Academic literature on the topic 'Five year plan, 1967-1971'

Introduction. The article is devoted to the little-studied topic of the history of Soviet-Mongolian planning coordination on the example of coordination of the plans of the MPR and the USSR for the five years of 1971–1975. The purpose of the article is an objective study of this process, which is expressed in identifying its course and mechanisms of commission, as well as determining its role in economic cooperation between countries. Materials and methods. The research was based on archival materials of the USSR State Planning Committee, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Secretariat of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance. Results. The coordination of the plans of the MPR and the USSR for the five-year period 1971–1975 was a multi-stage process. First, during negotiations and two consultations of the authorities of the countries, five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the countries were agreed upon, and then during the five-year plan, annual plans were coordinated. Conclusions. The content of the coordination of the five-year plans consisted, on one hand, in an exchange of views on the draft “Main directions for the development of the national economy of the MPR”, and, on the other, in discussing some procedural issues. In turn, all the main decisions on economic cooperation between the countries in 1971–1975 were taken at the level of party and government delegations, which determines the purely technical role of planned coordination in the system of relations between Mongolia and the Soviet Union during the period under review.

AbstractPlanning for science and technology was a global phenomenon in the mid-twentieth century. A few countries drew up comprehensive five-year plans adapting from the Soviet model: China and India were two new developing countries to do so. In this paper we examine the early efforts at national planning for science and technology as seen in the Chinese twelve-year science and technology plan (1956–1967) and the five-year (1974–1979) science and technology plan of India. These are two historically distinct moments globally and two separate attempts specifically. What tie them together are the goals both sought to accomplish: of science- and technology-led industrialization and development, many times in comparison and sometimes in competition with each other. We show that these two incomplete exercises show us the complex histories of institutions and processes that confirm state-led faith in and engagement with science and technology.

Мақалада Тоғызыншы бесжылдықтағы Қазақстан партиялық басшылығы баспасөзінің әскери қызметшілерге әсеріне қатысты мақалалар мен ғылыми жұмыстар қаралды. Кеңестік жүйе кезеңіндегі республиканың партиялық ұйымдары жүзеге асырған баспасөз қызметтерін басқару тәжірибелері барынша зерделенді. Зерттеу барысында аталмыш тақырыптағы жұмыстардың зерттелеуі, жинақталуы және ғылыми негіздеріне шолу жасалды. Баспа арқылы басқарудың пәрменді нысандары мен әдістерін бөліп көрсету жолдары қарастырылды. Оларды жетілдіру мен жүзеге асыру жолдары анықталды. Партия мен Кеңес үкіметінің басшылық құрамының сол кезеңдердегі Қазақстанның партиялық-кеңестік баспасөз жүйесінің дамуына және журналистік кадрларды даярлауға, тәрбиелеу мен одан әрі дамуына аса көңіл бөлінгені көрсетіледі. Республиканың партиялық-кеңестік баспасының әскери қызметшілердің жеке құрамына қалай әсер еткендігі туралы сөз қозғалады. Оның «Коммунистік партия» талаптары рухында насихаттық және ұйымдастырушылық рөлінің әскери қызметшілерге баспасөз қызметі арқылы қадағалау жұмыстары күшейгені туралы айтылады. Әскерилердің күштік құрамдарының бұқаралық ақпарат құралдарымен бірге өзара іс-қимылда әрекет ететін баспасөздің және насихаттың түрлі проблемаларын зерделеу және тиімділігін көтеру жолдары мақалаға арқау болады. Коммунистік құрылыс міндеттерін әскери ортаға баспа беттері арқылы жеткізе отырып, шешудегі республикалық (жергілікті) баспасөздің рөлін арттыруға орталық баспасөздің ерекше ықпалын көрсетті. Әскер қатарында еліне адал қызмет етіп жүрген сарбаздарға партия ұйымдарының қызметін жақсартуға бағытталған бірқатар бұқаралық ақпарат құралдарының практикалық жұмыстары туралы сөз болды. Аталмыш мақалада Қазақстанның партиялық басшылығы баспасөзінің әскери қызметшілерге әсері туралы кең көлемде айтылды

The paper analyzes changes within the planning system of the Cuban Republic that took place in the context of changing methodological base of planning while entering the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon). The end of 1960s was marked by a radicalization of the methods of socialist construction: the system of economic register was applied and diminished the role of the category of value. This led to an economic imbalance, loss of control over the costs of production, deterioration of motivation to labour, etc. In addition, the plan of 10 million tons of sugar production in 1970 was not achieved. These factors prompted the Cuban leadership to reconsider the planning methodology and the development strategy, and to rely heavily on the experience of the USSR. Thus, the Soviet Gosplan experts started consulting their Cuban colleagues from the Central planning committee to a greater extent. However, sometimes there was misunderstanding between the parties, which is revealed in the conversations between the Soviet Gosplan head N. Baybakov and Cuban leader F. Castro. Carlos Rafael Rodríguez played a significant role in political economy diplomacy, and gave a speech as a representative of Cuba at the XXVI Comecon session when the country was accepted to the organization. Entering Comecon spurred the process of changes within the Cuban economic policy: the category of value recuperated its significance within the planning system, new annual plans were based on the value indicators and the input-output models. The midterm planning was also reintroduced due to 5-year plans preparation. Cuba integrated the mechanism of plan coordination with the Comecon countries, while the USSR continued to be its most important partner. Nonetheless, the process was slow: the 1971—1975 five-year plan had not been connected to the Comecon mechanism of plan coordination. Cuba insisted on a special attitude due to its low level of development. Cuban economy reconfiguration under the influence of planning mechanisms of Comecon countries favored consolidation of the new System of planning and direction of the economy approved by the decisions of the first congress of the Communist party of Cuba in 1975.

Abstract Regional policy has been on the agenda of Turkey since the First Five-Year Development Plan (1963–1967), and so far, Turkey has put into practice to overcome regional disparities, one of the most important is regional-sectoral incentives. Thus, the incentive system, which has undergone many changes until today, has been revised and updated in 2012. Although this incentive system has been put into practice for increasing the investment in eastern provinces/regions, development gap between eastern and western regions still stands. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the success of the new incentive system and to determine whether the new investment incentive system is effective in shifting investments from developed regions to backward regions in Turkey. In the study, the regional distribution of investment incentives during 2001–2016 and the effect of new investment incentive system to change the distribution of investments in favor of less developed provinces/regions will be examined. By using investment incentives data, regional distribution of investments will be revealed with the help of map-graph technique. The study found that both the share of incentive certificates and the share of the investment amount have increased during the period of 2001–2016 in the less developed provinces. From this point of view, it is possible to say that the new investment incentive system has a positive impact on increasing the share of incentives in these provinces.

Globally, India is known to have largest share in acreage and production of pulse crops. At the same time, it is also a largest consumer and processor of pulses in the world. More than a dozen pulse crops are grown across the countries out of which six are major ones. Recently, India has witnessed a silent ‘Pulses Revolution’ whether to say or not but fact is that during 2017–18, the pulse production of 25.23 million tonnes (mt) is 5.98 mt more over 2013-14 (19.25 mt) and by 2.10 mt over 2016–17 (23.13 mt). There has been positive trend in area, production and productivity of pulse crops during last 3 consecutive Five Year Plan periods. This clearly indicates that an indigenous production has not only increased but sustaining as well and India is silently marching towards self-sufficiency in pulses. While the “Green Revolution” that was declared in 1968 when wheat and rice production increased by 4.15 mt and 6.17 mt, respectively in 1967-68 over 1966-67. Pulses revolution could happen due to development of science-led technologies and policy initiatives on similar lines as cereal revolution happened then in late sixties. Pulses revolution has distinction as it is led by the indigenous technologies developed by our research based institutions and then spread across the country. The realized pulses revolution is indigenous, wide spread, environment friendly, sustainable and a step towards ensuring food and nutritional security of the country.

When in 1957 Igor Markevitch and Georges Auric commissioned the 32-year-old Pierre Boulez, fresh from the success of his Marteau sans maître, to write a work for the Société des concerts Lamoureux, the result was an eightminute symphonic torso, Doubles, whose gripping intensity, heroic utterance, and vivid orchestral imagery marked it as potentially one of the composer's most important creative efforts. Announced at its Paris première on 16 March 1958 as the beginning of an ambitious work-inprogress, it was not heard again until January 1964, when the first ten minutes of a revision entitled Figures Doubles Prismes were presented by the Südwestfunk Orchestra in Basle. Instead of adding the expansive second stage of Doubles – which had been mapped out and in part actually composed in particell – the revision opened up the existing first stage by interpolating new episodes of contrasting character. Though the plan of the revision called for a total duration of about 30 minutes (toward which an additional five minutes of music were composed and introduced at the Hague by Het Residentieorkest in 1968), a shift of career focus by the composer in 1971 to conducting and electronic research brought progress on this and several other major projects to an indefinite halt. As a consequence, the intended but still unrealized overall shape of Figures Doubles Prismes, as well as of its forerunner, Doubles, can be appreciated, at least for the time being, only from manuscripts on deposit at Switzerland's Paul Sacher Foundation.

14524 Background: The anticancer activity of oral anticoagulants has been a matter of debate for several years. Recent evidence suggests that prolonged treatment with warfarin may be associated with a reduced incidence of newly diagnosed urogenital cancer during long-term follow-up of patients with venous thromboembolism. The aim of this study was to assess whether exposure to warfarin was associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer in a large population-based cohort. Methods: We conducted a matched case-control study nested within the population of beneficiaries of the Saskatchewan Prescription Drug Plan aged 50 years and older from 1981–2002 with no history of cancer since 1967. New cases of prostate cancer diagnosed between 1981 and 2002 were identified using the linked Saskatchewan Cancer Agency registry. Six controls per case matched on age, gender, and sampling time were randomly selected. The cumulative exposure to warfarin in the five years preceding the cancer diagnosis was assessed. Prescription counts were used to define warfarin exposure. Exposure in the year immediately preceding the cancer diagnosis was excluded to control for detection bias. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess confounding by other drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Results: Among 11502 cases and 69012 controls, 7.4% of cases and 7.1% of controls had a history of any warfarin use. Compared to men who had never used warfarin, adjusted odds ratio (OR) for prostate cancer among ever-users in the 5 year period was 0.94 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.86–1.03). In those who accumulated 1, 2, 3 and 4 years of warfarin use, the adjusted ORs were 1.01 (95% CI, 0.89–1.16), 1.00 (95% CI, 0.82–1.23), 0.81 (95% CI, 0.60–1.09), and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.65–0.99), respectively (p-trend=0.03). Conclusion: Our results suggest that cumulative use of warfarin of at least 4 years may be associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. However, confounding by other determinants of prostate cancer associated with warfarin use is possible. Nonetheless, confirmation of these findings by prospective studies may provide the evidence necessary to consider the use of warfarin in prostate cancer prevention. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Abstract Since there is a relatively large number of publications on the Hungarian economic reform—generally known as the New Economic Mechanism—the purpose of this paper is not so much to present the different aspects of the system as to show both the problems and results which one can identify seven years after its adoption. At the end of 1973, the State increased its control of the economy. We try to demonstrate that in so doing the national authorities did not mean to reopen the question of the "liberalization" of the economy, but above all wanted to make some reajustments in the economic policy in view of the effects of the world crisis on prices and wage policy. The difficulties Hungary has recently known have been attributed to market-socialism by orthodox socialists who are opposed to this policy. On the other hand some of the architects of the N.E.M. maintain that the present model does not fully correspond to market socialism. One must admit that indeed many elements of the economic problems (inflation, income inequalities, development of monopolistic power) that can be identified in Hungary are linked with the disadvantages of a decentralized socialist model. However, in spite of these problems the achievements of the Hungarian economy are worthy of mention. The economic authorities do not conceal their price at having exceeded the forecasts of the 1971-1976 five year Plan. Even if, as several writers maintain, the introduction of the market is not a panacea for all the flaws of socialism in general, Hungary through its past experience and present endeavours provides valuable information to all those interested in studying a synthesis of planning and the market.

Abstract January 30, 1968, was the first day of Tet, a festive holiday in Vietnam that marked the beginning of the lunar year. Americans in Vietnam hoped for some respite from the fighting. But at 2=45 that morning a team of NLF sappers blasted a hole in the wall that surrounded the American embassy in Saigon. Racing into the compound, they tried but failed to smash through the heavy door at the entrance to the embassy. They then took cover behind large concrete flowerpots and assailed the building with rockets. Military police fired back at them in a fight that lasted until 9:1 5 in the morning. All nineteen of the enemy were either killed or badly wounded. Five Americans and a South Vietnamese civilian employee lost their lives. A reporter described the scene as “a butcher shop in Eden.”1 The attack on the embassy formed part of a much broader military plan, elements of which had already been launched outside of Saigon, that came to be known as the Tet offensive. Starting in late 1967 Hanoi had intensified pressure on towns and bases in the central highlands of South Vietnam and along the demilitarized zone, and especially on the marine garrison at Khe Sanh near the border with Laos.

Abstract This chapter argues that Suharto mobilized international aid to construct the New Order in the wake of the Supersemar. To court international capital, Suharto and his allies developed an economic stabilization plan, ended Konfrontasi with Malaysia, and passed a foreign investment law. Purveyors of international aid and investment channeled capital to Indonesia beginning in 1966, but not in sufficient quantities or with sufficient regularity to allow Suharto to rapidly consolidate power. Suharto therefore cooperated with rival military branches, political parties, religious organizations, and student and youth groups that he considered impediments to his agenda. Only as Suharto secured debt relief and greater quantities of international capital in 1967 and 1968 did he accelerate his drive to power and secure a five-year term as president. Suharto’s ability to secure resources made available through the global Cold War determined the scope, pace, and intensity of his domestic Cold War as well as the nature of the regime he built.

The Walter C. Beckjord Generating Station sits on the banks of the Ohio River, less than twenty miles southeast of Cincinnati, in Clermont County, Ohio. Beckjord offers a near-perfect case study of the costs of grandfathering. Construction of the plant was announced in November 1948, and its first 100-megawatt coal unit was operational by June 1952. Five additional units came online between 1953 and 1969. Because the units were constructed prior to 1971, all were exempt from the EPA’s New Source Performance Standards. For most of the 1970s, they also managed to avoid complying with any emission limitation under Ohio’s implementation plan for meeting the sulfur dioxide NAAQS, even though Ohio’s original plan, approved by the EPA in 1972, would have subjected Beckjord to a state emission standard—1.6 pounds of SO2 per million Btus of heat input—that was only 33 percent less stringent than the federal new-source standard of 1.2 lbs/MMBtu. In 1973, Ohio utilities convinced the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit to invalidate the Ohio plan on procedural grounds. The court ordered the EPA to hold an additional hearing at which regulated plants could voice their objections, but before the agency could oblige, the governor of Ohio withdrew the plan from consideration. A year later, Ohio submitted a far less stringent proposal that would have allowed Beckjord to continue emitting at its uncontrolled level: 4.8 lbs/MMBtu. But that plan, too, was struck down on procedural grounds, this time by a state environmental review board. In 1976, after Ohio failed to offer any replacement for its second proposal, the EPA stepped in with a federal plan that would limit Beckjord’s emissions to 2.02 lbs/MMBtu. (This, according to the latest EPA computer modeling, was the level necessary for Ohio to attain the sulfur dioxide NAAQS.) After yet more litigation by Ohio utilities—including Beckjord’s owner, Cincinnati Gas & Electric—the bulk of the federal plan was upheld in 1978. (In rejecting the utilities’ challenge, the Sixth Circuit noted that Ohio was the only state in the country that still lacked an enforceable SO2 implementation plan.)

Responding to Kissinger’s “indiscretion” about expulsion of the Soviets from Egypt as a US objective, in May 1971 President Sadat offered to end the presence of Soviet troops (but not advisers) as part of an interim settlement with Israel. However, he relayed it through Secretary Rogers, who after the failure of his peace plan was losing influence to Kissinger, and there was no US response. Simultaneously Sadat was reported to have foiled a pro-Soviet coup (which elevated the Israeli informant Ashraf Marwan to a higher position), but Egypt’s alleged turn against Moscow was disproved when Soviet president Podgorny visited Cairo again and signed a 15-year friendship treaty. Still, suspicions in Moscow about Sadat’s loyalty and recognition of the drawbacks of its rupture with Israel led to missions there by journalist Victor Louis and KGB operative Evgeny Primakov, which produced no breakthrough. The USSR continued to demand a settlement leading to full Israeli withdrawal as a component of détente, to be concluded at a Moscow summit with was now scheduled for May ’72.

Abstract Pears and I started working together I suppose because of similar musical interests, and being close friends because of convenience of environment: it was fun to sing and play together the music of all periods which we liked. But more fundamentally, I was attracted, even in those early days, by his voice, which seemed to me to emanate from a personality, and not, like many other voices, to be a manufactured affair, super-imposed. It has always been exciting to explore unknown music together; he is a fine musician and an excellent sightreader. Added to this his flexible voice, with from the beginnings an excellent technique, enabled us to explore music from widely different styles: from the early lutenists (which in those early days, before the advent of Julian Bream, I used to play for him on the piano) and Purcell and Bach, through 19th century Lieder, and French and Russian songs, to the moderns and including operatic arias of all epochs and countries. Above all, perhaps, Pears has always possessed the all-important gift of being able to phrase music, of singing a series of notes in such a way that they make sense, musical sense. It is this gift, shared with all my favourite artist friends, from Dennis Brain to Rostropovitch, which has excited me to write music for him-which I’ve done with the utmost pleasure for thirty years.

The Thetis research reactor on the site of the Nuclear Sciences Institute of the Ghent University has been in operation from 1967 until December 2003. This light-water moderated graphite-reflected low-enriched uranium pool-type reactor has been used for various purposes e.g. the production of radio-isotopes and activation analyses. During the first years its core power was 15 kW. In the early ’70, a core enlargement allowed for operation at typically 150 kW, while the maximum was allowed to be 250 kW. In September 2007, Ghent University entrusted to SCK•CEN the management of the back-end of the spent fuel and the decommissioning of the reactor. In 2010, the spent fuel was removed from the reactor and transported to Belgoprocess for cementation in 400 l drums and interim storage awaiting final disposal. This activity allows tackling the decommissioning of the reactor. The objective is to complete its decommissioning by the end of 2014. In the framework of the decommissioning of the Thetis reactor, SCK•CEN set-up the final decommissioning plan and the decommissioning licensing file. These documents include among others a radiological inventory of the reactor. The graphite moderator blocks, the control and the safety pates, the liner of the pool were modeled to assess the activation products (isotopic vector and intensity). At the end of the unloading of the reactor in 2010 a brief mapping of the equipment’s and internals of the reactor pool was performed. In 2012, we realized a more detailed mapping. These results confirmed those performed earlier and allowed to confirm the assumptions made in the final decommissioning plan. We set-up the terms of reference for the first decommissioning phase of the reactor namely the dismantling of the reactor i.e. reactor pool, circuits and rabbit system, equipment’s and ventilation ducts. The removal of asbestos is also included into this phase. We conducted the selection process and the awarding of this decommissioning job. We gained the decommissioning license in May 2012. We also prepared the software tool allowing managing the decommissioning project by updating the inventory and recording the progress, the characterization measurements and the material and waste production. This software allows also to trace all the material streams and to report to the Authorities. This software is a simplified release of the ones developed by SCK•CEN in the framework of other decommissioning projects like BR3 and Belgonucleaire. The dismantling of the reactor i.e. reactor pool, circuits and rabbit system, will be performed in 2013. In 2014, it is planned to map all the surfaces of the infrastructure to highlight residual contamination of floor, walls and ceiling. The contaminated surfaces will be decontaminated and controlled. The objective is to reach the free release of the reactor building and laboratories by the end of 2014.

Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, streamflow, and water quality is central to assessing the condition of park resources. This report combines data collected on climate, groundwater, and springs at Big Bend National Park (NP) to provide an integrated look at climate and water conditions during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). However, this report does not address the Rio Grande or its tributaries. Annual precipitation was higher than normal (1981–2010) for Big Bend NP at four of the five National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Observer Program weather stations: 111% of normal for Chisos Basin, 122% of normal for Panther Junction, 155% of normal for Persimmon Gap, and 124% of normal for Rio Grande Village. Castolon had 88% of normal annual precipitation. All five stations had higher than normal rainfall in October and December, while rainfall totals were substantially below normal at all stations in November, February, and March. Monthly precipitation totals for April through September were more variable from station to station. Mean monthly maximum air temperatures were below normal in the fall months, with Panther Junction as much as 7.5°F below normal in October. Monthly temperatures from January through July were more variable. Temperatures in August and September were warmer than normal at every station, up to +9.4°F at Rio Grande Village and +8.7°F at Chisos Basin in July. The reconnaissance drought index values indicate generally wetter conditions (based on precipitation and evaporative demand) at Chisos Basin since WY2016 and at Panther Junction and Persimmon Gap since WY2015, except for WY2017. This report presents the manual and automatic groundwater monitoring results at nine wells. Five wells had their highest water level in or just before WY2019: Panther Junction #10 peaked at 99.94 ft below ground surface (bgs) in September 2018, Contractor’s Well peaked at 31.43 ft bgs in November 2018, T-3 peaked at 65.39 ft bgs in December 2018, K-Bar #6 Observation Well peaked at 77.78 ft bgs in February 2019, and K-Bar #7 Observation Well peaked at 43.18 ft bgs in February 2019. This was likely in response to above normal rainfall in the later summer and fall 2018. The other monitoring wells did not directly track within-season precipitation. The last measurement at Gallery Well in WY2019 was 18.60 ft bgs. Gallery Well is located 120 feet from the river and closely tracked the Rio Grande stage, generally increasing in late summer or early fall following higher flow events. Water levels in Gambusia Well were consistently very shallow, though the manual well measurement collected in April was 4.25 ft bgs—relatively high for the monitoring record—and occurred outside the normal peak period of later summer and early fall. The last manual measurement taken at TH-10 in WY2019 was 34.80 ft bgs, only 0.45 ft higher than the earliest measurement in 1967, consistent with the lack of directional change in groundwater at this location, and apparently decoupled from within-season precipitation patterns. The last water level reading in WY2019 at Oak Springs #1 was 59.91 ft bgs, indicating an overall decrease of 26.08 ft since the well was dug in 1989. The Southwest Network Collaboration (SWNC) collects data on sentinel springs annually in the late winter and early spring following the network springs monitoring protocol. In WY2019, 18 sentinel site springs were visited at Big Bend NP (February 21, 2019–March 09, 2019). Most springs had relatively few indications of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Natural disturbances included recent flooding, drying, and wildlife use. Anthropogenic disturbances included flow modifications (e.g., springboxes), hiking trails, and contemporary human use. Crews observed one to seven facultative/obligate wetland plant...