Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flame retardant materials

Academic literature on the topic 'Flame retardant materials'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Flame retardant materials"

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Howell, Bob A., and Yoseph G. Daniel. "The impact of sulfur oxidation level on flame retardancy." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 6 (November 2018): 518–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118806155.

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Compounds containing sulfur in various forms may be used as flame retardants or as adjuvants to promote the activity of other flame-retarding elements, most notably phosphorus. To gain a better understanding of the nature of the sulfur moiety in a flame retardant on performance, a series of phosphorus esters derived from isosorbide containing sulfur at various levels of oxygenation (sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone) have been prepared and evaluated for flame-retardant impact in diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A epoxy. In all cases, the presence of sulfur positively impacts flame retardancy. In general, the impact on flame retardancy increases as the level of oxygenation at sulfur increases (sulfone > sulfoxide > sulfide).
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He, Ruiyang. "Application analysis of two flame retardant polymer materials." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 13 (August 21, 2022): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v13i.1349.

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Flame retardants have become an integral part of the construction industry, not only to bring safety to residents in the event of fire, but also to reduce property damage. As excellent flame retardant materials, common flame retardant polymer composites mainly include two types, that is, traditional flame retardant and nano flame retardant. This research introduces the different flame retardants under the two categories and their corresponding flame retardant mechanisms in detail. And some other flame retardant polymer composites. In terms of mechanism, two important flame retardant mechanisms include dehydration and charring. In this research, the advantages and disadvantages of different flame retardant mechanisms in different polymers and their causes are introduced in detail. In addition, this research will compare the advantages and disadvantages of existing flame retardant materials and look forward to their future development trends, hoping to provide a new idea for the development of new flame retardant materials.
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Wang, Zhiwen, Yan Jiang, Xiaomei Yang, Junhuan Zhao, Wanlu Fu, Na Wang, and De-Yi Wang. "Surface Modification of Ammonium Polyphosphate for Enhancing Flame-Retardant Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15061990.

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Currently, the development of efficient and environmentally friendly flame-retardant thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite materials has caused extensive research. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is used as a general intumescent flame retardant to improve the flame retardancy of TPU. In this paper, we developed a functionalized APP flame retardant (APP-Cu@PDA). Adding only 5 wt% of APP-Cu@PDA into TPU can significantly improve the flame-retardant’s performance of the composite material, reflected by a high LOI value of 28% with a UL-94 test of V-0 rating. Compared with pure TPU, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, peak smoke release rate, and total smoke release were reduced by 82%, 25%, 50%, and 29%, respectively. The improvements on the flame-retardant properties of the TPU/5%APP-Cu@PDA composites were due to the following explanations: Cu2+-chelated PDA has a certain catalytic effect on the carbonization process, which can promote the formation of complete carbon layers and hinder the transfer of heat and oxygen. In addition, after adding 5% APP-Cu@PDA, the tensile strength and elongation at the break of TPU composites did not decrease significantly. In summary, we developed a new flame-retardant APP-Cu@PDA, which has better flame-retardant properties than many reported TPU composites, and its preparation process is simple and environmentally friendly. This process can be applied to the industrial production of flame retardants in the future.
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Varfoloveev, S. D., S. M. Lomakin, P. A. Sakharov, and A. V. Khvatov. "Effective chemical methods of fire control: new threats and new solutions." Вестник Российской академии наук 89, no. 5 (May 6, 2019): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5873895442-448.

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This paper discusses the prospective flame retardant systems for polymeric materials, while considering the environmental issues they create. Polymer nanocomposites with carbon nano-additives and layered silicates are presented as a new type of flame retardant system which exhibits a synergistic effect flame retardancy for traditional polymer thermoplasts. Particular attention is paid to the novel intumescent flame retardants based on the oxidized renewable raw materials, which can be successfully used in the manufacture of multi-purpose timber construction and polymer materials.
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Mokoana, Vincent, Joseph Asante, and Jonathan Okonkwo. "Brominated flame-retardant composition in firefighter bunker gear and its thermal performance analysis." Journal of Fire Sciences 39, no. 3 (April 15, 2021): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07349041211001296.

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Firefighting bunker gear is manufactured from flame-retardant materials, which resist ignition and delay flame spread. However, concerns have been emerging on the potential harmful effects of some flame retardants (FRs) commonly used in flame-retarding materials, particularly the brominated flame retardants. This study investigated the presence of flame retardants in bunker gear, particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their congeners in the garments, and evaluated their impact on thermal performance. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used to ascertain the presence of bromine as a possible indicator for brominated flame retardants. X-ray fluorescence results indicated the presence of Br in all samples, ranging from 444 to 20,367 µg/g. Further analysis via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was done on samples. Brominated flame retardants, particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane, were detected in all samples with concentrations ranging from 261.61 to 1001.77 µg/g and 0.01 to 0.07 µg/g, respectively. The cone calorimeter was used, with 50 and 75 kW/m2 heat fluxes, to investigate the impact of the brominated flame-retardant concentrations, if any, on thermal performance. New bunker garments, particularly those with lower Br and brominated flame-retardant concentrations, were observed to have higher thermal performance.
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Li, Jiaqi, Zhaoyi He, Le Yu, Lian He, and Zuzhen Shen. "Multi-Objective Optimization and Performance Characterization of Asphalt Modified by Nanocomposite Flame-Retardant Based on Response Surface Methodology." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 4367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164367.

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In order to improve the safety of the tunnel asphalt pavement in the event of a fire, and reduce the deterioration of the low temperature crack resistance of the asphalt by the flame retardant. The research uses aluminum hydroxide (ATH) as a smoke suppressant, diethyl aluminum hypophosphite (ADP) as a flame retardant, and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as a synergist to modified styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) modified asphalt (MA). First, the content of ATH, ADP, and HNTs was used as the response variable. The physical properties (Penetration, Softening point, Ductility) and static flame retardant properties (Limiting oxygen index meter, Ignition point) of the asphalt modified by nanocomposite flame-retardant (HNTs-CFRMA) were the response variables. The response surface methodology was used to design the test, and regression models were established to analyze the influence of flame retardants on the performance of asphalt. Then, comprehensively considering the effects of physical properties and flame retardant properties, the normalized desirability function was used to perform a multi-objective optimization design on the components of the nanocomposite flame retardant modifier to obtain the best flame retardant formula. Finally, the rheological properties of MA, conventional flame-retardant modified asphalt (CFRMA), and HNTs-CFRMA were tested based on Dynamic shear rheometer, Multiple stress creep test, Force ductility tester, and Bending beam rheometer. The performance of flame-retardant and smoke suppression were tested by the Cone calorimeter tests. The result shows that ATH, ADP, and HNTs can enhance the high temperature performance of asphalt, reduce the penetration. The addition of HNTs can increase significantly the softening point and reduce the deteriorating effect of flame retardants on the low temperature performance of asphalt; the addition of ATH and HNTs can improve significantly the flame retardancy of asphalt. Based on the desirability function of power exponent, the formulation of the nanocomposite flame retardant with better physical properties and flame retardant properties is ATH:ADP:HNTs = 3:5:1, and the total content is 9 wt%. Nanocomposite flame retardants can improve obviously the high temperature rheological properties of asphalt. The rutting factor and the cracking factor of HNTs-CFRMA improve markedly, and the irrecoverable creep compliance is reduced, compared with MA and CFRMA. Nanocomposite flame retardant can make up for the deterioration of conventional flame retardants on asphalt’s low temperature performance. At the same time, it has better flame-retardant performance and smoke suppression performance.
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Reuter, Jens, Tobias Standau, Volker Altstädt, and Manfred Döring. "Flame-retardant hybrid materials based on expandable polystyrene beads." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119899851.

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A highly efficient flame-retardant hybrid foam material combining expandable polystyrene foam beads and a waterborne resin equipped with inorganic flame retardants is described. The resin and the inorganic fillers were varied, and the different compositions were investigated in small burner and cone calorimeter tests. The burning time during the small burner test decreases from >60 s for neat expandable polystyrene to 0 s for optimized hybrid specimens. The peak of the heat release rate decreases from 661.0 kW/m2 for neat expandable polystyrene to 121.36 kW/m2 for a hybrid composition of 1:1:1 (expandable polystyrene:aluminum hydroxide:phenol formaldehyde resin). The hybrid materials containing inorganic flame retardants are burning slower and release heat and smoke more constantly at significantly lower rates. Furthermore, a continuous network of the cured thermoset is shown, which leads to embedded expandable polystyrene beads. The flame-retardant thermoset protects the expandable polystyrene from fire and leads to a material with high dimensional stability and efficient flame retardancy.
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Ramadan, Noha, Mohamed Taha, Angela Daniela La Rosa, and Ahmed Elsabbagh. "Towards Selection Charts for Epoxy Resin, Unsaturated Polyester Resin and Their Fibre-Fabric Composites with Flame Retardants." Materials 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051181.

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Epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins are the most used thermosetting polymers. They are commonly used in electronics, construction, marine, automotive and aircraft industries. Moreover, reinforcing both epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins with carbon or glass fibre in a fabric form has enabled them to be used in high-performance applications. However, their organic nature as any other polymeric materials made them highly flammable materials. Enhancing the flame retardancy performance of thermosetting polymers and their composites can be improved by the addition of flame-retardant materials, but this comes at the expense of their mechanical properties. In this regard, a comprehensive review on the recent research articles that studied the flame retardancy of epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin and their composites were covered. Flame retardancy performance of different flame retardant/polymer systems was evaluated in terms of Flame Retardancy index (FRI) that was calculated based on the data extracted from the cone calorimeter test. Furthermore, flame retardant selection charts that relate between the flame retardancy level with mechanical properties in the aspects of tensile and flexural strength were presented. This review paper is also dedicated to providing the reader with a brief overview on the combustion mechanism of polymeric materials, their flammability behaviour and the commonly used flammability testing techniques and the mechanism of action of flame retardants.
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Gebke, Stefan, Katrin Thümmler, Rodolphe Sonnier, Sören Tech, André Wagenführ, and Steffen Fischer. "Flame Retardancy of Wood Fiber Materials Using Phosphorus-Modified Wheat Starch." Molecules 25, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020335.

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Biopolymer-based flame retardants (FR) are a promising approach to ensure adequate protection against fire while minimizing health and environmental risks. Only a few, however, are suitable for industrial purposes because of their poor flame retardancy, complex synthesis pathway, expensive cleaning procedures, and inappropriate application properties. In the present work, wheat starch was modified using a common phosphate/urea reaction system and tested as flame retardant additive for wood fibers. The results indicate that starch derivatives from phosphate/urea systems can reach fire protection efficiencies similar to those of commercial flame retardants currently used in the wood fiber industry. The functionalization leads to the incorporation of fire protective phosphates (up to 38 wt.%) and nitrogen groups (up to 8.3 wt.%). The lowest levels of burning in fire tests were measured with soluble additives at a phosphate content of 3.5 wt.%. Smoldering effects could be significantly reduced compared to unmodified wood fibers. The industrial processing of a starch-based flame retardant on wood insulating materials exhibits the fundamental applicability of flame retardants. These results demonstrate that starch modified from phosphate/urea-systems is a serious alternative to traditional flame retardants.
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Wan, Le, Cong Deng, Ze-Yong Zhao, Hong Chen, and Yu-Zhong Wang. "Flame Retardation of Natural Rubber: Strategy and Recent Progress." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020429.

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Natural rubber (NR) as a kind of commercial polymer or engineering elastomer is widely used in tires, dampers, suspension elements, etc., because of its unique overall performance. For some NR products, their work environment is extremely harsh, facing a serious fire safety challenge. Accordingly, it is important and necessary to endow NR with flame retardancy via different strategies. Until now, different methods have been used to improve the flame retardancy of NR, mainly including intrinsic flame retardation through the incorporation of some flame-retarding units into polymer chains and additive-type flame retardation via adding some halogen or halogen-free flame retardants into NR matrix. For them, the synergistic flame-retarding action is usually applied to simultaneously enhance flame retardancy and mechanical properties, in which some synergistic flame retardants such as organo-montmorillonite (OMMT), carbon materials, halloysite nanotube (HNT), etc., are utilized to achieve the above-mentioned aim. The used flame-retarding units in polymer chains for intrinsic flame retardation mainly include phosphorus-containing small molecules, an unsaturated chemical bonds-containing structure, a cross-linking structure, etc.; flame retardants in additive-type flame retardation contain organic and inorganic flame retardants, such as magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ammonium polyphosphate, and so on. Concerning the flame retardation of NR, great progress has been made in the past work. To achieve the comprehensive understanding for the strategy and recent progress in the flame retardation of NR, we thoroughly analyze and discuss the past and current flame-retardant strategies and the obtained progress in the flame-retarding NR field in this review, and a brief prospect for the flame retardation of NR is also presented.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flame retardant materials"

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Yang, Yunxian. "Bio-based flame retardant for sustainable building materials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668530.

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As new promising alternatives, novel bio-based materials are already developed to apply in construction sectors due to biodegradability, low toxicity, sustainability, renewability, and acceptable general properties. However, their flammability and need to guarantee a low fire risk in the constructions is also an essential factor to restrict their further application. This thesis focused on investigation of bio-based material with good flame-retardant performance and corresponding flame-retardant mechanism. The detailed investigation was developed by following stages: synthesis of bio-based flame retardant and its application in PLA; effect of bio-based flame retardant on the fire resistance and other properties of natural fiber reinforced PLA. Finally, the smouldering and combustion performances of the bio-based thermal insulation material made from natural fiber were studied as well. 1) On basis of bio-based concept, PA and THAM were selected as raw material to synthesize a novel flame retardant and the chemical structure was confirmed via some characterizations. Afterwards, this synthetic product PA-THAM was employed as an efficient flame retardant to PLA by melt mixing. This binary system showed an improvement in flame retardancy, which was achieved by a combination of heat transfer effect, slight dilution and barrier action. For example, only 3 wt% loading of PA-THAM imparted PLA-based biocomposite LOI value of 25.8% and UL 94 V-0 level, as well as a significant self-extinguishing ability was observed. Besides, the molten viscosity of biocomposite also demonstrated more reduction compared with neat PLA due to the lubrication of PA-THAM, while there was little change in the mechanical properties. 2) PA-THAM and corn pith cellulose (OCC) were combined via in-situ modification and used to prepare a PLA-based biocomposite. After OCC was modified by PA-THAM successfully, which was proved by SEM/ EDS, FTIR, and TGA, the effect of PA-THAM on thermal stability and fire behaviors of PLA-based composite were also investigated accordingly. 5 phr addition of PA-THAM enabled this natural fiber reinforced polymer biocomposite (NPC) to illustrate a 50 °C higher temperature at maximum degradation rate than control sample without additive, and an improvement was also obtained in flame retardant properties with an increase of LOI value, a reduction of PHRR, and more char residue. The predominant flame-retardant mechanism focused on the synergistic effect of PA-THAM and OCC that occurred in condensed phase. Besides, the same level introduction of PA-THAM improved the interfacial affinity between PLA and OCC that maintained good mechanical properties as well. 3) A bio-based thermal insulation material was made from corn pith cellulose, alginate, and bio-efficient flame retardants. After introducing these bio-based additives, the smouldering and flaming combustion behaviors were improved significantly. Compared with the reference sample, thermal insulation particleboard with 8 wt% loading of a mixture of PA-THAM and a sodium borate salt (DOT) increased the initial temperature of smoldering ignition by 70 ºC, and meanwhile, the value of PHRR in flaming combustion decreased by 25.5%. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity was hardly affected, while the temperature at which the maximum thermal degradation occured increased. The correlative flame retardant mechanism was attributed to a synergistic effect from both flame retardants, which promoted a formation of more stable charring layer at initial stage.
Los materiales de base biológica ofrecen una alternativa prometedora para aplicaciones en el sector de la construcción, debido a que se trata de materiales biodegradables, renovables y de baja toxicidad. Sin embargo, su capacidad de inflamar y la necesidad de mantener un bajo riesgo frente a incendios en los edificios es un factor esencial para restringir su posterior aplicación. Esta tesis se ha centrado en el desarrollo de materiales de base biológica con buen comportamiento frente al fuego y la investigación de los mecanismos de los retardantes de llama involucrados. La investigación se desarrolló en tres etapas que se detallan a continuación. 1) Partiendo del concepto de base biológica, se seleccionaron PA y THAM como materias primas para sintetizar un nuevo retardante de llama y la estructura química se confirmó mediante la caracterización del compuesto resultante. Posteriormente, este producto sintético PA-THAM se empleó como un retardante de llama eficiente para PLA mediante mezcla fundida. Este sistema binario mostró una mejora en la resistencia al fuego, que se logró mediante una combinación de los efectos de transferencia de calor, ligera dilución y acción barrera. Por ejemplo, con sólo un 3% en peso de carga de PA-THAM se logró un valor de LOI de 25,8% del compuesto de PLA y un nivel UL 94 V-0, así como una capacidad de autoextinción significativa. Además, la viscosidad fundida del biocompuesto también se redujo en relación a la del PLA puro debido a la lubricación ejercida por el PA-THAM. Por otro lado, la adición del retardante ocasionó pocos cambios en las propiedades mecánicas. 2) El retardante basado en PA-THAM y la fracción fina obtenida triturando la médula de maíz (OCC) se combinaron mediante modificación in situ y se usaron para preparar un biocompuesto basado en PLA. La médula de maíz fue modificada con éxito con el PA-THAM, la cual cosa se demostró por SEM / EDS, FTIR y TGA, el efecto de PA-THAM sobre la estabilidad térmica y el comportamiento al fuego del material compuesto a base de PLA también fueron investigados. La adición de 5 phr de PA-THAM permitió a este biocompuesto reforzado con fibras naturales (NPC) alcanzar una temperatura 50 °C más alta en el punto de degradación máximo comparado con la muestra de control sin aditivo. También se obtuvo una mejora en el comportamiento al fuego con un aumento del valor de LOI, una reducción del pico máximo del ritmo de liberación de calor (PHRR), y una mayor formación de residuo carbonizado. El mecanismo ignífugo predominante se centró en el efecto sinérgico del PA-THAM y la OCC que ocurrió en la fase condensada. Además, el mismo nivel de introducción de PA-THAM mejoró la afinidad interfacial entre PLA y OCC que también mantuvo buenas propiedades mecánicas. 3) Se prepararon muestras de un material de aislamiento térmico de base biológica a partir de médula de maíz, alginato y retardantes de llama de origen biológico. La adición del retardante de llama de base biológica logró mejorar significativamente el comportamiento al fuego, y el fenómeno de combustión sin llama (smouldering). En comparación con la muestra de referencia, el panel aislante con una carga de 8% en peso de una mezcla de PA-THAM y una sal de borato de sodio (DOT) aumentó la temperatura inicial a la que se produce la combustión sin llama en 70 ºC y, permitió reducir el valor de PHRR en un 25.5%. Además, la conductividad térmica apenas se vio afectada, mientras que la temperatura a la que se produce el valor máximo de degradación térmica aumentó notablemente. El análisis del mecanismo de acción de los retardantes reveló la existencia de un efecto sinérgico de ambos retardantes de llama, que promovió la formación de una capa de carbonización más estable en la etapa inicial.
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Prieur, Benjamin. "Modified lignin as flame retardant for polymeric materials." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10083/document.

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Ce travail consiste à contribuer à la valorisation de la lignine, un sous-produit important de l’industrie du papier. L’objectif est d’utiliser la lignine comme retardateur de flamme (FR) pour les matériaux polymères. Dans un premier temps, la lignine fut phosphorylée. Des analyses structurales ont permis d’établir que du phosphore est lié de manière covalente à la lignine. La conséquence est que la stabilité thermique ainsi que la quantité de résidu charbonné sont fortement améliorées. Les lignines de départ et phosphorylée ont été incorporées dans des polymères thermoplastiques afin d’évaluer l’influence du phosphore ainsi que les performances au feu. Des propriétés prometteuses ont particulièrement été obtenues dans l’acide polylactique (PLA) et l’acrylonitrile-butadiène-styrène (ABS). Des formulations combinant les lignines avec d’autres additifs furent développées, et leurs performances au feu discutées. Ainsi, un large screening considérant la lignine comme FR fut réalisé. Le système comprenant la lignine, de départ ou phosphorylée, dans l’ABS fut finalement étudié en détail afin d’en élucider leur mécanisme d’action. Un effort particulier fut porté sur la réaction au feu ainsi que la dégradation thermique de ce composite. Durant sa dégradation thermique, la lignine produit une couche carbonée qui limite les échanges de masse entre le polymère et la flamme, permettant d’améliorer la réaction au feu de l’ABS. Cette barrière est d’autant plus efficace en utilisant la lignine phosphorylée. Il a été observé que le phosphore est actif dans la phase condensée, provoquant une formation plus rapide de la barrière, qui est également plus stable thermiquement
The aim of this PhD is to contribute to the valorization of lignin, an abundant byproduct of pulping industry by using it as flame retardant (FR) additive for polymeric materials. First, phosphorylation of lignin was undertaken. According to structural characterization, phosphorus was found to be covalently bonded to lignin. As a consequence, the thermal stability of lignin was enhanced as well as the char yield. Based on these results, both neat and phosphorylated lignin were incorporated in several polymers in order to assess their FR performance and the influence of phosphorus. Promising results were especially obtained in polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). Then FR performance of formulations combining lignins and other additives was discussed. A large screening using lignin as FR additive in PLA and ABS was therefore achieved. The system considering phosphorylated lignin in ABS was finally investigated in detail. FR performance as well as thermal degradation were deeply studied. Lignin produces a char when exposed to a flame or a heat source which acts as a physical layer by mainly limiting mass transfers between the burning polymer and the flame. The char produced by phosphorylated lignin demonstrated a higher efficiency, thus leading to enhanced FR properties. Phosphorus was indeed active in the condensed phase, promoting the char formation and leading to structures which stabilize the char. The mode of action of lignin and phosphorylated lignin as flame retardant additive in ABS was elucidated
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Owen, Steven Robert. "Antimony oxide compounds for flame retardant ABS polymer." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27210.

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Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) is a common additive in flame retardant formulations and a study has been made to determine the effects of adding it alone, or with four commercial brominated materials (OBDPO, BTBPE, TBBA and PDBS80) to ABS polymer. The results focus upon mechanical, rheological, microscopical and flame retardant properties, and the effects of different Sb2O3 grades with average particle sizes ranging from 0.1 to 11.8 μm. The Sb2O3 was mainly studied up to 12 wt% loading in ABS, since this is considered to be the maximum level used in commercial flame retardant formulations.
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Mulcahy, Ciara(Ciara Renee). "Analysis of patent data for flame-retardant plastics additives." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131011.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, May, 2020
Cataloged from the official PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 33-35).
Plastics are commercially produced by selecting a polymer resin and incorporating chemical additives to affect specific mechanical, chemical or aesthetic properties of the plastic products. The number of possible combinations of polymers and additives yields an enormous engineering space to meet the design requirements of the many applications of plastic materials. However, the broad scope of plastics science hinders both the invention of new plastics formulations and efforts to investigate potentially harmful polymer resins and plastic additives. In this thesis, a method of representing and analyzing the claims section of patents is presented and applied to a set of patents that refer to flame retardants. The claims section of a patent is presented as a graph, with individual claims as points and references between claims as lines connecting those points.
The chemical terms mentioned in the text of each of the claims were split into individual words or short sequences of words, called "tokens", by an existing materials tokenizer that had been trained on scientific journal articles. The term frequency - inverse document frequency (tf-idf) statistic for each token within each claim was computed, using the entire claims section of the individual patent to calculate the document frequency. Each claim was attributed the tokens that had tf-idf scores greater than the highest-scoring term shared with a claim to which that claim referred. By researcher inspection, this method served to extract relevant chemical terms, while omitting words that did not contribute to the chemical relevance of the claim or patent as a whole. A visualization of these labelled graphs of the claims was generated.
This reduced, graphical representation of materials patents could be implemented to aid in researcher review or computational tasks to survey for chemical components or resin-additive compatibilities. Such a representation of patent data could make the prioritization and review of commercial chemicals a more tractable task.
by Ciara Mulcahy.
S.B.
S.B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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Sharzehee, Maryam. "The use of urea condensates as novel flame retardant materials." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15232/.

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The aim of this work was to produce environmentally safe flame-proofing compositions to give a wash-durable finish on textile and other substrates. Thus this work describes the preparation and application of new urea condensates formed from the reaction of urea with a variety of chemicals including phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid and sulphamic acid; the condensates gave different degrees of flame retardancy (FR) on a variety of substrates. Studies of urea thermal decomposition showed the production of isocyanic acid and ammonia, above "the urea melting point (l3S•C). Using an open reaction vessel, urea, sulphamic acid and phosphorous acid gave an exothermic reaction over the temperature range 120 - 140'C with gas liberation. The condensates thus formed contained aliphatic polyamide chains, containing urea groups and sulphur and phosphorus residues. According to the type and amount of initial materials, various urea condensates, capable of imparting different degrees of flame retardancy, were synthesized. The sulphamic acid/urea (SIU), phosphoric acid /urea (P AIU), sulphamic acid/phosphoric acid/urea (SJPAIU) and also sulphamic acid/phosphorous acid/urea (S/PH/U) condensates were produced. When these urea condensates were cooled down, Water-soluble products were produced, and these materials could be applied to the textile substrate using a pad-bake technique. Cotton fabrics were treated with these condensates: typically a pad-liquor contained 500 g/l of urea condensate, 10 g/I of wetting agent; fabric was padded to 80% wet pick-up, dried (80'C) and cured for two minutes (l65'C). These urea condensates, when cured on cotton at high temperature (16S'C), change to water-insoluble products; as a result of reactions between cellulose hydroxyl group and the urea condensate a complicated polymer structure network can be produced on the surface of a fabric and a flame retardant effect imparted. The SIU condensate only produced partial FR properties, while the rest of the compounds produced completely flame retardant fabrics. FT-IR analysis and NMR analysis was carried out on the urea condensates and also on the flame retardant fabrics. DSC thermal analysis was performed on the initial materials, urea condensates and also the treated fabrics. The characterization of urea condensate treated fabrics were studied further using SEM and energy dispersion X-ray micro analysis. In the case of the urea condensates a small amount of sulphamic acid has a significant influence on the reaction between phosphating agents and urea; in fact the presence of SA reduces the exothennic reaction. However, at high concentrations of urea, the exothermic reaction occurred at a higher temperature and a hard crystalline product was produced, thus application required dissolution in warm water (50•C). A urea condensate of 1 mole sulphamic acid, 1 mole phosphorus acid and up to 18 moles of urea could produce a durable flame retardant finish on cotton fabric. A higher amount of phosphorous acid in the urea ~ondensate products (IS/2PH/IOU) reduced the exotherm temperature and a high quality flame retardant effect was produced on cotton fabric. The evenness of phosphorus and sulphur elemental distribution on the surface and cross section of treated fibre was confirmed using SEM. Desirable flame retardancy effects from the urea condensate treated fabrics were obtained with comparatively low levels of sulphur and phosphorus (in comparison with the current commercially available Proban and Pyrovatex treated fabrics). However, in the washing process of the condensate-treated fabr ics, no significant reduction in P or S concentration/level was found. The excellent flame retardancy of the new system can be explained due to the N/P/S containing polymer formed on the surface of the fabric. DSC results from the treated fabrics confirmed these observations. Fabrics treated with Pro ban and Pyrovatex showed a very sharp exotherm after 300'C, but for fabrics treated with the urea condensates only a small exotherm effect appeared. In FT-IR analysis and NMR analysis, the production of aliphatic polymer chains of different length was verified , however, for the insoluble product formed in situ by heating at 160'C, and also for the condensates formed on the fabric at high temperature, a complicated polymer structure was shown to contain a possible combination of cyanuric acid, cyclic urea, triazine and melamine. All these materials have been identified in the FT-IR spectra of a water- insoluble urea product formed at 160•C. To make a model reaction with other hydroxyl group-containing substrates, starch and polyvinyl alcohol were treated with the ISI2PH/IOU condensate. The flame retardancy effect on both these treated substrates was confirmed by DSC thermal analysis. Advantages of this new wash-durable FR system over the currently available Proban/Pyrovatex systems include: no formaldehyde, low cost, ready availability of materials, simplicity of the treatment (no specific equipment required), and maintenance of all the desirable physical properties of the fabric, such as soft handle, acceptable tensile strength, no effect on dyed grounds and also no yellowing of the fabric.
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Demir, Hasan Ülkü Semra. "Synergistic effect of natural zeolites on flame retardant additives/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2004. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/kimyamuh/T000514.rar.

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Liu, Jiacheng. "Fabrication, Synthesis, and Characterization of Flame Retardant and Thermally Stable Materials: Flame Retardant Coating for Polyurethane Foam and Fused-ring Benzo-/naphthoxazines." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1491229961956675.

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Hapuarachchi, Tharindu Dhanushka. "Development and characterisation of flame retardant nanoparticulate bio-based polymer composites." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/532.

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Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanoclays, there has been a great deal of research conducted for uses in applications such as: energy storage, molecular electronics, structural composites, biomedical to name but a few. Owing to their unique intrinsic properties and size means that they have an ever growing potential in the consumer and high technology sectors. In recent years the concept of using these as fillers in polymers has shown great potential. One such function is, as flame retardant additives. These possess much better environmental credentials than halogenated based additives as well as only needing to use a small loading content compared to traditional micron sized fillers. The combination of the above make these fillers ideal candidates for polymers and their composites. Especially with regards to natural fibre composites. Owing to environmental awareness and economical considerations, natural fibre reinforced polymer composites seem to present a viable alternative to synthetic fibre reinforced polymer composites such as glass fibres. However, merely substituting synthetic with natural fibres only solves part of the problem. Therefore selecting a suitable material for the matrix is key. Cellulose is both the most common biopolymer and the most common organic compound on Earth. About 33 % of all plant matter is cellulose; i.e. the cellulose content of cotton is 90 % and that of wood is 50 %. However just like their synthetic counterparts, the poor flame retardancy of bio-derived versions restricts its application and development in important fields such as construction and transportation. Abstract -vi- Traditional methods to improve the flame retardancy of polymeric material involve the use of the micron sized inorganic fillers like ammonium polyphosphate (APP) or aluminium trihydroxide (ATH). Imparting flame retardancy with these inorganic fillers is possible but only with relatively high loadings of more than 50 wt. %. This causes detrimental effects to the mechanical properties of the composite and embrittlement. Applying nanofillers can achieve similar if not better flame retarding performances to their micron sized counterparts but at much lower loading levels (<10 wt.%), thus preserving better the characteristics of the unfilled polymer such as good flow, toughness, surface finish and low density. This is the main focus of this study and it will be achieved by using various experimental techniques including the cone calorimeter and the newly developed microcalorimeter. After a comprehensive literature survey (Chapter 2), the experimental part of the thesis starts with a feasibility study of a flame retardant natural reinforced fibre sheet moulding compound (SMC) (Chapter 3). This work demonstrated that with a suitable flame retardant the peak heat release rate can be reduced. Chapter 4 deals with further improving the flame retardancy of the previously used unsaturated polyester resin. The aim is to study any synergistic behaviour by using aluminium trihydroxide in conjunction with ammonium polyphosphate whilst testing in the cone calorimeter. In Chapter 5, nanofillers are used to replace traditional micron sized fillers. In unsaturated polyester, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and sepiolite nanoclay are used together to create a ternary polymer nanocomposite. The microcalorimeter was employed for screening of the heat release rate. This work showed that the ternary nanocomposite showed synergistic behaviour with regards to significantly reducing the peak heat release rate. Abstract -vii- The same nanofillers were utilised in Chapters 6 and 7 but this time in combination with a thermoplastic (polypropylene) and bio-derived polymer (polylactic acid), respectively. In both systems an improved flame retardancy behavior was achieved whist meeting the recyclability objective. Chapter 8 attempts to show how the optimised natural fibre composite would behaviour in a large scale fire test. The ConeTools software package was used to simulate the single burning item test (SBI) and to classify the end product. This is a necessity with regards to commercialising the product for consumer usage. Finally, Chapter 9 is a summary of the work carried out in this research as well as possible future work that should be conducted.
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Anderton, Edwyn Christopher Morgan. "Relationships between polymer-additive molecular structure and intumescent flame retardant behaviour." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1990. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19277/.

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This thesis describes studies of the relationship between the molecular structure of a range of organophosphorus-based polymer additives and their ability to confer intumescent flame retardant properties on the resulting polymers. The development of intumescent fire retardants is discussed along with the principles of flame retardancy in general. Much of the work centred around the chemistry of a key starting material, pentaerythritol phosphate (PEPA). This compound was found to be less reactive than expected, due to a combination of its neopentyl type structure and the electron withdrawing effect of the phosphoric ester functionality. Various derivatives of PEPA were synthesised, most containing reactive functional groups which facilitated future development of the compound. The derivatives containing no reactive groups were investigated for their intumescent behaviour in their own right. Derivatives of PEPA containing an acidic functionality were utilised in the production of intumescent salt systems using cations with a high nitrogen content in the form of s-triazines. The most promising was the trimethylolmelamine salt of a bis-PEPA derivative of phosphoric acid, which, on testing, proved to be more effective than the current "state of the art" intumescent additive. Metal salts of acidic PEPA-derivatives were also investigated. Derivatives of PEPA containing a carbon-carbon double bond were investigated for their potential to polymerise and thus form more stable additives. Only one such polymer was successfully synthesised, that being poly (PEPA methacrylate). Despite being non-intumescent, due to its high thermal stability this polymer has potential as a flame retardant additive. The monomer was found to copolymerise with methyl methacrylate to form a polymer of high thermal stability. When investigating the relationship between the molecular structure of the compounds developed and their intumescent behaviour, it was observed that only compounds containing an ionisable hydrogen atom exhibited intumescent decomposition on pyrolysis.
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Gaffen, Joshua R. "Functional Main Group Materials: From Flame Retardant Ions (FRIONs) for Lithium-Ion Batteries to Polymeric Oxaphospholes." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1513801198165435.

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Books on the topic "Flame retardant materials"

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Hu, Yuan, and Xin Wang, eds. Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] | Series: Series in materials science and engineering: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22345.

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Design for the Environment Program (U.S.), ed. Furniture flame retardancy partnership: Flame-retardant alternatives for furniture foam. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005.

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Association, Chemical Industries, ed. Flame retardant products and their uses. London: Chemical Industries Association, 1990.

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Mittal, Vikas. Thermally stable and flame retardant polymer nanocomposites. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Frost & Sullivan., ed. The U.S. market for flame retardant chemicals. New York: Frost & Sullivan, 1990.

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Institute of Materials, Minerals, and Mining, ed. Advances in fire retardant materials. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing, 2008.

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Kōbunshi no nannenka gijutsu: Flame retardant technology of polymeric materials. Tōkyō: Shīemushī Shuppan, 2002.

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Gupta, Ram K., ed. Materials and Chemistry of Flame-Retardant Polyurethanes Volume 1: A Fundamental Approach. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2021-1399.

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Nannenzai nannen zairyō no katsuyō gijutsu: Practical Application and Technology of Flame Retardant Materials. Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku: Shīemushī Shuppan, 2010.

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Fire Retardant Chemicals Association (U.S.), ed. International progress in fire safety: Fire safety regulations, new flame retardant developments, hazard assessment and test materials, markets and marketing : Papers presented at Sheraton New Orleans Hotel, New Orleans LA, March 22-25, 1987. New Orleans, LA: Fire Retardant Chemicals Association, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flame retardant materials"

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Sinha Ray, Suprakas, and Malkappa Kuruma. "Flame-Retardant Polyurethanes." In Springer Series in Materials Science, 47–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35491-6_5.

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Mohamed, Amina L., and Ahmed G. Hassabo. "Flame Retardant of Cellulosic Materials and Their Composites." In Flame Retardants, 247–314. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_10.

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Hu, Yuan, and Xin Wang. "Introduction." In Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials, 3–12. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] | Series: Series in materials science and engineering: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22345-1.

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Pan, Ye-Tang, and De-Yi Wang. "Functionalized Layered Nanomaterials towards Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites." In Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials, 181–212. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] | Series: Series in materials science and engineering: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22345-10.

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Song, Lei, and Wei Cai. "The Use of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane in Flame Retardant Polymer Composites." In Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials, 213–32. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] | Series: Series in materials science and engineering: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22345-11.

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Wang, Zhengzhou, Xiaoyan Li, and Lei Liu. "Flame Retarded Polymer Foams for Construction Insulating Materials." In Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials, 235–58. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] | Series: Series in materials science and engineering: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22345-12.

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Fei, Bin, and Bin Yu. "Recent Advances in Flame Retardant Textiles." In Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials, 259–84. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] | Series: Series in materials science and engineering: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22345-13.

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Lagreve, Christian, Laurent Ferry, and Jose-Marie Lopez-Cuesta. "Flame Retardant Polymer Materials Design for Wire and Cable Applications." In Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials, 285–310. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] | Series: Series in materials science and engineering: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22345-14.

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Döring, Manfred, Sebastian Eibl, Lara Greiner, and Hauke Lengsfeld. "Flame Retardant Epoxy Resin Formulations for Fiber-Reinforced Composites." In Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials, 311–27. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] | Series: Series in materials science and engineering: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22345-15.

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Hu, Yuan, and Yan Zhang. "Mechanisms and Modes of Action in Flame Retardancy of Polymers." In Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials, 13–34. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] | Series: Series in materials science and engineering: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22345-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flame retardant materials"

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Birtane, Hatice. "The production of flame retardant paper with DOPO." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p16.

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Flame retardant property to paper increases the use of paper and the value of paper products. The flame retardant property was achieved by the addition of an organophosphorus agent to the paper. A great deal of research has been done on 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivatives as flame retardants. To apply the flame retardant property in condensed phase, DOPO derivative materials are generally used as an acid source for intumescent flame retardants to promote dehydration and carbonization of the charring agent to form a continuous layer of carbon. In this study, In order to prepare a flame retardant paper coating, DOPO derivative was synthesized with 3-aminophenyl sulfone, and benzaldehyde reaction and the chemical structure of DOPO is illuminated by ATR-FTIR then paper was coating with a flame retardant coating formulation ingredient with DOPO. The paper’s properties were investigated. Surface energy of coated papers and contact angles were determined with goniometer. Printability parameters such as color, gloss, surface tension were examined. The results the study DOPO added paper coatings improve the paper flame retardancy.
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Ghazinezami, A., A. Jabbarnia, and R. Asmatulu. "Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials Incorporated With Nanoscale Inclusions." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66158.

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Polymeric materials have a wide variety of applications in many manufacturing industries. However, because of the molecular structures and chemical compositions of polymeric materials, they have considerably low resistances against the fire/heat. Although these materials are highly flammable, their flame retardancy can be improved significantly by incorporating with flame retardant nanomaterials. Nanoclay and nanotalc are some of the examples of the flame retardant nanomaterials which are highly cost effective and environmentally friendly for these applications. Thus, these inclusions have a great potential to improve thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of the new materials. This study is mainly focused on the effects of nanoparticle additions in the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in terms of the flame retardancy. Five sets of nanocomposite materials were prepared using the solvent casting method at different weight percentages of the nanomaterials. The flame retardancy values of the resultant nanocomposite samples were determined using the ASTM UL 94 standard tests. The test results were also supported with the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests. Surface characterization of the resultant materials was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Test results showed that the flame retardancy values of the new nanostructured materials were significantly enhanced in the presence of nanoscale inclusions, which may be useful for various industrial applications.
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Zhang, Jitang, Jicai Liang, and Wanxi Zhang. "Research on the Novel Phosphorus Flame Retardant Epoxy Resin Model and the Corresponding Flame Retardant Performance." In 2016 6th International Conference on Machinery, Materials, Environment, Biotechnology and Computer. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/mmebc-16.2016.204.

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Weerasinghe, Dakshitha, Akila Napagoda, Philip Fernando, and Ujithe Gunasekera. "Improving flame retardant properties of pigment printed materials." In 2017 Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference (MERCon). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mercon.2017.7980481.

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Spiridonova, Veronika G., Olga G. Tsirkina, Sergey A. Shabunin, Alexander L. Nikiforov, and Svetlana N. Uleva. "Evaluation of the effect of intumescent flame retardants on the fire hazard indicators of textile materials." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM (ISTS) «IMPROVING ENERGY AND RESOURCE-EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF PROCESSES AND DEVICES IN CHEMICAL AND RELATED INDUSTRIES». The Kosygin State University of Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/eeste-2021-2-217-221.

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This article discusses the aspects of the use of intumescent flame retardants to reduce the fire hazard of technical fabrics made of natural fibers. The effectiveness of bulging compositions based on tannic acid is shown. Experimental data on the fire-hazardous properties of the starting material and its constituent textile fibers, as well as fabrics treated with an intumescent flame retardant, are presented.
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Bao, Wenbo, Miaojun Xu, He Jia, Hong Liu, and Bin Li. "Triazine macromolecule containing intumescent flame retardant polyolefin." In 2009 IEEE 9th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpadm.2009.5252290.

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Beshaposhnikova, Valentina I., Olga N. Mikryukova, Tatyana S. Lebedeva, and Venera V. Khammatova. "Development of a method for fire-resistant modification of textile materials." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM (ISTS) «IMPROVING ENERGY AND RESOURCE-EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF PROCESSES AND DEVICES IN CHEMICAL AND RELATED INDUSTRIES». The Kosygin State University of Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/eeste-2021-1-230-234.

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The results of the flame-retardant modification of the PAN fiber by the method of incubation under the influence of low-pressure HPE plasma are presented. The oxygen index of the fire-proof PAN fiber increases to 30-31% vol. The gorenje aflamit KWB flame retardant enhances the processes of cyclization, dehydrogenation and carbonation of the flame-proof PAN fiber, which helps to reduce its flammability.
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Koo, Joseph, Si Lao, Wen Yong, Chris Wu, Christine Tower, Gerry Wissler, Louis Pilato, and Zhiping Luo. "Material Characterization of Intumescent Flame Retardant Polyamide 11 Nanocomposites." In 49th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference
16th AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference
10t. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-1856.

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Rao, Burjupati Nageshwar, T. A. Praveen, R. R. N. Sailaja, and M. Ameen Khan. "HDPE nanocomposites using nanoclay, MWCNT and intumescent flame retardant characteristics." In 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpadm.2015.7295396.

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Qu, Baojun, Wenbao Bao, Lei Ye, Qianghua Wu, Shujun Ma, and Zhenshan Jia. "Photocrosslinking of intumescent halogen-free flame-retardant LLDPE/EVA/IFR blends." In 2009 IEEE 9th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpadm.2009.5252471.

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Reports on the topic "Flame retardant materials"

1

Avis, William. Technical Aspects of e-Waste Management. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.051.

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Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices, increased affordability and consumer appetite for new products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on the technical aspects e-waste value chains. The report should be read in conjunction with two earlier reports on e-waste management1. E-waste is any electrical or electronic equipment, including all components, subassemblies and consumables, which are part of the equipment at the time the equipment becomes waste. The exact treatment of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) can vary enormously according to the category of WEEE and technology that is used. Electrical and electronic items contain a wide variety of materials. As a result of this complex mix of product types and materials, some of which are hazardous (including arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury and certain flame retardants) multiple approaches to WEEE are required, each with specific technical guidelines. This report is structured as follows: Section two provides an introduction to the technical aspects of e-waste management, including a reflection on the challenges and complexities of managing a range of product types involving a range of components and pollutants. Section three provides an annotated bibliography of key readings that discuss elements of the technical aspects of managing e-waste. This bibliography includes readings on national guidelines, training manuals and technical notes produced by the Basel convention and courses. WEEE recycling can be a complex and multifaced process. In order to manage e-waste effectively, the following must be in place Legislative and regulatory frameworks Waste Prevention and minimisation guidelines Identification of waste mechanisms Sampling, analysis and monitoring expertise Handling, collection, packaging, labelling, transportation and storage guidelines Environmentally sound disposal guidelines Management is further complicated by the speed of technological advance with technologies becoming redundant much sooner than initially planned. Case studies show that the average actual lifetimes of certain electronic products are at least 2.3 years shorter than either their designed or desired lifetimes.
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