Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flame

Academic literature on the topic 'Flame'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Flame"

1

Hsu, Ching Min, Dickson Bwana Mosiria, and Wei Chih Jhan. "Flow and Temperature Characteristics of a 15° Backward-Inclined Jet Flame in Crossflow." Energies 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010132.

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The flow and flame characteristics of a 15° backward-inclined jet flame in crossflow were investigated in a wind tunnel. The flow structures, flame behaviors, and temperature fields were measured. The jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio was less than 7.0. The flow patterns were investigated using photography and Mie-scattering techniques. Meanwhile, the velocity fields were observed using particle image velocimetry techniques, whereas the flame behaviors were studied using photographic techniques. The flame temperatures were probed using a fine-wire R-type thermocouple. Three flame modes were identified: crossflow dominated flames, which were characterized by a blue flame connected to a down-washed yellow recirculation flame; transitional flames identified by a yellow recirculation flame and an elongated yellow tail flame; and detached jet dominated flames denoted by a blue flame base connected to a yellow tail flame. The effect of the flow characteristics on the combustion performance in different flame regimes is presented and discussed. The upwind shear layer of the bent jet exhibited different coherent structures as the jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio increased. The transitional flames and detached jet dominated flames presented a double peak temperature distribution in the symmetry plane at x/d = 60. The time-averaged velocity field of the crossflow dominated flames displayed a standing vortex in the wake region, whereas that of the detached jet dominated flames displayed a jet-wake vortex and a wake region source point.
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Yang, Tao, Yuan Ma, and Peng Zhang. "Dynamical Behavior of Small-Scale Buoyant Diffusion Flames in Externally Swirling Flows." Symmetry 16, no. 3 (March 2, 2024): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16030292.

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This study computationally investigates small-scale flickering buoyant diffusion flames in externally swirling flows and focuses on identifying and characterizing various distinct dynamical behaviors of the flames. To explore the impact of finite rate chemistry on flame flicker, especially in sufficiently strong swirling flows, a one-step reaction mechanism is utilized for investigation. By adjusting the external swirling flow conditions (the intensity R and the inlet angle α), six flame modes in distinct dynamical behaviors were computationally identified in both physical and phase spaces. These modes, including the flickering flame, oscillating flame, steady flame, lifted flame, spiral flame, and flame with a vortex bubble, were analyzed from the perspective of vortex dynamics. The numerical investigation provides relatively comprehensive information on these flames. Under the weakly swirling condition, the flames retain flickering (the periodic pinch-off of the flame) and are axisymmetric, while the frequency nonlinearly increases with the swirling intensity. A relatively high swirling intensity can cause the disappearance of the flame pinch-off, as the toroidal vortex sheds around either the tip or the downstream of the flame. The flicker vanishes, but the flame retains axisymmetric in a small amplitude oscillation or a steady stay. A sufficiently high swirling intensity causes a small Damköhler number, leading to the lift-off of the flame (the local extinction occurs at the flame base). Under the same swirling intensity but large swirling angles, the asymmetric modes of the spiral and vortex bubble flames were likely to occur. With R and α increasing, these flames exhibit axisymmetric and asymmetric patterns, and their dynamical behaviors become more complex. To feature the vortical flows in flames, the phase portraits are established based on the velocity information of six positions along the axis of the flame, and the dynamical behaviors of various flames are presented and compared in the phase space. Observing the phase portraits and their differences in distinct modes could help identify the dynamical behaviors of flames and understand complex phenomena.
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Dunstan, T. D., N. Swaminathan, and K. N. C. Bray. "Influence of flame geometry on turbulent premixed flame propagation: a DNS investigation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 709 (August 21, 2012): 191–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.328.

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AbstractThe sensitivity of the turbulent flame speed to the geometry of the flame is investigated using direct numerical simulations of turbulent premixed flames in three canonical configurations: freely propagating statistically planar flames, planar flames stabilized in stagnating flows, and rod-stabilized V-flames. We consider both the consumption speed, which measures the integrated rate of burning, and the propagation speed, which measures the speed of an isosurface within the flame brush. An algebraic model for the propagation speed of the leading edge of the flame brush, which is blind to flame geometry, is also applied to the data for the purposes of establishing its range of validity and the causes of its failure. The turbulent consumption speed is found to be strongly geometry dependent, primarily due to the continuous growth of the flame brush thickness. Changes in the structure and consumption speed of instantaneous flame fronts are found to be only weakly sensitive to flame geometry. The turbulent propagation speed is analysed in terms of its reactive, diffusive and turbulent flux components. All three terms are shown to be significant, both through the flame brush and along the leading edge. The leading-edge propagation speed is found to be sensitive to flame geometry only in the V-flames under certain conditions. It is suggested that this apparent geometry dependence, which the model cannot capture, results from the relation between the turbulence and mean flow time scales in these particular cases, and is not intrinsic to the flame geometry itself.
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GHOSAL, SANDIP, and LUC VERVISCH. "Theoretical and numerical study of a symmetrical triple flame using the parabolic flame path approximation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 415 (July 25, 2000): 227–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112000008685.

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In non-premixed turbulent combustion the reactive zone is localized at the stoichiometric surfaces of the mixture and may be locally approximated by a diffusion flame. Experiments and numerical simulations reveal a characteristic structure at the edge of such a two-dimensional diffusion flame. This ‘triple flame’ or ‘edge flame’ consists of a curved flame front followed by a trailing edge that constitutes the body of the diffusion flame. Triple flames are also observed at the edge of a lifted laminar diffusion flame near the exit of burners. The speed of propagation of the triple flame determines such important properties as the rate of increase of the flame surface in non-premixed combustion and the lift-off distance in lifted flames at burners. This paper presents an approximate theory of triple flames based on an approximation of the flame shape by a parabolic profile, for large activation energy and low but finite heat release. The parabolic flame path approximation is a heuristic approximation motivated by physical considerations and is independent of the large activation energy and low heat release assumptions which are incorporated through asymptotic expansions. Therefore, what is presented here is not a truly asymptotic theory of triple flames, but an asymptotic solution of a model problem in which the flame shape is assumed parabolic. Only the symmetrical flame is considered and Lewis numbers are taken to be unity. The principal results are analytical formulas for the speed and curvature of triple flames as a function of the upstream mixture fraction gradient in the limit of infinitesimal heat release as well as small but finite heat release. For given chemistry, the solution provides a complete description of the triple flame in terms of the upstream mixture fraction gradient. The theory is validated by comparison with numerical simulation of the primitive equations.
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Sun, Y., N. Liu, and W. Gao. "Experimental Study on Geometrical Characteristics of a Square Turbulent Buoyant Jet Flame." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2442, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2442/1/012020.

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Abstract This paper gives the experimental results for the buoyant jet diffusion flame in square burners. The flame height and lift-off were measured and discussed. The results show that the normalized flame height and lift-off height of square flames are lower than that of round flames with the same experimental conditions, which indicates enhanced air entrainment in square flames. The model of flame height based on the flame Froude-number, which integrates a correction factor to account for the enhancement of air entrainment, reasonably collapses the square flame data under different experimental cases. The critical Froude number for the transition from buoyancy to momentum controlled regime of a square jet flame is highly dependent on the fuel type and burner size. The lift-off height of the square jet flames increases linearly when the initial velocity increases, but also depends on the fuel type and burner size. A unified correlation using a dimensionless flow number derived from the mixedness-reactedness flamelet model is established, which reasonably predicts the lift-off distances of square jet flames.
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Vance, Faizan Habib, Yuriy Shoshin, Philip de Goey, and Jeroen van Oijen. "Flame Stabilization and Blow-Off of Ultra-Lean H2-Air Premixed Flames." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071977.

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The manner in which an ultra-lean hydrogen flame stabilizes and blows off is crucial for the understanding and design of safe and efficient combustion devices. In this study, we use experiments and numerical simulations for pure H2-air flames stabilized behind a cylindrical bluff body to reveal the underlying physics that make such flames stable and eventually blow-off. Results from CFD simulations are used to investigate the role of stretch and preferential diffusion after a qualitative validation with experiments. It is found that the flame displacement speed of flames stabilized beyond the lean flammability limit of a flat stretchless flame (ϕ=0.3) can be scaled with a relevant tubular flame displacement speed. This result is crucial as no scaling reference is available for such flames. We also confirm our previous hypothesis regarding lean limit blow-off for flames with a neck formation that such flames are quenched due to excessive local stretching. After extinction at the flame neck, flames with closed flame fronts are found to be stabilized inside a recirculation zone.
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Ebieto, Celestine Ebieto, and Oku Nyong. "Flammability and Gravity Effect of Horizontal and Vertical Propagating Flames in Tube." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.1.1695.

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In the current research, experimental work is investigated for vertically and horizontally downward propagating flames in an open-ended tube. The objective was to study and compare the influence of flammability limits, gravity, and the flame speed in the different tube configuration for two different fuels. The experimental facility included a 20 mm inner diameter tube, 1200 mm in length and an optical access quartz tube made centrally of 700 mm in length. Methane-air and propane-air fuel were compared for both vertically and horizontally downward propagating flames. The flame speed at each equivalence ratios for both fuels was lower for the flame that propagates downward compared to the flame that propagates horizontally. For both fuels, the flammability limits tend to rise for the vertically downward flame. The influence of gravity was seen as the flames become leaner and richer in methane-air and propane-air flames that propagate vertically downwards, causing a transformation in the contour of the flame from a steady curved flame to a vibrating corrugated flame.
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Ebieto, Celestine Ebieto, and Oku Nyong. "Flammability and Gravity Effect of Horizontal and Vertical Propagating Flames in Tube." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 1 (January 14, 2020): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.1.1695.

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In the current research, experimental work is investigated for vertically and horizontally downward propagating flames in an open-ended tube. The objective was to study and compare the influence of flammability limits, gravity, and the flame speed in the different tube configuration for two different fuels. The experimental facility included a 20 mm inner diameter tube, 1200 mm in length and an optical access quartz tube made centrally of 700 mm in length. Methane-air and propane-air fuel were compared for both vertically and horizontally downward propagating flames. The flame speed at each equivalence ratios for both fuels was lower for the flame that propagates downward compared to the flame that propagates horizontally. For both fuels, the flammability limits tend to rise for the vertically downward flame. The influence of gravity was seen as the flames become leaner and richer in methane-air and propane-air flames that propagate vertically downwards, causing a transformation in the contour of the flame from a steady curved flame to a vibrating corrugated flame.
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Buckmaster, J., and T. L. Jackson. "Holes in flames, flame isolas, and flame edges." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 28, no. 2 (January 2000): 1957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(00)80601-3.

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Xing, Tie-Ling, Jie Liu, Shi-Wei Li, and Guo-Qiang Chen. "Thermal properties of flame retardant cotton fabric grafted by dimethyl methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate." Thermal Science 16, no. 5 (2012): 1472–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1205472x.

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Thermal properties of flame retardant cotton fabric grafted by dimethyl methacryloy-loxyethyl phosphate were investigated by the atom transfer radical polymerization method. Thermal gravimetric analysis was used to explore the thermal decomposition mode of flamed retardant cotton fabric. The weight loss rate of the flamed retardant cotton was bigger than that of the control cotton fabric, and a more final residual char of flamed retardant cotton was also observed. Flammability tests were used to study the flame retardance property of the flame retardant cotton fabric. The results showed that flamed retardant cotton fabric with 16.8% of weight gain could keep good flame retardance. Scanning electron microscope pictures were applied to investigate the morphology of residual char of the flame retardant samples.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flame"

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Walter, Géza. "Comparison of different flame types /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2006. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Erard, Valérie. "Etude spatiale et temporelle des champs thermiques et dynamiques de la combustion de prémélange turbulente instationnaire." Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUES073.

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Cette étude a pour but de visualiser et d'analyser la structure spatiale des fronts de flammes turbulentes instationnaires de prémélange méthane-air. Les flammes sont réalisées par étincelle dans une soufflerie verticale et se propagent librement dans un écoulement à turbulence de grille. La technique de mesure adoptée aux phénomènes rapides, est basée sur la tomographie laser couplée à une caméra rapide. Par traitements d'images, il est possible de suivre et de décrire l'évolution temporelle de la combustion. Ainsi, l'application de cette technique de visualisation permet d'accéder à des mesures quantitatives des grandeurs spatiales représentatives de l'interaction entre la chimie et le champ turbulent. Plusieurs de ces grandeurs sont quantifiées : l'évolution des rayons équivalents des flammes en fonction du temps, le taux de plissement, les courbures locales et moyennes, ainsi que les échelles fractales. Par ailleurs, la mesure du champ dynamique instantané est déterminée par l'application de la PIV par intercorrélation sur les mêmes images tomographiques, afin de mettre en évidence l'influence de la propagation de la flamme sur le champ turbulent.
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Nanduri, Jagannath Ramchandra. "A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE, STABILITY, DYNAMICS, AND RESPONSE OF LOW STRETCH DIFFUSION FLAME." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1132237973.

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Yamashita, Hiroshi, Naoki Hayashi, Yusuke Isobe, Shinya Kato, and Kazuhiro Yamamoto. "Lifted flame structure of coannular jet flames in a triple port burner." Elsevier, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20041.

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Guo, Huimin. "Flame and acoustic waves interactions and flame control." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/flame-and-acoustic-waves-interactions-and-flame-control(d6306221-905e-425f-9144-d40453eabb7f).html.

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In this PhD project, the investigation of the stability of a laminar diffusion flame and the interaction of the flame with acoustic waves inside an acoustically excited cylindrical tube is presented. Interesting phenomena have been observed by studying both the infrasound and sound effect on the flame structure and dynamics.When a cylindrical tube burner is acoustically excited at one end, a standing wave will be produced along the tube burner. By applying a programming controlled signal from a signal generator, the loudspeaker generates acoustic waves with different frequencies and intensities to excite the flame, which can make the flame relatively stable or unstable, even blow out. Different methods in both frequency domain and time domain have been applied to analyze the flame stability affected by acoustic waves. Both infrasound and sound are tested in this research. Infrasound is the acoustic wave with a frequency too low to be heard by human ear covering sounds beneath the lowest limits of human hearing (20Hz) down to 0.001Hz. It is found that infrasound is able to take over buoyancy-driven flame flickering and make the flame flicker at the same frequency as the forcing infrasound. For some infrasound, half excited frequency has been detected clearly in the power spectrum of CH* chemiluminescence signals acquired by a photomultiplier. On the other hand, some higher frequency acoustic wave can have observable effect on flame flickering but the buoyancy-driven flickering is still the dominant oscillating mode; some other higher frequency acoustic wave can make the flame very stable, such as the acoustic wave at 140Hz. Image processing technique has shown that the influence of acoustic waves on the laminar diffusion flame varies spatially. It is also observed that a diffusion flame may oscillate at different frequency spatially. Taking the flame without acoustic excitation as an example, the inner most area of the flame oscillates at the typical flickering frequency, but the most outer areas of the flame oscillate at the second-harmonic of the typical flickering frequency. Finally, some control strategies are developed for the laboratory tube burner based on the gained physical insights in this research.
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Wang, Aijuan. "Experimental and numerical investigation of the confinement effect on the impinging flame in a compartment." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourges, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ISAB0002.

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Le phénomène de flamme de diffusion impactant une paroi est fréquent dans les scénarios d’incendie en milieu clos. Celui-ci peut entraîner à avoir des conséquences désastreuses en termes de vie humaine et de biens matériels. En effet, lorsqu'une flamme incidente se produit dans un compartiment, elle peut augmenter le risque de propagation du feu de celui-ci vers une autre pièce à travers une explosion de fumée représentant une menace pour les personnes pié-gées. Afin d’apporter des éléments de compréhension sur le comportement de ce type de flamme, de nombreuses études ont réalisé. Celles-ci se sont intéressées sur des flammes impac-tant un plafond en milieu ouvert ou semi-confiné. Cependant il y a peu, voire aucuns travaux qui se sont penchés sur l’étude du comportement d’une flamme incidente dans un compartiment confiné sous ventilé. Dans l’objectif d’apporter des éléments de compréhension en lien avec l’effet du confinement sur la dynamique d’une flamme impactant un plafond, une étude expé-rimentale et numérique est réalisée dans le cadre de cette thèse.L’ensemble des données a été obtenu à l’aide d’un dispositif expérimental représentant un appartement d’étudiant à échelle réduite.Le banc d'essai est un compartiment représentant une maquette d’appartement à petite échelle (1 :10). La conception et dimensionnement a été réalisée sur la base des lois de simili-tudes. Les niveaux de confinement ont été définis en fonction des ouvertures de l’enceinte et du débit calorifique potentielle. A partir de ces deux paramètres, le niveau de confinement peut être associé à la richesse de l’enceinte. Pour cela, huit débits caloriques différents ainsi que cinq possibilités d’ouvertures ont été proposés. À partir des expériences réalisées avec les huit débits calorifiques et les cinq configurations d’ouvertures, l'effet de confinement sur la dynamique d’une flamme impactant un plafond a été effectué en se basant sur les paramètres physico-chimiques, tels que l'extension de la flamme, l'oscillation de la flamme, la distribution de la température et l'analyse des gaz.De plus, grâce à la modélisation numérique de la flamme impactant le plafond à l’aide du code CFD : Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), il a été possible d’apporter des éléments supplé-mentaires dans l’analyse des écoulements réactifs associée à l’interaction flamme paroi en fonc-tion du niveau de confinement. Le choix des modèles numériques a été effectué à partir d’une étude préliminaire visant à justifier la fiabilité et la précision du modèle numérique à reproduire les données expérimentales ainsi que des évolutions obtenues à partir de corrélations empiriques obtenues dans les littératures.A partir des analyses réalisées dans cette étude, il est possible de fournir des éléments de décisions lors de la conception et la mise en place de détecteurs d'incendie au plafond dans un compartiment et également d’aider à une meilleure estimation de la probabilité de propagation du feu lors d'un incendie de compartiment par le biais d’une explosion de fumée riche en gaz imbrûlés
The phenomenon of diffusion impinging flame is common in industrials, leading to disas-trous consequences in terms of life and property. When impinging flame occurs in a compart-ment, it may enhance the risk of fire propagation and pose a greater threat to trapped people. Lots of studies dealt with flame impinging an unconfined or confined ceiling while little work focused on the impinging flame in a confined compartment. With the objective of providing understanding related to the confinement effect on the impinging flame in a compartment, both experimental and numerical studies carried out to build up the framework of this thesis. A compartment model representing a reduced scale (1:10) student compartment was uti-lized based on the scaling law such that a test bench with suitable instrumentations for carrying out measurements was developed. Configurations of five confinement levels were constructed by the condition of windows and door in the compartment and heat release rate (HRR) was var-ied between 0.5 kW and 18.6 kW. Through series of experiments, the confinement effect on the dynamics of flame impinging a ceiling was addressed with physicochemical parameters, such as flame extension, flame oscillation, temperature distribution and gas analysis. In addition, on account of the numerical modeling of flame impinging a ceiling using the CFD code: Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), it was possible to provide additional elements in the analysis of reactive flows associated with the flame-wall interaction as a function of the confinement level. The choice of numerical models was made on the basis of a preliminary study aimed at justifying the reliability and precision of the numerical modelling in reproducing the experimental data as well as the empirical correlations obtained in the literatures. From the analyzes in this study, it is possible to provide guidance for fire safety engineering in the field of fire risk assessment and fire protection design of buildings
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Capil, Tyler George. "Flame Surface Density Measurements and Curvature Statistics for Turbulent Premixed Bunsen Flames." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75121.

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In this work, turbulent premixed combustion was analyzed through CH (methylidyne) planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF). Flame topography measurements in terms of flame surface density and curvature were calculated based on the flame front detected by the CH PLIF signal. The goal of this work was to investigate turbulent flames with extremely high turbulence intensity using a recently developed HiPilot burner (a Bunsen-type burner). The studies were first conducted on a series of piloted jet flames to validate the methodology, and then conducted on the highly turbulent flames generated by the HiPilot burner. All flames were controlled by combusting methane and air under a fuel to air equivalence ratio of Φ=1.05, and the Reynolds number varied from 7,385 to 28,360. Flame surface density fields and profiles for the HiPilot burner are presented. These flame surface density measurements showed an overall decrease with height above the burner. In addition, curvature statistics for the HiPilot flames were calculated and probability density functions of the curvature samples were determined. The probability density functions of curvature for the flames showed Gaussian-shaped distributions centered near zero curvature. To conclude, flame topography measurements were verified on jet flames and were demonstrated on the new HiPilot flames.
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Zeltner, Darrel Patrick. "NO, Burnout, Flame Temperature, Emissivity, and Radiation Intensity from Oxycombustion Flames." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3221.

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This work produced the retrofit of an air-fired, 150 kW reactor for oxy-combustion which was then used in three oxy-combustion studies: strategic oxy-combustion design, oxy-combustion of petroleum coke, and air versus oxy-combustion radiative heat flux measurements. The oxy-combustion retrofit was accomplished using a system of mass flow controllers and automated pressure switches which allowed safe and convenient operation. The system was used successfully in the three studies reported here and was also used in an unrelated study. A study was completed where a novel high oxygen participation burner was investigated for performance while burning coal related to flame stability, NO, and burnout using a burner supplied by Air Liquide. Parameters investigated included oxygen (O2) injection location, burner swirl number and secondary carbon dioxide (CO2) flow rate. The data showed swirl can be used to stabilize the flame while reducing NO and improving burnout. Center O2 injection helped to stabilize the flame but increased NO formation and decreased burnout by reducing particle residence time. Additional CO2 flow lifted the flame and increased NO but was beneficial for burnout. High O2 concentrations up to 100% in the secondary were accomplished without damage to the burner. Petroleum coke was successfully burned using the Air Liquide burner. Swirl of the secondary air and O2 injection into the center tube of the burner were needed to stabilize the flame. Trends in the data similar to those reported for the coal study are apparent. Axial total radiant intensity profiles were obtained for air combustion and three oxy-combustion operating conditions that used hot recycled flue gas in the secondary stream. The oxygen concentration of the oxidizer stream was increased from 25 to 35% O2 by decreasing the flow rate of recycled flue gas. The decrease in secondary flow rate decreased the secondary velocity, overall swirl, and mixing which elongated the flame. Changing from air to neat CO2 as the coal carrier gas also decreased premixing which elongated the flame. Flame elongation caused increased total heat transfer from the flame. The air flame was short and had a higher intensity near the burner, while high O2 concentration conditions produced lower intensities near the burner but higher intensities and temperatures farther downstream. It was shown that oxycombustion can change flame shape, temperature and soot concentration all influencing heat transfer. Differences in gas emission appear negligible in comparison to changes in particle emission.
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Duchaine, Patrick. "Experimental analysis of the dynamics of gaseous and two-phase counterflow flames submitted to upstream modulations." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545418.

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Modern combustion systems benefit from constant technological advanceswhich aim at reducing the emissions of chemical pollutants and at wideningregimes of stable operation. Further progress in the combustion field requiresa better understanding and modelling of the combustion dynamics. In thesesystems, the combustible is often injected as a liquid polydisperse spray. Experimentaldata are thus required to validate simulation tools in configurationswith flames interacting with controlled structures in multi-phase flows.This thesis aims at studying some of these fundamental interactions in wellcontrolledlaminar flows submitted to upstream modulations. Two experimentalconfigurations are investigated comprising counterflow flames and free inertjets, fed with gaseous or liquid combustibles. The flows may be submittedto upstream velocity modulations to reproduce effects of unsteadiness. Dependingon the pulsation frequency, vortices of controlled sizes are shed fromthe burner lips and convected with the flow, while interacting with the sprayand the flame.In the first part of this thesis, the dynamics of a premixed stretched flameis analysed in a stagnation flow. The study focuses on determining the flowand flame structures under upstream modulations, and principally on studyingthe dynamics of flame/vortex interactions. Different responses of the flameare identified and analysed relative to the size of the vortex ring generated atthe burner outlet. Two propagation modes for the velocity perturbations areidentified, corresponding to a bulk oscillation of the entire reaction zone orto a flame perturbed only at its periphery. This leads to a discussion on thechoice of velocity boundary conditions to conduct 1D simulations of theseconfigurations. Comparisons between simulations and measurements of thevelocity field illustrate these conclusions. Flame transfer functions betweenheat release rate and velocity perturbations imposed at the burner outlet areestablished for different flow conditions. These measurements relying on localand global chemiluminescence of the flame show again a distinct behaviourof the emission originating from the flame region close to the burner axis andthe whole flame. Mechanisms of sound production by partially and perfectlypremixed flames are also identified and analysed relative to flame/vortex interactions.In the second part, the dynamics of a spray convected by a free inert jet or impinginga diffusion flame submitted to velocity modulations is analysed. Theoriginality of this work consists in characterizing the flow and spray dynamicsusing a set of advanced diagnostics. Phase-conditioned images at different instantsin the modulation cycle are used to analyse the interactions between thegaseous phase and the spray. The spatial distribution of combustible vapourand liquid phases is determined using Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence(LIEF). Velocities and sizes distribution of droplets from the spray are determinedlocally by Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) and in a plane by InterferometricParticle Imaging (IPI). Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) andParticle Image Velocimetry (PIV) are also used to determine the response ofgaseous phase. These phase-conditioned analysis highlight some interactionsbetween the gaseous and liquid phases and constitute an interesting databasefor detailed simulation of these two-phase flows.
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Jaafar, Nisrine. "The blue flame and the red flame : love and eroticism." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ64032.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Flame"

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N, Bradley John, and Bradley John N, eds. Flame and combustion. 3rd ed. London: Blackie Academic & Professional an imprint of Chapman and Hall, 1995.

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N, Bradley John, and Bradley John N, eds. Flame and combustion. 2nd ed. London: Chapman and Hall, 1985.

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3

Nakamura, Megumi. Flame. Yamaguchi-shi, Japan: Yamaguchi City, 2004.

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Rogers, Evelyn. Flame. New York: Kensington Pub. Corp., 1994.

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John, Lutz. Flame. New York: Avon Books, 1991.

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Ryan, Amy Kathleen. Flame. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2014.

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Alishan, Zaidi, ed. Flame. Manchester: Crocus, 1991.

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Miles, Cara. Flame. Waterville, Me: Thorndike Press, 2003.

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A, Strehlow Roger, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The behavior of fuel-lean premixed flames in a standard flammability limit tube under controlled gravity conditions. Urbana, Ill: Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., University of Illinois, 1986.

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A, Strehlow Roger, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, eds. The behavior of fuel-lean premixed flames in a standard flammability limit tube under controlled gravity conditions. Urbana, Ill: Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., University of Illinois, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flame"

1

Gooch, Jan W. "Flame." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 308. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5003.

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Visakh, P. M. "Advances in Flame Retardant of Different Types of Nanocomposites." In Flame Retardants, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_1.

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Mohamed, Amina L., and Ahmed G. Hassabo. "Flame Retardant of Cellulosic Materials and Their Composites." In Flame Retardants, 247–314. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_10.

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Arao, Yoshihiko. "Flame Retardancy of Polymer Nanocomposite." In Flame Retardants, 15–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_2.

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Xu, Tao. "Recent Developments in Different Techniques Used for the Flame Retardancy." In Flame Retardants, 45–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_3.

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Mihajlović, Ivana. "Recent Development of Phosphorus Flame Retardants in Thermoplastic Blends and Nanocomposites." In Flame Retardants, 79–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_4.

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Pack, Seongchan. "A Review of Non-halogen Flame Retardants in Epoxy-Based Composites and Nanocomposites: Flame Retardancy and Rheological Properties." In Flame Retardants, 115–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_5.

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Rault, F., S. Giraud, and F. Salaün. "Flame Retardant/Resistant Based Nanocomposites in Textile." In Flame Retardants, 131–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_6.

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Zhang, Henglong L., Jianying Y. Yu, and Chongzheng Z. Zhu. "Flame Retardants in Bitumens and Nanocomposites." In Flame Retardants, 167–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_7.

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Sittisart, Pongphat, and Mohammed M. Farid. "Fire Retardant for Phase Change Material." In Flame Retardants, 187–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flame"

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Tyagi, Ankit, Isaac G. Boxx, Stephen Peluso, and Jacqueline A. O'Connor. "Statistics of Local Flame-Flame Interactions in Flame Interaction Zones of Two V-Flames." In AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-0446.

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CHEN, T., and L. GOSS. "Flame lifting and flame/flow interactions of jet diffusion flames." In 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1989-156.

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Fachini, Fernando. "Multicomponent Fuel Diffusion Flames: Flame Structure for Coupled Diffusion-Flame and Premixed-Flame Burning Regimes." In 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-550.

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Krebs, Werner, Stefan Hoffmann, Bernd Prade, Martin Lohrmann, and Horst Bu¨chner. "Thermoacoustic Flame Response of Swirl Flames." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30065.

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The operating range of heavy duty gas turbines featuring lean premix combustion to achieve low Nox emissions may be limited by thermoacoustic oscillations. The most promising way to extend the operational envelope of the gas turbine is to modify the burner outlet conditions which itself strongly affect the flame response on acoustic perturbations. The objective of the present paper is the analysis and prediction of the flame response of premixed swirl flames which are typical for gas turbine combustion. The flame response has been determined experimentally by measuring the velocity fluctuations of a forced pulsated burner flow with hot wire probes and the resulting heat release fluctuations OH radiation. The experimentally determined flame response function for the swirl premixed flame follows almost a time lag law. Hence, reasonable agreement has been found between measurements and calculations using a time lag model.
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Minotti, Angelo, and Claudio Bruno. "Flame Temperatures in Non-Premixed Flames." In 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-998.

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Tyagi, Ankit, Isaac G. Boxx, Stephen J. Peluso, Ryan Shupp, and Jacqueline O'Connor. "Structure of Flames in Flame Interaction Zones." In 2018 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-0161.

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Katta, V., and W. Roquemore. "Vortex-flame interactions in premixed jet flames." In 33rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1995-871.

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Griebel, P., R. Bombach, A. Inauen, R. Scha¨ren, S. Schenker, and P. Siewert. "Flame Characteristics and Turbulent Flame Speeds of Turbulent, High-Pressure, Lean Premixed Methane/Air Flames." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68565.

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The present experimental study focuses on flame characteristics and turbulent flame speeds of lean premixed flames typical for stationary gas turbines. Measurements were performed in a generic combustor at a preheating temperature of 673 K, pressures up to 14.4 bars (absolute), a bulk velocity of 40 m/s, and an equivalence ratio in the range of 0.43–0.56. Turbulence intensities and integral length scales were measured in an isothermal flow field with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The turbulence intensity (u′) and the integral length scale (LT) at the combustor inlet were varied using turbulence grids with different blockage ratios and different hole diameters. The position, shape, and fluctuation of the flame front were characterized by a statistical analysis of Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence images of the OH radical (OH-PLIF). Turbulent flame speeds were calculated and their dependence on operating conditions (p, φ) and turbulence quantities (u′, LT) are discussed and compared to correlations from literature. No influence of pressure on the most probable flame front position or on the turbulent flame speed was observed. As expected, the equivalence ratio had a strong influence on the most probable flame front position, the spatial flame front fluctuation, and the turbulent flame speed. Decreasing the equivalence ratio results in a shift of the flame front position farther downstream due to the lower fuel concentration and the lower adiabatic flame temperature and subsequently lower turbulent flame speed. Flames operated at leaner equivalence ratios show a broader spatial fluctuation as the lean blow-out limit is approached and therefore are more susceptible to flow disturbances. In addition, because of a lower turbulent flame speed these flames stabilize farther downstream in a region with higher velocity fluctuations. This increases the fluctuation of the flame front. Flames with higher turbulence quantities (u′, LT) in the vicinity of the combustor inlet exhibited a shorter length and a higher calculated flame speed. An enhanced turbulent heat and mass transport from the recirculation zone to the flame root location due to an intensified mixing which might increase the preheating temperature or the radical concentration is believed to be the reason for that.
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Wu, Yao, and Martin Ester. "FLAME." In WSDM 2015: Eighth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2684822.2685291.

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Daga, Harshit, Jaemin Shin, Dhruv Garg, Ada Gavrilovska, Myungjin Lee, and Ramana Rao Kompella. "Flame." In SoCC '23: ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3620678.3624665.

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Reports on the topic "Flame"

1

Shepherd, I. G. Flame surface density and burning rate in premixed turbulent flames. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/132644.

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Santavicca, Domenic A. Flame-Turbulence Interactions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada260957.

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Poludnenko, Alexei Y., and Elaine S. Oran. The Interaction of High-Speed Turbulence with Flames: Turbulent Flame Speed. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada528784.

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Varacalle, D. J. Jr, D. P. Zeek, K. W. Couch, D. M. Benson, and S. M. Kirk. Flame spraying of polymers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/304021.

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Builder, Carl H. Keeping the Strategic Flame. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423145.

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Gilman, Jeffrey W., Takashi Kashiwagi, Marc Nyden, and Richard H. Jr Harris. New flame retardants consortium:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6357.

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Call, Thomas S., and Donald B. Schwartz. Electric Fields for Flame Extinguishment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada279110.

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Kitagawa, Toshiaki, and Kousaku Tsuneyoshi. Effects of Pressure on Instabilities of Premixed Propane Flame and Its Turbulent Flame Propagation. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0220.

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Kiel, Barry V., Amy Lynch, Stanislav Kostka, Beth Huelskamp, Reza Kashani, and Nick Parr. The Influence of Stoichiometry and Flame-Holder Shape on Flame Dynamics and Acoustics (Preprint). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada560400.

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Abelow, Alexis Elizabeth, April Nissen, Lee Taylor Massey, and LeRoy L. Whinnery. Effectiveness of Flame Retardants in TufFoam. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1413598.

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