Dissertations / Theses: 'Fixed Wage'

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Pham, Tam Hong Thanh. "THE EFFECT OF MINIMUM WAGE ON U.S. LABOR PRODUCTIVITY 1997-2013: THE HIGHER, THE BETTER?" Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1437424423.

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Mancha, André Luiz Pereira. "Wage differential between statutory and CLT public employees." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24643.

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Since 1998 in the Public Administration there are statutory workers ('estatutários') and others hired by the CLT labor regime ('celetistas'). Thisfact occurs due the Constitutional Amendment number 19 , formulated that year, which has changed the article 39 of Brazilian Constitution. It allowed public entities to hire employees under CLT legislation. This situation lasted until 2007 when the Supreme Court of Brazil suspended such modification and so the original understanding of the Constitution was reestablished. This work intends to evaluate the wage differential between statutory and CLT employees by means of an econometric approach. Using a fixed effectsregression we have analyzed the impact of the labor regime upon public workers wages and using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition we quantified how much of such differential is due the labor regime and how much is due to the individual characteristics (education, tenure and others). There are evidences that CLT workers have in average wages R$ 310.00 lower than statutory. Controlling by occupation we also see a negative prize to CLT worker to all groups except by the High Skilled Workers that have a salary R$ 95.98 higher than the Statutory. Low Skilled Workers show the smallest differential (R$ 12.20) followed by Teachers and Researchers (R$ 85.27) and Technicians (R$ 97.11). The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition shows that the largest part is not explained by endowments differences. The spending with wages and benefits to public employees is one of the main debates in the current scenario of fiscal adjustment facing the relevant increase of Public Debt in the last years. The Brazilian society has a perception that the Government has an excessive amount of workers and furthermore these onesreceive higher wages without a reasonable explanation when compared to similar occupations in private companies. At the end of 2017 the Brazilian Government presented an action plan to reduce the spending with wages and benefits of public employees. Among the proposals there were a decrease in the initial salary of public service and an increase in the public pension plan contribution.
Desde o ano de 1998 coexistem na Administração Direta, Autarquias e Fundações Públicas, funcionários públicos estatutários e 'celetistas'. Esta situação decorre da Emenda 19, a qual alterou o artigo 39 da Constituição e permitiu que estas entidades contratassem funcionários pela CLT. Essa situação perdurou até o ano de 2007, quando o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF)suspendeu liminarmente (ADI 2135) a nova redação e dessa forma restaurou a situação original, válida atualmente. Este trabalho se propõe a medir a diferença no salário entre servidores públicos estatutários e celetistas por meio de uma abordagem econométrica. Utilizando uma regressão de efeitos fixos foi analisado o impacto do regime de trabalho sobre o salário dos servidores e por meio da decomposição de Oaxaca-Blinder estimou-se quanto desta diferença decorre do regime de trabalho e quanto se deve às características dos indivíduos de cada grupo (escolaridade, experiência e outros). Há indícios de que os celetistas recebem um salário R$ 310.00 menor do que seus pares estatutários. Controlando os efeitos de cada profissão há um diferencial negativo para todas os celetistas exceto para os profissionais de alta qualificação os quais possuem um salário R$ 95.98 maior do que os estatutários. Com relação aos outros grupos, os profissionais de baixa qualificação apresentam o menor diferencial de salários (R$ 12.20) seguido por professores e pesquisadores (R$ 85.27) e técnicos (R$ 97.11). Na decomposição do diferencial a maior parte não decorre de diferenças nas características dos indivíduos de cada grupo. O impacto dos salários e benefícios de funcionários públicos sobre as contas públicas é um dos principais pontos debatidos dentre as propostas que englobam o plano de ajuste fiscal do Governo Brasileiro. A percepção atual da sociedade é que além do governo contar com um contingente significativo de servidores públicos, estes recebem maiores salários quando comparados a trabalhadores em atividades semelhantes na iniciativa privada. Nesse contexto o governo federal apresentou no final de 2017 uma série de medidas para adequação dos gastos com folha de pagamento de servidores públicos, dentre elas a redução do salário inicial e elevação da contribuição previdenciária destes trabalhadores.

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Nagaraj, Eashwar. "Skilled Immigration and the Great Recession: A Panel Data Analysis." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1578473970490175.

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Schanzer-Larsen, Arnold. "The effects of immigration on the income of native born workers: Evidence from Sweden." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-54685.

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Abstract Course: NAA305 Bachelor Thesis in Economics 15 ECTS University: Mälardalen University, School of Business, Society and Engineering, Västerås Title: The effects of immigration on the income of native-born workers: Evidence from Sweden Author: Arnold Schanzer-Larsen Supervisor: Johan Lindén Problem: Sweden has experienced a lot of immigration, and the phenomenon has received a great deal of attention in the public and political debate. There is, among other things, fear that immigration could be harmful for the labor market outcome of the receiving country. Researchers from a variety of countries have tried to address this issue by estimating the effect of immigration on the native wage of the receiving country. The results have varied strongly and no universal conclusion can be drawn. For what can be said about Sweden, there is no paper (of our knowledge) that has done any similar estimates. For that reason, it is of great importance that there is some research which could bring empirical evidence and shed light on the debate. Purpose of the Research: The aim of the thesis is to quantitatively measure immigrations effect on the wage of native workers in Sweden. Methodology: Conducting a panel study, observation of the average native income from 290 municipalities over 2011-2019 was collected. The effect was estimated using OLS regression technique and a fixed effect model. Conclusion: From a 10% increase in the share of foreign-born within a municipality, led on average to a 2.89% increase in the native average income in that municipality. Keywords: Immigration, Income, Wage, Unemployment rate, Panel study, Fixed effect model, Native, Labor market, The equilibrium model, Human capital, Skill-composition

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Etienne, Audrey. "Trois essais sur l'auto-sélection des salariés." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0589.

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Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l'effet de l'auto-sélection des salariés sur l'estimation de la productivité, des différentiels de salaires et de qualité du travail entre les secteurs. Afin de prendre en compte l'auto-sélection des employés dans l'estimation des différentiels le long de la distribution des salaires, nous construisons une approche innovante composée de trois caractéristiques: (i) nous nous intéressons aux effets par quantile inconditionnel; (ii) nous incorporons des effets fixes spécifiques à chaque quantile; (iii) nous proposons une méthode de correction de l'incidental parameter bias. Cette approche permet de produire des résultats exploitables en terme de politiques publiques. Nous montrons dans un premier temps que la sélection positive dans le secteur public tend à se dégrader. Elle disparaît totalement en haut de la distribution des salaires dans la période récente, suggérant un effet négatif du gel des salaires nominaux. Dans notre deuxième article, nous mettons en évidence une sélection négative substantielle dans le secteur informel concernant les hommes et les bas salaires. Cette sélection négative apparaît à la suite de la Grande Récession, indiquant une réallocation des salariés les moins productifs vers le secteur informel. Dans le dernier article, nous montrons pour la période récente que le niveau de productivité des SCOP n'est pas significativement différent de celui des autres entreprises. Nous confirmons l'hypothèse selon laquelle les motivations non-pécunières des employés expliquent une partie importante de la productivité des SCOP dans deux des secteurs étudiés (secteur manufacturier et secteur des transports)
This PhD thesis studies the effect of workers' self-selection when estimating productivity, wages and job quality differentials between sectors. In order to account for the self-selection of employees in the estimation of differentials along the wage distribution, we develop an innovative approach comprising three features: (i) we rely on unconditional quantile effects ; (ii) we incorporate quantile-specific fixed effects; (iii) we suggest a treatment of the incidental parameter bias. This method allows to provide public policies relevant comparisons. We show first that the positive selection into public jobs tends to decline. It totally disappears among top earners in the recent period, suggesting the detrimental effect of nominal wage freeze. In the second paper, we unveil that there is a substantial negative selection into informal salary work for men on average and particularly at low wages. It arises in the wake of the Great Recession, pointing to a shakeout of less productive workers in the formal sector. In the last paper, we account for employees' non-pecuniary motives in our comparison of the productivity of labour-managed firms and other for-profits company. We confirm for the recent period and on a large scale that the SCOP total factor productivity level is not significantly different from the other firms'. We find also results that support the hypothesis that employees non-pecuniary motives accounts for a substantial part of French labour-managed firms productivity in two of the three industries studied (manufacturing and transports)

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Noujeim, Karam M. "Fixed-frequency beam-steerable leaky-wave antennas." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0016/NQ45831.pdf.

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Canning, Paul John. "Wave breaking on fixed impermeable and mobile permeable beaches." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246822.

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Zhang, Jin. "Fixed broadband wireless access systems at millimeter wave frequency." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436363.

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Spentza, Eirini. "Nonlinear wave interactions with fixed and floating bodies leading to unexpected wave impacts." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8987.

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This thesis deals with the nonlinear interaction of water waves with fixed and floating bodies. The case of a two-dimensional fixed surface body is first investigated using a newly developed linear and second-order boundary element model, the fully nonlinear model of Hague & Swan (2009) and new experimental observations. In this case, second-order freely propagating harmonics arising due to the wave-structure interaction are identified and quantified. Subsequently, a two- dimensional floating body is investigated, undergoing one or two motion modes, and comparisons with the fixed body case are made. These observations confirm that the wave-vessel interactions again lead to the generation of freely propagating nonlinear wave harmonics and that the magnitude of these components varies significantly for bodies with different hydrodynamic properties. Building on the physical understanding achieved from the two-dimensional study, the case of a three-dimensional floating body is considered. This concerns the interaction with both regular waves, propagating at varying angles of wave incidence, and directional wave groups. In both cases the effects of wave-vessel interactions on the surface profile are identified. Finally, it is shown that the nonlinear wave-vessel interactions identified previously can, after interacting with the incoming wave field, lead to unexpected wave impacts on the vessel. As a result, it is concluded that the occurrence of wave impacts, particularly on the side shell of a vessel, cannot be assessed on the basis of the incident waves alone.

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Al, Noor Asif. "A broadband fixed-beam leaky-wave antenna based on transformation electromagnetics." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59555.

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A broadband fixed-beam leaky-wave antenna is presented in this thesis. The proposed antenna consists of a graded dielectric superstrate placed on top of a closely-spaced thin slot array. The graded dielectric superstrate is designed using transformation electromagnetics to couple the radiation from underlying leaky slot-line into free space. Wave propagation in graded dielectric media, properties of leaky-wave antennas, and conformal transformation electromagnetics have been explored prior to the design. The behaviour of the proposed antenna has been subsequently improved through developing a technique that exploits transformation electromagnetics. The technique adjusts the discrepancy in phase produced as a result of coordinate stretching at the boundary of transformed medium. Full-wave simulations are carried out to demonstrate the performance of the leaky-wave antenna. Broadband radiation characteristics are achieved from the antenna with peak radiation around 33⁰, 30% side-lobe level, 53% back-lobe level, 30.6⁰ beamwidth, and 11.8 directivity. Such performance makes the antenna suitable for planar applications where a fixed oblique beam is required over a broad bandwidth.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Engineering, School of (Okanagan)
Graduate

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Chau, Fun Pang. "The second order velocity potential for diffraction of waves by fixed offshore structures." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296841.

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It is well known that second order effects may in many cases be important for the nonlinear hydrodynamic problems arising in ocean engineering. Despite considerable efforts having been made in the past in calculating second order unsteady forces, similar studies are rare for the actual second order velocity potential itself, which is important for the understanding of wave kinematics. A mathematical model has been developed for the calculation of the second order sum frequency diffraction potential for fixed bodies in waves. It is believed that a first step towards the solution of the second order problem is the accurate evaluation of the first order quantities. By the use of Green's second identity, the first order problem can be cast into the form of a Fredholm integral equation and then solved by the Boundary Element Method. Some new developments based on this technique have been undertaken in this work, and as a result, there is a major improvement in the accuracy of the first order analysis. For the second order problem, the solution procedures are similar to those used for the first order problem except that special techniques have been developed to calculate efficiently the additional free surface integral which decays slowly to infinity in a highly oscillatory manner. In addition, an effective method has also been implemented to calculate the second derivative term in the free surface integral. From the numerical results presented, a number of interesting findings are illustrated. A closed form expression for a vertical circular cylinder has also been developed which not only furnishes a valuable check on the general numerical model but also provides some physical explanation for the second order phenomena. Moreover, it has been used to investigate some theoretical problems which (in the past) have caused confusion and error in the second order analysis. They are mainly associated with the troublesome nonhomogeneity presented in the free surface boundary condition.

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Duarte, Ana da Conceição Gracias. "How do wages react to the business cycle? A microeconometric approach." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9448.

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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Economics from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
This study investigates the impact of the business cycle on real wages using a rich data set that matches each employee to an employer. The major innovation that this study brings to academic research is the use of two disaggregated variables as cyclical components: Job Finding Probability (JFP) and Job Separation Probability (JSP). Real wages react positively with the business cycle showing a procyclical behaviour. When JFP, JSP and the unemployment rate increase by 1 p.p., controlling for worker and firm heterogeneity, the real wage of a male worker that has an ongoing job, changes by 0.53%, -3.49% and -1.24% respectively. On the other hand, the real wage of a female worker changes by 0.42%, -0.43% and -0.85% with the same cyclical variables.

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Harlander, Uwe. "On periodic solutions found in simple ocean models with fixed surface fluxes." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-213065.

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In einer kürzlich erschienenen Arbeit haben Greatbatch und Zhang darauf hingewiesen, daß interdekadische Oszillationen in einem Ozean-Becken-Modell gefunden werden können, falls dieses mit festgehaltenen Wärmeflüssen angetrieben wird. Diese Oszillationen haben Ahnlichkeit mit jenen, welche Delworth et al. in einem gekoppelten Ozean-Atmosphären-Modell fanden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Mechanismen verglichen, die in drei einfachen Ozeanmodellen mit festgehaltenen Antrieben zu Schwingungen führen. Die Experimente mit einem drei-dimensionalen Becken-Modell werden ausführlich beschrieben. In diesen Experimenten zeigt sich der voll dreidimensionale Charakter der Schwingungen. Die Oszillationen stehen im Zusammenhang mit einer Reduktion der Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit von kalten Randstörungen im nordwestlichen Teil des Ozeanbeckens. Der Grund dafür ist ein anomal großes Gebiet tiefreichender Konvektion in dieser Region. Kräftige Temperaturanomalien enstehen dann infolge von anomaler Advektion. Ganz wesentlich für das Vorkommen von ungedämpften Oszillationen ist eine Verlängerung der Zeitspanne mit starker (schwacher) meridionaler Zirkulation im drei-dimensionalen Modell (\"Schleifen\"-Modell) durch einen Überkompensationsmechanismus. Letzendlich bestätigen diese Experimente die Ansicht von Winton, daß sich die Oszillationen in drei-dimensionalen Modellen nicht mit einfachen \"Schleifen\"-Modellen nachvollziehen lassen
In a recent paper Greatbatch and Zhang reported the finding of interdecadal oscillations in an idealized ocean basin forced by constant heat flux. This oscillation has many similarities to that found by Delworth et al. in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. We have used three simple models with fixed surface fluxes, a box model, a Welander-like loop model and a three-level three-dimensional ocean basin model, in order to compare mechanisms associated with interdecadal oscillations in these models. Our experiments with the basin model revealed the three-dimensional character of the oscillations in three-dimensional models. Self-sustained oscillations are associated with a reduction of the propagation speed of cold anomalies in the north-western corner of the model because of anomalous strong convection in that region. Then anomalous gyre circulation leads to the development of strong temperature anomalies. The extension of the period of strong (low) overturning in the three-dimensional (loop) model by some overcompensation mechanism is crucial for the occurrence of self-sustained oscillations. In conclusion we confirm Wintons view that fixed flux variability is not a meridional plane phenomenon related to loop oscillators

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Cetintepe, Cagri. "Development Of Mems Technology Based Microwave And Millimeter-wave Components." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611618/index.pdf.

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This thesis presents development of microwave lumped elements for a specific surface-micromachining based technology, a self-contained mechanical characterization of fixed-fixed type beams and realization of a shunt, capacitive-contact RF MEMS switch for millimeter-wave applications. Interdigital capacitor, planar spiral inductor and microstrip patch lumped elements developed in this thesis are tailored for a surface-micromachining technology incorporating a single metallization layer, which allows an easy and low-cost fabrication process while permitting mass production. Utilizing these elements, a bandpass filter is fabricated monolithically with success, which exhibits a measured in-band return loss better than -20 dB and insertion loss of 1.2 dB, a pass-band located in S-band and a stop-band extending up to 20 GHz. Analytical derivations for deflection profile and spring constant of fixed-fixed beams are derived for constant distributed loads while taking axial effects into account. Having built experience with the mechanical domain, next, Finite Difference solution schemes are established for pre-pull-in and post-pull-in electrostatic actuation problems. Using the developed numerical tools
pull-in, release and zipping phenomena are investigated. In particular, semi-empirical expressions are developed for the pull-in voltage with associated errors not exceeding 3.7 % of FEA (Finite Element Analysis) results for typical configurations. The shunt, capacitive-contact RF MEMS switch is designed in electromagnetic and mechanical domains for Ka-band operation. Switches fabricated in the first process run could not meet the design specifications. After identifying sources of relevant discrepancies, a design modification is attempted and re-fabricated devices are operated successfully. In particular, measured OFF-state return and insertion losses better than -16.4 dB and 0.27 dB are attained in 1-40 GHz. By applying a 20-25V actuation, ON-state resonances are tuned precisely to 35 GHz with an optimum isolation level of 39 dB.

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Marzouk, Osama A. "Simulation, Modeling, and Characterization of the Wakes of Fixed and Moving Cylinders." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26316.

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The first goal of this work was to develop models based on nonlinear ordinary-differential equations or nonlinear algebraic equations, which produce the lift and drag coefficients on a cylinder or a cylinder-like structure. We introduced an improved wake oscillator for the lift, which combines the van der Pol and Duffing equations. We proposed a two-term quadratic model that relates the drag and lift coefficients, which reproduces the phase relationship between the drag and lift and its variation with the Reynolds number. We found that a mixed-type (external and parametric) forcing is needed to represent the effects of the cylinder motion. The second goal of this work was to develop a deeper understanding of the shedding and fluid forces on a cylinder and how they depend on its oscillatory motion within and outside the synchronization (or lock-in) band of frequencies. We performed extensive CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations and solved the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations that govern the flow fields around fixed and moving (in either the cross-flow or in-line direction) cylinders. We identified various wake modes that can exist, depending on the cylinder motion (direction, amplitude, and frequency) by using modern methods of nonlinear dynamics. The possible responses can be period-one, periodic with large period, quasiperiodic, or chaotic. Moreover, we found that the route to chaos is torus breakdown. We investigated how four frequency sweeps of the cross-flow motion affect the response curves and the hysteresis phenomenon. We studied in detail the effect of the in-line motion on the wake and related this effect to the reduction in the lift and mean drag due to a synchronization type that is very different from the one due to cross-flow motion.
Ph. D.

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Du, Chenguang. "How Well Can Two-Wave Models Recover the Three-Wave Second Order Latent Model Parameters?" Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103856.

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Although previous studies on structural equation modeling (SEM) have indicated that the second-order latent growth model (SOLGM) is a more appropriate approach to longitudinal intervention effects, its application still requires researchers to collect at least three-wave data (e.g. randomized pretest, posttest, and follow-up design). However, in some circumstances, researchers can only collect two-wave data for resource limitations. With only two-wave data, the SOLGM can not be identified and researchers often choose alternative SEM models to fit two-wave data. Recent studies show that the two-wave longitudinal common factor model (2W-LCFM) and latent change score model (2W-LCSM) can perform well for comparing latent change between groups. However, there still lacks empirical evidence about how accurately these two-wave models can estimate the group effects of latent change obtained by three-wave SOLGM (3W-SOLGM). The main purpose of this dissertation, therefore, is trying to examine to what extent the fixed effects of the tree-wave SOLGM can be recovered from the parameter estimates of the two-wave LCFM and LCSM given different simulation conditions. Fundamentally, the supplementary study (study 2) using three-wave LCFM was established to help justify the logistics of different model comparisons in our main study (study 1). The data generating model in both studies is 3W-SOLGM and there are in total 5 simulation factors (sample size, group differences in intercept and slope, the covariance between the slope and intercept, size of time-specific residual, change the pattern of time-specific residual). Three main types of evaluation indices were used to assess the quality of estimation (bias/relative bias, standard error, and power/type I error rate). The results in the supplementary study show that the performance of 3W-LCFM and 3W-LCSM are equivalent, which further justifies the different models' comparison in the main study. The point estimates for the fixed effect parameters obtained from the two-wave models are unbiased or identical to the ones from the three-wave model. However, using two-wave models could reduce the estimation precision and statistical power when the time-specific residual variance is large and changing pattern is heteroscedastic (non-constant). Finally, two real datasets were used to illustrate the simulation results
Doctor of Philosophy
To collect and analyze the longitudinal data is a very important approach to understand the phenomenon of development in the real world. Ideally, researchers who are interested in using a longitudinal framework would prefer collecting data at more than two points in time because it can provide a deeper understanding of the developmental processes. However, in real scenarios, data may only be collected at two-time points. With only two-wave data, the second-order latent growth model (SOLGM) could not be used. The current dissertation compared the performance of two-wave models (longitudinal common factor model and latent change score model) with the three-wave SOLGM in order to better understand how the estimation quality of two-wave models could be comparable to the tree-wave model. The results show that on average, the estimation from two-wave models is identical to the ones from the three-wave model. So in real data analysis with only one sample, the point estimate by two-wave models should be very closed to that of the three-wave model. But this estimation may not be as accurate as it is obtained by the three-wave model when the latent variable has large variability in the first or last time point. This latent variable is more likely to exist as a statelike construct in the real world. Therefore, the current study could provide a reference framework for substantial researchers who could only have access to two-wave data but are still interested in estimating the growth effect that supposed to obtain by three-wave SOLGM.

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Nikonov, Kirill [Verfasser]. "Partial wave analysis of eta meson photoproduction using fixed-t dispersion relations / Kirill Nikonov." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1173194029/34.

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18

Harlander, Uwe. "On periodic solutions found in simple ocean models with fixed surface fluxes." Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen des Leipziger Instituts für Meteorologie ; 4 = Meteorologische Arbeiten aus Leipzig ; 2 (1996), S. 151-169, 1996. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15062.

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In einer kürzlich erschienenen Arbeit haben Greatbatch und Zhang darauf hingewiesen, daß interdekadische Oszillationen in einem Ozean-Becken-Modell gefunden werden können, falls dieses mit festgehaltenen Wärmeflüssen angetrieben wird. Diese Oszillationen haben Ahnlichkeit mit jenen, welche Delworth et al. in einem gekoppelten Ozean-Atmosphären-Modell fanden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Mechanismen verglichen, die in drei einfachen Ozeanmodellen mit festgehaltenen Antrieben zu Schwingungen führen. Die Experimente mit einem drei-dimensionalen Becken-Modell werden ausführlich beschrieben. In diesen Experimenten zeigt sich der voll dreidimensionale Charakter der Schwingungen. Die Oszillationen stehen im Zusammenhang mit einer Reduktion der Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit von kalten Randstörungen im nordwestlichen Teil des Ozeanbeckens. Der Grund dafür ist ein anomal großes Gebiet tiefreichender Konvektion in dieser Region. Kräftige Temperaturanomalien enstehen dann infolge von anomaler Advektion. Ganz wesentlich für das Vorkommen von ungedämpften Oszillationen ist eine Verlängerung der Zeitspanne mit starker (schwacher) meridionaler Zirkulation im drei-dimensionalen Modell (\"Schleifen\"-Modell) durch einen Überkompensationsmechanismus. Letzendlich bestätigen diese Experimente die Ansicht von Winton, daß sich die Oszillationen in drei-dimensionalen Modellen nicht mit einfachen \"Schleifen\"-Modellen nachvollziehen lassen.
In a recent paper Greatbatch and Zhang reported the finding of interdecadal oscillations in an idealized ocean basin forced by constant heat flux. This oscillation has many similarities to that found by Delworth et al. in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. We have used three simple models with fixed surface fluxes, a box model, a Welander-like loop model and a three-level three-dimensional ocean basin model, in order to compare mechanisms associated with interdecadal oscillations in these models. Our experiments with the basin model revealed the three-dimensional character of the oscillations in three-dimensional models. Self-sustained oscillations are associated with a reduction of the propagation speed of cold anomalies in the north-western corner of the model because of anomalous strong convection in that region. Then anomalous gyre circulation leads to the development of strong temperature anomalies. The extension of the period of strong (low) overturning in the three-dimensional (loop) model by some overcompensation mechanism is crucial for the occurrence of self-sustained oscillations. In conclusion we confirm Wintons view that fixed flux variability is not a meridional plane phenomenon related to loop oscillators.

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19

Azarhoushang, Azin. "Dynamic response of fixed offshore platforms to environmental loads." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/135.

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In this thesis a simplified method for dynamic response of jacket type offshore structures to extreme environmental load is investigated using existing experience and the procedures available within the industry. Fixed Jacket type offshore platforms may, under extreme wave loading conditions, exhibit significant nonlinear behavior. This must be accounted for in the design of such platforms, in order to ensure satisfactory structural safety. The complicated and nonlinear dynamic platform behavior implies that a wide number of significant uncertainties are introduced to the design process through the included mathematical models, analysis methods and the practical use of these methods. The major sources of nonlinear behavior are the wave loading, the damping mechanisms and the soil structure interaction. The inclusion of nonlinear dynamic platform behavior in the design process implies that nonlinear stochastic dynamic response based on time domain simulation methods must be applied. Time domain stochastic dynamic response analysis is an analysis method which will be a central element of the procedure. However, it seems not to be clear so far how this method should be integrated in a practical design procedure. Initially an overview of the different sources of nonlinear platform behavior is clarified with the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, it is outlined how those nonlinear effects may be accounted for with a special focus on estimation of extreme response and dynamic amplification factors. The discussion and outlines are illustrated by an example of fixed offshore platform. Finally the practical use of the method in the design of fixed jacket type offshore platforms is recommended.

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20

Chantesana, Isara [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Gasenzer. "Strong Wave Turbulence and Non-Thermal Fixed Points in a Kinetic Theory / Isara Chantesana ; Betreuer: Thomas Gasenzer." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1177691302/34.

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21

Kang, Youn-Soo. "Delay, Stop and Queue Estimation for Uniform and Random Traffic Arrivals at Fixed-Time Signalized Intersections." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27030.

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With the introduction of different forms of adaptive and actuated signal control, there is a need for effective evaluation tools that can capture the intricacies of real-life applications. While the current state-of-the-art analytical procedures provide simple approaches for estimating delay, queue length and stops at signalized intersections, they are limited in scope. Alternatively, several microscopic simulation softwares are currently available for the evaluation of signalized intersections. The objective of this dissertation is fourfold. First, it evaluates the consistency, accuracy, limitations and scope of the alternative analytical models. Second, it evaluates the validity of micro simulation results that evolve as an outcome of the car-following relationships. The validity of these models is demonstrated for idealized hypothetical examples where analytical solutions can be derived. Third, the dissertation expands the scope of current analytical models for the evaluation of oversaturated signalized intersections. Finally, the dissertation demonstrates the implications of using analytical models for the evaluation of real-life network and traffic configurations. This dissertation compared the delay estimates from numerous models for an undersaturated and oversaturated signalized intersection considering uniform and random arrivals in an attempt to systematically evaluate and demonstrate the assumptions and limitations of different delay estimation approaches. Specifically, the dissertation compared a theoretical vertical queuing analysis model, the queue-based models used in the 1994 and 2000 versions of the Highway Capacity Manual, the queue-based model in the 1995 Canadian Capacity Guide for Signalized Intersections, a theoretical horizontal queuing model derived from shock wave analysis, and the delay estimates produced by the INTEGRATION microscopic traffic simulation software. The results of the comparisons for uniform arrivals indicated that all delay models produced identical results under such traffic conditions, except for the estimates produced by the INTEGRATION software, which tended to estimate slightly higher delays than the other approaches. For the random arrivals, the results of the comparisons indicated that the delay estimates obtained by a micro-simulation model like INTEGRATION were consistent with the delay estimates computed by the analytical approaches. In addition, this dissertation compared the number of stops and the maximum extent of queue estimates using analytical procedures and the INTEGRATION simulation model for both undersaturated and oversaturated signalized intersections to assess their consistency and to analyze their applicability. For the number of stops estimates, it is found that there is a general agreement between the INTEGRATION microscopic simulation model and the analytical models for undersaturated signalized intersections. Both uniform and random arrivals demonstrated consistency between the INTEGRATION model and the analytical procedures; however, at a v/c ratio of 1.0 the analytical models underestimate the number of stops. The research developed an upper limit and a proposed model for estimating the number of vehicle stops for oversaturated conditions. It was demonstrated that the current state-of-the-practice analytical models can provide stop estimates that far exceed the upper bound. On the other hand, the INTEGRATION model was found to be consistent with the upper bound and demonstrated that the number of stops converge to 2.3 as the v/c ratio tends to 2.0. For the maximum extent of queue estimates, the estimated maximum extent of queue predicted from horizontal shock wave analysis was higher than the predictions from vertical deterministic queuing analysis. The horizontal shock wave model predicted lower maximum extent of queue than the CCG 1995 model. For oversaturated conditions, the vertical deterministic queuing model underestimated the maximum queue length. It was found that the CCG 1995 predictions were lower than those from the horizontal shock wave model. These differences were attributed to the fact that the CCG 1995 model estimates the remaining residual queue at the end of evaluation time. A consistency was found between the INTEGRATION model and the horizontal shock wave model predictions with respect to the maximum extent of queue for both undersaturated and oversaturated signalized intersections. Finally, the dissertation analyzed the impact of mixed traffic condition on the vehicle delay, person delay, and number of vehicle stops at a signalized intersection. The analysis considered approximating the mixed flow for equivalent homogeneous flows using two potential conversion factors. The first of these conversion factors was based on relative vehicle lengths while the second was based on relative vehicle riderships. The main conclusion of the analysis was that the optimum vehicle equivalency was dependent on the background level of congestion, the transit vehicle demand, and the Measure of Effectiveness (MOE) being considered. Consequently, explicit simulation of mixed flow is required in order to capture the unique vehicle interactions that result from mixed flow. Furthermore, while homogeneous flow approximations might be effective for some demand levels, these approximations are not consistently effective.
Ph. D.

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22

Stutts, Kyle Jeffrey. "Synchronization of follicular wave emergence, luteal regression, and ovulation for fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cows and heifers." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4208.

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Two experiments tested the efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or estradiol cypionate (ECP) administration in combination with controlled internal drug release (CIDR) inserts on pregnancy rate to fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in beef heifers. In the first experiment, heifers in the two ECP groups received ECP in conjunction with the CIDR insert. The CIDR insert was removed and PGF was administered on either d 7 or 9. Heifers received ECP 24 h after CIDR removal and were inseminated 30 h after ECP. Heifers in the two GnRH groups received GnRH in conjunction with the CIDR insert. Heifers received PGF on either d 6 or 7, and the CIDR insert was removed on d 7. Heifers were inseminated and received GnRH 48 h after CIDR removal. Pregnancy rates to FTAI were higher for heifers treated with GnRH. Pregnancy rate to FTAI was highest for heifers in the GnRH group that received PGF on d 6 and was lowest for the group that received ECP in combination with a 7-d CIDR insert. In the second experiment, heifers received GnRH in conjunction with the CIDR insert. CIDR inserts were removed and PGF was administered on d 7. Heifers were inseminated 60 h later, with one group receiving GnRH at insemination. Pregnancy rate to FTAI was higher for heifers that received GnRH at insemination. The final experiment tested the efficacy of estradiol 17_ (E17) or GnRH in combination with a CIDR insert on pregnancy rate to FTAI in Brahman cows. Either E17 or GnRH was administered in conjunction with the CIDR insert. CIDR inserts were removed on d 7. Cows in the GnRH group received PGF on d 6 and GnRH at insemination which occurred 48 h after CIDR removal. Cows in the E17 group received PGF on d 7, E17 24 h later, and were inseminated 30 h after E17 administration. Pregnancy rate to FTAI was higher for cows treated with E17. These data indicate acceptable pregnancy rates were obtained when the CIDR insert was combined with either GnRH in beef heifers or with E17 in Brahman cows.

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23

Prenerová, Monika. "Dohody o pracích konaných mimo pracovní poměr z ekonomických a účetních hledisek v porovnání ČR a SR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191575.

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The thesis discusses the advantages (disadvantages) of the employing part-time workers in the Czech and Slovak Republic. In each country, the part-time contracts are divided into theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical part of thesis the part-time contracts are described in terms of legislation. The practical part applies the theoretical part on illustrative examples. Conclusion includes evaluation of results and suggestions for possible improvements.

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24

Freguglia, Ricardo da Silva. "Efeitos da migração sobre os salários no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-26012008-094208/.

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Esta tese tem como objetivo central a análise da migração dos trabalhadores brasileiros e de seus efeitos sobre os diferencias salariais observados. Para isto, dois bancos de dados distintos foram construídos a partir de um longo painel de trabalhadores proveniente da RAIS-Migra (Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego) no período de 1995-2002. Com o primeiro banco, busca-se investigar o que ocorre com os diferenciais de salários entre os estados brasileiros, setores e ocupações após o controle pelas características não-observáveis, fixas no tempo, dos indivíduos. A idéia é examinar em que medida esses diferenciais ocorrem devido à concentração de trabalhadores com alta habilidade em alguns estados/setores/ocupações. Os principais resultados mostram que a magnitude dos diferenciais se torna até vinte vezes menor e que a significância estatística é substancialmente reduzida. Ocorre também uma reordenação entre as regiões e as indústrias. A variabilidade global diminui em até oito vezes, evidenciando a relevância da heterogeneidade individual não-observada ao explicar cerca de 70%, 83% e 88% dos diferenciais inter-regionais, inter-industriais e inter-ocupacionais, respectivamente. Com o segundo banco de dados, analisam-se os retornos à migração dos trabalhadores do estado de São Paulo, com ênfase na seleção e no ajustamento. Especificamente, busca-se estimar o salário relativo com o controle dos efeitos fixos individuais para capturar o viés decorrente da seleção positiva dos migrantes. Os principais resultados encontrados indicam a presença de viés de auto-seleção nas estimativas dos salários relativos por MQO, que apresentam coeficientes (positivos) bastante superiores aos coeficientes estimados por efeitos fixos (com sinal negativo). Há, portanto, perdas salariais para as pessoas que migram para São Paulo, que não possuem informação perfeita sobre o custo de vida. Na análise da assimilação do migrante em São Paulo, encontram-se evidências de ampliação dos ganhos salariais a taxas decrescentes, mas sem indicações de que os retornos dos migrantes superem o dos não-migrantes de modo permanente. Alguns grupos, porém, destacam-se na migração bem-sucedida. Os trabalhadores com o ensino superior encontram espaço no mercado de trabalho paulista, com ganhos em torno de 7% em relação aos não-migrantes. Outros ganhos decorrentes da migração também são registrados entre os trabalhadores dos setores de agropecuária e comércio, provenientes da região nordeste, pertencentes às ocupações de agricultura/florestais/pesca e científicas/técnicas/artísticas. Por fim, constata-se que os retornos à emigração, mesmo após a inclusão de efeitos fixos, são positivos. Em geral, os resultados são consistentes com a hipótese de que o elevado custo de vida em São Paulo pode não apenas trazer o migrante de volta para seu local de origem, mas também provocar uma emigração dos trabalhadores residentes em São Paulo para outras regiões do Brasil.
The aim of this thesis is the analysis of the Brazilian workers migration and of its effects on the observed wage differentials. This study uses two different data sets built from RAIS-Migra (Labor Ministry of Brazil), a long panel of workers for the years 1995 through 2002. The purpose of using the first data set is to investigate what occurs to the interstate, interindustry and inter-occupation differentials in wage, after the control by the unobservable characteristics of workers which are unchanged along the time. The main idea is to evaluate to what extent these differentials occur due to the concentration of high skilled workers in some states/sectors/occupations. The most important results show that, not only the sign of the differentials change, but also their magnitude drops by up to 20 times. As a result, there is a reorientation of wage differentials among regions and industries. Additionally, the overall variability drops by up to eight times, showing the importance of the non-observed individual heterogeneity by explaining about 70%, 83% and 88% of the inter-state, inter-industry and inter-occupation wage differentials. Using the second data set, this study evaluates the migration returns of workers in the São Paulo state, focusing selection and assimilation. Specifically, the goal is to estimate the relative wage with the control for the individual fixed effects. This method allows the observation of the bias from the positive selection of in-migrants. The results attest the evidence of selection bias in the relative wages estimated by OLS, since the coefficients of the fixed effects regression are lower (and with a negative signal) than the (positive) OLS coefficients. There are wage losses to the migrants in São Paulo, who are not aware of the high cost of living. Another important result is that the wage growth of migrants has been increasing slowly according to the local human capital they have acquired since their migration. However, there is no evidence that attest the permanent assimilation of migrants. It is important to highlight that some particular groups have a successful migration. Migrants with high levels of education have returns 7 percent higher than non-migrants. Other groups which also have gains after migration are workers from agriculture and trade, from Northeast region and from farming and scientific occupations. Finally, the out-migration gains are positive and significant, even after the inclusion of the fixed effect control. As a result, the cost of living is also an important factor to be considered in the São Paulo out-migration event.

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25

Rathnayake-Arachchige, Dilshani. "Metallisation and structuring of low temperature Co-fired ceramic for micro and millimetre wave applications." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/19343.

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The recent developments in Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) as a substrate material enable it to be used in the micro and millimetre wave range providing low dissipation factors at high frequencies, good dielectric properties and a high degree of integration for further miniaturised devices. The most common metallisation method used in LTCC technology is screen printing with high cost noble metals such as silver and gold that are compatible with the high sintering temperatures (850°C). However, these techniques require high capital cost and maintenance cost. As the commercial world requires convenient and low cost process technologies for mass production, alternative metallisation methods should be considered. As a result, electroless copper plating of fired LTCC was mainly investigated in this research. The main goals of this project were to carry out electroless plating of fired LTCC with sufficient adhesion and to extend the process to metallise closed LTCC channel structures to manufacture Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) components. The objectives were focused on electroless copper deposition on fired LTCC with improved adhesion. Electroless deposits on the Sn/Pd activated LTCC surface showed poor adhesion without any surface pre-treatments. Hence, chemical etching of fired LTCC was carried out using concentrated NaOH solution. NaOH pre-treatment of LTCC led to the formation of flake like structures on the LTCC surface. A number of surface and chemical analysis techniques and weight measurements were used to investigate the mechanism of the modification of the LTCC surface. The results showed that the flake like structures were dispersed in the LTCC material and a material model for the LTCC structure was proposed. SEM EDX elemental mapping showed that the flake like structure consisted of aluminium, calcium, boron and oxygen. Further experiments showed that both the concentration of NaOH and the immersion time affect the surface morphology and the roughness of fired LTCC. The measured Ra values were 0.6 μm for untreated LTCC and 1.1 μm for the LTCC sample treated with 4M NaOH for 270 minutes. Adhesion tests including peel test and scratch test were carried out to examine the adhesion strength of the deposited copper and both tests indicated that the NaOH pre-treatment led to an improvement, with the best results achieved for samples treated with 4M NaOH. A second aspect of the research focused on the selective metallisation of fired LTCC. Excimer laser machining was used to pattern a resist film laminated on the LTCC surface. This process also roughened the substrate and created channels that were characterised with respect to the laser operating parameters. After patterning the resist layer, samples were activated using Sn/Pd catalyst solution followed by the electroless copper deposition. Electroless copper was selectively deposited only on the patterned LTCC surface. Laser parameters clearly affected the copper plating rate. Even with a similar number of shots per area, the tracks machined with higher repetition rate showed relatively more machining depth as well as good plating conditions with low resistance values. The process was further implemented to realize a complete working circuit on fired LTCC. Passive components including a capacitor and an inductor were also fabricated on LTCC using the mask projection technique of the excimer laser system. This was successful for many designs, but when the separation between conductor lines dropped below 18 μm, electroless copper started to deposit on the areas between them. Finally, a method to deposit copper films on the internal walls of closed channel structures was developed. The method was first demonstrated by flowing electroless copper solutions through silane treated glass capillaries. A thin layer (approx. 60 nm) of electroless copper was deposited only on the internal walls of the glass capillaries. The flow rate of the electroless copper solution had to be maintained at a low level as the copper deposits tended to wash away with higher flow rates. The structures were tested for transmission losses and showed low (<10dB) transmission losses in the terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The process was further applied to deposit electroless copper on the internal walls of the LTCC closed channel structures to manufacture a LTCC Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW).

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26

Barone, Anthony J. "State Level Earned Income Tax Credit’s Effects on Race and Age: An Effective Poverty Reduction Policy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/771.

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In this paper, I analyze the effectiveness of state level Earned Income Tax Credit programs on improving of poverty levels. I conducted this analysis for the years 1991 through 2011 using a panel data model with fixed effects. The main independent variables of interest were the state and federal EITC rates, minimum wage, gross state product, population, and unemployment all by state. I determined increases to the state EITC rates provided only a slight decrease to both the overall white below-poverty population and the corresponding white childhood population under 18, while both the overall and the under-18 black population for this category realized moderate decreases in their poverty rates for the same time period. I also provide a comparison of the effectiveness of the state level EITCs and minimum wage at the state level over the same time period on these select demographic groups.

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27

Facchini, Alessandro. "A study on the expressive power of some fragments of the modal µ-calculus." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14210/document.

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Dans ce travail nous étudions la complexité de certains fragments du mu-calcul selon deux points de vue: l’un syntaxique et l’autre topologique. Dans la première partie nous adoptons le point de vue syntaxique afin d'étudier le comportement du mu-calcul sur des classes restreintes de modèles. Parmi d'autres résultats, nous montrons en particulier que sur les modèles transitifs toute propriété définissable par une formule du mu-calcul est définissable par une formule sans alternance de points fixes. Pour ce qui concerne la perspective topologique, nous montrons d'abord que sur les modèles transitifs la logique modale correspond au fragment borélien du mu-calcul. Ensuite nous donnons une description effective des hiérarchies de Borel et de Wadge d'un sous-fragment sans alternance de cette logique sur les arbres binaires et vérifions que pour ce fragment les points de vue topologique et syntaxique coïncident
In this work we study the complexity of some fragments of the modal mu-calculus from two points of view: the syntactical and the topological. In the first part of the dissertation we adopt the syntactical point of view in order to study the behavior of this formalism on some restricted classes of models. Among other results, we show that on transitive transition systems, every mu-formula is logically equivalent to an alternation free formula. For what concerns the topological point of view, we first prove that on transitive models, the modal logic is exactly the Borel fragment of the modal mu-calculus. Then we provide an effective description of the Borel and Wadge hierarchies of a sub-fragment of the alternation free fragment of the mu-calculus on binary trees. Finally we verify that for this fragment the syntactical point of view and topological point of view coincide

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28

Cook, Finnie B. "Globalization, Migration and the U.S. Labor Market for Physicians: The Impact of Immigration on Local Wages." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003279.

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29

Hill, Scott L. "Presynchronizing injections of prostaglandin F[subscript]2alpha[subscript] or prostaglandin F[subscript]2alpha[ subscript + Gonadotropin-releasing hormone before a fixed time artificial insemination CO-Synch + CIDR program in suckled beef cows." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15309.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Jeffrey S. Stevenson
We hypothesized that pregnancy outcomes may be improved by inducing luteal regression, ovulation, or both before a control CO-Synch + CIDR program (100 mcg GnRH i.m. [GnRH-1] and insertion of a progesterone-impregnated intravaginal controlled internal drug release [CIDR] insert on d -10, 25 mg PGF2alpha (PG) i.m. and CIDR insert removal on d -3, and 100 mcg GnRH i.m. [GnRH-2] and timed AI [TAI] on d 0) in suckled beef cows. This hypothesis was tested in 2 experiments, in which cows were treated with either PG or PG + GnRH before initiating a control CO-Synch + CIDR program to increase the proportion of cows starting the program in a low (< 1 ng/mL; Exp. 1) or high (≥ 1 ng/mL; Exp. 2) progesterone status, respectively. Blood was collected before each injection for later progesterone analyses. In Exp. 1, cows at 9 locations (n = 1,537) were assigned to either: (1) control or (2) PrePG (same as control with a PG injection on d -13). The PrePG cows had larger (P < 0.05) follicles on d -10 and more (P < 0.05) ovulated after GnRH-1 than controls (60.6 vs. 36.5%). Incidence of estrus between d -3 and 0 was greater (P < 0.05) for treated multiparous cows than multiparous controls and treated and control primiparous cows (74.1 vs. 64.3, 58.6, and 59.1%, respectively). In Exp. 2, cows at 4 locations (n = 803) were assigned to: (1) control (same as Exp. 1) or (2) PrePGG (same as control with PG injection on d -20 and GnRH injection on d -17. Cows with BCS > 5.0 or ≥ 70 d postpartum at TAI were more (P < 0.05) likely to become pregnant than thinner cows or those with fewer days postpartum. Treated cows in both experiments were more (P < 0.05) likely than controls to have luteolysis after initial PG injections and reduced (P < 0.05) serum progesterone. In both experiments, pregnancy rates at d 35 did not differ between treatment and control; however, cows classified as anestrous before d -10, but with elevated progesterone on d -10, had increased (P < 0.05) pregnancy outcomes than remaining anestrous cows with low progesterone concentrations. In summary, luteal regression and ovulation were enhanced by treatments before the 7 d CO-Synch + CIDR program; however, pregnancy per TAI was not improved.

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30

Ibrahim, Abdo, and David Kaya. "Effekter av belöningssystem och säljledare på försäljning av försäkringar – Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen AB." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-28339.

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Sammanfattning - ”Effekter av belöningssystem och säljledare på försäljning av försäkringar – Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen AB” Datum: 28 Maj 2015 Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi, 15 hp Institution: Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, EST, Mälardalens Högskola Författare: Abdo Ibrahim David Kaya 1 December 1990 18 Maj 1990 Handledare: Esbjörn Segelod Titel: Effekter av belöningssystem och säljledare på försäljning av försäkringar – Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen AB Nyckelord: Belöningssystem, motivation, belöningar, prestationsbaserad lön, fast lön, prestationer, säljcoach, lön och löneformer Problem: Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen är beroende av sina försäkringsförmedlare för att kunna upprätthålla företagets försäljningsvolymer. För att få de anställda att arbeta mot verksamhetens uppsatta mål är det viktigt att rekrytera rätt personal men även att behålla nyckel personer i företaget. Belöningssystemet är en viktig del för att säkerställa detta. Belöningssystem innefattar bland annat belöningar som används för att styra medarbetarna mot att uppnå företagets syfte. Som ett ytterligare steg använder sig Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen av löneformerna prestationsbaserad lön och fast lön. För att motivera de anställda till att arbeta mer effektivt och öka sin försäljning, som gynnar det egna intresset, används den prestationsinriktade lönen. Utifrån detta valde vi att undersöka effekterna ut av belöningssystemet på försäljningskvantiteten samt prestationen och arbetstillfredsställelsen men även säljledarens påverkan på medarbetarnas försäljningsprestation. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera hur försäkringsförmedlarnas försäljningsvolym, prestationer och arbetstillfredsställelse påverkas av Försäljningsservice i Bergslagens belöningssystem samt säljledare. Metod: En fallstudie har utförts med grund i informationsinsamling från personliga intervjuer samt enkäter. Intervjuerna gjordes med delägaren och försäljningschefen på Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen, Elin Gustin samt säljledaren på Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen, Linnea Héléne. Enkätundersökningen riktade sig mot samtliga medarbetare på Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen. Slutsats: De slutsatser vi kommit fram till är att den prestationsbaserade lönen påverkar medarbetarnas försäljning positivt på grund ut av att den ökar motivationen. Även belöningarna är motivationshöjande och leder till ökade arbetsprestationer. Säljledaren påverkar via sitt arbete direkt säljarnas prestationer.
Abstract –”Effects of the reward system and the sales leader in the sale of insurance – Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen AB” Date: 28 May 2015 Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 ECTS Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Abdo Ibrahim David Kaya 1st December 1990 18th May 1990 Tutor: Esbjörn Segelod Title: Effects of the reward system and the sales leader in the sale of insurance – Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen AB Keywords: Reward system, motivation, rewards, performance related salary, fixed salary, performance, sales coach, salary and forms of wages Problem formulation: Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen is dependent on their sales staff in order to maintain the company's sales volumes. To get employees to work towards the business goals it is important to recruit the right staff but also to retain key employees. The reward system is an important part in ensuring this. Reward system includes rewards that are used to control the employees to achieve the main purpose of the company. As a further step Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen uses forms of wages such as performance-based salary and fixed salary. To motivate employees to work more efficiently and increase their sales, which favors their own interests, they use performance-based salary. Based on this, we chose to examine the effects of the reward system on sales quantity, performance and job satisfaction, but also if the sales coach influence employee sales performances. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to study how the insurance intermediaries’ sales volume, performance and job satisfaction are affected by Försäljningsservice i Bergslagens reward system as well as the sales coach. Method: A case study has been performed with basis in gathering information from personal interviews and a survey. Interviews were conducted with the co-owner and sales manager in Försäljningsservice I Bergslagen, Elin Gustin and sales coach in Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen, Linnea Héléne. The survey was handed to all employees in Försäljningsservice i Bergslagen. Conclusion: We came to the conclusions that the performance-based salary affect employee sales volumes positively because it increases motivation. The rewards are also motivating and leads to increased job performance. The sales coach also influence directly, through her work, the sales staff performances.

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Mai, Tien chinh. "Evaluation non destructive des matériaux de construction par technique électromagnétique aux fréquences radar : modélisation et expérimentation en laboratoire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0384/document.

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Les structures en béton armé ou en bois se dégradent sous des actions mécaniques et climatiques. Les propriétés physiques et mécaniques de ces matériaux sont liées aux conditions d'exposition et à leurs variations. L’évaluation non destructive de ces propriétés en amont des dégradations est une nécessité pour les maîtres d'ouvrages afin de prédire la durée de vie des structures dans un contexte de gestion durable du patrimoine bâti. La présence d’eau dans les pores du béton est un facteur qui facilite la pénétration des agents agressifs (dioxyde de carbone, chlorures, etc. responsables de l’initiation de pathologies comme la corrosion des aciers). Pour le cas du matériau bois, les causes les plus fréquentes des détériorations sont souvent d’origine biologiques (champignons et insectes). L’humidité est également reconnue comme une des conditions les plus importantes pour le développement de ces attaques. Il est donc nécessaire d’évaluer et de quantifier la variation spatiale de l’humidité dans ces matériaux de construction pour limiter les actions de réparation. Le système radar (Ground Penetrating Radar, « GPR ») est un outil d’auscultation des matériaux totalement non destructif, rapide, compact et sans contact. Cette technique est basée sur la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques. Cette propagation est fortement liée à la permittivité et la conductivité du matériau qui sont très sensibles aux variations de l’humidité. L’objectif de cette thèse est double : d’une part, modéliser l’effet des variations de l’humidité dans un matériau homogène, multi-couches ou avec gradient, et d’autre part, de quantifier expérimentalement l’effet d’un gradient d’humidité sur le béton et celui de l’anisotropie sur le bois. Pour cela, un modèle analytique a été développé en se basant sur la notion des lois de mélange (ajustées sur des mesures expérimentales de la permittivité en prenant en compte l’effet de la dispersion fréquentielle) et sur la propagation d’une onde plane. Une simulation numérique a permis d’apprécier l’effet d’un gradient et d’un milieu anisotropique sur la vitesse de propagation des ondes radar. La phase expérimentale a été effectuée sur un matériau modèle homogène et isotrope comme le sable pour comparer les différentes méthodes de mesure de la vitesse de l’onde directe. Une analyse fréquentielle de l’atténuation a été également étudiée pour évaluer la dispersion de l’atténuation dans un milieu considéré comme homogène. La deuxième partie de l’expérimentation a consisté à suivre par mesures radar le séchage d’une dalle en béton instrumentée par capteurs d’humidité. Enfin, une campagne expérimentale sur des échantillons en bois de deux essences (Pin et Epicéa) soumis à des humidités variables entre 0 et 50% a été menée. La phase de modélisation et de simulation a montré que la dispersion fréquentielle est significative seulement dans le cas d’un béton humide à forte salinité et que l’anisotropie et le gradient ont un effet significatif sur la propagation. La phase expérimentale a montré que dans le cas d’un matériau homogène, la vitesse est indépendante de la distance émetteur-récepteur, et qu’elle est variable dans le cas d’un béton soumis à un gradient d’humidité. Enfin, les essais sur le bois montrent que la partie réelle de sa permittivité est croissante en fonction de l’humidité. Le contraste de permittivité entre direction longitudinale et transversale (tangentielle ou radiale) est négligeable à l’état sec du matériau et commence à être significatif à partir de la saturation des fibres. Cela permet de privilégier la direction longitudinale à la direction transversale pour évaluer l’humidité des structures en bois
The reinforced concrete or the timber structures are degraded under mechanical and climatic actions. Physical and mechanical properties of these materials are linked to outdoor exposure conditions and their variations. The early non-destructive evaluation of these properties before the initiation of degradations is a need for masters of structures in order to predict the service life of the structures in a context of sustainable management of the built heritage. The presence of water in the pores of the concrete is a factor which facilitates the penetration of aggressive agents (carbon dioxide, chlorides, etc. responsible of the initiation of pathologies such as steel corrosion). In the case of wood material, the most common causes of damage are often of biological origin (fungi and insects). Moisture is also recognized as one of the most important conditions for the development of these attacks. It is therefore necessary to evaluate and quantify the spatial variation of the humidity in the building materials to limit repair actions. The GPR system (Ground Penetrating Radar) is an auscultation tool of materials which is completely non-destructive, fast, compact, and contactless. This technique is based on the propagation of electromagnetic waves. This propagation is strongly linked to the permittivity and the conductivity of the material that are highly sensitive to changes in humidity. The objective of this thesis is twofold: first, modelling the effect of moisture variation in a homogeneous material, multi-layers or with gradient, and secondly, to experimentally quantify the effect of a moisture gradient on the concrete and the effect of the anisotropy (case of wood material). An analytical model has been developed based on the concept of mixing laws (Fitted on experimental measurements of the permittivity by taking into account the effect of the frequency dispersion) and the propagation of a plane wave. A numerical simulation was used to assess the effects of a gradient and the effect of an anisotropic medium on the propagation velocity of the radar waves. The experimental phase was performed on a homogeneous and isotropic model material such as sand to compare different measurement methods of the velocity of the direct wave. A frequency analysis of the attenuation was also examined to evaluate the dispersion of the attenuation in a considered homogeneous medium. The second part of the experiment was to monitor, by radar measurements, the drying of a concrete slab instrumented by humidity sensors. Finally, an experimental campaign on samples of two species of wood (Pine and Spruce) with different moisture content between 0 and 50% was conducted. The modelling and simulations phase has shown that the frequency dispersion is significant only in the case of wet concrete with a high salinity content. The anisotropy and the gradient have a significant effect on the spread. The experimental phase showed that in the case of a homogeneous material, the speed is independent of the offset (distance between transmitter and receiver), and it varies in the case of concrete with a moisture gradient. Finally, tests on the timber indicate that the real part of its permittivity increases as a function of moisture. The contrast between longitudinal and transverse direction (tangential or radial) is negligible in the dry state of the material and begins to be very significant from the fiber saturation point. It indicates that the longitudinal direction, instead of the transverse direction, is more convenient to measure the moisture of wood structures

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Laurent-Brouty, Nicolas. "Modélisation du trafic sur des réseaux routiers urbains à l’aide des lois de conservation hyperboliques." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4056.

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Cette thèse se consacre à la modélisation mathématique du trafic routier à l'aide des lois de conservation hyperboliques. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à l’application des modèles macroscopiques en milieu urbain. Les zones urbaines sont désormais régulièrement confrontées à des niveaux de congestion record et à des épisodes de pollution atmosphérique causés par le trafic routier. L’objectif de cette thèse est alors de développer des modèles de trafic qui représentent de manière réaliste l’évolution des véhicules en milieu urbain. Dans un premier temps, nous considérons le modèle Aw-Rascle-Zhang avec relaxation. Nous construisons une suite de solutions approchées à l'aide de la méthode de suivi des fronts (wave-front tracking en anglais) couplée à une méthode de décomposition temporelle (splitting en anglais) en référentiel Lagrangien. Pour chaque valeur du paramètre de relaxation, nous montrons que cette suite converge vers une solution faible et entropique du système pour une donnée initiale à variation bornée. Par la suite, nous calculons une borne supérieure sur la décroissance des ondes positives. Nous démontrons que les solutions du système convergent vers une solution faible du modèle Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR), c'est à dire vers la solution de la loi de conservation scalaire, lorsque le paramètre de relaxation tend vers zéro. Nous concluons par une discussion sur le caractère entropique de cette solution faible du modèle LWR. Dans un second temps, nous proposons un nouveau modèle macroscopique de trafic routier qui préserve le caractère borné de l'accélération des véhicules. Notre modèle couple une Équation aux Dérivées Partielles (EDP), la loi de conservation scalaire, à plusieurs Équations aux Dérivées Ordinaires (EDO), décrivant la trajectoire de véhicules accélérant à taux constant. Ces véhicules sont traités dans le modèle comme des goulots d'étranglement mobiles. Nous proposons la construction de solutions approchées avec un algorithme de suivi des fronts d'ondes et prouvons l'existence et l'unicité de la solution pour le problème de Cauchy associé à une donnée initiale constante par morceaux. Nous produisons ensuite des simulations numériques de notre modèle dans différentes situations urbaines, allant de la résolution du problème de Riemann à la simulation d'un axe urbain comportant plusieurs feux de signalisation. Enfin nous comparons ces simulations aux solutions du modèle LWR appliqué aux mêmes situations. Pour terminer, nous proposons un nouveau modèle macroscopique de trafic routier avec des stockages tampon (buffers en anglais) aux intersections afin de résoudre le modèle LWR sur des réseaux routiers. Ce modèle utilise des buffers de dimension finie, qui garantissent la propagation de la congestion au sein du réseau. Il comporte également des fonctions de répartition de véhicules aux jonctions qui sont dépendantes du temps, et peuvent dès lors être contrôlées au cours du temps. La dynamique du trafic est d'abord établie à l'aide des lois de conservation hyperboliques, conformément au modèle LWR, puis retranscrite dans une formulation de Hamilton-Jacobi. Nous prouvons alors l'existence, l'unicité et la stabilité des solutions vis à vis des données initiales en résolvant un problème de point fixe dans un espace de Banach approprié. La propriété de stabilité garantit que la solution du problème peut être contrôlée et optimisée en modifiant les fonctions de répartition des véhicules aux jonctions. Cela représente une avancée dans la résolution du problème d'assignation dynamique du trafic routier (Dynamic Traffic Assignment en anglais). Pour finir, nous détaillons l'application du modèle à un réseau routier réaliste comportant plusieurs intersections et des routes de longueur finie
This thesis is devoted to the modeling of traffic flow using hyperbolic conservation laws, with a specific focus on urban applications. Urban areas are today facing severe episodes of air pollution and increasing congestion due to traffic. The objective is to overcome some of the current limitations of macroscopic traffic flow models in urban situations. We first study the seminal Aw-Rascle-Zhang model with relaxation. We prove well-posedness of the model using wave-front tracking approximations and splitting technique in a Lagrangian setting. Besides, we provide an estimate on the decay of positive waves. We then show that the solutions of the Aw-Rascle-Zhang system with relaxation converge to a weak solution of the LWR model when the relaxation parameter goes to zero. Finally, we propose a discussion on the entropy aspect of this weak solution of the LWR model. We then propose a new macroscopic traffic flow model accounting for the boundedness of traffic acceleration, which is required for physical realism. Our model is built on the coupling between the scalar conservation law accounting for the conservation of vehicles and a number of ordinary differential equations describing the trajectories of accelerating vehicles, which we treat as moving constraints. We detail a wave-front tracking algorithm to construct approximate solutions of the model, with general flux functions and show existence of solutions to the Cauchy problem for a piecewise constant initial datum. Finally, we provide numerical simulations of the model in different urban situations, from a single Riemann problem to sequences of traffic lights, and confront the results to numerical simulations of the LWR model. Finally, we introduce a new macroscopic traffic flow model with buffers on road networks. This model features buffers of finite size, enabling backward propagation of congestion on the network, and time-dependent routing functions at the junctions. The dynamics are first defined on the level of conservation laws, and then transformed in an Hamilton-Jacobi formulation. We prove existence, uniqueness and stability of the solutions with respect to the routing ratios and initial datum using a fixed-point problem in a proper Banach space. Thanks to stability, the model provides a controllable framework, using routing ratios as control parameters. This represents an advance towards solving the Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) problem. In the end we detail how this framework applies to a classical road network with several intersections and finite-length links

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Costa, Felipe de Melo Gil. "Impactos da abertura comercial na margem de lucro da indústria brasileira de transformação entre 1990 e 1996: uma análise em dados de painel." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6101.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O objetivo principal desta dissertação é analisar os impactos da abertura comercial vista no Brasil no início da década de 1990 entre 1990 a 1996 na margem de lucro das indústrias de transformação passando por três padrões monetários diferentes (cruzeiro, cruzeiro real e real). A especificação e metodologia adotadas no trabalho são as de Goldar e Aggawal (2004), que fazem uma análise de dados em painel para efeitos fixos e randômicos para as indústrias de transformação indianas como um todo e, posteriormente, aplicando os mesmos testes separando os vinte e oito setores da indústria brasileira de transformação em setores de bens de capital e intermediários no primeiro grupo e bens de capital no segundo. Este trabalho ainda inclui esta metodologia aplicando, além das duas já citadas, o teste de mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO) para permitir uma melhor análise com três testes diferentes antes e depois de separar os setores por meio de variáveis explicativas como barreiras à importação, concentração industrial, participação salarial, produtividade do trabalho, representatividade setorial e variação na taxa de crescimento da produção do setor entre os anos. Conclui-se que o aumento observado na margem de lucro foi impactado significativamente pelas variáveis expostas acima e estes resultados são importantes para que possamos auferir de que forma impactaram positivamente ou contribuíram negativamente na margem de lucro auferida pela indústria brasileira de transformação entre 1990 e 1996.

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Silvério, Filipe José Brás. "What hides behind the fixed-term contracts wage gap?" Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/15106.

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In Portugal, about 20% of full-time workers are employed under a fixed-term contract. Using a rich longitudinal matched employer-employee dataset for Portugal, with more than 20 million observations and covering the 2002-2012 period, we confirm the common idea that fixed-term contracts are not desirable when compared to permanent ones, by estimating a conditional wage gap of -1.7 log points. Then, we evaluate the sources of that wage penalty by combining a three way high-dimensional fixed effects model with the decomposition of Gelbach (2014), in which the three dimensions considered are the worker’s unobserved ability, the firm’s compensation wage policy and the job title effect. It is shown that the average worker with a fixed-term contract is less productive than his/her permanent counterparts, explaining -3.92 log points of the FTC wage penalty. Additionally, the sorting of workers into lower-paid job titles is also responsible for -0.59 log points of the wage gap. Surprisingly, we found that the allocation of workers among firms mitigates the existing wage penalty (in 4.23 log points), as fixed-term workers are concentrated into firms with a more generous compensation policy. Finally, following Figueiredo et al. (2014), we further control for the worker-firm match characteristics and reach the conclusion that fixed-term employment relationships have an overrepresentation of low quality worker-firm matches, explaining 0.65 log points of the FTC wage penalty.
NSBE - UNL

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Stephan, Mary. "The Australian gender wage gap." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/112054.

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In the Australian labour market, men earn higher wages than women and this difference is persistent. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the gender wage gap and its determinants over time, to measure the gap using different methods compared to prior Australian research, and to measure the gap by sector of employment. The gender wage gap is estimated using the real hourly wages (in 2012 dollars) of men and women in the Australian labour market. The thesis begins with a review of Australian and international studies that have measured the gender wage gap and of possible explanations for its existence. The literature review provides a survey of the empirical methods that have been used to measure the gender wage gap and of empirical issues that arise when measuring the gap. Further, the literature review provides a discussion of labour supply and demand side factors that could influence the gap. The analysis in this thesis begins by measuring and comparing the male and female mean and distributional labour market characteristics and the returns to characteristics in 2001 and 2012. The results show that women’s labour market characteristics have improved compared to men’s characteristics; however, women’s relative returns to characteristics have not increased. Next, the gender wage gap is estimated at the mean and along the wage distribution, decomposed, and compared over time. The results show that the mean and distributional gender wage gap has increased over time and the gap is increasingly unexplained by differences in labour market characteristics. The comparison over time extends prior static estimates of the gender wage gap. The gender wage gap is then estimated using panel data and fixed effects methods to account for time-invariant unobserved individual heterogeneity. This is the first time that the Australian gender wage gap has been measured by taking into account individual fixed effects. The fixed effects results are compared with the results of traditional estimation methods and prior research. The comparison shows that time-invariant unobserved individual heterogeneity constitutes 62 per cent of the gender wage gap and that the Australian gender wage gap has previously been overestimated by approximately 7 percentage points. The inclusion of time-invariant unobserved individual heterogeneity in the estimation provides a clearer measure of gender based earnings differentials. The gender wage gap is measured by sector of employment – the Australian private and public sector – using panel data and time-invariant individual fixed effects methods. The results are compared with findings from traditional methods and prior research. This is the first time that the Australian sector-specific gender wage gap has been estimated by incorporating time-invariant unobserved individual heterogeneity. The results show that traditional estimation methods overestimate the gender wage gap by 6 percentage points in the private sector and 4 percentage points in the public sector. Time-invariant unobserved individual heterogeneity explains 42 per cent of the gender wage gap in the private sector and 41 per cent of the gender wage gap in the public sector. Further, the distributional sector-specific gender wage gap is larger and increases faster in the private sector compared to the public sector. The sector-specific gender wage gap is increasingly unexplained by differences in labour market characteristics along the wage distribution. To the knowledge of the author, this is the first time that very detailed estimates of the Australian gender wage gap have been compared over time. This is also the first time that the Australian gender wage gap has been measured by taking into account time-invariant individual fixed effects. The results highlight that the gender wage gap has increased over time and that unobserved individual heterogeneity need to be incorporated in the estimation of the Australian gender wage gap as traditional estimation methods tend to overestimate the gap. Keywords: Gender wage gap; fixed effects; Australian public and private sectors; wage distributions; decompositions.

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Guerreiro, Diogo José Da Costa. "Peers and the gender wage gap." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/104265.

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This study investigates the importance of peer effects in the Portuguese economy, as wellas their impact on the gender wage gap. Peer effects are measured using the average of theco-workers fixed effects. While also accounting for individual heterogeneity and firm andjob-title sorting, the results show evidence of positive peer effects on wages (of 4.83% froman increment of one standard deviation in peers’ ”quality”), while 5% of the existent gen-der wage gap can be justified by differences in peer effects. Allowing for heterogeneity inpeers’ spillovers reveals how female workers are more susceptible to spillovers from theirfemale peers in spite of also being more exposed to them due to market segregation.

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Carvalho, Ana Margarida Neves de. "Wage inequality, productivity, peer effects and assortative matching." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/22247.

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Using a remarkable matched employer-employee dataset, this thesis investigates how wage dispersion evolved in Portugal and whose components contributed more to this variation, highlighting the impact of peer effects in both individual wages and wage inequality. A regression model with high dimensional fixed effects is used. The results show that, contrary to the case of Germany, wage dispersion in Portugal has decreased over the last decade. Person effects are the main contributors, with its contribution rising over time, contrasting with the declining role of firm effects. The role of peer effects in wage dispersion ranges between 4.2% and 6.6%, with a one standard deviation increase impacting on individual wages with that same magnitude.

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Ishii, Hisako. "The effect of firm size on employment practices in Japan wage differentials and quasi-fixed employment costs across firm sizes /." 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33670823.html.

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Espiga, Francisco Daniel Baptista. "Wage inequality : trends and drivers in Portugal." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31117.

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This thesis examines the evolution of wage inequality and its potential drivers, using harmonized household surveys and longitudinal matched employer-employee data from Portugal. Wage inequality was relatively stable until 2013 and has fallen since then. Changes in the variance of wages across workers with different skills and sector-occupations contributed to the change in wage inequality. In particular, the reduction in the education and experience premiums and the compression of wages across sector-occupations, played a major role over the past years. Nevertheless, a significant part of the change in inequality occurred among workers with similar skills and sector-occupations. Evidence based on additive worker and firm fixed effects models shows that heterogeneity across firms’ pay premiums reduced wage inequality. In contrast, increased heterogeneity across workers contributed to the relative stability of wage inequality during 2004-13. The evidence also suggests that wage dispersion within firms was relatively constant over time, and most of the registered changes were associated with changes in the wage dispersion between firms. Finally, the evolution of wage inequality differed across business cycles. During the crisis period of 2009-13, wage decreases across all wage percentiles led to a relatively stable inequality trajectory. During the non-crisis period, wage improvements among low-wage sectors and occupations and deterioration among high-wage sectors and occupations led to a gradual reduction in wage inequality
Esta tese examina a evolução da desigualdade salarial e potenciais fatores, usando dados harmonizados de inquéritos às famílias e dados longitudinais empresa-trabalhador em Portugal. A desigualdade salarial permaneceu relativamente estável até 2013 e caiu a partir daí. Mudanças na variância dos salários entre trabalhadores com diferentes aptidões que trabalham em diferentes sectores-ocupações contribuíram para a mudança na desigualdade. Em particular, a redução dos prémios de educação e experiência e compressão dos salários entre sectores-ocupações, desempenharam um papel importante nos últimos anos. No entanto, uma parte significativa da mudança na desigualdade ocorreu entre trabalhadores que têm aptidões e que trabalham em sectores-ocupações semelhantes. Os resultados baseados em modelos aditivos de efeitos fixos de trabalhador e empresa mostram que a heterogeneidade entre prémios pagos pelas empresas reduziu a desigualdade salarial. Contudo, o aumento da heterogeneidade entre trabalhadores atuou no sentido contrário, contribuindo para a relativa estabilidade da desigualdade salarial durante o período 2004-2013. Os resultados também sugerem que a dispersão salarial dentro das empresas foi relativamente constante ao longo do tempo e a maioria das mudanças registadas estiveram associadas a mudanças na dispersão salarial entre empresas. Finalmente, a evolução da desigualdade salarial diferiu entre ciclos económicos. No período de recessão/crise de 2009-13, as reduções salariais nos diferentes percentis salariais levaram a uma trajetória de desigualdade relativamente estável. Durante o período de não crise, as melhorias salariais entre os setores e ocupações de baixos salários e a deterioração entre setores e ocupações com altos salários levaram a uma redução gradual da desigualdade salarial

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Bovenzi, Pietro. "The sources of the wage losses of displaced workers : the italian case." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/35813.

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Exploiting a well-documented matched employer-employee dataset for Italy over the 1975-1997 period, this research assesses the sources of the wage losses of workers displaced due to firm closure based on the comparison of workers’ wages before and after displacement jobs. With this aim, we estimate a three way high-dimensional fixed effects regression model that allows us to decompose, according to the Gelbach (2016) formula, the sources of the wage losses into the contribution of worker, firm, and match-quality fixed effects. According to our estimation, we find that post-displacement wages are 11.5 log points lower than pre-displacement wages, i.e., 12.18 percent less than average pre-displacement wages. Specifically, a big part of this change in wage losses comes from displaced workers moving into worse matches. Moreover, in contrast to the previous literature, we find that displaced workers are going into better paying firms. Finally, we estimate the change in firm and match-quality fixed effects, which capture the impact of permanent differences across workers in observed and unobserved characteristics. The results suggest that a change in region to the Northern Italy and a longer time unemployed, drive the workers into a better firms and worse matches.
A partir do estudo de um conjunto de dados documentados entre trabalhador e empregador na Itália durante o período de 1975-1997, esta investigação avalia as fontes de perdas salariais de trabalhadores deslocados devido ao fecho de firmas baseando-se na comparação entre os salários antes e depois da troca de trabalho. Deste modo, estimou-se um modelo de regressão de efeitos fixos dimensionais de três vias que permitiu a decomposição, de acordo com a formula de Gelbach(2016), das fontes de perdas salariais na contribuição do trabalhador, da firma e dos efeitos fixos. De acordo com as estimativas constata-se que os salários pós-deslocação são 11.5 pontos inferiores aos salarios pré- deslocação, ou seja 12.18 por cento menos que os salários médios pré-deslocamento. Especificamente, uma grande parte dessa mudança nas perdas salariais vem de trabalhadores deslocados o estarem a fazer para lugares menos compatíveis. Além disso, ao contrário da literatura anterior, constata-se que os trabalhadores deslocados tendem a entrar em empresas com salário mais elevados. Por último, estimou-se a alteração do efeito fixo da empresa e correspondências , que captura o impacto de diferenças permanentes em trabalhadores com características observadas e não observadas. Os resultados indicam que uma mudança do trabalhador para o norte da Itaália e um maior período de tempo desempregado, levam o trabalhador a deslocar-se para uma melhor empresa e piores correspondências.

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41

Riedl, Maximilian. "Three Essays on Job Loss Fears and Offshoring." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E21-5.

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42

JECHOVÁ, Pavlína. "Změny v systému odměňování v návaznosti na makroekonomickou situaci." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-80212.

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The practical part of the diploma thesis deals with the impartial presentation of the rewarding system and evaluation in the joint-stock company of Měšťanský pivovar Strakonice. The stress is put on considering whether the applied rewarding system, which includes the individual hourly wage, extra components and the system of employment bonuses in the chosen company is an appropriate model ? mostly to conform with the macroeconomic situation.

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Regula, Sónia Manuela de Castro Félix. "Essays on labor, product, and credit market imperfections." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/21996.

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Market frictions or market imperfections are diverse, broadly present in most markets, and affect most transactions in the economy. These market failures may prevent buyers and sellers from trading, even if they agree on a price. This means that the central assumption of perfectly competitive markets that markets clear fails to hold, and some buyers and sellers remain unmatched. Since the 1970s, a growing literature has emerged addressing the importance of market frictions in most markets of the economy, namely in the labor, product, and credit markets. Information asymmetries, transaction costs, heterogeneous preferences, and coordination failure are examples of sources of market imperfections. In labor markets, these frictions imply that firms possess some market power over their employees and that a one cent wage cut does not lead all workers to leave the firm. In product markets, a key ingredient for the sluggish price adjustment is coordination failure among firms. Firms respond incompletely to an aggregate shock because other firms have not yet responded. In turn, asymmetric information and costly contract enforcement provide the foundations of credit market frictions, and are used to explain credit rationing as a market equilibrium. In Chapter 1 we use matched employer-employee data and firm balance sheet data to investigate the importance of firm productivity and firm labor market power in explaining firm heterogeneity in wage formation. We use a linear regression model with one interacted high dimensional fixed effect to estimate 5-digit sector-specifc elasticity of output with respect to input factors directly from the production function. This allows us to derive firm specific price-cost mark-up and elasticity of labor supply. The results show that firms possess a considerable degree of product and labor market power. Furthermore, we find evidence that a firm's monopsony power negatively affects the earnings of its workers, and firm's total factor productivity is closely associated with higher earnings, ceteris paribus. We also find that firms use monopsony power for wage differentiation between male and female workers. Chapter 2 describes price setting behavior using a very rich dataset of producer prices collected for Portuguese frms. The Industrial Producer Prices Index dataset is comprised of monthly transaction prices collected for products defuned at a detailed level. We proceed with the analysis in two steps. First, we estimate a hazard function model for the probability of a price change with high dimensional fixed effects to extensively account for product and firm-specific time-invariant heterogeneity, splitting price changes between price decreases and price increases. Second, we estimate a peer-effects model to document how market competition affects firms' price setting rules. The results suggest that the likelihood of price adjustment depends on both idiosyncratic and sectoral conditions. Furthermore, when we fully account for heterogeneity, duration dependence is estimated to be positive in the case of both a price increase and price decrease. The results of the peer-effects model suggest that firms timidly respond to their competitors' price setting behavior. Chapter 3 examines the importance of credit demand and credit supply-related factors in explaining the evolution of credit granted to Portuguese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The results suggest that the interest rate is a strong driver of SMEs' demand for bank loans, as well as their internal financing capacity. On the other hand, credit supply mostly depends on firms' ability to generate cash-flows and reimburse their debt, and on the amount of collateral. The model was estimated for the period between 2010 and 2012. The results suggest that a considerable fraction of Portuguese SMEs were affected by credit rationing in this period.

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Wen-Hung, Jiang, and 江文弘. "Nonlinear Wave Interference Phenomena in Fixed Bed Operations." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11733470598404634601.

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碩士
大同工學院
化學工程研究所
86
Wastewater containing heavy metals can be treated by fixed-bed ion exchangeprocesses whose dynamics can be predicted by numerical simulation on the wave propagation theory. When the composition of the feed to the ion-exchange columnchanges, the column dynamics becomes very complicated. This study developed asimple methodology based on the wave propagation theory to predict the columndynamics with feed composition change. Cation exchanger IR-120 was used in bothbatch and column experiments. The batch experiments were performed to measurethe Zn/H and Cu/H ion-exchange equilibrium at different total cation concentration, while the column experiments were for the column dynamics study.The results from the batch experiments shouted that the affinity sequence was Zn>Cu>H and the ion-exchange equilibrium could be represented by the selectivitycoefficients. The predicted column dynamics did not match the experimentalresults perfectly, but the trends were the same. No selectivity reversals were identified and the hydroxide compellation with metals seemed to have noinfluence on the column dynamics.

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45

LIN, SHI-YAN, and 林世延. "Dynamic response of fixed offshore platform under wave action." Thesis, 1987. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14918913388503418443.

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Wu, Yu-Chi, and 巫昱緝. "SECOND ORDER SUREACE WAVE INTERACTION WITH FIXED FLOATING BODY." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27466444957664629694.

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Liu, Loo-Shean, and 劉如軒. "Fixed-Point Implementation of Wave Digital Filters for Analog Circuit Emulation." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93305886840025127627.

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碩士
國立中央大學
電機工程學系
105
With the advance of process technologies, the design of Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) circuits is becoming more complex. System on Chip (SOC) has become one possible option of VLSI design. Because SOC designs usually contain both analog and digital circuits, it is important to have an Analog/Mixed-Signal (AMS) verification flow for chip development. In this thesis, we adopt Wave Digital Filter theory to map analog circuits into digital circuits for emulating analog circuits. This method uses incident and reflected waves to model circuit characteristics. Each analog component can be transformed into digital component in WDF framework to support the co-simulation with digital circuits. Based on the relevant research of WDF emulation process, this thesis develops the hardware implementation flow to establish the hardware structure of the emulator. The whole emulator has been implemented on FPGA to verify the whole flow of WDF emulation. In addition, this thesis adopts the fixed-point design concept to the hardware implementation to reduce the complexity and develops fixed-point conversion flow. About the non-linear MOS components, we also successfully implement the table lookup approach on FPGA to solve the digitalization issue. According to the experimental results, the hardware resource usage of the fixed-point design and the floating-point design is similar. In terms of accuracy, the correlation coefficient of waveform between WDF and HSPICE is higher than 0.98. However, the processing speed of fixed-point design is more than 4 times than that of floating-point design. Therefore, compared to floating-point design, fixed-point design is an appropriate choice.

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Xu, Zun-Wen, and 許俊文. "Wave characteristics from a fixed horizontal plate in front of breakwater." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60844199314793318484.

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CHEN, DONG-LIANG, and 陳棟樑. "The study of wave forces on a fixed two-dimensional submergcd objects." Thesis, 1986. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28660704380998812948.

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50

莊修銘. "Experiment Study of Motion and Wave Reducing by Dual Pontoon Fixed by mooring Lines." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20861267036620228669.

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碩士
國立海洋大學
河海工程學系
92
Abstract In this paper, the set up of dual pontoon fixed by mooring lines on the sea bottom on the same water depth (0.5m) is discussed. Experiments were conducted to observe the regular wave reducing characteristics and motion of the dual pontoon result by regular waves. Different parameters such as dual pontoon with different span(0.25m,0.5m,1m), different draft(0.1m,0.15m,0.2m), applied on the dual pontoon were used to discuss in the influence of different wave frequency. In the experiment, water depth between deep water and intermediate water. Form the experimental result, in the short wave period, had a good wave reducing effect. When increased wave length, the reflected coefficient decreased, until a turning point, the reflected coefficient increased. In principle, the reflected coefficient increased with increasing span, and the draft. When happened to natural resonance, slash in wave reduced effect. The result of reflected coefficient decreased, and transmission coefficient increased, especially span is longer. Dual pontoon‘s vertical motion increased with increasing draft, decreasing span. In the long wave period, horizontal motion had bigger horizontal displacement. Different draft got small effect on the dual pontoon, but different span got big effect. Dual pontoon‘s horizontal motion increased with decreased span. Specific period occurred the maximum Angle of inclination value, and Changed value because different the span and the draft.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fixed Wage'

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