminates in performance or process and thereby convert PCB into environmental electronic products.
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Lin, Wen-Yi, and 林文義. "Preparation and Physical Properties of Polyamide/Halogen-Free Flame Retardant/Inorganic Materials Nanocomposites." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95773857215928092848.
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碩士國立中興大學
化學工程學系所
98
Abstract In this study, polyamide/halogen-free flame retardant/inorganic materials nanocomposites were prepared via melt blending to investigate the flame retarded effect of nanocomposites. The additive of halogen-free flame retardant in the polyamide matrix can improve its flame retarded property. Various inorganic fillers, such as montmorillonite, talc, mica, glass fiber, are added into the polyamide matrix for the purpose of reduction of content of halogen-free flame retardant which is more expensive than the inorganic filler. Therefore, adoping inorganic filler into halogen-free flame retardant can reduce the cost. In the result of limiting oxygen index (LOI) of polyamide nanocomposites, the addition of halogen-free flame retardant into polyamide 6 matrix increases its LOI, and employing montmorillonite in the polyamide 6/halogen-free flame retardant composites further increases the LOI. For polyamide 66/halogen-free flame retardant/inorganic nanocomposites, the LOI increases with the increase of halogen-free flame retardant and inorganic fillers. For the polyamide 66/halogen-free flame retardant/inorganic nanocomposites with 3 phr of clay or talc, their LOI are both 30.2. The LOI of polyamide 66/halogen-free flame retardant/inorganic nanocomposite with 3 phr is 28.7. TGA results of polyamide 66/halogen-free flame retardant/inorganic nanocomposite shows that the addition of /halogen-free flame retardant and inorganic filler delays the degradation of polyamide 66. Therefore, inorganic filler, either clay or talc, the polyamide 66/halogen-free flame retardant/inorganic nanocomposites show the highest LOI. Furthermore, the glass fiber was melt blended with polyamide 66/halogen-free flame retardant/inorganic nanocomposites, and their LOI increase along with the addition of glass fiber. With the addition of glass fiber at 30 wt % in the polyamide 66 nanocomposites N6,6/FA/T3 and N6,6/FA/C3, their LOI are 32.2 and 34.8, respectively. Therefore, increasing of glass fiber in the polyamide 66 nanocomposites results in the increase of LOI. The glass fibers were found to be pulled out from polyamide 66 matrix as observed in the fracture surface of field emission scaning electron micscope. In the FESEM image of fracture surface, the surface of glass fiber is rough, because the halogen-free flame retardant and talc improve the adhesion between polyamide 66 and glass fiber. In the result of dynamic mechanical analysis, the storage modulus at 40℃ increases from 1.42 × 109 to 1.65 × 109, an increase of 16 %, for addition of 15 wt % of halogen-free flame retardant and 3 phr talc in polyamide 66. Further, for N66/FA15/T3 systems, the storage modulus at 40℃ increases from 1.42 × 109 to 2.30 × 109, an increase of 62.0 %, for the addition of 30 wt % of glass fiber in polyamide 66.
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Mercimek, Hatice. "Effect of Chemicals and Binders on the Durability of Flame Retardant Treated Cotton Nonwovens." 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/647.
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Cotton based highloft nonwovens have been used in consumer goods such as pillows, upholstered furniture and mattresses for years. Cotton provides comfort, soft hand and cost effectiveness to these products. In contrast to its desirable properties, cotton products have a higher proneness to burning and are characterized as highly flammable materials. During the last decade, the fire safety has been an important issue, and there has been increasing focus on approaches to reduce hazardous fire risks and effects. Incorporating flame resistant (FR) chemicals and fibers is one of the most effective methods to improve thermal resistance of cotton to ignition, and provide high degree of flame retardancy performance in the final product. The major aim of using flame retardants is to provide more time for people to escape from fire and reduce death and injuries. Most of the approaches to produce FR cotton based nonwovens are for applications where durability is not important. For some of the applications wash durability is desired and needed. The focus of this research was to develop semi-durable and durable FR treatments for cotton rich nonwovens in an economical way using a binder fiber, going through-air bonding process and treating them with commercially available FR chemicals in the presence of a chemical binder. These FR treated webs have been evaluated for their FR performance before and after washing. Selected FR chemicals and binder types have effect on the wash durability of the produced webs. Selection of appropriate chemicals and binders in the right combination is important so that desired degree of flame resistancy can be achieved. A neural network model was used to understand these effects, so it can help in selecting the best combination for optimum FR performance and reveal the unknown behavior of FR characteristics. Also, importance of FR chemical type, chemical binder type, chemical add on level and binder percentage based on flammability results was revealed through a statistical analysis.
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Laufer, Galina 1985. "Layer-by-Layer Nanocoatings with Flame Retardant and Oxygen Barrier Properties: Moving Toward Renewable Systems." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/148355.
Full textAbstract:
Numerous studies have focused on enhancing the flame retardant behavior of cotton and polyurethane foam. Some of the most commonly used treatments (e.g., brominated compounds) have raised concerns with regard to toxicity and environmental persistence. These concerns have led to significant research into the use of alternative approaches, including polymer nanocomposites prepared from more environmentally benign nanoparticles. These particles migrate to the surface from the bulk during fire exposure to form a barrier on the surface that protects the underlying polymer. This theory of fire suppression in bulk nanocomposites inspired the use of layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly to create nanocoatings in an effort to produce more effective and environmentally-benign flame retardant treatments.
Negatively charged silica nanoparticles of two different sizes were paired with either positively charged silica or cationic polyethylenimine (PEI) to create thin film assemblies. When applying these films to cotton fabric, all coated fabrics retained their weave structure after being exposed to a vertical flame test, while uncoated cotton was completely destroyed. Micro combustion calorimetry confirmed that coated fabrics exhibited a reduced peak heat release rate, by as much as 20% relative to the uncoated control. Even so, this treatment would not pass the standard UL94 vertical flame test, necessitating a more effective treatment.
Positively- charged chitosan (CH) was paired with montmorillonite (MMT) clay to create a renewable flame retardant nanocoating for polyurethane foam. This coating system completely stops the melting of a flexible polyurethane foam when exposed to direct flame from a butane torch, with just 10 bilayers (~ 30 nm thick). The same coated foam exhibited a reduced peak heat release rate, by as much as 52%, relative to the uncoated control. This same nanobrick wall coating is able to impart gas barrier to permeate plastic film.
Multilayered thin films were assembled with "green" food contact approved materials (i.e., chitosan, polyacrylic acid (PAA) and montmorillonite clay). Only ten CH-PAA-CH-MMT quadlayers (~90 nm thick) cause polylactic acid (PLA) film to behave like PET in terms of oxygen barrier. A thirty bilayer CH-MMT assembly (~100 nm thick) on PLA exhibits an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) below the detection limit of commercial instrumentation (<= 0.005 cm^3/(m^2*day*atm)). This is the same recipe used to impart flame retardant behavior to foam, but it did not provide effective FR to cotton fabric, so a very different recipe was used.
Thin films of fully renewable electrolytes, chitosan and phytic acid (PA), were deposited on cotton fabric in an effort to reduce flammability through an intumescent effect. Altering the pH of aqueous deposition solutions modifies the composition of the final nanocoating. Fabrics coated with highest PA content multilayers completely extinguished the flame and reduced peak heat release (pkHRR) and total heat release of 60% and 76%, respectively. This superior performance is believed to be due to high phosphorus content that enhances the intumescent behavior of these nanocoatings.
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鄭偉宏. "Study on the Properties of Linear Low Density Polyethylene and Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate copolymer add Nitrogen Phosphorus Flame Retardant and Its Composite Materials." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65975550988098823119.
Full textAbstract:
碩士臺北市立教育大學
自然科學系碩士班
97
Abstract Our laboratory used the linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and commercial nitrogen phosphorus flame retardant intumescent agent JLS-PNPl and organic clay and zinc borate that Association retardant, expect to produce the low smoke , halogen-free and Flame Retardant polymer composite materials, and we analyse their inter-molecular force, thermal properties, the nature of combustion and mechanical properties of materials. Experimental results show that polymeric materials to achieve good flame retardant effect, Mg(OH)2 need to add more than 50%, but the Mg(OH)2 is poor compatibility between the polymer will make polymer mechanical properties of materials substantially reduced,the surface improved Mg(OH)2 can be improved the compatibility between polymeric materials problems. The compatibility retardant of nitrogen phosphorus flame retardant department intumescent agent JLS-PNP1is better than the Mg(OH)2, more than 20% of the amount JLS-PNP1 added can have very good flame retardant effect, but we considering the size of polymer materials,to add more than 25% of the volume of JLS-PNP1 is the best, but price of JLS-PNP1 is too expensive, so we use other flame retardant agents with JLS-PNP1, and we found that JLS-PNP1 mixed with clay (kaolin and montmorillonite) especially the organic clay (kaolin and OMMT) could reduce the volume of JLS-PNP1 and mechanical properties too much.
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yuan, ching-yao, and 袁敬堯. "The Preparation and Properties of Silica-Containing Nano Materials by Sol-Gel Method：(1)Porous Materials Using Ionic Liquids as Solvent (2) Solid Polymer Electrolyte Based on PEG/Polysilsesquioxanes (3) Flame Retardant Phosphazene/Silica-Containing PMMA." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18215511659654516297.
Full textAbstract:
博士中原大學
化學研究所
91
This research is to investigate three kinds of new novel silicon-containing nano-materials prepared via sol-gel method. It is divided into three parts. Part 1. Preparation of mesoporous materials using ionic liquids as solvents and templates This part included three sections: Section 1: In this section, a new methodology, without the supercritical drying step, has been developed by using ionic liquids as solvents to prepare silica aerogels and organosilica aerogels via sol-gel reactions of tetramethylorthosilicate, bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane and bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene, respectively. In addition, the modification agents, NH2(CH2)3Si(OMe)3, NH2CH2CH2NH(CH2)3Si(OMe)3, CH3Si(OMe)3 and C6H5Si(OMe)3, have been successfully incorporated into the silica and the organosilica aerogel matrixes on a molecular level. The synthetic conditions have been systematically studied and optimized. For all the aerogels prepared above, their pore structures have been studied in detail by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurement. The relationship between the ionic liquid concentration and the pore parameters has been established. The results indicated that all the aerogels prepared in the study exhibit type IV isotherms and mesoporosity with a pore surface area larger than 600m2/g and pore volume over 2cm3/g. The surface areas and the pore volumes of all the modified aerogels decrease with increasing the content of the modification agent. It was found that the amino group modified aerogels were good absorbents for Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions. The efficiency of the absorption was as high as 99%. The alkyl group modified aerogels have lower water wettability than the unmodified aerogels. With meso-sized pore structure the aerogels are also anticipated to be used as catalyst support, host for enzymes and other proteins, and material for controlled drug delivery. Section 2: The nano-structured mesoporous photocatalysts, titania and silica-titania binary have also been successfully synthesized by using ionic liquids as template (or pore-forming agent) via sol-gel reactions of tetrabutyl titanate alone and with tetraethylorthosilicate, respectively, followed by removing the ionic liquids by extraction with acetonitrile. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns reveal that both the as-prepared mesoporous TiO2 and the mesoporous SiO2-TiO2 binary systems have anatase structures. The BET results showed that both have high surface area (500~800 m2/g) and large diameter of skeletal particles (20~50nm). Section 3: A new cationic surfactant, 1-methyl-hexadecane-imidazole bromide synthesized from 1-methylimidazole and 1-bromohexadecane, was used as template to prepare the mesoporous silica MCM-41. Periodic arrangement of mesoscopically ordered pores with 2-d hexagonal symmetry was observed by TEM micrograph and X-ray diffraction. The BET measurement of the MCM-41 showed that the surface area was as high as 1200m2/g, the total pore volume was 1.048cm3/g and the pore diameter was 27.8 Å, though no micropore volume was found. Part 2 Physical and Electrochemical Properties of Low Molecular Weight Poly (ethylene glycol)s-Bridged Polysilsesquioxane Organic-Inorganic Composite Electrolytes via Sol-Gel Process A new class of ionic conducting organic/inorganic hybrid composite electrolyte with high conductivity, better electrochemical stability and mechanical behavior was prepared through the sol-gel reaction between ethylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane and poly (ethylene glycol). The composite electrolyte with 0.05 LiClO4 per poly(ethylene glycol) repeat unit has the best conductivity of up to 10-4 Scm-1 at room temperature with the transference number up to 0.48 and the electrochemical stability window as high as 5.5V vs. Li/Li+. Moreover, the effect of the PEG chain length on the properties of composite electrolyte has been analyzed. The interactions between ions and polymer in the composite electrolyte in the presence of LiClO4 have been investigated by means of FT-IR, DSC and TGA measurements. The results demonstrated that the interactions of Li+ ions with the ether oxygen of the PEG, and the formation of transient cross-links with LiClO4 resulted in an increase in Tg. The VTF-type behavior of ionic conductivity with temperature implied that the diffusion of charge carrier was assisted by the segmental motions of the polymer chains. Part 3 Preparation and Properties of Novel Flame Retardant Materials based on Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Silicon for PMMA by Sol-Gel Technique A free-OH-contained cyclotriphosphazene, N3P3(OC6H4OH)6, HPP, has been synthesized and incorporated with various amount of silica and PMMA to form hybrids by sol-gel technique. The characterization and properties of the hybrids were investigated by FTIR, solid-state 29Si NMR, TGA, DSC, LOI and SEM/EDX measurements. The results indicated that the hybrids were well-hybridized, transparent materials caused by the formation of the covalent bonding between HPP and silica and the hydrogen bonding between the unreacted hydroxyl group on HPP/SiO2 and the carbonyl groups of PMMA polymer. The thermal degradation temperature up to above 300oC and LOI value up to 39 were obtained, indicating that compared to PMMA, the thermal stability and the flame retardancy of the hybrids with proper ratio of HPP and SiO2 were greatly improved.
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Lin, Meng-Yi, and 林孟毅. "Phosphorus as a flame retardant polyurethane coating of composite material." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96922683957371486435.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國防大學理工學院
化學工程碩士班
100
In this study, water-based polyurethane (polyurethane) synthesized phosphorus as a flame retardant coating. The past, fire-retardant coating multi-halogen flame retardant factor, but also caused a lot of toxins and pollution. By the improved phosphorus compounds reactive polyurethane resin, flame-retardant coating, not only to avoid toxins, and effective suppression of material from the ignition, and to improve the flash point of the substrate, the delayed timing of fire occurred. Phosphorus water-based polyurethane as the characteristics of flame-retardant coating, developed in various proportions, the degree of fire resistance of fire retardant paint, and have complied with the requirements of national standards. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analysis of identification of polymer structure and properties. By using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine the combustion process and cracking phenomena. LOI value of national standards CNS-7614 specifications and UL-94V flame specification to determine the extent of the polymer of the flame and flame-retardant effect. Finally, the storage effect and anti-corrosion properties of high temperature aging test and salt spray test to test their products. Follow-up the use of phosphorus-containing polyurethane and then blended with carbon black and Zeolite higher flame test results show that its flame retardant properties of composite materials not only had an additive effect, but to play a greater military equipment. It enables the product of this study can be used in military units, as well as consumer goods on a variety of coatings applications.
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Varela, Guerrero Victor. "Nanoporous Materials for Carbon Dioxide Separation and Storage." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9269.
Full textAbstract:
Global climate change is one of the most challenging problems that human beings are facing. The large anthropogenic emission of CO2 in the atmosphere is one of the major causes for the climate change. Coal-fired power plants are the single-largest anthropogenic emission sources globally, accounting for approximately one third of the total CO2 emissions. It is therefore necessary to reduce CO2 emission from coal-fired power plants.
Current technologies for the post-combustion CO2 capture from flue gas streams can be broadly classified into the three categories: absorption, adsorption, and membrane processes. Despite challenges, CO2 capture by adsorption using solid sorbents and membranes offers opportunities for energy-efficient capture and storage of CO2.
Nanoporous materials have attracted tremendous interest in research and development due to their potential in conventional applications such as catalysis, ion-exchange, and gas separation as well as in advanced applications such as sensors, delivery, and micro-devices.
In the first part of this dissertation, we will study the synthesis of membranes using an emerging class of nanoporous materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for
carbon dioxide (CO2) separations. Due to the unique chemistry of MOFs which is very different from that of zeolites, the techniques developed for the synthesis of zeolite membranes cannot be used directly. In order to overcome this challenge, a couple of novel techniques were developed: 1) "thermal seeding" for the secondary growth and 2) "surface modification" for the in situ growth. Membranes of HKUST-1 and ZIF-8, two of the most important MOFs, were prepared on porous α-alumina supports using thermal seeding and the surface modification techniques, respectively.
The second part of this dissertation demonstrates a simple and commercially viable application of nanoporous materials (zeolite 5A and amine-functionalized mesoporus silica), storing CO2 as a micro-fire extinguishers in polymers. Materialist is observed that by dispersing these highly CO2-philic nanoporous materials in polymer matrices, the propagation of flame was greatly retarded and extinguished. This flame retarding behavior is attributed to the fact that CO2 released from the sorbents (zeolite 5A and mesoporous silica), blocks the flow of oxygen, therefore causing the fire to be effectively extinguished. Our results suggest that the binding strength of CO2 on sorbents play an important role. If the binding strength of CO2 is too low, CO2 releases too early, thereby ineffective in retarding the flame.
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Weng, Hsuan-Chi, and 翁亘琪. "Studies on Waterproof and Permeability of Water-Borne Polyurethane Materials with Phosphorus-Containing Reactive Flame Retardants." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/nns4z2.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
化學工程與材料工程系
102
In this study, a series of reactive flame retardants of water-borne polyurethane were prepared from polyether polyol (polyethylene glycol (PEG)) and polyester polyol (polybutylene adipate (PBA)) prepolymers. The PEG and PBA behaved as a soft segment in the polyurethane backbones. Aliphatic isocyanate hydrogenated (diphenylmethane diisocyanate (H12MDI)) was used as a hard segment. Dihydroxy methyl propionic acid (DMPA) with carboxylic acid functional group, Triethylamin(TEA), and nitrogen-phosphorus based flame retardants of FRC-6 and phosphorus based flame retardants of DOPO-HQ were incorporated into the reactive flame retardant of water-borne polyurethane as an internal emulsifier, neutralizer agent, and the chain extending agent, respectively. The water-borne polyurethane with flame retardant was added with isocyanate cross-linking agent (FTC: NCO-J or BAYER: NCO-G), and then was coated on the fabric whose peeling strength, waterproof and permeability, and flame retardant properties were investigated. First the water-borne polyurethane with different ratios of flame retardant were synthesized, and then was cross-linked with add different kinds of cross-linking agent. FTIR and NMR were used for structural characterization, and FTIR was also used for the study on the molecular interaction forces between the cross-linking agent and the flame retardant of the water-borne polyurethane. TGA and DSC were used to investigate the properties of the film. The water-borne polyurethane with reactive flame retardant was coated on fabrics, and then the interface between the polyurethane coating and the fabrics was investigated by FE-SEM. The peeling strength, waterproof and water vapor permeability were then studied subsequently. The Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) tester and CPAI-84 were applied to characterize the flame retardant ability of reactive flame retardant water-borne polyurethane. The intermolecular force between polyurethane and the fabric were found to be hydrogen bonding and cross-linking based on FTIR spectra. TGA results showed that the degradation temperature decreased and the char yield increased as the flame retardant content increased whether in nitrogen or air atmosphere. Reactive flame retardant water-borne polyurethane with NCO-G cross-linking agent owned the best film thermal stability and flame retardant properties. The 13FREG added G-5% cross-linking agent had great peeling strength according to the peeling test and FE-SEM morphology. The EG and 13FREG added NCO-G cross-linking agent had better degree of waterproof and water vapor permeability. The 20FREG G-5% had the best flame retardaning properties with the Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) values of 27.5 and the char length is as long as 90mm.
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Xu, Wan-Yu, and 徐婉瑜. "Studies on Low Smoke Free Halogen and Flame Retardant Material of Linear Low Density Polyethylene/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate polyblends." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9tkzj6.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
化學工程與材料工程系
105
Traditional wire is using halogen materials such as poly vinyl chlorid,chloroprene rubber,chlorosulfonated polyethylene to achieve the flame controlled. These halogen materials will release Carbon monoxide,hydrogen chloride when burning. This study mainly adds smoke suppressants,Halogen-free flame retardants,fillers for reinforcement (POE-MA、LLDPE-MA) on matrix (EVA/LLDPE) by using two roll mill及banbury mixer. Flame retardant standard is higher than 30% in limiting oxygen index (LOI) and low smoke standard followed ASTM E662 which reached smoke density lower than 75 and 150 in 4min. and 20 min.. Mechanical properties followed ASTM D638 which reached tensile strength al least 1.2[kgf/mm^2] and elongation higher than 200%. LOI values measure by LOI. Compatibility between substrate(EVA/LL-DPE) and smoke suppressants、Halogen-free flame retardants、fillers for reinforcement (POE-MA、LLDPE-MA) were characterized by DSC and FE-SEM. Mechanical properties measured by Universal testing machine.Smoke density measure-ed by Smoke Density Chamber.
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Chen, Ren-Jyun, and 陳仁均. "The Research of Characteristics of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene and Aluminum Phosphate Flame Retardants Material Added ZnMgAl Layered Double Hydroxides Oxygen." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9d7npv.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立雲林科技大學
環境與安全衛生工程系
107
Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic resin with excellent properties such as easy processing, chemical resistance and good insulation. It is widely used in automobiles, electrical appliances, packaging and building materials and other industries. Because polypropylene (PP) is a flammable material, it is very easy to burn when it closes to the source of the fire. Therefore, it is necessary to add flame retardant to improve its flame retardant performance. In this study, we used maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene as the matrix and the ZnMgAl Layered Double Hydroxide as the filling material, combined with environment-friendly inorganic flame retardants — aluminum phosphate (AHP) to process melt-mixed by brabender, and prepared ZnMgAl-LDHs/ AHP/PP-g-MA high molecular composite materials. Then XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TGA, LOI and UL-94 tests were carried out to investigate the flame retardant properties of the composites. The XRD results indicated that ZnMgAl-NO3-LDHs synthesized by co-precipitation method have typical hydrotalcite characteristic peaks with good crystallinity and complete crystal structure. The SEM results show that the addition of the aluminum hypophosphite flame retardant and the layered dihydrogen compound can observe the formation of a continuous dense layer structure of the carbon layer, and the surface becomes flat and no holes are produced. The LOI and UL-94 results show that the LOI value is increased from 18% to 36% after adding 70wt% of ZnMgAl-NO3-LDHs to the composite. After adding 70wt% of aluminum phosphite flame retardant, the LOI value is increased from 18% to 42%, reaching the non-combustible level, the UL-94 test from NR to V-0 level.