Academic literature on the topic 'Five little monkeys'
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Journal articles on the topic "Five little monkeys"
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Wang, H. B., H. J. Zhang, L. L. Song, L. Zhu, M. Chen, G. J. Ren, G. H. Liu, and G. H. Zhao. "Morphological and molecular confirmation of the validity of Trichuris rhinopiptheroxella in the endangered golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana)." Journal of Helminthology 93, no. 05 (July 10, 2018): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x18000500.
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AbstractThe golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) is an endangered species endemic to China. Relatively little is known about the taxonomic status of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in these monkeys. Trichuris spp. (syn. Trichocephalus) are among the most important STHs, causing significant socio-economic losses and public health concerns. To date, five Trichuris species have been reported in golden monkeys, including a novel species, T. rhinopiptheroxella, based on morphology. In the present study, molecular and morphological analysis was conducted on adult Trichuris worms obtained from a dead golden snub-nosed monkey, to better understand their taxonomic status. Morphology indicated that the adult Trichuris worms were similar to T. rhinopiptheroxella. To further ascertain their phylogenetic position, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of these worms was sequenced and characterized. The mt genome of T. rhinopiptheroxella is 14,186 bp, encoding 37 genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated amino acids of 12 protein-coding genes (with the exception of atp8) indicated that T. rhinopiptheroxella was genetically distinct and exhibited 27.5–27.8% genetic distance between T. rhinopiptheroxella and other Trichuris spp. Our results support T. rhinopiptheroxella as a valid Trichuris species and suggest that mt DNA could serve as a marker for future studies on the classification, evolution and molecular epidemiology of Trichuris spp. from golden snub-nosed monkeys.
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Maier, M. A., E. Olivier, S. N. Baker, P. A. Kirkwood, T. Morris, and R. N. Lemon. "Direct and Indirect Corticospinal Control of Arm and Hand Motoneurons in the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri sciureus)." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): 721–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.2.721.
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Maier, M. A., E. Olivier, S. N. Baker, P. A. Kirkwood, T. Morris, and R. N. Lemon. Direct and indirect corticospinal control of arm and hand motoneurons in the squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus). J. Neurophysiol. 78: 721–733, 1997. Anatomic evidence suggests that direct corticomotoneuronal (CM) projections to hand motoneurons in the New World squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus) are weak or absent, but electrophysiological evidence is lacking. The nature of the corticospinal linkage to these motoneurons was therefore investigated first with the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex under ketamine sedation in five monkeys. TMS produced early responses in hand muscle electromyogram, but thresholds were high (compared with macaque monkey) and the onset latency was variable. Second, stimulation of the pyramidal tract (PT) was carried out with the use of chronically implanted electrodes in ketamine-sedated monkeys; this produced more robust responses that were markedly facilitated by repetitive stimulation, with little decrease in latency on the third compared with the first shock. Finally, postsynaptic potentials were recorded intracellularly from 93 arm and hand motoneurons in five monkeys under general chloralose anesthesia. After a single PT stimulus, the most common response was a small, slowly rising excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), either alone (35 of 93 motoneurons) or followed by an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (39 of 93). The segmental delay of the early EPSPs was within the monosynaptic range (mean 0.85 ms); however, the rise time of these EPSPs was slow (mean 1.3 ms) and their amplitude was small (mean 0.74 mV). These values are significantly slower and smaller than EPSPs in a comparable sample of Old World macaque monkey motoneurons. The results show that CM connections do exist in the squirrel monkey but that they are weak and possibly located on the remote dendrites of the motoneurons. The findings are consistent with earlier anatomic studies. Repetitive PT stimulation produced large, late EPSPs in some motoneurons, suggesting that, in this species, there are relatively strong nonmonosynaptic pathways linking the corticospinal tract to hand motoneurons.
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Fujii, Naotaka, Hajime Mushiake, and Jun Tanji. "Intracortical Microstimulation of Bilateral Frontal Eye Field." Journal of Neurophysiology 79, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 2240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.79.4.2240.
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Fujii, Naotaka, Hajime Mushiake, and Jun Tanji. Intracortical microstimulation of bilateral frontal eye field. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2240–2244, 1998. We trained two monkeys to perform a fixation task. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was applied to the monkey frontal eye field (FEF) while monkeys were fixating on one of five fixation LEDs. The ICMS was applied in two different manners. Under the single stimulation condition, ICMS was delivered to either right or left FEF. Under the paired stimulation condition, bilateral FEF were successively stimulated with an interval of 30–250 ms. The single stimulation elicited contraversive saccades. As reported previously, these saccades were not much affected by initial eye positions, maintaining the same vector. In contrast, the paired stimulation elicited double-step saccades. The first of the paired stimulation elicited constant vector saccades, but the second of the paired stimulation evoked saccades whose vector varied greatly depending on the eye position at the start of individual saccades. The second saccades, starting from various initial positions, were directed to the endpoint of saccades that were elicited from the same FEF site under the single stimulation condition. Endpoints of second saccades varied little despite variations of intervals of the stimulation pairs, ranging from 60 to 150 ms. On the basis of these observations, we propose a novel view that the FEF is involved in directing saccades to an internally referenced visual target.
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Leendertz, Siv Aina J., Sandra Junglen, Claudia Hedemann, Adeelia Goffe, Sebastien Calvignac, Christophe Boesch, and Fabian H. Leendertz. "High Prevalence, Coinfection Rate, and Genetic Diversity of Retroviruses in Wild Red Colobus Monkeys (Piliocolobus badius badius) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire." Journal of Virology 84, no. 15 (May 19, 2010): 7427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00697-10.
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ABSTRACT Simian retroviruses are precursors of all human retroviral pathogens. However, little is known about the prevalence and coinfection rates or the genetic diversity of major retroviruses—simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), and simian foamy virus (SFV)—in wild populations of nonhuman primates. Such information would contribute to the understanding of the natural history of retroviruses in various host species. Here, we estimate these parameters for wild West African red colobus monkeys (Piliocolobus badius badius) in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. We collected samples from a total of 54 red colobus monkeys; samples consisted of blood and/or internal organs from 22 monkeys and additionally muscle and other tissue samples from another 32 monkeys. PCR analyses revealed a high prevalence of SIV, STLV-1, and SFV in this population, with rates of 82%, 50%, and 86%, respectively. Forty-five percent of the monkeys were coinfected with all three viruses while another 32% were coinfected with SIV in combination with either STLV or SFV. As expected, phylogenetic analyses showed a host-specific pattern for SIV and SFV strains. In contrast, STLV-1 strains appeared to be distributed in genetically distinct and distant clades, which are unique to the Taï forest and include strains previously described from wild chimpanzees in the same area. The high prevalence of all three retroviral infections in P. b. badius represents a source of infection to chimpanzees and possibly to humans, who hunt them.
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Heffner, H. E., and R. S. Heffner. "Hearing loss in Japanese macaques following bilateral auditory cortex lesions." Journal of Neurophysiology 55, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.55.2.256.
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The hearing ability of five Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) was assessed following two-stage bilateral auditory cortex lesions. The animals were tested using a shock-avoidance procedure with a conditioned-suppression procedure used for comparison in two cases. The animals initially were unable to respond to sound, and the first signs of hearing appeared as late as 13 wk after surgery. Hearing levels improved gradually over time, with maximal recovery reached at 24-35 wk after surgery. Recovery was most pronounced for low frequencies (63-250 Hz) and very high frequencies (32 kHz), which generally returned to normal or near-normal levels. However, the monkeys appeared to have suffered a permanent hearing loss throughout most of their hearing range, especially in the midfrequency range, where they are normally most sensitive. A review of the animal literature reveals little support for the previous view that bilateral auditory cortex lesions have little or no effect on absolute sensitivity in primates and carnivores. Most previous studies did not conduct detailed hearing tests, and those that did often noted a hearing loss. The hearing loss found in monkeys is similar to that noted in human cases following bilateral auditory cortex lesions. The current findings thus provide experimental verification of the clinical phenomenon of cortical deafness.
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Marshall, J. Wb, K. J. Duffin, A. R. Green, and R. M. Ridley. "NXY-059, the free radical trapping nitrone-based agent, reduces hemiparesis and reduces grey and white matter damage after focal cerebral ischemia in monkeys." Stroke 32, suppl_1 (January 2001): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.32.suppl_1.327.
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60 There is little published evidence for protection of white matter with neuroprotective drugs in animal models of stroke, yet white matter protection may be important in achieving clinical efficacy. We have examined the effects of NXY-059, a nitrone-based free radical trapping agent, on long-term functional disability in a primate model of stroke. We also examined histopathological effects, including analyses of grey and white matter damage. Five minutes after unilateral permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, marmosets received a 1 ml i.v. infusion of saline (n=5) or NXY-059 (28 mg/kg) (n=6) and osmotic minipumps (model 2001D) were implanted s.c. to provide continuous drug or saline infusion for 48 h. Drug-filled pumps released NXY-059 at a rate of approximately 16 mg/kg/h. The plasma unbound drug concentration at 24 h was 76.3 ± 5.7 μM, a level well tolerated in acute stroke patients. The monkeys had been trained and tested on a variety of behavioral tasks before surgery. NXY-059-treated monkeys were significantly better at reaching with their contralesional arm than were saline-treated monkeys when re-tested 3 (p<0.01) and 10 weeks (p<0.01) after surgery. NXY-059-treatment also significantly reduced spatial neglect measured 3 weeks after surgery (p<0.01) compared with the saline group. After behavioral testing was complete, histopathological analysis showed NXY-059-treated monkeys had significantly smaller infarcts than saline-treated monkeys (F (1, 10)=5.21, p<0.05). NXY-059 reduced overall infarct size by 51%, damage to the cortex was reduced by 54%, white matter by 52%, caudate by 49%, and putamen by 33% compared with saline-treated monkeys. In conclusion, NXY-059 substantially lessened the functional disability in these monkeys. This drug protects not only cortical tissue, but also white matter and subcortical structures against ischemic damage. Together these findings bode well for advancing this drug to further clinical trials for its use in acute stroke.
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O'Shea, Jacinta, Neil G. Muggleton, Alan Cowey, and Vincent Walsh. "Timing of Target Discrimination in Human Frontal Eye Fields." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 6 (July 2004): 1060–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929041502634.
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Frontal eye field (FEF) neurons discharge in response to behaviorally relevant stimuli that are potential targets for saccades. Distinct visual and motor processes have been dissociated in the FEF of macaque monkeys, but little is known about the visual processing capacity of FEF in humans. We used double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation [(d)TMS] to investigate the timing of target discrimination during visual conjunction search. We applied dual TMS pulses separated by 40 msec over the right FEF and vertex. These were applied in five timing conditions to sample separate time windows within the first 200 msec of visual processing. (d)TMS impaired search performance, reflected in reduced d′ scores. This effect was limited to a time window between 40 and 80 msec after search array onset. These parameters correspond with single-cell activity in FEF that predicts monkeys' behavioral reports on hit, miss, false alarm, and correct rejection trials. Our findings demonstrate a crucial early role for human FEF in visual target discrimination that is independent of saccade programming.
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Addou, Touria, Nedialko I. Krouchev, and John F. Kalaska. "Motor cortex single-neuron and population contributions to compensation for multiple dynamic force fields." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 2 (January 15, 2015): 487–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00094.2014.
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To elucidate how primary motor cortex (M1) neurons contribute to the performance of a broad range of different and even incompatible motor skills, we trained two monkeys to perform single-degree-of-freedom elbow flexion/extension movements that could be perturbed by a variety of externally generated force fields. Fields were presented in a pseudorandom sequence of trial blocks. Different computer monitor background colors signaled the nature of the force field throughout each block. There were five different force fields: null field without perturbing torque, assistive and resistive viscous fields proportional to velocity, a resistive elastic force field proportional to position and a resistive viscoelastic field that was the linear combination of the resistive viscous and elastic force fields. After the monkeys were extensively trained in the five field conditions, neural recordings were subsequently made in M1 contralateral to the trained arm. Many caudal M1 neurons altered their activity systematically across most or all of the force fields in a manner that was appropriate to contribute to the compensation for each of the fields. The net activity of the entire sample population likewise provided a predictive signal about the differences in the time course of the external forces encountered during the movements across all force conditions. The neurons showed a broad range of sensitivities to the different fields, and there was little evidence of a modular structure by which subsets of M1 neurons were preferentially activated during movements in specific fields or combinations of fields.
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Schwarz, D. W., and R. W. Tomlinson. "Spectral response patterns of auditory cortex neurons to harmonic complex tones in alert monkey (Macaca mulatta)." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.1.282.
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1. The auditory cortex in the superior temporal region of the alert rhesus monkey was explored for neuronal responses to pure and harmonic complex tones and noise. The monkeys had been previously trained to recognize the similarity between harmonic complex tones with and without fundamentals. Because this suggested that they could preceive the pitch of the lacking fundamental similarly to humans, we searched for neuronal responses relevant to this perception. 2. Combination-sensitive neurons that might explain pitch perception were not found in the surveyed cortical regions. Such neurons would exhibit similar responses to stimuli with similar periodicities but differing spectral compositions. The fact that no neuron with responses to a fundamental frequency responded also to a corresponding harmonic complex missing the fundamental indicates that cochlear distortion products at the fundamental may not have been responsible for missing fundamental-pitch perception in these monkeys. 3. Neuronal responses can be expressed as relatively simple filter functions. Neurons with excitatory response areas (tuning curves) displayed various inhibitory sidebands at lower and/or higher frequencies. Thus responses varied along a continuum of combined excitatory and inhibitory filter functions. 4. Five elementary response classes along this continuum are presented to illustrate the range of response patterns. 5. “Filter (F) neurons” had little or no inhibitory sidebands and responded well when any component of a complex tone entered its pure-tone receptive field. Bandwidths increased with intensity. Filter functions of these neurons were thus similar to cochlear nerve-fiber tuning curves. 6. ”High-resolution filter (HRF) neurons” displayed narrow tuning curves with narrowband widths that displayed little growth with intensity. Such cells were able to resolve up to the lowest seven components of harmonic complex tones as distinct responses. They also responded well to wideband stimuli. 7. “Fundamental (F0) neurons” displayed similar tuning bandwidths for pure tones and corresponding fundamentals of harmonic complexes. This response pattern was due to lower harmonic complexes. This response pattern was due to lower inhibitory sidebands. Thus these cells cannot respond to missing fundamentals of harmonic complexes. Only physically present components in the pure-tone receptive field would excite such neurons. 8. Cells with no or very weak responses to pure tones or other narrowband stimuli responded well to harmonic complexes or wideband noise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Hodgson, J. A., S. Wichayanuparp, M. R. Recktenwald, R. R. Roy, G. McCall, M. K. Day, D. Washburn, J. W. Fanton, I. Kozlovskaya, and V. R. Edgerton. "Circadian Force and EMG Activity in Hindlimb Muscles of Rhesus Monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 1430–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.3.1430.
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Continuous intramuscular electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the soleus (Sol), medial gastrocnemius (MG), tibialis anterior (TA), and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of Rhesus during normal cage activity throughout 24-h periods and also during treadmill locomotion. Daily levels of MG tendon force and EMG activity were obtained from five monkeys with partial datasets from three other animals. Activity levels correlated with the light-dark cycle with peak activities in most muscles occurring between 08:00 and 10:00. The lowest levels of activity generally occurred between 22:00 and 02:00. Daily EMG integrals ranged from 19 mV/s in one TA muscle to 3339 mV/s in one Sol muscle: average values were 1245 (Sol), 90 (MG), 65 (TA), and 209 (VL) mV/s. The average Sol EMG amplitude per 24-h period was 14 μV, compared with 246 μV for a short burst of locomotion. Mean EMG amplitudes for the Sol, MG, TA, and VL during active periods were 102, 18, 20, and 33 μV, respectively. EMG amplitudes that approximated recruitment of all fibers within a muscle occurred for 5–40 s/day in all muscles. The duration of daily activation was greatest in the Sol [151 ± 45 (SE) min] and shortest in the TA (61 ± 19 min). The results show that even a “postural” muscle such as the Sol was active for only ∼9% of the day, whereas less active muscles were active for ∼4% of the day. MG tendon forces were generally very low, consistent with the MG EMG data but occasionally reached levels close to estimates of the maximum force generating potential of the muscle. The Sol and TA activities were mutually exclusive, except at very low levels, suggesting very little coactivation of these antagonistic muscles. In contrast, the MG activity usually accompanied Sol activity suggesting that the MG was rarely used in the absence of Sol activation. The results clearly demonstrate a wide range of activation levels among muscles of the same animal as well as among different animals during normal cage activity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Five little monkeys"
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Cederleuf, Therese. "Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed : En litteraturstudie om hur arbete med sång, rim och ramsor kan främja barns utveckling av engelska som främmande språk i grundskolans tidigare år." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Pedagogiskt arbete, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-19887.
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Syftet med litteraturstudien är att undersöka hur arbete med sång, rim och ramsor kan främja yngre elevers språkutveckling i engelska som främmande språk. Detta görs genom att fokusera på främjandet av barns språkinlärning, hur lärare bör arbeta med sång, rim och ramsor inom engelska som främmande språk, samt lärares attityder till ett sådant arbetssätt. Arbetet genomfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie innehållande en bakgrund med relevant teori, samt analys av fem vetenskapliga studier rörande ämnet. Dessa gav möjlighet till en bred bild av området, då länder och perspektiv varierade. Studierna valdes ut genom sökning i databaser efter relevans och tillförlitlighet. I studiernas resultat framgick att majoriteten av tillfrågade lärare och elever var positivt inställda till arbete med sång och ramsor i engelskundervisning, och den språkutveckling dessa metoder innebar. Genom arbete med läraren som förebild motiverades eleverna. Dock fanns en avsaknad av material och kunskap för att kunna genomföra och bedöma undervisning innehållande sång och ramsor. En avsaknad av rim i de studier som analyserats berörs även i studien, likaså en brist på svenska studier. Sammanfattningsvis verkar sång och ramsor enligt de granskade studierna ha ett värde i engelskundervisning. Dock finns det behov av mer forskning och kunskap för att få starkare underlag för användning av dessa metoder i undervisning.
Books on the topic "Five little monkeys"
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Kate, Ruttle, and Chatterton Martin, eds. Five little monkeys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
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Christelow, Eileen. Five little monkeys wash the car. New York: Clarion Books, 2000.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Five little monkeys"
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Thomson, Peter. "On the Trail with Pod Boy and Monkey Mind." In Sacred Sea. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195170511.003.0014.
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We are stretched out along the Holy Nose trail, the five of us, clinging to the steep hillside above Chivyrkuysky Gulf. The trail has narrowed even further, and it struggles to get around big trees and through thick brush. Andrei is ahead, as usual, but not as far as before and at a more relaxed pace. Elisa and Chanda walk together, talking. James and I walk separately, not talking. Not not talking as in pissed off at each other not talking, just not talking as in keeping our thoughts to ourselves and being alone here not talking, which we both do a lot. Baikal inspires many things in many people, but it has not yet inspired in either of us the gift of gab. Halfway around the world, cut loose from everything and everyone we’ve ever known, we’re still the same old us—both reserved, contemplative, a little anxious, and more than a little self-conscious. We both have a hard time letting loose and opening up. We are eighteen years apart, we’re only half-brothers, but we’re very much alike, in ways that I’m only now beginning to recognize. In the early part of the trip, James played around with the recording equipment I’d brought, and when I listened back to his recordings later I was stunned to find that sometimes I couldn’t tell who was talking—him or me. And I’m a radio journalist, a guy who listens to his own voice for a living. I should know who’s me and who isn’t. It was more than weird. James and I had different mothers and separate childhoods, but listening to these recordings, I realized that our voices have the same tone and cadence, that we use the same peculiar idioms and even stop and start our conversations in the same way. That we don’t just talk alike but that in some basic ways we clearly even think alike. I still can’t figure out how this happened, but it’s probably why this joint venture is working so well. I would not have done this trip alone, and I don’t think I could have done it with anyone other than James.