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Journal articles on the topic 'Fixed Wage'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

CARLIER, GUILLAUME, and DAMIEN GAUMONT. "FIXED-WAGES, WAGE DIFFERENTIALS AND WORKER HETEROGENEITIES." Australian Economic Papers 47, no. 4 (December 2008): 320–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.2008.00352.x.

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2

Carlier, G., and D. Gaumont. "A note on wage differentials, fixed-wages and adverse selection." Economics Letters 77, no. 3 (November 2002): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1765(02)00147-7.

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3

Björklund, Maria, Mikael Carlsson, and Oskar Nordström Skans. "Fixed-Wage Contracts and Monetary Non-neutrality." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20160213.

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We study the importance of wage rigidities for the monetary policy transmission mechanism. Using uniquely rich micro data on Swedish wage negotiations, we isolate periods when the labor market is covered by fixed-wage contracts. Importantly, negotiations are coordinated in time but their seasonal patterns are far from deterministic. Using a two-regime VAR model, we document that monetary policy shocks have a larger impact on production during fixed-wage episodes as compared to the average response. The results do not seem to be driven by the periodic structure, nor the seasonality, of the renegotiation episodes. (JEL E23, E24, E52, J31, J41)

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4

Smirnykh, L. I., A. V. Aistov, and E. N. Taruninа. "The effects of previous entrepreneurial experience on subsequent wage-employment wages." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 12 (December 7, 2018): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-12-103-120.

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The article considers influence of entrepreneurial experience on the wageemployment wages. Empirical analysis is based on the RLMS-HSE panel data, 2000—2013, with using fixed effects models on the overall sample, five-year- and flexible window. Results show that transition from entrepreneurship to wageemployment leads to penalty of wages. Wage growth rate of former entrepreneurs’ lag behind the wage growth rate of workers without entrepreneurial experience. The size of wage-penalty decreases if the profession remains the same in transition from entrepreneurship to wage-employment.

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5

Kirstein, Annette, and Roland Kirstein. "Collective Wage Agreements on Fixed Wages and Piece Rates May Cartelize Product Markets." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 165, no. 2 (2009): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/093245609789273240.

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6

Cornelißen, Thomas, and Olaf Hübler. "Unobserved Individual and Firm Heterogeneity in Wage and Job-Duration Functions: Evidence from German Linked Employer–Employee Data." German Economic Review 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 469–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2010.00528.x.

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AbstractWe analyse the correlations between individual and firm fixed effects, and wage and job-duration functions. Our results for large firms suggest that low-wage firms tend to be stable firms, suggesting that lower wages can buy job stability. Furthermore, high-wage workers sort into the stable low-wage firms. Our interpretation is that high-wage workers have a higher wage to insure against job loss and can afford more easily to forgo wages in favour of job stability. This may provide an explanation of the puzzle identified in previous literature that high-wage workers are matched to low-wage firms.

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7

Ellingsen, Tore, and ÅSa Rosén. "Fixed or Flexible? Wage-setting in Search Equilibrium." Economica 70, no. 278 (May 2003): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0335.t01-1-00281.

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8

Lemieux, Thomas, W. Bentley MacLeod, and Daniel Parent. "Contract Form, Wage Flexibility, and Employment." American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.526.

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We begin with two uncontroversial hypotheses - firm productivity is expensive to measure and employment entails relationship-specific investments. These assumptions imply that firms would optimally choose fixed-wage contracts, and complement these with bonus pay when measuring employee performance is not too costly. These assumptions imply that under an optimal employment contract hours of work is less responsive, while total compensation is more responsive to shocks under bonus-pay contracts compared to fixed wage contracts. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) where shocks are proxied using the local unemployment rate, we find strong support for these two implications.

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9

Kuang, Xi Jason, and Donald V. Moser. "Wage Negotiation, Employee Effort, and Firm Profit under Output-Based versus Fixed-Wage Incentive Contracts*." Contemporary Accounting Research 28, no. 2 (January 27, 2011): 616–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2010.01050.x.

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10

Pisauro, Giuseppe. "Efficiency Wage, Fixed Employment Costs, and Dual Labour Markets." Labour 14, no. 2 (June 2000): 213–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00131.

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11

Garnero, Andrea, Romina Giuliano, Benoit Mahy, and François Rycx. "Productivity, wages and profits among Belgian firms: do fixed-term contracts matter?" International Journal of Manpower 37, no. 2 (May 3, 2016): 303–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-12-2014-0263.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of fixed-term contracts (FTCs) on labour productivity, wages (i.e. labour cost), and productivity-wage gaps (i.e. profits). Design/methodology/approach – The authors apply dynamic panel data techniques to detailed Belgian linked employer-employee panel data covering the period 1999-2006. Findings – Results indicate that FTCs exert stronger positive effects on productivity than on wages and (accordingly) that the use of FTCs increases firms’ profitability. Originality/value – This paper is one of the first to examine the FTC-productivity-wage nexus while addressing three important methodological issues related to the state dependency of the three explained variables, to firm time-invariant heterogeneity, and to the endogeneity of FTCs.

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12

Rebollo-Sanz, Yolanda F. "Decomposing the structure of wages into firm and worker effects." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 5 (August 7, 2017): 765–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2016-0082.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show that for some key topics on labour economics such as the effect of seniority and job mobility in wages, it is important to explicitly consider firm fixed effects. The author also wants to test whether the importance of firm in explaining wage dispersion is higher or lower in Spain than in other European countries. Design/methodology/approach The author estimates an individual wage equation where firm and workers effects are considered and the estimation process control for censored wages. This exercise is performed for the Spanish economy over the course of a whole business cycle, i.e., 2000-2015. Findings The author demonstrates that Spanish firms contribute to explain around 27 per cent of the individual wage heterogeneity but more importantly around 74 per cent of inter-industry wage differentials. In both cases, this contribution is mainly related to large dispersion in firm’s wage policies. The process of positive sorting of workers across firms or industries does not play an important role. Interestingly, the importance of firm’s wage policies in explaining individual wage dispersion has increased over the current Big Recession. Practical implications The results confirm that firms set wages and, henceforth, are partially responsible for individual wage heterogeneity but more importantly for inter-industrial wage dispersion. Originality/value The exercise is performed under optimal conditions because the author uses a longitudinal matched employer-employee data set, observed wages are at a monthly frequency, and implements an estimation method suitable for censored models with two high-dimensional fixed effects. This is the first study that looks deeply into the role of firms in explaining wage heterogeneity at the individual and industry level in Spain and along the current Big Recession.

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13

Chang, Wen-Ya, and Ching-Chong Lai. "The Policy Assignment Principle with Wage Indexation." American Economist 46, no. 2 (October 2002): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943450204600208.

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This paper is the first attempt to examine the role of alternative wage indexation schemes in coordination between fiscal and exchange rate policies to achieve given desirable macroeconomic targets under fixed exchange rates with perfect capital mobility. By introducing an explicit specification of the supply side similar to Sachs (1980) and Pitchford (1990) into the Mundell (1963) framework, we show that the crucial factor determining whether the mixture of fiscal and exchange rate policies will successfully work to stabilize output and official foreign reserves is the degree of wage indexation. Furthermore, we also show that such a finding under fixed exchange rates is robust when the analysis shifts to the system of a managed floating regime.

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14

Choudhury, Sharmila. "Reassessing the Male-Female Wage Differential: A Fixed Effects Approach." Southern Economic Journal 60, no. 2 (October 1993): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1060083.

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15

Matthíasson, Þórólfur. "Fixed Wage or Share: Contingent Contract Renewal and Skipper Motivation." Tímarit um viðskipti og efnahagsmál 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2003): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24122/tve.a.2003.1.1.2.

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16

RODGERS, WILLIAM M., and LESLIE S. STRATTON. "MALE MARITAL WAGE DIFFERENTIALS: TRAINING, PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND FIXED EFFECTS." Economic Inquiry 48, no. 3 (February 6, 2009): 722–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00209.x.

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17

Somale, Mariano. "Trade, Labor Reallocation Across Firms and Wage Inequality." International Finance Discussion Paper, no. 1348 (June 2022): 1–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2022.1348.

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This paper develops a framework for studying the effects of higher trade openness on the wage distribution that emphasizes within-industry labor reallocation across firms, strong skill-productivity complementarities in production and heterogenous fixed export costs across firms. Assuming no entry in the industry, an autarkic economy that opens to trade experiences a pervasive rise in wage inequality; a trade liberalization in a trading economy increases inequality at the lower end of the distribution, but may reduce it elsewhere. Assuming free entry, opening to trade could result in pervasively higher inequality or wage polarization. The analysis highlights the importance of new exporters (extensive margin) in shaping the aggregate relative demand for skills, a channel controlled by the distribution of fixed export costs in the model.

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18

Tomassetti, Paolo. "From Fixed to Flexible? Wage Coordination and the Collective Bargaining System in Italy." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 33, Issue 4 (December 1, 2017): 527–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2017022.

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This article analyses the rules on wage coordination and their effectiveness in the Italian two-tier bargaining system. It seeks to cast light on bargaining coordination by starting from the analysis of collective agreements, rather than focusing exclusively on normative and institutional aspects of wage bargaining. Accordingly, the study examines a dataset of 498 company-level collective agreements concluded between 2012–2015 in three sectors – metalworking, food, banking and finance – to analyse wage developments in company-level bargaining. The study considers the extent to which local wage negotiations are consistent with the rules on wage bargaining coordination laid down in economy-wide agreements and national collective labour agreements. Wage coordination rules are generally respected, though a significant number of company-level agreements still provide fixed-rate pay rises in breach of the rule that wage increases at company level should be linked to productivity and other factors relating to the workers’ and/or the firm’s economic performance. Although the violation of wage bargaining rules between national agreements and company-level collective agreements is in line with the favourability principle, it is argued that local negotiations on fixed-rate pay rises could be regarded as a form of uncoordinated decentralization, diminishing the effectiveness of horizontal coordination policies and the normative role of the social partners.

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19

Paun, Cristian Valeriu, Radu Nechita, Alexandru Patruti, and Mihai Vladimir Topan. "The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Employment: An EU Panel Data Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 9359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169359.

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Minimum wage laws have become one of the most debated state interventions in the economy, being considered by many specialists as a very efficient tool used to correct certain labour market failures. The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between minimum wage and employment dynamics, with a special focus on some vulnerable categories recognized in the literature (young people, female workers, the elderly, etc.). Thus, we analysed the relation between the dynamics of minimum wages and that of employment in 22 EU countries, panel data (1999–2016). The results suggest a negative impact of the minimum wage on total employment and on sensitive categories (youth, female workers, the elderly). The long-running negative impact holds for all but one group (55–64 years). The models were tested for random and fixed effects and the results were correspondingly adjusted with country and time and random and fixed effects. Cointegration tests and the tests using lagged minimum wage also confirm a robust relationship between the dynamics of the minimum wage and that of employment over time. Our findings are consistent with many previous studies and confirm the recommendations to prudently use this public policy tool.

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20

Shatnawi, Dina, Ronald Oaxaca, and Michael Ransom. "Applying Fixed Effects to Hierarchical Segregation Models." American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 588–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.588.

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This paper expands the empirical implementation of hierarchical segregation models to allow for the use of panel methods. We use firm level data collected between 1977 and 1985 from a regional grocery store that faced a title VII class-action lawsuit over gender discrimination much the same as Wal-Mart and Costco. Special problems arise in implementing decompositions in a fixed effects and random effects setting, especially when analyzing wage-level differences. We develop a variation of wage decompositions that takes into consideration an unbalanced design and extends the literature by explicitly formalizing the inclusion of the unobserved heterogeneous effects.

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21

Card, David, Jörg Heining, and Patrick Kline. "Workplace Heterogeneity and the Rise of West German Wage Inequality*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, no. 3 (May 2, 2013): 967–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt006.

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Abstract We study the role of establishment-specific wage premiums in generating recent increases in West German wage inequality. Models with additive fixed effects for workers and establishments are fit into four subintervals spanning the period from 1985 to 2009. We show that these models provide a good approximation to the wage structure and can explain nearly all of the dramatic rise in West German wage inequality. Our estimates suggest that the increasing dispersion of West German wages has arisen from a combination of rising heterogeneity between workers, rising dispersion in the wage premiums at different establishments, and increasing assortativeness in the assignment of workers to plants. In contrast, the idiosyncratic job-match component of wage variation is small and stable over time. Decomposing changes in mean wages between different education groups, occupations, and industries, we find that increasing plant-level heterogeneity and rising assortativeness in the assignment of workers to establishments explain a large share of the rise in inequality along all three dimensions.

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22

Lakronová, Dana. "Rewarding Employees through Specific Wage Scales – Analysing the Remuneration Scheme Using Fixed Wage Elements in a Selected Company." SHS Web of Conferences 135 (2022): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213501007.

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The presented article examines rewarding employees on different wage scales by exploring a remuneration scheme using fixed wage elements of a specific enterprise. The submitted study evaluates the remuneration scheme in České Dráhy Plc. and its influence on the company. The achieved results of formulated hypotheses will be analysed through a structured interview and observation methods.

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23

Sampson, Thomas. "Selection into Trade and Wage Inequality." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 6, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): 157–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.6.3.157.

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This paper analyzes how intra-industry trade affects the wage distribution when both workers and firms are heterogeneous. Positive assortative matching between worker skill and firm technology generates an employer size-wage premium and an exporter wage premium. Fixed export costs cause the selection of advanced technology, high-skill firms into exporting, and trade shifts the firm technology distribution upwards. Consequently, trade increases skill demand and wage inequality in all countries, both on aggregate and within the upper tail of the wage distribution. This holds when firms receive random technology draws and when technology depends on firm-level R&D. (JEL F16, J23, J24, J31)

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24

Larraz, Beatriz, and Marcos Herrera. "Factores condicionantes y dependencia espacial en el grado de concentración salarial en España." Studies of Applied Economics 34, no. 3 (January 19, 2020): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eae.v34i3.3061.

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In recent years, unequal wage distribution in Spain appears to be of particular importance. This article seeks to contribute to the literature so far going deeper into the knowledge of the possible determinants of this wage concentration in Spain. The impact of workers’ personal and employment characteristics and those of the company in the distribution of wages will be analyzed. The analysis was carried out from the latest available official micro-data on wages corresponding to the Wage Structure Survey 2010 in 52 Spanish provinces. Subsequently, using the latest developments in spatial panel data, any possible spatial dependence and the different specification options will be analyzed. The results show that fixed-effect SLX is appropriate to explain wage inequality. The sampling strategy means that the final model must be includes a correction of nuisance parameters due to the correlation between consecutive samples.

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25

Bloom, Nicholas, Fatih Guvenen, Benjamin S. Smith, Jae Song, and Till von Wachter. "The Disappearing Large-Firm Wage Premium." AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (May 1, 2018): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181066.

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Large firms have paid significantly higher wages for over a century. Based on administrative data we document that the large-firm wage premium (LFWP) has declined steadily over the last 30 years. Decomposing pay into worker and firm fixed effects, we then document that the LFWP can be largely explained by a rise in firm effects with firm size. The dramatic decline is due a reduction in these firm effects at large firms. These changes have been concentrated at very large employers. In contrast, worker composition has changed little. We also find the majority of the change occurs within industries.

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26

Sampson, Anthony. "Unionized Contracts with Fixed Wage Rates and State-Contingent Employment Levels." Economica 55, no. 217 (February 1988): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2554249.

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27

Manthei, K., and A. Mohnen. "The Incentive Impact of the Fixed Wage - A Real Effort Experiment." German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung 27, no. 4 (November 1, 2013): 331–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239700221302700404.

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28

Butschek, Sebastian. "Raising the Bar: Minimum Wages and Employers’ Hiring Standards." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2022): 91–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190534.

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Many scholars have studied the employment effects of minimum wages, but little is known about effects on the composition of hires. I investigate whether Germany’s minimum wage introduction raised hiring standards, using worker fixed effects as a proxy for worker productivity. For the least productive workers hired, the minimum wage led to a 4 percentile point shift in the productivity distribution. This increase is missed using standard observable measures of worker productivity. The effects are larger with greater pre-reform screening intensity—indicating an employer response. This more selective hiring compensates about two-thirds of higher wage costs for the least productive hires. (JEL J23, J24, J31, J38, M51)

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29

Brenzel, Hanna, and Malte Reichelt. "Job Mobility as a New Explanation for the Immigrant-Native Wage Gap: A Longitudinal Analysis of the German Labor Market1." International Migration Review 52, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 724–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12313.

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In industrialized countries, wages between migrants and natives usually differ. Previous studies that mostly focused on human capital theory and cross-sectional wage differences failed to fully explain the wage gap. We offer a new explanation and assume that differences in the employment trajectories of migrants and natives contribute to diverging wages after labor market entrance. Utilizing longitudinal data for Germany, we analyze the job mobility of migrants and natives and distinguish among voluntary, involuntary, and internal job changes. Indeed, we find evidence for differences in transition patterns and — using several fixed-effects regressions — are able to explain a substantial part of the gap in hourly wages. The results suggest that the higher number of involuntary changes among migrants increases the wage gap. In contrast, support for more voluntary and internal job changes among migrants should help to counteract diverging earnings trajectories.

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30

Sabokkhiz, Leila, Fatma Guven Lisaniler, and Ikechukwu D. Nwaka. "Minimum Wage and Household Consumption in Canada: Evidence from High and Low Wage Provinces." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 6540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126540.

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The minimum wage is a major factor for the successful implementation of much of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The present research will investigate whether minimum wage (MW) as a sustainable wage policy improves household consumption. Thus, a panel-based analysis comparing high wage (Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Saskatchewan) and low wage provinces (Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfound land/Lab, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec) is employed for the Canadian case within the study period from 1981 to 2019. We analyze the long-term and short-term effects of MW on household consumption using the Dynamic Autoregressive Distributed Lag techniques of the Pooled Mean Group, Dynamic Fixed Effects, and Mean Group estimators. Results show that the long-term impact of MW on household consumption is positive in both the low- and high-wage provinces. The short-term effect is negative in both wage groups, but not significant for the low-wage group. This offers significant debate on the relevance of the MW towards economic stabilization and consumption-led growth.

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31

Basumatary, Konita, and Mridula Devi. "Pooled OLS and Fixed Effect Estimation of Wage Structure and Differential in Handloom Sector: Choosing the Better Method." Journal of Social Economics Research 9, no. 2 (October 4, 2022): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/35.v9i2.3152.

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This study analyzed the wage structures and differentials of weavers in the handloom sector taking pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and fixed effect model. Within Assam, India, primary data was collected from Bodoland Territorial Area Districts (BTAD), both rural and urban areas in the years 2018 and 2021. The result estimated by using pooled OLS shows production, productivity, education, experience, training, and distance of weavers from weaving residence to have a positive impact on the wages of weavers. Age, distance of weaving, and location of weaving were found to have a negative impact on wages. However, the result estimated using panel least square (fixed effect) showed age and location of weaving to have a negative impact on wages. The study also chose the better method among pooled OLS and fixed effect model. Since the probability value the Wald test statistic is less than 0.05, the fixed-effect model is preferred to Pooled OLS.

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32

Tabata, Minoru, and Nobuoki Eshima. "Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions to the Wage Equation of Dixit-Stiglitz-Krugman Model with No Restriction on Transport Costs." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9341502.

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In spatial economics, the distribution of wages is described by a solution to the wage equation of Dixit-Stiglitz-Krugman model. The wage equation is a discrete equation that has a double nonlinear singular structure in the sense that the equation contains a discrete nonlinear operator whose kernel itself is expressed by another discrete nonlinear operator with a singularity. In this article, no restrictions are imposed on the maximum of transport costs of the model and on the number of regions where economic activities are conducted. Applying Brouwer fixed point theorem to this discrete double nonlinear singular operator, we prove sufficient conditions for the wage equation to have a solution and a unique one.

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33

Omelchenko, Irina, Oleg Dozortzev, Marina Danilina, and Alexander Safonov. "Study of the relationship between the size of the minimum wage with the achieved socio-economic indicators." SHS Web of Conferences 110 (2021): 01047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111001047.

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The authors of this article focused on another aspect of poverty and carried out regression analysis of the data influencing the formation of the minimum wage in the labour market in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The authors determined the fact of leveling the importance of the federal minimum wage as a tool to influence the level of economic development of regions and reduce poverty. Also, the performed regression analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of poverty and unemployment rates on the decline in real wages in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Thus, the analysis showed that the main factors influencing the establishment of the minimum wage in the region are the median wages, the gross regional product of the subject and the subsistence minimum of the TN. Fixed capital investments do not directly affect the level of minimum wages.

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34

Mokre, Patrick, and Miriam Rehm. "Inter-industry wage inequality: persistent differences and turbulent equalisation." Cambridge Journal of Economics 44, no. 4 (February 24, 2020): 919–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/bez064.

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Abstract The empirical stylised fact of persistent inter-industry wage differentials is an enduring challenge to economic theory. This paper applies the classical theory of ‘real competition’ to the turbulent dynamics of these inter-industrial wage differentials. Theoretically, we argue that competitive wage determination can be decomposed into equalising, dispersing and turbulently equalising factors. Empirically, we show graphically and econometrically for 31 US industries in 1987–2016 that wage differentials, like regulating profit rates, are governed by turbulent equalisation. Furthermore, we apply a fixed-effects OLS as well as a hierarchical Bayesian inference model and find that the link between regulating profit rates and wage differentials is positive, significant and robust.

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35

Ludwig, Volker, and Josef Brüderl. "Is There a Male Marital Wage Premium? New Evidence from the United States." American Sociological Review 83, no. 4 (July 9, 2018): 744–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122418784909.

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This study reconsiders the phenomenon that married men earn more money than unmarried men, a key result of the research on marriage benefits. Many earlier studies have found such a “male marital wage premium.” Recent studies using panel data for the United States conclude that part of this premium is due to selection of high earners into marriage. Nevertheless, a substantial effect of marriage seems to remain. The current study investigates whether the remaining premium is really a causal effect. Using conventional fixed-effects models, previous studies statistically controlled for selection based on wage levels only. We suggest a more general fixed-effects model that allows for higher wage growth of to-be-married men. The empirical test draws on panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 to 2012). We replicate the main finding of the literature: a wage premium remains after controlling for selection on individual wage levels. However, the remaining effect is not causal. The results show that married men earn more because selection into marriage operates not only on wage levels but also on wage growth. Hence, men on a steep career track are especially likely to marry. We conclude that arguments postulating a wage premium for married men should be discarded.

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36

NEWMAN, CHRISTINE M. "Work and wages at Durham Priory and its estates, 1494–1519." Continuity and Change 16, no. 3 (December 2001): 357–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416001003915.

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This article explores aspects of employment on the Durham Priory estates in the years 1494–1519. From a perspective of prices and wages, this period belongs at the tail end of a Golden Age for labour. Employment opportunities for the priory workforce should, therefore, have been relatively plentiful and remuneratively rewarding. However, as an analysis of the priory's accounts reveals, whilst wage rates remained stable, the waged employment offered was irregular and piecemeal for all but a small, predominantly skilled elite, with the majority of the workforce enjoying little in the way of fixed employment patterns or identifiable career structures.

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37

Swaffield, Joanna K. "Does Measurement Error Bias Fixed-effects Estimates of the Union Wage Effect?" Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 63, no. 4 (September 2001): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.00228.

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38

Jerger, Jürgen, and Jochen Michaelis. "The fixed wage puzzle: Why profit sharing is so hard to implement." Economics Letters 110, no. 2 (February 2011): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2010.10.019.

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39

Schmitt-Grohé, Stephanie, and Martín Uribe. "Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity and the Case for Temporary Inflation in the Eurozone." Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.3.193.

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Since the onset of the Great Recession in peripheral Europe, nominal hourly wages have not fallen from the high levels they had reached during the boom years—this in spite of widespread increases in unemployment. This observation evokes a well-known narrative in which nominal downward wage rigidity is at the center of the current unemployment problem. We embed downward nominal wage rigidity into a small open economy with tradable and nontradable goods and a fixed exchange-rate regime. In this model, negative external shocks cause involuntary unemployment. We analyze a number of national and supranational policy options for alleviating the unemployment problem caused by the combination of downward nominal wage rigidity and a fixed exchange-rate regime. We argue that, in spite of the existence of a battery of domestic policies that could be effective in solving the unemployment problem, it is unlikely that a solution will come from within national borders. This leaves supranational monetary stimulus as the most compelling avenue out of the crisis. Our model predicts that full employment in peripheral Europe could be restored by raising the euro area annual rate of inflation to about 4 percent for the next five years.

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VOGT, MARA, EDMERY TAVARES BARBOSA, MARCIA ZANIEVICZ DA SILVA, and ARNO PAULO SCHMITZ. "The wage gap in accounting positions." Cadernos EBAPE.BR 18, no. 2 (June 2020): 336–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395177220x.

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Abstract This research aimed to describe the wage differences among accounting occupations in Brazil. A descriptive, documental, and quantitative research was carried out with auditors, accountants, and accounting assistants (occupations defined by the Código Brasileiro de Ocupações - CBO). The study used regressions with binary variables analyzing data from 2009 to 2015. The results showed that low wages are significant among female black or mulatto workers; workers who completed high school and do not have a degree; with a disability; and in their first job or hired under a fixed-term contract. Also, the study observed that individuals who receive a higher wage are accountants, caucasian male, between 30 and 39 years old, holding a degree, and not disabled. The individuals with higher wages have work experience (they are at least in their second work contract), are employed in a company with up to four employees, and are residents of the Southeast region of Brazil.

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Silva, Marta, Luis Filipe Martins, and Helena Lopes. "Asymmetric Labor Market Reforms: Effects on Wage Growth and Conversion Probability of Fixed-Term Contracts." ILR Review 71, no. 3 (October 23, 2017): 760–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793917737506.

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The authors investigate the impact of a change in employment protection laws in Portugal that increased the maximum legal duration of fixed-term contracts. They find that this reform led to a reduction in the probability that a worker on a fixed-term contract would be converted to a permanent contract. In addition, those workers who had their contracts converted experienced a significantly higher hourly wage growth at the time of conversion and faced a lower reduction in wage growth during the years in which the changed legislation was in force. Consequently, the implementation of this law led to a 27% increase in the wage-growth differential between the two contracts. The findings are based on an endogenous regime-switching model using rich administrative linked employer–employee data.

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López, Salvador. "A Normative Analysis of Wage Subsidies and Unemployment Benefits under Fixed Number of Working Hours." Recherches économiques de Louvain 60, no. 4 (December 1994): 487–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800004632.

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SummaryIn recent years Western governments have introduced a number of emergency measures in their fight against short run unemployment. In this paper a normative analysis concerning the joint implementation of two such measures is offered, viewing unemployment as involuntary, and taking account of the dissatisfaction cost (lack of the social status that having a job provides) borne by unemployed workers. Attention is paid to the existing trade-off between a policy of wage subsidies to the private sector aimed at stimulating employment and a policy of transfer payments to the unemployed intended to increase their purchasing power. In a simple general equilibrium model with wage rigidity, wage subsidy formulas are derived for two settings of incomes control.

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Born, Benjamin, and Johannes Pfeifer. "THE NEW KEYNESIAN WAGE PHILLIPS CURVE: CALVO VS. ROTEMBERG." Macroeconomic Dynamics 24, no. 5 (November 27, 2018): 1017–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100518000615.

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We systematically evaluate how to translate a Calvo wage duration into an implied Rotemberg wage adjustment cost parameter in medium-scale New Keynesian DSGE models by making use of the well-known equivalence of the two setups at first order. We consider a wide range of felicity functions and show that the assumed household insurance scheme and the presence of labor taxation greatly matter for this mapping, giving rise to differences of up to one order of magnitude. Our results account for the inclusion of wage indexing, habit formation in consumption, and the presence of fixed costs in production. We also investigate the conditional and unconditional welfare implications of the wage-setting schemes under efficient and distorted steady states.

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Pissarides, Ch. "The Unemployment Volatility Puzzle: Is Wage Stickiness the Answer?" Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2011): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2011-1-65-88.

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The author discusses the failure of the canonical search and matching model to explain the cyclical volatility in the job finding rate. The author - the Nobel Prize winner in economics in 2010 - shows that job creation in the model is influenced by wages in new matches. He summarizes microeconometric evidence and finds that wages in new matches are volatile and consistent with the models key predictions. Therefore, explanations of the unemployment volatility puzzle have to preserve the cyclical volatility of wages. The author discusses a modification of the model, based on fixed matching costs, that can increase cyclical unemployment volatility and is consistent with wage flexibility in new matches.

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Oliver, Xisco, and Maria Sard. "The wage gap in Spain for temporary workers: the effects of the Great Recession." International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 7 (October 7, 2019): 1319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-01-2019-0018.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the wage gap between temporary and permanent workers across the whole wage distribution, not just at the mean, and the evolution before and after the Great Recession on this gap in Spain. Design/methodology/approach An extended Mincer-type wage equation is estimated using ordinary least square regression and unconditional quantile regression. Then, the decomposition of the wage gap between workers with fixed-term and permanent contracts for each quantile is made using the Fortin, Lemieux and Firpo decomposition. Findings The results show that two workers, with identical characteristics, earn different salaries if they have a different type of contract. However, the wage gap is not constant across the wage distribution. The penalty for temporary workers is wider for higher wages. Moreover, the main part of the gap is due to observed characteristics, but other factors (unobserved characteristics and discrimination) become more relevant in the upper part of the wage distribution. Originality/value The study expands upon available studies for Spain in two points. First, it is the first paper to the knowledge that analyse both the wage gap between temporary and permanent workers across the wage distribution and its decomposition. Second, the paper explores what happened before and after the Great Recession. In the years that the paper analyses there is also a labour market reform.

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Earle, John S., Álmos Telegdy, and Gábor Antal. "Foreign Ownership and Wages: Evidence from Hungary, 1986–2008." ILR Review 71, no. 2 (March 15, 2017): 458–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793917700087.

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This article estimates the wage effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) using firm-level and linked employer-employee panel data containing a large number of foreign acquisitions over a long period of rapid development in Hungary. Matching on pre-acquisition data, the authors find that much of the raw foreign wage premium represents selection bias, but that foreign acquisition nevertheless raises average wages by 15 to 29% when controlling for fixed effects for firms and highly detailed worker groups, and by 6% with firm–worker match effects. Acquired firms that are later divested to domestic owners experience a substantial reversal of the positive acquisition effect. No type of worker—defined by education, experience, gender, incumbency, and occupational group—experiences wage decline, but the patterns suggest skill bias in the gains from acquisition. The evidence implies a strong cross-firm correlation of FDI wage and productivity differentials, and an inverse relationship between FDI effects and economic development level of the sending country relative to Hungary.

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Falch, Torberg. "Teacher Mobility Responses to Wage Changes: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment." American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.460.

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This paper utilizes a Norwegian experiment with exogenous wage changes to study teachers' turnover decisions. Within a completely centralized wage setting system, teachers in schools with a high degree of teacher vacancies in the past got a wage premium of about 10 percent during the period 1993–94 to 2002–03. The empirical strategy exploits that several schools switched status during the empirical period. In a fixed effects framework, I find that the wage premium reduces the probability of voluntary quits by six percentage points, which implies a short run labor supply elasticity of about 1¼.

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Mittag, Nikolas. "A simple method to estimate large fixed effects models applied to wage determinants." Labour Economics 61 (December 2019): 101766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101766.

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Bils, Mark. "Wage and Employment Patterns in Long-Term Contracts When Labor Is Quasi-Fixed." NBER Macroeconomics Annual 5 (January 1990): 187–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/654139.

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Carpenter, Jeffrey. "The labor supply of fixed-wage workers: Estimates from a real effort experiment." European Economic Review 89 (October 2016): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.05.007.

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