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N, MOHAMED SHERIFF, and PRASAD M.N. "COMBINING ABILITY FOR YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN SORGHUM." Madras Agricultural Journal 81, November (1994): 583–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a01587.
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Combining ability for grain yield, panicle length, panicle weight and number of grains was estimated through a full diallel analysis involving 6 parents of sorghum viz. Co.18, 148, Co.23, Co,22, CSV.3 and AS.3880 under four environments. The variances due to GCA and SCA were significant, the former being predominant. The operation of both additive and non-additive gene actions in the inheritance of the four characters studied was inferred. Among the parents P3 (Co.23) exhibited high positive and significant gea effects with high per se performance. The hybrid P4 X P5, F1 X P3 and P2 X P3 showed high positive significant sea effects for grain yield. The hybrids involving P3 as one of the parents were generally better in per se performance and sea effects for economic traits observed. Considering the gene actions (fixable and non-fixable) involved, a recurrent selection programme for the improvement of grain yield and its components is suggested.
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SHARMA, S. N., R. S. SAIN, and R. K. SHARMA. "The genetic control of flag leaf length in normal and late sown durum wheat." Journal of Agricultural Science 141, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003642.
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Parental, F1, F2, BC1, BC2, BC11, BC12, BC21, BC22, BC1 self-pollinated and BC2 self-pollinated generations of three crosses involving six cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) were studied for flag leaf length under normal and late sown environments to analyse the nature of gene effects. For most crosses the 10-parameter model was the best descriptor of the data to account for the variability in generation means of this trait but in cross HI 8062×JNK-4W-128 the 6-parameter model was the best (normal sown) while in cross Raj 911×DWL 5002 the 3-parameter model was the best (late sown). Of the epistatic interactions, dominance×dominance (l) and dominance×dominance×dominance (z) played significantly greater roles in controlling the inheritance of this trait. Absolute totals of non-fixable gene effects were much higher than the fixable gene effects in all the crosses in both the environments, indicating the greater roles of non-additive effects in controlling the inheritance of flag leaf length in durum wheat cultivars. Significant partial dominance was observed frequently in most of the crosses. Significant heterosis was attributed to combined effects of dominance×dominance (l), additive×additive×dominance (x) and dominance×dominance×dominance (z) epistatic interactions in the cross Cocorit 71×A-9-30-1 under late sown environment. Biparental mating and/or diallel selective mating, which exploit both fixable and non-fixable components, have been suggested for the improvement of this trait in durum wheat cultivars.
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Maurya, Krishna, Sudhir Shukla, and Geeta Asthana. "Pattern of quantitative inheritance of yield and component traits in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)." Genetika 46, no. 2 (2014): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1402569m.
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Generation mean analysis of cross NB-5x58/1 and its reciprocal cross was carried out to understand the nature of gene action in opium poppy. The significance of A, B, C and D scaling tests indicated presence of non-allelic interaction in the inheritance of traits except capsule size and husk yield/plant for reciprocal cross. Additive as well as dominance components of gene action were found in both the crosses. Most of the traits had greater non fixable dominance ?h? and dominance x dominance effects ?l? than fixable additive (d) and additive x additive effects (i) except leaves/plant, branches/plant, capsules/plant, stem diameter, capsule weight/plant, husk yield/plant, opium yield/plant, codeine and narcotine content which showed greater importance of additive (d) and additive x additive effects (i) effects. Inter-mating of the best parents, diallel selective mating or biparental mating in early segregating generations followed by recurrent selections were suggested for genetic improvement of opium poppy.
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SALMI, Manel, Zine El Abidine FELLAHI, Abdelkader BENBELKACEM, Amar BENMAHAMMED, and Hamenna BOUZERZOUR. "Inheritance of plant height, straw yield and flag leaf area in MBB x Gaviota durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cross." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 117, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2021.117.4.2119.
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<p class="042abstractstekst">Plant height, straw mass and flag leaf area are recognized by physiologists as morphological markers of drought stress tolerance. Developing varieties intended for arid and semi-arid zones need to select for these traits. Understanding the genetic control of a given trait helps breeder to handle the segregating populations under study in a more efficient and consistent manner by choosing the best breeding method available to realize significant genetic advance. For this purpose, six generations: parents, F1, F2, BC1, BC2, derived from MBB x ‘Gaviota’ durum wheat (<em>Triticum durum </em>Desf.) cross were grown to investigate the nature of gene action involved in the inheritance pattern of the three traits. The results indicated that the six-parameter model fitted the best the data related to the variability present in the generation means of the studied traits. Generation mean analysis indicated that non-allelic interactions were important factors controlling the expression of these characters with complementary type of gene action governing FLA and STW inheritance. High heritability estimates, moderate to high expected responses to selection, significant genetic correlations with grain yield and greater role of non-additive effects in controlling the inheritance of the three studied traits suggested that breeding methods exploiting both fixable and non-fixable components be applied to break unfavorable linkage and to accumulate useful genes in the base population, followed by mono-trait or index based selection in late advanced generations.</p>
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Aikhuele, Daniel O. "Development of a fixable model for the reliability and safety evaluation of the components of a commercial lithium-ion battery." Journal of Energy Storage 32 (December 2020): 101819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101819.
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Salmi, Manel, Amar Benmahammed, Laid Benderradji, Zine El Abidine Fellahi, Hamenna Bouzerzour, Abdelmalek Oulmi, and Abdelkader Benbelkacem. "Generation means analysis of physiological and agronomical targeted traits in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cross." Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín 72, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 8971–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rfnam.v72n3.77410.
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Genetic parameters such as leaf relative water content, leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, above-ground biomass, harvest index, grain yield, and grain yield components of Bousselam/Mrb5 durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cross were estimated based on generation means analysis. A, B, C, and D scaling and Chi-square (χ2) tests revealed the inadequacy of the simple additive-dominance model. This result suggests the presence of digenic epistasis for most studied traits; the duplicate epistasis was present for relative water content, above-ground biomass, and grain yield; and complementary epistasis was observed for chlorophyll content. Significant genotypic correlation coefficients appeared among grain yield, relative water content, and above-ground biomass. This suggests useful indirect selection criteria to improve simultaneously these traits, which showed significant heritability. It can be concluded that the traits investigated show a complex genetic behavior, which implies that early selection would be less efficient; therefore, it is recommended delaying the selection to advanced generations to benefit from the reduction of non-fixable genetic variation and exploit transgressive segregators due to the significant interaction additivity×additivity (i) of the gene and duplicated epistasis.
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Mohammadi, Majid, Aghafakhr Mirlohi, Mohammad Mahdi Majidi, Mohsen Esmaeilzadeh Moghaddam, Farzaneh Rabbani, and Fatemeh Noori. "Genetic interaction and inheritance of important traits in durum (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum)×emmer (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum) crosses under two water regimes." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 11 (2021): 874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp21118.
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Emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum) is an important gene source for wheat improvement but less studied in crosses with its descendant species durum (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum), especially in respect to the type of genetic components, intergenic interactions and the genetic mechanisms governing responses to drought. In this study, generation means analysis was performed using F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2 from two different crosses of emmer×durum. Seeds were planted in a RCBD design with three replications under two water regimes. Results showed that there was a highly considerable difference between generations for all studied traits. The presence of significant mean parameter for all the traits, indicated the quantitative inheritance of the traits. Estimating the number of effective genes, polygenic control of the traits were confirmed. In moisture stress condition, epistatic effect for grain yield and yield-related traits illustrated the importance of epistasis in plant adaptation and performance stability. The additive×additive effect, which is fixable, was remarkable in both crosses. Under both water regimes, narrow-sense heritability was relatively high and estimates of gain from selection were positive for most of the traits. Among generations studied, the backcrosses were superior for drought tolerant indices. Based on the results, emmer wheat seems to have genetic potential for durum improvement.
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S. Mahla, Jagruti, Nishit V. Soni, Pranay C. Patel, Ashita V. Patel,, Jay P. Dasalania, and Sarojini Roul. "Variability, character association and path analysis for Annona yield and quality attributes." emergent Life Sciences Research 08, no. 02 (2022): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31783/elsr.2022.82229239.
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The knowledge of genetic variability among the genotypes for yield and quality attributes is the utmost requirement for any crop improvement work. The eighteen Annona genotypes of two species were studied for five leaves and fruit morphological attributes and twenty-nine components related to growth, yield and fruit quality. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in two replicates. A vast variability among the genotypes was revealed as seen based on the significant difference from ANOVA for all the quantitative traits. For morphological traits, genotypes showed variations for leaf shape, base and apex also for fruit shape and segmentation. The high magnitude of heritability and genetic advance as per cent mean was noted for most of the traits indicated presence of fixable genes and least influence of environment for inheritance. The results of the association analysis presented significant and positive association of fruit yield with growth and fruit morphology and fruit quality attributes at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. A strong influence of fruit traits and fruit quality related traits on yield observed owing to their positive and significant direct effects. The pulp/seed ratio, fruit weight, fruit per plant, total soluble solids, sugar content could be emphasize to discriminate the various Annona genotypes so as to utilize them for future hybridization programme to generate desirable genotypes for yield and quality.
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Juszczak, Aleksandra Maria, Robert Czarnomysy, Jakub Władysław Strawa, Marijana Zovko Končić, Krzysztof Bielawski, and Michał Tomczyk. "In Vitro Anticancer Potential of Jasione montana and Its Main Components against Human Amelanotic Melanoma Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 3345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073345.
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Jasione montana L. (Campanulaceae) is used in traditional Belarusian herbal medicine for sleep disorders in children, but the chemical composition and biological activity have not been investigated. In this study, the activities of J. montana extracts, their fractions and main compounds were evaluated in amelanotic melanoma C32 (CRL-1585) cells and normal fibroblasts (PCS-201-012). The extracts and fractions were analyzed using liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (LC–PDA–ESI–MS/TOF) to characterize 25 compounds. Further, three major and known constituents, luteolin (22) and its derivatives such as 7-O-glucoside (12) and 7-O-sambubioside (9) were isolated and identified. The cytotoxic activities against fibroblasts and the amelanotic melanoma cell line were determined using the fixable viability stain (FVS) assay. The influence of diethyl ether (Et2O) fraction (JM4) and 22 on apoptosis induction was investigated using an annexin V binding assay. The obtained results showed significant cytotoxicity of JM4 and 22 with IC50 values of 119.7 ± 3.2 and 95.1 ± 7.2 μg/mL, respectively. The proapoptotic potential after 22 treatment in the C32 human amelanotic melanoma cell line was comparable to that of vinblastine sulfate (VLB), detecting 29.2 ± 3.0% apoptotic cells. Moreover, 22 displayed less necrotic potential against melanoma cells than VLB. In addition, the influences of JM4 and 22 on the dysfunction of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cell cycle and activity of caspases 3, 8, 9, and 10 were established. The effects of JM4 on MMP change (74.5 ± 3.0% of the cells showed a reduced MMP) corresponded to the results obtained from the annexin V binding assay and activation of caspase-9. JM4 and 22 displayed a significant impact on caspase-9 (40.9 ± 2.4% of the cells contained active caspase-9 after JM4 treatment and 16.6 ± 0.8% after incubation with 22) and the intrinsic (mitochondrial) apoptotic pathway. Moreover, studies have shown that JM4 and 22 affect the activation of external apoptosis pathways by inducing the caspase-8 and caspase-10 cascades. Thus, activation of caspase-3 and DNA damage via external and internal apoptotic pathways were observed after treatment with JM4 and 22. The obtained results suggest that J. montana extracts could be developed as new topical preparations with potential anticancer properties due to their promising cytotoxic and proapoptotic potential.
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Soomro, Abdul Wahab, Saleem Shahzad, Saifullah Khan, and Khalilullah Soomro. "COMBINING ABILITY ANALYSIS IN F1 AND F2 POPULATION FOR COTTON LEAF CURL VIRUS DISEASE AT MULTIPLE LOCATIONS." Big Data In Agriculture 4, no. 1 (2022): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/bda.01.2022.13.16.
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Genetic studies were conducted to examine the heritage of resistant to cotton leaf curl virus. Genetic components of variance revealed higher σ2GCA and Additive (σ2A) than σ2SCA and Dominance (σ2D), which indicated additive genes were more reliable for inheritance of resistance to CLCV. The ratio of variances σ2gca/σ2sca was higher than unity (one) and further proved from degree of dominance [σ2A/σ2D]0.5 which was greater than one and confirmed supremacy of additive genes at both locations and generations. The heritability narrow sense (h2) and broad sense (H2) was found higher which suggested role of additive genes, which are fixable. Therefore selection would be effective in early segregating generation according to the symptoms of cotton leaf curl virus. The GCA effects for CLCV showed that among the parents, Mac-7 found as good general combiner with highest significant negative GCA effects at both locations in F1 and F2 which considered as CLCV resistant parent. The SCA effects exhibited that hybrid, Mac-7 x USD16-3058, CIM-602 x Mac-7 and NIA-Noori x Mac-7 showed significant negative SCA effect in both generations and locations. It was noted that cross combinations involved good x poor and poor x good general combiner with significant SCA effect was due to complementary gene action which produce desirable transgressive segregants, these can be further studies through bi-parental mating of diallel selective mating or any other form of recurrent selection in early generation with single plant selection to exploited both additive an non-additive gene action.
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Parikh, A., T. Fuchs, M. Bross, and C. J. Kähler. "LEGO Calibration Targets For Large-FOV Particle Image Velocimetry." Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics 20 (July 11, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55037/lxlaser.20th.107.
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Particle-image or particle-tracking velocimetry (PIV/PTV) nonintrusively provides velocity field information, and consequently, the proposition of measurements in a large plane is highly attractive from an experimental standpoint, particularly for experiments conducted in large atmospheric and flight-scale wind tunnels. Physical limits to the size of the useful field-of-view (FOV) that can be achieved with a single camera depend on striking a balance between the physical capabilities of the cameras and the physics of interest in the flow. A typical solution is to stitch together multiple smaller FOVs to achieve the large FOV of interest, presenting a number of challenges, some of which are rooted in the calibration process. For SPIV calibrations, the use of a multi-level target simplifies the calibration process. However, this is problematic for large-FOV measurements, as standardised multi-level targets are typically relatively small and expensive due to the precision-engineering required. As an alternative, LEGO bricks are extremely well-suited to the construction of large, customised multi-level targets due to their high dimensional tolerance and their stackability with high precision. In order to create a prototype two-sided multi-level SPIV target and evaluate whether the LEGO bricks can be used successfully to calibrate a large FOV, the LaVision Type 31 target was chosen as a model. In order to further augment the flexibility offered by the LEGO-based targets, the backing used to mount the baseplates was designed to be modularly reconfigurable. The resultant two-sided multi-level target has an area of approximately 380 x 1150 mm. To evaluate the target, SPIV measurements of the inflow conditions of the Atmospheric Wind Tunnel Munich (AWM) were performed; calibrations were also performed using the Type 31 target for comparison. Analysis of the datasets with both calibration targets shows good agreement in the measurement of the streamwise, out-of-plane component u. However, there is some uncertainty regarding the accuracy of the computation of in-plane components. Due to the high level of agreement in calibration parameters, out-of-plane component, and the qualitative location of flow features, this disagreement is believed to be a fixable issue. These early results indicate that with some refinement, the LEGO-based calibration target can be developed further and used for large-FOV measurements in the future.
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Heyns, P. J., W. D. Hamman, and E. V. D. M. Smit. "Do share prices fully reflect the information about future earnings in accruals and cash flow?" South African Journal of Business Management 30, no. 4 (December 31, 1999): 122–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v30i4.763.
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This article follows the methodology employed by Sloan to evaluate whether share prices fully reflect the information about future earnings contained in the cash flow and accruals components of current earnings. The first hypothesis predicted that the persistence of earnings attributable to the cash flow component of earnings is greater than the persistence of earnings attributable to the accrual component of earnings. The results indicate that this is indeed the case. The second hypothesis predicted that share prices would react as if investors fixate on earnings, and fail to distinguish between the different properties of the cash flow and the accrual components of earnings. In all cases investigated, the null hypothesis of market efficiency was rejected. However, investors did appear to distinguish between the different properties of cash flow and accruals. Market efficiency was rejected as the influence of both components of earnings was underestimated. Thus, although investors were not successful in unscrambling the earnings data, they did not appear to display an earnings fixation.
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Ryan, Jeremy, Joan Montero, James Rocco, and Anthony Letai. "iBH3: simple, fixable BH3 profiling to determine apoptotic priming in primary tissue by flow cytometry." Biological Chemistry 397, no. 7 (July 1, 2016): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2016-0107.
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Abstract Dysregulation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins, leads to disease states including cancer. Rapid analysis of a cell’s dependency on the BCL-2 family of proteins is hindered by the complex interactions of more than a dozen proteins. Transcript or even protein levels are therefore generally insufficient to predict a cell’s response to perturbations like chemotherapy. Previously, we developed the JC-1 BH3 method to provide a same day functional assay to assess a cell’s propensity to undergo apoptosis and demonstrated its utility in predicting response to chemotherapy. We have now improved upon these methods to create a robust assay amenable to high throughput platforms using cytochrome c retention in formaldehyde fixed cells to remove the time sensitivity of JC-1 potential measurements. BH3 profiling by intracellular staining (iBH3) is suitable for 96- and 384-well formats, and can be used to directly screen candidate BH3-mimetic compounds for activity. When used as the final component of dynamic BH3 profiling (DBP), which uses a drug pretreatment prior to iBH3 to assess the change in profile due to treatment, it can predict the response of cells to chemotherapy days before they show signs of death.
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Rikken, Quinten, Jari Dahmen, Sjoerd A. Stufkens, and Gino Kerkhoffs. "Long-Term Clinical Results of Arthroscopic Lift-Drill-Fill and Fixation (LDFF) Treatment for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 1 (January 2022): 2473011421S0041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00416.
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Category: Ankle; Arthroscopy Introduction/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the long-term (> 5 years) clinical results of a novel arthroscopic fixation technique for osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT), named the Lift, Drill, Fill and Fix (LDFF) technique. Methods: 18 ankles (17 patients) underwent an arthroscopic LDFF procedure for a primary OLT. The mean follow-up was 6.8 years (range: 68 - 96 months). Pre- and postoperative clinical assessment was prospectively performed by measuring the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) of pain at rest, during walking, and when running. Additionally, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) including its subscores of pain, symptoms, activities of daily living, sports, and quality. Additionally, the Short Form-36 (SF-36) was assessed. Results: The mean NRS during running significantly improved from 7.8 pre-operatively to 3.7 post-operatively (p = 0.006), the NRS during walking from 5.7 to 1.5 (p < 0.001), and the NRS in rest from 2.3 to 1.0 (p = 0.015). The median FAOS at final follow- up was 80 for pain, 57 for other symptoms, 90 for activities of daily living, 70 for sport, and 55 for quality of life. A pre- and post- operative score comparison was available for fifteen patients, and improved significantly in most subscores. The SF-36 physical component scale significantly improved from 42.9 pre-operatively to 50.1 post-operatively. Conclusion: Arthroscopic LDFF of fixable primary OLTs results in excellent pain reduction and improvement of functional outcomes, with sustained results at long-term follow-up. These results indicate surgeons should consider fixation for a fixable OLT.
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Kartikeya Srivastava, Aditi Eliza Tirkey, and Girish Tantuway Omesh Kumar. "Understanding Nature and Magnitude of Gene Action Under Influence of Different Dates of Sowing for Yield and Oil Content in Brassica juncea L." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2021): 470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1010.057.
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Ongoing research suggests that the average global temperature on Earth has increased by a little more than 1° Celsius so, it is important to study effect of abiotic stresses, on plant growth since change in environment causes change in behaviour or mode of expression of genes in a genetic population and limits plants in achieving their potential yield. Keeping these points in mind the adequacy of different genetic models and nature and magnitude of gene effects responsible for the expression of seed yield and important yield contributing characters were studied in mustard. Six generations of three crosses viz; Kranti × PM 25, Vardan × PM 25 and NRCHB 101 × PM 25 sown in Compact Family Block Design in timely and late sown conditions were investigated. The characters Seed yield per plant (g) and Oil content (%) were studied. Findings suggested that different characters in the same cross or same character in different crosses in different sowing conditions showed different type and magnitude of gene effects. Data recorded suggested that dominance played a major role in the inheritance of the studied traits and that the genes involved in the inheritance of these traits are predominantly dispersed in the parents with the presence of duplicate and complementary epistasis. Presence of interaction effects and duplicate epistasis suggested the possibilities of obtaining transgressive segregants in later generations. The importance of fixable and non-fixable gene action in controlling different yield and component traits was also observed. The present findings helped in deciding effective selection methods and breeding strategies to get desired improvement in seed yield and related traits for heat stress.
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Kotrulev, M., B. Garcia-Pinel, R. Bernardez-Alfaya, Y. Lopez-Golan, O. J. Cordero, E. Sotelo, R. Varela-Calvino, A. Mera Varela, and I. Gomez-Tourino. "POS0310 IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL SMALL MOLECULES THROUGH UNBIASED HIGH-THROUGHPUT SCREENING FOR THE TREATMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 82, Suppl 1 (May 30, 2023): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.2703.
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BackgroundRheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune chronic disease characterized by the inflammation of multiple joints, ultimately leading to deformity, pain and swelling [1]. Currently, no preventing therapy exists for RA, and 20%-30% of RA patients do not respond to available treatments [2]. These therapies target late phases of the inflammation process (e.g. cytokine signalling) [1], when the microenvironment is highly inflammatory and therefore challenging to control. Developing therapies targeting inflammation upstream (i.e. cytokine secretion) could have a positive impact on refractive RA.In this regard, we have previously identified through an unbiased high-throughput screening a total of 27 small molecules (23 novel and 4 repurposing drugs) with previously unknown anti-inflammatory capabilities.ObjectivesTo validate the effects of these small molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) under different types of activation stimuli, and to identify molecules capable of reducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines relevant in rheumatic diseases (namely TNF-α and/or IL-1β), employing a high-throughput approach.MethodsFirst, different treatment methods were tested on PBMCs to identify those providing the best measuring window for the cytokines of interest. For that purpose, thawed PBMCs were exposed to PAMP (LPS) and/or DAMP (ATP) at different times, and cytokine secretion quantified. Subsequently, the potential cytotoxic effects of the small molecules were analysed at five different concentrations with several viability kits (fixable live/dead stains, AlamarBlue and ATPLite). Finally, for evaluating the anti-inflammatory potential of the small molecules the compounds were added to PAMP-only- and PAMP+DAMP-treated PBMCs at five concentrations, and viability and TNF-α and IL-1β secretion measured at four different time points.ResultsWe found that, at different pharmacological concentrations (nM-μM), treatment conditions and time points, the compounds have no cytotoxic effects in PBMCs, with the only exception of one compound being toxic at the highest concentration tested. We then compared the levels of cytokine secretion with vehicle aloneversuseach of the small molecules and considered that a small molecule was of interest if induced at least a 20% reduction on the secretion levels of the cytokine of interest. We observed several combinations of effects (molecules acting on IL-1B, TNF-α or both, or only showing effect with PAMP-only or PAMP+DAMP treatment), suggesting that our molecules target different components of the intracellular machinery. For example, several molecules diminished TNF-α secretion after PAMP treatment, but not when the DAMP was added to the culture, and viceversa. The Figure shows representative results of compounds #7, #28 and #29, which reduce the secretion of TNF-α in PAMP-only treated PBMCs. We then tested the small molecules with the stronger effect at the lowest concentration in PBMCs from treatment-naïve RA patients, analysing both the intracellular and extracellular cytokine levels by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively.Figure 1.representative example of three novel small molecules (named #7, #28 and #29) capable of reducing the secretion of TNF-α in PAMP-only treated PBMCs at different time points.ConclusionWe found that our novel and repurposing small molecules showed no cytotoxicity effects in primary PBMCs, and that they induced a reduction on proinflammatory cytokine secretion from PAMP-only and PMAP+DAMP-treated PBMCs. Further characterization of these small molecules, through the identification of their mechanism of action and molecular target, will open new avenues in the treatment of rheumatic diseases, by providing novel drugs targeting novel pathways and that could be administered orally, improving quality of life and adherence to treatment.References[1]JS Smolen et al., Nat Rev Dis Primers4, 18001 (2018).[2]JS Smolen et al., Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases79(6), 685 (2020).AcknowledgementsThis work has been funded by the project PI21/00370, integrated in the Plan Estatal de I+D+I 2017-2020, and cofunded by the ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación and the European Union. M-K is recipient of a Xunta de Galicia predoctoral fellowship.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.
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Lambers, Kaj T. A., Jari Dahmen, Mikel L. Reilingh, Christiaan J. A. van Bergen, Sjoerd A. S. Stufkens, and Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs. "Arthroscopic lift, drill, fill and fix (LDFF) is an effective treatment option for primary talar osteochondral defects." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 28, no. 1 (September 13, 2019): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00167-019-05687-w.
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Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the mid-term clinical and radiological results of a novel arthroscopic fixation technique for primary osteochondral defects (OCD) of the talus, named the lift, drill, fill and fix (LDFF) technique. Methods Twenty-seven ankles (25 patients) underwent an arthroscopic LDFF procedure for primary fixable talar OCDs. The mean follow-up was 27 months (SD 5). Pre- and post-operative clinical assessments were prospectively performed by measuring the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) of pain in/at rest, walking and when running. Additionally, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) were used to assess clinical outcome. The patients were radiologically assessed by means of computed tomography (CT) scans pre-operatively and 1 year post-operatively. Results The mean NRS during running significantly improved from 7.8 pre-operatively to 2.9 post-operatively (p = 0.006), the NRS during walking from 5.7 to 2.0 (p < 0.001) and the NRS in rest from 2.3 to 1.2 (p = 0.015). The median FAOS at final follow-up was 86 for pain, 63 for other symptoms, 95 for activities of daily living, 70 for sport and 53 for quality of life. A pre- and post-operative score comparison was available for 16 patients, and improved significantly in most subscores. The SF-36 physical component scale significantly improved from 42.9 to 50.1. Of the CT scans at 1 year after surgery, 81% showed a flush subchondral bone plate and 92% of OCDs showed union. Conclusion Arthroscopic LDFF of a fixable primary talar OCD results in excellent improvement of clinical outcomes. The radiological follow-up confirms that fusion of the fragment is feasible in 92%. This technique could be regarded as the new gold standard for the orthopedic surgeon comfortable with arthroscopic procedures. Level of evidence Prospective case series, therapeutic level IV.
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Shinonaga, Togo, Yuta Iida, Ryota Toshimitsu, and Akira Okada. "Fundamental Study on Addition of Osteoconductivity to Titanium Alloy Surface by EDM." International Journal of Automation Technology 11, no. 6 (October 31, 2017): 869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2017.p0869.
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In recent years, one common cure for losses in joint function caused by osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis is replacement with an artificial joint. For this reason, it is necessary to add osteoconductivity to artificial joint component surfaces that make contact with bone, thereby reducing the period of time necessary to fixate the bone tissue and the artificial joint component. With the intent of efficiently machining the joint shape by electrical discharge machining (EDM) and simultaneously formation of a surface with osteoconductivity, this study discusses the possibility of adding osteoconductivity to a titanium EDMed surface.
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de Brouwer, Anouk J., Mohammed Albaghdadi, J. Randall Flanagan, and Jason P. Gallivan. "Using gaze behavior to parcellate the explicit and implicit contributions to visuomotor learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1602–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00113.2018.
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Successful motor performance relies on our ability to adapt to changes in the environment by learning novel mappings between motor commands and sensory outcomes. Such adaptation is thought to involve two distinct mechanisms: an implicit, error-based component linked to slow learning and an explicit, strategic component linked to fast learning and savings (i.e., faster relearning). Because behavior, at any given moment, is the resultant combination of these two processes, it has remained a challenge to parcellate their relative contributions to performance. The explicit component to visuomotor rotation (VMR) learning has recently been measured by having participants verbally report their aiming strategy used to counteract the rotation. However, this procedure has been shown to magnify the explicit component. Here we tested whether task-specific eye movements, a natural component of reach planning, but poorly studied in motor learning tasks, can provide a direct readout of the state of the explicit component during VMR learning. We show, by placing targets on a visible ring and including a delay between target presentation and reach onset, that individual differences in gaze patterns during sensorimotor learning are linked to participants’ rates of learning and their expression of savings. Specifically, we find that participants who, during reach planning, naturally fixate an aimpoint rotated away from the target location, show faster initial adaptation and readaptation 24 h later. Our results demonstrate that gaze behavior cannot only uniquely identify individuals who implement cognitive strategies during learning but also how their implementation is linked to differences in learning. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although it is increasingly well appreciated that sensorimotor learning is driven by two separate components, an error-based process and a strategic process, it has remained a challenge to identify their relative contributions to performance. Here we demonstrate that task-specific eye movements provide a direct read-out of explicit strategies during sensorimotor learning in the presence of visual landmarks. We further show that individual differences in gaze behavior are linked to learning rate and savings.
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Quinet, Julie, Kevin Schultz, Paul J. May, and Paul D. Gamlin. "Neural control of rapid binocular eye movements: Saccade-vergence burst neurons." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 46 (November 2, 2020): 29123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015318117.
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During normal viewing, we direct our eyes between objects in three-dimensional (3D) space many times a minute. To accurately fixate these objects, which are usually located in different directions and at different distances, we must generate eye movements with appropriate versional and vergence components. These combined saccade-vergence eye movements result in disjunctive saccades with a vergence component that is much faster than that generated during smooth, symmetric vergence eye movements. The neural control of disjunctive saccades is still poorly understood. Recent anatomical studies suggested that the central mesencephalic reticular formation (cMRF), located lateral to the oculomotor nucleus, contains premotor neurons potentially involved in the neural control of these eye movements. We have therefore investigated the role of the cMRF in the control of disjunctive saccades in trained rhesus monkeys. Here, we describe a unique population of cMRF neurons that, during disjunctive saccades, display a burst of spikes that are highly correlated with vergence velocity. Importantly, these neurons show no increase in activity for either conjugate saccades or symmetric vergence. These neurons are termed saccade-vergence burst neurons (SVBNs) to maintain consistency with modeling studies that proposed that such a class of neuron exists to generate the enhanced vergence velocities observed during disjunctive saccades. Our results demonstrate the existence and characteristics of SVBNs whose activity is correlated solely with the vergence component of disjunctive saccades and, based on modeling studies, are critically involved in the generation of the disjunctive saccades required to view objects in our 3D world.
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Sunkara, Adhira, Gregory C. DeAngelis, and Dora E. Angelaki. "Joint representation of translational and rotational components of optic flow in parietal cortex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 18 (April 19, 2016): 5077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604818113.
Full textAbstract:
Terrestrial navigation naturally involves translations within the horizontal plane and eye rotations about a vertical (yaw) axis to track and fixate targets of interest. Neurons in the macaque ventral intraparietal (VIP) area are known to represent heading (the direction of self-translation) from optic flow in a manner that is tolerant to rotational visual cues generated during pursuit eye movements. Previous studies have also reported that eye rotations modulate the response gain of heading tuning curves in VIP neurons. We tested the hypothesis that VIP neurons simultaneously represent both heading and horizontal (yaw) eye rotation velocity by measuring heading tuning curves for a range of rotational velocities of either real or simulated eye movements. Three findings support the hypothesis of a joint representation. First, we show that rotation velocity selectivity based on gain modulations of visual heading tuning is similar to that measured during pure rotations. Second, gain modulations of heading tuning are similar for self-generated eye rotations and visually simulated rotations, indicating that the representation of rotation velocity in VIP is multimodal, driven by both visual and extraretinal signals. Third, we show that roughly one-half of VIP neurons jointly represent heading and rotation velocity in a multiplicatively separable manner. These results provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, for a joint representation of translation direction and rotation velocity in parietal cortex and show that rotation velocity can be represented based on visual cues, even in the absence of efference copy signals.
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Edgren, Tomas, and Stefan Nordlund. "The fixABCX Genes in Rhodospirillum rubrum Encode a Putative Membrane Complex Participating in Electron Transfer to Nitrogenase." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 2052–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.7.2052-2060.2004.
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ABSTRACT In our efforts to identify the components participating in electron transport to nitrogenase in Rhodospirillum rubrum, we used mini-Tn5 mutagenesis followed by metronidazole selection. One of the mutants isolated, SNT-1, exhibited a decreased growth rate and about 25% of the in vivo nitrogenase activity compared to the wild-type values. The in vitro nitrogenase activity was essentially wild type, indicating that the mutation affects electron transport to nitrogenase. Sequencing showed that the Tn5 insertion is located in a region with a high level of similarity to fixC, and extended sequencing revealed additional putative fix genes, in the order fixABCX. Complementation of SNT-1 with the whole fix gene cluster in trans restored wild-type nitrogenase activity and growth. Using Western blotting, we demonstrated that expression of fixA and fixB occurs only under conditions under which nitrogenase also is expressed. SNT-1 was further shown to produce larger amounts of both ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxgenase and polyhydroxy alkanoates than the wild type, indicating that the redox status is affected in this mutant. Using Western blotting, we found that FixA and FixB are soluble proteins, whereas FixC most likely is a transmembrane protein. We propose that the fixABCX genes encode a membrane protein complex that plays a central role in electron transfer to nitrogenase in R. rubrum. Furthermore, we suggest that FixC is the link between nitrogen fixation and the proton motive force generated in the photosynthetic reactions.
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Calvo, Manuel G., and Enrique Meseguer. "Eye Movements and Processing Stages in Reading: Relative Contribution of Visual, Lexical, and Contextual Factors." Spanish Journal of Psychology 5, no. 1 (May 2002): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600005849.
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The independent and the combined influence of word length, word frequency, and contextual predictability on eye movements in reading was examined across processing stages under two priming-context conditions. Length, frequency, and predictability were used as predictors in multiple regression analyses, with parafoveal, early, late, and spillover eye movement measures as the dependent variables. There were specific effects of: (a) length, both on where to look (how likely a word was fixated and in which location) and how long to fixate, across all processing stages; (b) frequency, on how long to fixate a word, but not on where to look, at an early processing stage; and (c) predictability, both on how likely a word was fixated and for how long, in late processing stages. The source of influence for predictability was related to global rather than to local contextual priming. The contribution of word length was independent of contextual source. These results are relevant to determine both the time course of the influence of visual, lexical, and contextual factors on eye movements in reading, and which main component of eye movements, that is, location or duration, is affected.
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Sharma, Shivali, H. D. Upadhyaya, C. L. L. Gowda, Shiv Kumar, and Sube Singh. "Genetic analysis for seed size in three crosses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 3 (May 2013): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-020.
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Sharma, S., Upadhyaya, H. D., Gowda, C. L. L., Kumar, S. and Singh, S. 2013. Genetic analysis for seed size in three crosses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 387–395. Seed size (determined by 100-seed weight) is an important component of trade and yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The present investigation was undertaken to study the possibility of maternal inheritance for seed size and to estimate relative importance of additive and non-additive gene effects on seed size in three chickpea crosses involving two desi (ICC 5002 and ICC 7672) and two kabuli (ICC 11255 and ICC 17109) genotypes. The study included parents, F1, F2, backcross generations, and their reciprocals. Differences in the reciprocal mean 100-seed weight of F1, F2, and backcross generations were not detected in any cross. No definite major gene segregation pattern was observed in the F2 generation, and the continuous variation observed indicated quantitative inheritance. Generation mean analysis indicated the presence of additive gene effects controlling seed size in three crosses. Additive×additive type of non-allelic interactions were found significant in desi×kabuli crosses, ICC 5002×ICC 17109 and ICC 7672×ICC 11255. The selection and breeding procedure may be modified for maximum exploitation of the fixable additive×additive epistasis by delaying selection in later generations and by maintaining large populations prior to selection for maximum recombination of genes to occur.
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Doss, Kristy Kowalske, and Lisa Bloom. "Mindfulness in the middle school classroom." Gifted Education International 34, no. 2 (June 29, 2017): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261429417716352.
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Instructors of a middle school gifted language arts class implemented a 30-day unit of study on mindfulness in order to help students learn techniques to alleviate stress, perfectionistic tendencies, and anxiety. Practicing mindfulness techniques, such as meditation, provides individuals with tools to understand the mind and body and encourages individuals to not dwell on past events or fixate on future events, appreciating the here and now and living in the moment. Some gifted students struggle with social and emotional issues such as perfectionism and anxiety, and these conditions can create a cycle of stress rooted in nervousness, agitation, and compulsive thoughts. Instructors explained the components of mindfulness, provided daily guided meditations, and encouraged students to apply the techniques in their everyday lives. Results varied for each student with some able to use the mindfulness exercises to combat problems, while others struggled with understanding the purpose or potential benefits of mindfulness.
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Rossel, Samuel, Ute Mathis, and Thomas Collett. "Vertical disparity and binocular vision in the praying mantis." Visual Neuroscience 8, no. 2 (February 1992): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800009329.
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AbstractWe have investigated how the binocular control of prey capture in the praying mantis is affected by abnormally large vertical disparities, which were introduced by prisms placed in front of the eyes. The position of a target on the two retinae determines both the magnitude of head saccades made to fixate a target and its perceived distance. Over the wholerange of vertical disparities tested (up to at least 30 deg), the frequency of fixating saccades is normal while the amplitude of their vertical component is a compromise between the saccades specified by each eye individually. Distance measurements are not affected by imposed vertical disparities. But the larger the vertical disparity, the more reluctant the mantid is to strike at the target until disparities exceed 15 deg when no strikes are elicited at all.
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Kulke, Louisa, Janette Atkinson, and Oliver Braddick. "Relation Between Event-Related Potential Latency and Saccade Latency in Overt Shifts of Attention." Perception 49, no. 4 (April 2020): 468–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006620911869.
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Controlled shifts of attention between competing stimuli are crucial for effective everyday visual behaviour. While these typically involve overt shifts of fixation, many past studies used covert attention shifts in which fixation is unchanged, meaning that some response components may result from the inhibition of eye movements. In this study, the neural events in the human brain when making overt shifts of attention are studied through the combination of event-related potential recording with simultaneous eye tracking. Fixation shifts under competition (central target remains visible when a peripheral target appears) were compared with noncompetition (central target disappears). A longer latency for competition compared with noncompetition, which is found in the saccadic response, is already present in the early occipital positivity when a single target is presented for the fixation shift. These results indicate that the requirement to disengage from a current target affects the time course of neural processing at an early level. However, the relation is more complex when the participant is required to choose which of two targets to fixate.
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Lee, Shinhye, and Paula Winke. "Young learners’ response processes when taking computerized tasks for speaking assessment." Language Testing 35, no. 2 (May 3, 2017): 239–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265532217704009.
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We investigated how young language learners process their responses on and perceive a computer-mediated, timed speaking test. Twenty 8-, 9-, and 10-year-old non-native English-speaking children (NNSs) and eight same-aged, native English-speaking children (NSs) completed seven computerized sample TOEFL® Primary™ speaking test tasks. We investigated the children’s attentional foci on different test components (e.g., prompts, pictures, and a countdown timer) by means of their eye movements. We associated the children’s eye-movement indices (visit counts and fixation durations) with spoken performance. The children provided qualitative data (interviews; picture-drawings) on their test experiences as well. Results indicated a clear contrast between NNSs and NSs in terms of speech production (large score differences) as expected. More interestingly, the groups’ eye-movement patterns differed. NNSs tended to fixate longer on and looked more frequently at the countdown timer than their NS peers, who were more likely to look at content features, that is, onscreen pictures meant to help with building up speech. Specifically, the NNSs’ fixations on timers were likely to co-occur with hesitation phenomena (e.g., hemming; pausing; silence). We discuss (a) the potential effects of test-specific features on children’s performance and (b) child-appropriate test accommodations and practices.
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Diaz-Guerra, Francisco, and Angel Jimenez-Molina. "Continuous Prediction of Web User Visual Attention on Short Span Windows Based on Gaze Data Analytics." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 18, 2023): 2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042294.
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Understanding users’ visual attention on websites is paramount to enhance the browsing experience, such as providing emergent information or dynamically adapting Web interfaces. Existing approaches to accomplish these challenges are generally based on the computation of salience maps of static Web interfaces, while websites increasingly become more dynamic and interactive. This paper proposes a method and provides a proof-of-concept to predict user’s visual attention on specific regions of a website with dynamic components. This method predicts the regions of a user’s visual attention without requiring a constant recording of the current layout of the website, but rather by knowing the structure it presented in a past period. To address this challenge, the concept of visit intention is introduced in this paper, defined as the probability that a user, while browsing, will fixate their gaze on a specific region of the website in the next period. Our approach uses the gaze patterns of a population that browsed a specific website, captured via an eye-tracker device, to aid personalized prediction models built with individual visual kinetics features. We show experimentally that it is possible to conduct such a prediction through multilabel classification models using a small number of users, obtaining an average area under curve of 84.3%, and an average accuracy of 79%. Furthermore, the user’s visual kinetics features are consistently selected in every set of a cross-validation evaluation.
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Ortiz-Hernandez, R., G. H. Vázquez-Nin, O. Echeverría-Martínez, C. Höög, and A. Hernández-Hernández. "Crio-fixation of Pachytene Cells." Microscopy and Microanalysis 26, S1 (March 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927620000458.
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AbstractGenetic variability in organisms with sexual reproduction is produced by a complex mechanism of cell division of the germ line cells known as meiosis. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material (meiotic recombination), process that is essential to complete the meiotic division and to produce variability. Homologous chromosome pairing is mediated by the synaptonemal complex (SC). The SC is a proteinaceous structure composed of two lateral elements (LEs) and a central region (CR). Any defect in SC structure impairs meiotic recombination leading to blockage of the cell division process and infertility1. The SC has been observed since the introduction of the electron microscope (EM) in the biological field and it has been reported to be present in almost all the organisms with sexual reproduction, conserving a very similar structure and organisation along the different species2,3. The classic approach to study the SC structure is to chemically fixate the sexual tissues (gonads), dehydrate and embedded them in plastic resins that provide a support for sample sectioning and observation under the EM. However, chemical fixation followed by dehydration is well known to produce artefacts in the structure of many biological samples. Recently, we have combined fluorescence activated cell sorting of cells with SCs with high-pressure freezing and freeze- substitution and have found that the structure of the CR looks different from that observed in chemically fixated samples. These data have prompted us to analyse the organization of the CR components under cryo-processing.
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Angelaki, Dora E., Shawn D. Newlands, and J. David Dickman. "Primate Translational Vestibuloocular Reflexes. IV. Changes After Unilateral Labyrinthectomy." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 3005–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.5.3005.
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The effects of unilateral labyrinthectomy on the properties of the translational vestibuloocular reflexes (trVORs) were investigated in rhesus monkeys trained to fixate near targets. Translational motion stimuli consisted of either steady-state lateral and fore-aft sinusoidal oscillations or short-lasting transient displacements. During small-amplitude, steady-state sinusoidal lateral oscillations, a small decrease in the horizontal trVOR sensitivity and its dependence on viewing distance was observed during the first week after labyrinthectomy. These deficits gradually recovered over time. In addition, the vertical response component increased, causing a tilt of the eye velocity vector toward the lesioned side. During large, transient lateral displacements, the deficits were larger and longer lasting. Responses after labyrinthectomy were asymmetric, with eye velocity during movements toward the side of the lesion being more compromised. The most profound effect of the lesions was observed during fore-aft motion. Whereas responses were kinematically appropriate for fixation away from the side of the lesion (e.g., to the left after right labyrinthectomy), horizontal responses were anticompensatory during fixation at targets located ipsilateral to the side of the lesion (e.g., for targets to the right after right labyrinthectomy). This deficit showed little recovery during the 3-mo post-labyrinthectomy testing period. These results suggest that inputs from both labyrinths are important for the proper function of the trVORs, although the details of how bilateral signals are processed and integrated remain unknown.
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Martin-Key, Nayra A., Erich W. Graf, Wendy J. Adams, and Graeme Fairchild. "Investigating Emotional Body Posture Recognition in Adolescents with Conduct Disorder Using Eye-Tracking Methods." Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 49, no. 7 (February 20, 2021): 849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00784-2.
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AbstractAdolescents with Conduct Disorder (CD) show deficits in recognizing facial expressions of emotion, but it is not known whether these difficulties extend to other social cues, such as emotional body postures. Moreover, in the absence of eye-tracking data, it is not known whether such deficits, if present, are due to a failure to attend to emotionally informative regions of the body. Male and female adolescents with CD and varying levels of callous-unemotional (CU) traits (n = 45) and age- and sex-matched typically-developing controls (n = 51) categorized static and dynamic emotional body postures. The emotion categorization task was paired with eye-tracking methods to investigate relationships between fixation behavior and recognition performance. Having CD was associated with impaired recognition of static and dynamic body postures and atypical fixation behavior. Furthermore, males were less likely to fixate emotionally-informative regions of the body than females. While we found no effects of CU traits on body posture recognition, the effects of CU traits on fixation behavior varied according to CD status and sex, with CD males with lower levels of CU traits showing the most atypical fixation behavior. Critically, atypical fixation behavior did not explain the body posture recognition deficits observed in CD. Our findings suggest that CD-related impairments in recognition of body postures of emotion are not due to attentional issues. Training programmes designed to ameliorate the emotion recognition difficulties associated with CD may need to incorporate a body posture component.
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Zee, D. S., R. J. Tusa, S. J. Herdman, P. H. Butler, and G. Gucer. "Effects of occipital lobectomy upon eye movements in primate." Journal of Neurophysiology 58, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 883–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.58.4.883.
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1. Eye movements were recorded before and after bilateral occipital lobectomy in six rhesus monkeys trained to fixate and to follow small targets. Striate cortex was completely removed in two animals; small islands islands remained in the others. In all animals portions of extrastriate cortex were also removed but the medial superior temporal area in the superior temporal sulcus was largely spared. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was markedly altered but not abolished in all animals. The immediate pursuit component of OKN was eliminated leading to a poor response to stimuli comprised of high frequencies. The velocity-storage component of OKN was present, but the maximum value of OKN that could be achieved was decreased to 6 and 16 degrees/s in the two most severely affected animals (preop, 65-116 degrees/s). The residual OKN was similar to that of afoveate animals with a diminished response to high velocities of retinal-image motion and a temporal to nasal predominance during monocular viewing. 2. In the initial postoperative period all animals appeared completely blind. Within 1-6 mo, however, they regained an ability to make visually guided saccades to, and smooth pursuit of, small targets. Saccades were nearly as accurate as preoperatively, but saccade amplitudes were more variable and saccade latencies increased. In the two animals with a complete removal of striate cortex, gains (eye velocity/target velocity) of smooth pursuit during sinusoidal tracking (60 degrees/s, 0.5 Hz) were 0.9 and 0.95. During tracking of step-ramp (Rashbass) stimuli with 60 degrees/s ramps, the average acceleration of the eyes during the first 120 ms of smooth pursuit was 189-278 degrees.s-1.s-1 (preop range, 154-418 degrees.s-1.s-1). In other respects, though, smooth pursuit was not normal. Latencies were increased two- to threefold, and tracking was more variable. 3. Paradoxically, as visually guided saccades and pursuit recovered, some other ocular motor functions deteriorated. Spontaneous and gaze-evoked nystagmus developed 3-6 mo after occipital lobectomy; the time constant of the neural eye-position integrator dropped to values as low as 2.6-4.8 s. The maximum slow-phase velocity of OKN also decreased. 4. The findings immediately after occipital lobectomy indicate that in normal primates occipital cortex is necessary for visually guided saccades and smooth pursuit as well as for the immediate component of OKN. Occipital cortex also makes the predominant contribution toward the generation of the velocity-storage component of OKN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Fetter, Michael, Hubert Misslisch, Doris Sievering, and Douglas Tweed. "Effects of Full-Field Visual Input on the Three-Dimensional Properties of the Human Vestibuloocular Reflex1." Journal of Vestibular Research 5, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-1995-5304.
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The three-dimensional (3-D) properties of the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) were studied in six normal human subjects during passive whole-body rotations in darkness and with full-field visual input in light. Subjects were asked to fixate a point target stationary in space straight ahead or to imagine such a target in darkness. Using a 3-D rotating chair, subjects were rotated sinusoidally (frequency .3 Hz, maximum speed 37.5°/s) about an earth-vertical axis for horizontal stimulation and about an earth-horizontal axis for vertical and torsional stimulation. The subject faced forward for vertical stimulation, 90° to the side for torsional stimulation, or 15° to the right or left side for combined vertical and torsional stimulation. Left eye position was measured using 3-D search coils. The VOR response was quantified using the 3-D analogue of gain, a 3 × 3 matrix where each element describes the dependence of one component – torsional, vertical, or horizontal – of eye velocity on one component of head velocity. Average gain matrices were calculated for three cycles of rotation (10 s). Major findings were: (1) Gain values for the VOR were higher in light than in darkness for all directions. In light, vertical and horizontal responses were fully compensatory in both magnitude and direction, whereas the torsional responses were still weak. (2) Intersubject variability, large in the dark, was very small in the light for the vertical and horizontal responses but still considerable for the torsional. (3) Crosscoupling, in the form of partially horizontal eye movements in response to a torsional head rotation, was present in darkness but disappeared in light. (4) The VOR showed the same eye position dependence in darkness and in light; that is, if the eye is looking x° away from straight ahead, the eye rotation axis in response to a horizontal or vertical head rotation tilts about x°/4 in the same direction as the gaze line. These axis tilts are incompatible with perfect stabilization of the retinal image, but they are qualitatively appropriate for preserving Listing’s law.
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Hadjidimitrakis, Kostas, Giulia Dal Bo', Rossella Breveglieri, Claudio Galletti, and Patrizia Fattori. "Overlapping representations for reach depth and direction in caudal superior parietal lobule of macaques." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 4 (October 2015): 2340–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00486.2015.
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Reaching movements in the real world have typically a direction and a depth component. Despite numerous behavioral studies, there is no consensus on whether reach coordinates are processed in separate or common visuomotor channels. Furthermore, the neural substrates of reach depth in parietal cortex have been ignored in most neurophysiological studies. In the medial posterior parietal area V6A, we recently demonstrated the strong presence of depth signals and the extensive convergence of depth and direction information on single neurons during all phases of a fixate-to-reach task in 3-dimensional (3D) space. Using the same task, in the present work we examined the processing of direction and depth information in area PEc of the caudal superior parietal lobule (SPL) in three Macaca fascicularis monkeys. Across the task, depth and direction had a similar, high incidence of modulatory effect. The effect of direction was stronger than depth during the initial fixation period. As the task progressed toward arm movement execution, depth tuning became more prominent than directional tuning and the number of cells modulated by both depth and direction increased significantly. Neurons tuned by depth showed a small bias for far peripersonal space. Cells with directional modulations were more frequently tuned toward contralateral spatial locations, but ipsilateral space was also represented. These findings, combined with results from neighboring areas V6A and PE, support a rostral-to-caudal gradient of overlapping representations for reach depth and direction in SPL. These findings also support a progressive change from visuospatial (vergence angle) to somatomotor representations of 3D space in SPL.
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Goolsby, Thomas W. "Profiles of Processing: Eye Movements during Sightreading." Music Perception 12, no. 1 (1994): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40285757.
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Temporal and sequential components of the eye movement used by a skilled and a less-skilled sightreader were used to construct six profiles of processing. Each subject read three melodies of varying levels of concentration of visual detail. The profiles indicates the order, duration, and location of each fixation while the subjects sightread the melodies. Results indicate that music readers do not fixate on note stems or the bar lines that connect eighth notes when sightreading. The less-skilled music reader progressed through the melody virtually note-by-note using long fixations, whereas the skilled sightreader directed fixations to all areas of the notation (using more regressions than the less-skilled reader) to perform the music accurately. Results support earlier findings that skilled sightreaders look farther ahead in the notation, then back to the point of performance (Goolsby, 1994), and have a larger perceptual span than less-skilled sightreaders. Findings support Slobodans (1984) contention that music reading (i. e., sightreading) is indeed music perception, because music notation is processed before performance. Support was found for Sloboda's (1977, 1984, 1985, 1988) hypotheses on the effects of physical and structural boundaries on visual musical perception. The profiles indicate a number of differences between music perception from processing visual notation and perception resulting from language reading. These differences include: (1) opposite trends in the control of eye movement (i. e., the better music reader fixates in blank areas of the visual stimuli and not directly on each item of the information that was performed), (2) a perceptual span that is vertical as well as horizontal, (3) more eye movement associated with the better reader, and (4) greater attention used for processing language than for music, although the latter task requires an "exact realization."
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Mortazavi, Mohammad, Prem Thirunagari, Saikaashyap Sarva, and Monica Pita. "Microsaccadic Fixational Eye Movements as an Oculomotor Marker for Concussion." Neurology 98, no. 1 Supplement 1 (December 27, 2021): S5.1—S5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000801776.06317.1f.
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ObjectiveTo identify whether concussion causes abnormalities in fixational eye movements, specifically the generation of microsaccades.BackgroundMicrosaccades are microscopic rapid eye movements that occur normally with attempted fixation. However, changes in microsaccade rate, magnitude, etc have been linked with neurologic and ophthalmic pathologies.Design/MethodsWe collected baseline data for college athletes (n = 116) at Sterling College (Sterling, KS) as they reported for the physical examination before the beginning of the athletic season. None of the athletes had a prior history of concussion. Concussion patients (n = 86) were selected from patients who had an initial visit for concussion at a private concussion clinic. Patients were included if they presented within 50 days of injury. All participants were between 18 and 23 years of age. For each participant we measured the number of saccades generated, the size and speed of the micro saccades, the area covered and the ratio of vertical-to-horizontal direction component of the fixational eye movements, using a 250 Hz video-eye tracker mounted inside a HTC Vive VR headset. Participants were instructed to fixate on a central dot for 140 seconds, in 20-second intervals. We performed a logistic regression with the log-transformed oculomotor characteristics as independent variables and concussion yes/no as dependent variables. Errors are presented as standard error from the mean.ResultsThe average microsaccade magnitude was higher in concussed than in non-concussed participants (1.85 ± 0.12° vs 1.32 ± 0.06°, p < 0.001). Similarly, the fixational eye movements (microsaccades + drifts) of concussed patients tended to cover a more vertical area during fixation periods (vertical-to-horizontal ratio of 3.49 ± 0.94 vs 1.12 ± 0.04, p < 0.005).ConclusionsOculomotor testing, specifically microsaccades is a potential marker for concussion. Concussion patients present larger and more vertical eye movements during fixation.
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Izadi Zadeh Darjezi, Javad, Homagni Choudhury, and Alireza Nazarian. "Simulation evidence on the properties of alternative measures of working capital accruals." International Journal of Accounting & Information Management 25, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 378–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijaim-12-2016-0114.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the specification and power of tests based on the DD and modified DD model through the UK data between years 2000 and 2013, and make comparisons with tests using working capital accruals creating a measure of accruals quality as the standard deviation of the residuals value from firm-specific regressions base on working capital accruals on last, current and one-year-ahead cash flows from operations. Design/methodology/approach This study focuses both on the DD model and modified DD model to find out which of them can more accurately capture total working capital accrual estimation error and accrual quality. According to the DD model, the past, current and future net cash from operating activities as the three years’ operating cash inflows or outflows become omitted and correlated variables. In this study, the authors continue to document residuals from the DD and MDD models to demonstrate properties that are more consistent with behaviours of accruals estimation errors. Therefore, in this study, the authors are looking to compare the results from both the MDD and DD models and find which one of them is more effective in explaining the working capital accruals in the UK. Findings The authors find that adding additional explanatory variables may add additional explanatory power of variables to the DD model and extent to which accruals map into cash flow insights based on the UK data. This study is empirically well fitting with the internal workings of cash flows. As investors fixate only on the accounting earnings, they may fail to reflect fully on information contained within cash flow components and working capital accruals of current and future earnings. Originality/value The authors compare different equation to cover more items of working capital accruals. In addition, after examining earnings and accrual quality, the findings show that the average UK company behaviour was quite similar to the behaviour that was founded earlier for both models in the USA. Furthermore, this study results show that more volatility of sales, cash flow, accruals and earnings make a lower accrual quality. The results demonstrate that both models can capture the power to predict working capital accruals. Moreover, we find that adding additional explanatory variable of employee growth rate adds additional explanatory variables to DD model.
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Thirunagari, Prem Kumar, Nancy Phu, David Tramutolo, Hector Rieiro, Tanya Polec, Tyler Marx, Leslie Streeter, Jon Minor, and Mo Mortazavi. "IDENTIFYING TRENDS IN MICROSACCADE RATE ON OCULOMOTOR TRACKER IN EARLY VS LATE STAGE PEDIATRIC CASES WITH PERSISTENT POST-CONCUSSION SYMPTOMS (PPCS)." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00166.
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Background: Oculomotor and visual processing deficits occur commonly after brain injury in young athletes. A subset of these concussed athletes do experience prolonged recoveries or PPCS with ongoing oculomotor deficits and visual symptoms. There have been limited studies conducted to determine the significance of oculomotor tracking (OMT) testing in the pediatric population, and even less investigating the role of microsaccades. Hence, investigations on microsaccades(MS), physiological adjustive micro eye movements critical in visual processing and central/peripheral visual integration, may provide insight on the role of visual dysfunction in PPCS course, prognosis, and management. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify possible MS rate trends and differences between early and late stage PPCS pediatric patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 41 pediatric patients with PPCS or symptoms greater than one month from injury. Data was collected from 7/1/2018 to 12/1/2019 and the age group ranged from 8 to 21 years. For each participant, using the OMT device we measured the number of saccades generated, the size and speed of the microsaccades, the area covered and the ratio of vertical-to-horizontal direction component of the fixational eye movements, using a 250 Hz video-eye tracker mounted inside a HTC Vive VR headset. Participants were instructed to fixate on a central dot for 140 seconds, in 20-second intervals. Patients were classified into early or late stages of PPCS (early stage: 1-6 months; late stage: >6 months) to compare MS rate between stages. Exclusion criteria included history of visual disorders, learning disorders, seizure disorder, or intracranial hemorrhage. Results: 27 patients were in the early stage while 14 patients were in the late stage. The early stage group had a mean MS rate of 125 beats/min while the late stage group had a mean MS rate of 116 beats/min. A two sample t-test assuming no difference between early and late stage patients resulted in a p value of 0.51. Conclusion: There is a potential trend in declining MS numbers with progressive PPCS stage. Although the t-test didn’t show statistical significance, this could be due to the small sample size of our study. Future studies are needed to validate this initial finding and to identify the significance of microsaccade patterns in concussion prognosis and management. [Figure: see text]
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MEENA, H. S., ARUN KUMAR, SWARNIM KULSHRESTHA, BHAGIRATH RAM, V. V. SINGH, P. D. MEENA, and DHIRAJ SINGH. "Detection of epistasis, additive and dominance components of variation for seed yield and its attributes in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 89, no. 2 (February 18, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v89i2.87017.
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This study was conducted to detect epistasis and importance of additive and dominance variances for seed yield and contributing traits using 27 progenies produced by crossing nine lines with three testers, viz. NPJ 112, RRN 727 and their F1 in triple test cross fashion. Analysis of variance revealed the existence of epistasis for all the traits except secondary branches/plant and oil content. Its partitioning showed higher magnitude of (i) type for days to flowering, days to maturity and primary branches and (j+l) type for siliqua length, seeds/siliqua, 1000/seed weight and seed yield. Significant MS due to sums (L1i + L2i ) and differences (L1i- L2i ) for days to flowering, maturity, plant height, seeds/siliqua, 1000-seed weight and seed yield indicated the role of both additive (D) and dominance (H) variance in their inheritance. Estimates of D and H components revealed predominance of D for days to flowering, maturity, plant height, primary and secondary branches and 1000-seed weight and H for remaining 6 traits, viz. number of siliquae on main shoot, main shoot length, siliqua length, seeds/siliqua, oil content and seed yield. Non-significant correlation coefficient for all the traits except 1000-seed weight indicated the scatter of dominant alleles between testers. Degree of dominance (H/D)1/2 indicated over dominance for siliquae on main shoot, main shoot length, siliqua length and seeds/ siliqua. Thus, epistasis was an integral component with conspicuous role of both additive and dominance variance for different characters. Therefore, the study will be helpful in deciding the breeding strategy that would enable to utilize maximum proportion of fixable as well as non-fixable genetic variation in Indian mustard.
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Lingaiah, N., Ch Surender Raju, N. Sarla, K. Radhika, V. Venkanna, and D. Vishnu Vardhan Reddy. "Genetic Architecture of Grain Quality Traits in Nutrient Rich Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Crosses." Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal, OF (May 26, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ag.d-5121.
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The precise knowledge of the nature of gene action for quality traits in rice helps to choose an effective breeding strategy to accelerate the pace of genetic improvement of quality traits in rice. The Generation mean analysis indicated absence of epistasis in case of certain quality characters like hulling percent, milling percent, kernel length, breadth and kernel elongation ratio in first and second crosses. The interaction was of duplicate epistasis for milling percent and kernel length, therefore, in addition to the main genetic effects, ([d], [h] components), for development of a variety / hybrid from the cross (RP-Bio-5478 -185 x NH-686), the interaction components also have to be taken into consideration in breeding. Selection was recommended for head rice recovery improvement, for two crosses viz., MTU 1010 x NH-686, WGL-32100 x RP-Bio-5478-166, due to presence of fixable genetic variation. The interaction components are highly variable, therefore, a cross and trait specific breeding strategy is required for quality improvement in three crosses.
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Reddy M., Rajendar, Sreedhar Chauhan, Uma Reddy R., and Sumalini K. "An Assessment of Genetic variability and association studies for yield and its components of soybean MAGIC population lines (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.)." Ecology, Environment and Conservation, June 17, 2022, 935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i02.055.
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In the present investigation, 565 soybean MAGIC population lines along with 6 checks were evaluated in augmented design in 5 blocks at Agricultural Research Station, Adilabad during kharif, 2019-20 to study genetic parameters, character association and the direct and indirect effects of the traits on seed yield. Based on range, all the traits exhibited huge amount of variability. In the present study, the estimate of PCV was higher than GCV indicating the important role of environment in the expression of the characters under study. The highest genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation observed for the traits number of branches per plant (PCV- 33.53 %, GCV-20.15 %), number of pods per plant ( PCV- 32.35 %, GCV-21.11 %), net plot yield( PCV- 36.36 %, GCV-27.27 %) and seed yield per plant (PCV- 31.67 %, GCV-22.30 %) which indicates selection can be applied on these traits to isolate more promising line. The broad sense heritability was lower to higher for all the traits ranged from days to 50% flowering (20.02%) to days to maturity (75.87 %) while high genetic advance was recorded in all traits under study except, days to 50% flowering (2.99 %) and days to maturity (9.47 %).Among all the characters, high heritability along with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for plant height and net yield indicating predominance of additive gene action and a limited role of environment in the expression of these traits. Hence, these traits are fixable in nature and selection on the basis of these traits would be effective. Correlation studies indicated that number of branches/plot, number of pods/plant, net yield/plot, 100 seed weight and number of nodes/plant had significant and positive correlation with seed yield/plant.
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Verma, S. K., Debashis Paul, Shaifali Goyal, Amarpreet Singh, S. K. Sain, Rishi Kumar, and Hamid Hassan. "Prediction of Gene Action, Heterosis and Combining Ability to Identify Superior GMS Based Hybrids in Asiatic Cotton (G. arboreum L.)." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, May 23, 2022, 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i1931099.
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The nature of gene action and combining ability is valuable in determining whether heterosis is fixable or predictable. Thus, to know the nature of gene action of seed cotton yield and its components and fibre quality parameters, seventeen parents (15 males and two genetic male sterile lines) and 30 F1 crosses (genetic male sterility based) were evaluated in a line x tester mating design of Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum L). Sufficient variability among hybrids and their parents was found as the mean squares of genotypes for all the traits including fibre quality parameters investigated were significant. The total genetic variability was partitioned to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects. GCA was significant for male parents HD-123, RG-270, CISA-59, CISA-64, CISA-65, CISA-66 and LD-694 for seed cotton yield (SCY); HD-123, RG-286 and DLSA-24 for bolls per plant; HD-123, CISA-59, PAIG-8/3, DLSA-9 and LD-694 for boll weight; female parent DS-5, male parents HD-123, RG-18, CISA-65, and PAIG-8/3 for ginning outturn (GOT%); RG--270, RG-286, PAIG-8/3, DLSA-9 and LD-694 for 2.5% span length (mm); RG-286, CISA-59, CISA-66, PAIG-8/3 and LD-694 for lower micronaire value having finenessand HD-400, RG-270, RG-286, RG-341 CISA-60, CISA-66, PAIG-8/3 and LD-694 for tenacity (g/tex) which were considered as good general combiners. Similarly among 30 cross combinations, SCA was positively significant for 10 crosses for seed cotton yield, 10 crosses for boll number, 10 crosses for boll weight, 9 crosses for GOT(%), 10 crosses for 2.5% span length and 8 crosses for fibre strength (gt/tex).Cluster III of yield attributing traits, consisted of 9 crosses ( C3, C6, C18, C20, C26, C22, C23, C24, C30, and C8) showed the highest average seed cotton yield where as Cluster II of fibre quality traits consisted of 3 crosses ( C2, C12, C15) showed highest average GOT(%) with highest tenacity (g/tex). Cross DS-5 x HD 123for SCY and bolls per plant, DS-5 x DLSA 9 for boll weight, DS-5 x CISA 65 for GOT % , CISA-2 x CISA 66 for lower micronaire value (fibre fineness) showed significant estimation of heterosis in desirable direction and could be further utilized in the future breeding programme for specific trait improvement.
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Lorenzon, A., C. B. Guedes, A. U. Borbely, E. C. Cardoso, S. Corrêa-Silva, T. C. Bonetti, P. C. Serafini, et al. "O-032 Primary human endothelial and stromal cells from the uterine endometrium co-cultured in vitro in a 3D-system as a model to study the physiopathology of endometriosis." Human Reproduction 37, Supplement_1 (June 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deac104.032.
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Abstract Study question Is an uterine endothelial-stromal cell 3D-system able to respond to inflammatory/immune factors presented in patient’s endometriotic serum and can this be reversible by hormonal treatment? Summary answer The endothelial-stromal cells system is responsive to the serum from women with endometriosis and its cytokine profile may be reverse with hormonal treatment. What is known already Endometriosis’s declined fertility is mainly attributed to poor oocyte quality, inhibition of ovulation, an anatomical commitment of tubes and uterus, and loss of endometrial receptivity during the implantation window. Changes in the inflammatory/immune profile in pelvic and peripheral blood also suggest a possible interference of several cytokines playing a role in women's reduced fertility. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures open up new study possibilities, by guaranteeing interactions between spatially organized tissues mimicking the natural microenvironment and can significantly contribute to obtaining essential data for understanding endometrial physiology and its associated diseases. Study design, size, duration This is a prospective cohort study with oocyte donation women from a private IVF center and patients under endometriosis treatment in an University-affiliated gynecology service. Endometrium biopsy (n = 9) and non-endometriotic serum blood (n = 15) were collected from oocyte donors in the same day of oocyte picked (antagonist protocol), before ovary puncture and serum blood samples were collected from patients diagnostic with endometriosis (n = 15). Samples were collected between Jan/2016 and May/2017 after signing the informed consent form. Participants/materials, setting, methods Endometriotic serum samples were obtained from patients with (n = 10) or without (n = 5) estrogen/progestin therapy. Tissue biopsies were digested and submitted to magnetic microbeads. Endothelial and stromal cells layers were added one-by-one to a mixture of extracellular matrix components. The 3D-system received endometriotic or control serum for additional 48h. Supernatants were excluded and the cells homogenized for cytokine evaluation through cytometric bead array. The ANOVA-Tukey’s test were used for statistical analysis, p < 0.05 were considered significant. Main results and the role of chance Oocyte donors were 24,2 ± 3,41 years old and had a body mass index (BMI) of 22,7 ± 1,38. Patients with endometriosis were 34,0 ± 3,93 years old (p = 0,21) and had a BMI of 25,4 ± 4,13 (p = 0.02). The morphology assessed by ultrastructural analysis of the 3D-system showed the presence of cells embedded in an abundant extracellular matrix, with no directional organization and with morphology compatible with fibrocytes and fibroblasts. The cells showed characteristics of viable cells with loose chromatin nuclei, evident nucleoli, and well-defined organelles. Eventually, mitosis were observed. Specific presence or absence of stromal and endothelial cells markers (cytokeratin, vimentin, IGFBP1, von Willebrand factor) were confirmed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Cell viability were assessed by Fixable Cell Viability 510 dye staining. Changes in the expression profile of the cytokines TNF-alpha (p < 0.0001), IL-10 (p < 0.001) and IL-2 (p < 0.001) were detected in the endothelial-stromal cells treated with the serum of endometriotic patients in comparison with hormonally-treated and non-endometriotic groups. These results suggest amelioration of the immune response by endometrial cells when submitted to a serum environment under hormonal treatment. Serum of endometriotic patients (hormonally treated and non-treated) also increased the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the co-cultured cells. Limitations, reasons for caution Endometrial biopsies were collected in the initial secretory phase of young oocyte donor women, which may not reflect to the eutopic endometrial response in patients with endometriosis. The reduced size of patients cohort may also increase the risks of bias in cytokine analysis. Wider implications of the findings The possibility of endometrial cells, even in the absence of leukocytes, to become a protagonist in the expression of cytokines and the ability of uterine cells to respond and contribute to a systemic inflammatory/immunomodulating environment with cytokine production may reflect on the pathophysiology of endometriosis and uterine reproductive functions. Trial registration number Not Applicable
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Mathew, A., A. Datoc, S. Boucher, D. Choi, C. Ellis, J. Abt, and P. Worts. "A-41 The Use of Virtual Reality for the Diagnosis of Pediatric Sports-Related Concussion: A Feasibility Study." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, June 15, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acad042.41.
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Abstract Purpose Virtual Reality (VR) based concussion software has shown potential in diagnosing sports-related concussion (SRC). The purpose of this study was to explore potential symptom provocation when using a VR based diagnostic concussion software among SRC patients. Methods Pediatric SRC patients aged 12-18 and within 72 hours from injury to initial visit were recruited. While wearing the VR device, patients were instructed to fixate gaze on various targets to track eye movements in a gamified manner. The Post-Concussive Symptom Scale (PCSS) and Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire (VRSQ) were administered on a scale of 0 (none) to 3 (severe). Results A total of 21 patients were eligible (Age=14.9±1.7; Female 57.1%; White 61.9%). Patients noted minimal to no symptoms in terms of discomfort (.48±.60), fatigue (.48±.68), headache (1.48±.60), eye strain (.90±.77), inattention (.38±.59), blurred vision (.29±.64), and dizziness (.71±.56) while completing the VR task. Conclusions Compared to other studies using VRSQ among healthy subjects, our sample of acutely injured children with SRC reported minimally provoked symptoms that were below empirically established limits. Specifically, both components of the VRSQ (ocular component MOcu=3.24, SD=1.89; disorientation component MDis=2.59, SD=2.27) ranked below the average limit compared to other studies using VRSQ (MOcu=6.7; MDis=5.8). Future research should gather validity and reliability data to establish the clinical environment in which to diagnose pediatric SRC.
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Zee, Mark Johannes Maria, Barbara Catharina van Bemmel, and Jos Jacobus Arnoldus Maria van Raay. "Massive osteolysis due to galvanic corrosion after total knee arthroplasty: a rare cause for early revision?" Journal of Surgical Case Reports 2020, no. 2 (February 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjaa002.
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Abstract A 66-year-old male underwent a total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis after previous anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Seven years postoperatively, a symptomatic large lytic lesion was present surrounding the tibial stem. A titanium interference screw, which was used prior to fixate the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) graft, was in direct contact with the tibial component. Galvanic corrosion may have attributed to the development of the lytic lesion. It is advised to remove any metal hardware in the vicinity of joint prosthesis in order to prevent a possible galvanic corrosive reaction.
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Vanisri, S., V. Ishwrya Laxmi, K. Charles Wesly, B. Priyanka, M. Sreedhar, and Srikant Rahul. "Genetic Variability and Divergence Studies on Yield under Delayed Sowing Conditions in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, September 2, 2020, 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2020/v39i2630904.
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Timely sowing is a critical factor in realizing the yield as it ensures the vegetative growth to crop up during a period of satisfactory temperatures and fits the cultivar maturity length and growing season. In the present investigation, 38 cold tolerant rice genotypes were studied under delayed sowing conditions at College Farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad. The genotypes were evaluated for yield attributing traits with a view of understanding the extent of variability and diversity present among the genotypes that could be suitable for delayed sowing conditions with cold tolerance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences for all the characters with high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) values for tillers per plant, spikelet fertility, filled grains per panicle and seed yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of the mean was observed for plant height, spikelet fertility, filled grains per panicle with higher variability indicating the presence of fixable gene action which may suggest a reliable crop improvement through selection of these traits. As association analysis could help the breeder to design selection strategies to improve grain yield, correlation studies were carried out which revealed the trait to be having positive relation with all the traits except panicle exertion and panicle length. Path coefficient analysis showed all the traits except panicle exertion and test weight to be exhibiting a direct positive effect on yield, selection for which should be emphasized on these positively associated traits for yield enhancement. Principal component analysis and D2 analysis together determined plant height, grain yield, panicle exertion, panicle length and yield per plant having higher contributions to the total variability, which could be taken into consideration in rice breeding programmes for further improvement in production.
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Conboy, Lauren, and John Mingoia. "Social Networking Site Use, Self-Compassion, and Attitudes Towards Cosmetic Surgery in Young Australian Women." Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, August 24, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41347-023-00334-1.
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AbstractThis study aimed to explore the relationship of total social networking site (SNS) use and attitudes towards cosmetic surgery in young Australian women through the moderating role of self-compassion. Recent research has identified the potentially protective factor of self-compassion in body image concerns; however, few researchers have further explored the components of self-compassion in relation to SNS use. As such, the positive (self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness) and negative (self-judgement, isolation, and over-identification) components of self-compassion were further investigated. The present study utilised a cross-sectional correlational design with self-reported data to determine if self-compassion moderated the relationship between SNS use and attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. A sample of 238 young Australian women, aged 18 to 29 (M = 22.1, SD = 2.9), were recruited. Participants completed an online questionnaire measuring total daily SNS use, self-compassion, and attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. SNS use was significantly negatively correlated with self-compassion and positively correlated with cosmetic surgery. Self-compassion was significantly negatively correlated with attitudes towards cosmetic surgery; however, contrary to expected, self-compassion was not a significant moderator of SNS use and attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. The components of self-compassion were further explored to better understand this relationship, with over-identification significantly predicting more positive attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. The present study highlights the relationship between SNS use and attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. As over-identification relates to ruminating in feelings of discomfort, the results may suggest that SNS users who are more likely to fixate on their appearance dissatisfaction are more likely to have positive attitudes towards cosmetic surgery. Given the popularity of SNS use, this media may pose as an opportune platform to disseminate appearance modification interventions for young adult women. Future research that is causational in nature may be able to confirm these suggested implications.
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Ivanchenko, Daria, Katharina Rifai, Ziad M. Hafed, and Frank Schaeffel. "A low-cost, high-performance video-based binocular eye tracker for psychophysical research." Journal of Eye Movement Research 14, no. 3 (May 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.16910/jemr.14.3.3.
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We describe a high-performance, pupil-based binocular eye tracker that approaches the performance of a well-established commercial system, but at a fraction of the cost. The eye tracker is built from standard hardware components, and its software (written in Visual C++) can be easily implemented. Because of its fast and simple linear calibration scheme, the eye tracker performs best in the central 10 degrees of the visual field. The eye tracker possesses a number of useful features: (1) automated calibration simultaneously in both eyes while subjects fixate four fixation points sequentially on a computer screen, (2) automated real-time continuous analysis of measurement noise, (3) automated blink detection, (4) and real-time analysis of pupil centration artifacts. This last feature is critical because it is known that pupil diameter changes can be erroneously registered by pupil-based trackers as a change in eye position. We evaluated the performance of our system against that of a well-established commercial system using simultaneous measurements in 10 participants. We propose our low-cost eye tracker as a promising resource for studies of binocular eye movements.
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Federici, Alessandra, Christopher R. Bennett, Corinna M. Bauer, Claire E. Manley, Emiliano Ricciardi, Davide Bottari, and Lotfi B. Merabet. "Altered neural oscillations underlying visuospatial processing in cerebral visual impairment." Brain Communications, August 28, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcad232.
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Abstract Visuospatial processing deficits are commonly observed in individuals with cerebral visual impairment, even in cases where visual acuity and visual field functions are intact. Cerebral visual impairment is a brain-based visual disorder associated with the maldevelopment of central visual pathways and structures. However, the neurophysiological basis underlying higher-order perceptual impairments in this condition has not been clearly identified, which in turn poses limits on developing rehabilitative interventions. Using combined eye tracking and EEG recordings, we assessed the profile and performance of visual search on a naturalistic virtual reality-based task. Participants with cerebral visual impairment and controls with neurotypical development were instructed to search, locate, and fixate on a specific target placed among surrounding distractors at two levels of task difficulty. We analyzed evoked (phase-locked) and induced (non-phase-locked) components of broadband (4 - 55 Hz) neural oscillations to uncover the neurophysiological basis of visuospatial processing. We found that visual search performance in cerebral visual impairment was impaired compared to controls (as indexed by outcomes of success rate, reaction time, and gaze error). Analysis of neural oscillations revealed markedly reduced early-onset evoked theta [4-6 Hz] activity (within 0.5 sec) regardless of task difficulty. Moreover, while induced alpha activity increased with task difficulty in controls, this modulation was absent in the cerebral visual impairment group identifying a potential neural correlate related to deficits with visual search and distractor suppression. Finally, cerebral visual impairment participants also showed a sustained induced gamma response [30-45 Hz]. We conclude that impaired visual search performance in cerebral visual impairment is associated with substantial alterations across a wide range of neural oscillation frequencies. This includes both evoked and induced components suggesting the involvement of feedforward and feedback processing as well as local and distributed levels of neural processing.