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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Moore, B. R., D. J. Welch, and C. A. Simpfendorfer. "Spatial patterns in the demography of a large estuarine teleost: king threadfin, Polydactylus macrochir." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 8 (2011): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11034.

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Understanding spatial patterns in demographic parameters of exploited fish species is of critical importance to effective fisheries management. In the present study, patterns in demography of a large, protandrous, estuarine teleost, king threadfin, Polydactylus macrochir, were compared among three estuaries on the eastern coast of Queensland, Australia. Significant variation in age and growth was observed between fish from the Fitzroy River and those from the Mary and Brisbane Rivers, with Fitzroy River fish living longer (22 years v. 10 and 14 years, respectively), reaching a greater asymptotic length (1222-mm fork length (FL) v. 975- and 1047-mm FL, respectively), and attaining greater length-at-ages of 6 years and beyond. No difference in growth was detected between Mary and Brisbane River fish, or in total mortality among any of the sites. Fitzroy River fish were generally found to mature and change sex at greater lengths and ages than those from the Mary and Brisbane Rivers. The observed variability suggests that spatially segregated populations of P. macrochir may respond differently to fishing pressure and highlights the importance of understanding the spatial patterns in demography of exploited estuarine fish populations.
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2

Douglas, G. B., P. W. Ford, M. Palmer, R. M. Noble, and R. Packett. "Fitzroy River Basin, Queensland, Australia. I. Identification of Sediment Sources in Impoundments and Flood Events." Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 5 (2006): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06009.

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Environmental Context. The Fitzroy River Basin is a major contributor to the loads of suspended sediment and nutrients reaching coastal areas in the southern Great Barrier Reef. Cost-effective investment in improved land, vegetation, and water management to lower these loads requires an understanding of the sources and movement of sediments within the basin. This multidisciplinary geochemical and modelling study provides for the first time a quantitative estimate of sediment sources and spatial and hydrology-related variation within the Fitzroy River Basin. Abstract. An integrated geochemical, modelling, and reconnaissance soil sampling approach has been used to identify the sources of sediment in the Fitzroy River Basin (FRB). The composition of sediment in weirs and dams within the FRB indicate that in the southern and central FRB the Dawson River contributes only a small basaltic component and the inputs are dominated by soils from the Surat and Bowen Basins. Rivers from the central FRB carry variable amounts of basaltic soils. In contrast, basaltic soils constitute the majority of sediment transported during flood events. Surat Basin soils form a minor component of flood events with little contribution from soils of the Bowen Basin despite it constituting the majority of the area of the central FRB. Soils from the Thomson Fold Belt constitute a substantial proportion of the sediment transported by, and retained in, impoundments in the central FRB and also dominate sediment delivered from the western FRB. This study will inform cost-effective investment by government to target remedial actions to reduce sediment and nutrient loads within the FRB that may be ultimately transported via the Fitzroy River Estuary to the southern Great Barrier Reef.
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3

Douglas, G. B., P. W. Ford, M. R. Palmer, R. M. Noble, R. J. Packett, and E. S. Krull. "Fitzroy River Basin, Queensland, Australia. IV. Identification of flood sediment sources in the Fitzroy River." Environmental Chemistry 5, no. 3 (2008): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en07091.

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Environmental context. During flood events, the Fitzroy River is a major contributor to the loads of suspended sediment and nutrients to the southern Great Barrier Reef. The present geochemical and modelling study provides for the first time a quantitative estimate of the temporal variation in sediment sources over an entire flood hydrograph. Basaltic soils are substantially enriched in this flood event relative to their catchment abundance. Abstract. Suspended sediment collected over a complete flood hydrograph in the Fitzroy River provided an insight into the origin and transport of sediment in this system. Strong temporal trends are evident in the proportions of catchment soil types estimated using a Bayesian mixing model in the fine (<10 μm) fraction of the suspended sediment. These temporal trends were also manifested in changes in mineralogy, major and trace element and Nd–Sr and C–N isotope geochemistry. Tertiary Basaltic soils were the most abundant catchment soil type transported in the flood event studied here, constituting 39% of the <10-μm sediment fraction, but varied between an estimated 20 and 50% of the suspended solids over the course of the flood event. The techniques used here allow quantification and comparison between flow and suspended sediment sources and are widely applicable to other river systems.
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4

Douglas, G. B., P. W. Ford, M. Palmer, R. M. Noble, and R. Packett. "Fitzroy River, Queensland, Australia. II. Identification of Sources of Estuary Bottom Sediments." Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 5 (2006): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06010.

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Environmental Context. The Fitzroy River Basin constitutes a major source of suspended sediment and nutrient fluxes to the southern Great Barrier Reef. Improved land management practices to ameliorate these catchment loads require an understanding of the sediment sources and dynamics. This multidisciplinary geochemical and modelling study provides for the first time a quantitative estimate of sediment sources delivered to, and their degree of retention in, the Fitzroy River Estuary. Abstract. Sources of sediment deposited in the Fitzroy River Estuary (FRE) have been identified and quantified using an integrated geochemical, modelling and reconnaissance soil sampling approach. A companion paper (this volume) identifies the major sources of sediments in impoundments on the major river systems and sediment sampled from flood events in the Fitzroy River Basin (FRB). Sediment within the FRE may display distinct longitudinal variation with little basaltic material retained. Sediments derived from the Bowen Basin, which occupies the greatest portion of the FRB, and from the Surat Basin display the greatest longitudinal variation. All FRB soils have a similar total phosphorus (P) concentration. Thus, in considering P export from the catchment it is the total sediment flux which is of major importance, rather than the relative proportions of individual catchment soils. This research provides crucial new regional scale information on the sediment sources deposited within the FRE.
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5

RiverOfLife, Martuwarra, Anne Poelina, Donna Bagnall, and Michelle Lim. "Recognizing the Martuwarra's First Law Right to Life as a Living Ancestral Being." Transnational Environmental Law 9, no. 3 (September 14, 2020): 541–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102520000163.

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AbstractTraditional custodians of the Martuwarra (Fitzroy River) derive their identity and existence from this globally significant river. The First Laws of the Martuwarra are shared by Martuwarra Nations through a common songline, which sets out community and individual rights and duties. First Law recognizes the River as the Rainbow Serpent: a living ancestral being from source to sea. On 3 November 2016, the Fitzroy River Declaration was concluded between Martuwarra Nations. This marked the first time in Australia when both First Law and the rights of nature were recognized explicitly in a negotiated instrument. This article argues for legal recognition within colonial state laws of the Martuwarra as a living ancestral being by close analogy with the case concerning the Whanganui River. We seek to advance the scope of native title water rights in Australia and contend that implementation of First Law is fundamental for the protection of the right to life of the Martuwarra.
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6

Cockayne, B. J., A. J. McDougall, T. Espinoza, K. R. Burndred, C. L. Thrupp, C. D. Broadfoot, and M. A. Finn. "Riverine flow and spawning requirements of Macquaria ambigua oriens: implications for conservation and management." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 1 (2013): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12047.

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Understanding the life-history attributes of aquatic species is integral to the development of environmental-flow strategies in regulated river systems. This is particularly important when species are under continual and increasing pressure from water-resource development. In this study, the water temperature and flow requirements for spawning of the Fitzroy River golden perch (Macquaria ambigua oriens) were investigated over 4 years at 22 sites in the Fitzroy River catchment. Eggs, larvae and young-of-year (YOY) M. ambigua oriens were sampled on a variety of flow events to determine the environmental requirements for spawning. Eggs and larvae of M. ambigua oriens were detected during natural flow events generally with a minimum of 1.5 m river rise and duration of 7 days. Spawning was associated with the peak and/or recession of the first or second post-winter flow event where water temperatures exceeded 24°C. Our data suggests that it is important to protect a range of flows, not just flood flows, as previously documented for this species. The interaction of spawning flows with existing and future water-resource development should be considered to ensure maintenance of the population viability of M. ambigua oriens.
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7

Petuch, Edward, David Berschauer, and David Waller. "A New Cowrie from the Estuaries of Northwestern Australia." Festivus 51, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54173/f512081.

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A new species of cowrie in the genus Erronea (Ipserronea) is described from the muddy coastal estuaries of King Sound, Western Australia, at the mouth of the Fitzroy River. The new cowrie, here named Erronea (Ipserronea) garyi n. sp., is the smallest-known member of its subgenus and inhabits oyster and Pinna beds on intertidal mud flats adjacent to mangrove jungles and river inlets. This new mudflat-dwelling dwarf cowrie is the fifth-known species in the subgenus Ipserronea
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8

Harris, Paul, and Clare Harris. "Leucaena production in the Fitzroy River catchment, central Queensland, Australia." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 4 (September 3, 2019): 339–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)339-341.

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9

Hacker, RB. "An evaluation of range regeneration programmes in Western Australia." Rangeland Journal 11, no. 2 (1989): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9890089.

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Range regeneration programmes and related research are reviewed for three major project areas - the Ord River Catchment, the Fitzroy River Frontage and the Winter Rainiall Arid Zone. Successful regeneration techniques are well established for the Ord River Catchment although the ongoing management of treated areas presents a number of difficulties. Regeneration techniques for the Fitzroy Frontage have not been firmly established but, if economically justifiable, are likely to involve water ponding and the amelioration of soil conditions by organic mulch accumulation. It is argued that extension of the water ponding principle to areas of higher slope than those on which the technique is normally used is likely to be an important component of the development of regeneration procedures in the arid zone. Experience in all three environments suggests that a number of principles apply generally. Control of grazing by native and feral animals is a pre-requisite for successful regeneration in any environment. The rate of response to regeneration treatments seems to be inversely related to the degree of degradation suggesting that less severely degraded areas are likely to provide the best economic return from regeneration programmes. Processes of ecological succession seem important in all regeneration activities in the rangelands and cannot be entirely bypassed by cultural intervention.
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10

Jackson, Sue, Marcus Finn, and Pippa Featherston. "Aquatic Resource Use by Indigenous Australians in Two Tropical River Catchments: the Fitzroy River and Daly River." Human Ecology 40, no. 6 (September 18, 2012): 893–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-012-9518-z.

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11

Smith, J., G. B. Douglas, L. C. Radke, M. Palmer, and B. P. Brooke. "Fitzroy River Basin, Queensland, Australia. III. Identification of sediment sources in the coastal zone." Environmental Chemistry 5, no. 3 (2008): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en07094.

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Environmental context. The Fitzroy River Basin is a major source of suspended sediment and nutrients to the southern Great Barrier Reef lagoon. A reduction in sediment and nutrient loads is necessary to protect coastal reefs and this requires an understanding of the sediment sources. The present geochemical and modelling study provides a quantitative estimate of the spatial and temporal variations in the sources of sediment deposited in the Fitzroy River coastal zone. Abstract. Sediment sources to the Fitzroy River coastal zone have been identified and quantified using an integrated geochemical and modelling approach. The coastal sediments display little geochemical variation as a result of substantial homogenisation during hydrodynamic processes and indicate a sediment composition consistent with derivation from mixed catchment sources. A lack of substantial temporal geochemical variation in the sediment records indicates weathering regimes and hydrodynamic transport have been relatively consistent throughout the Holocene. Despite this apparent geochemical homogeneity, a modelling approach using a Bayesian statistical model revealed changes in catchment sediment sources over time. Variations in the occurrence and intensity of rainfall events in different parts of the catchment as well as land-use changes following European settlement are likely to have had a substantial effect on the relative contributions of the catchment sources delivered to and deposited in the coastal zone. Additionally, large variations in flow events and variable estuary hydrodynamics result in different catchment soil types being delivered and deposited under different conditions. The present study found that basaltic material is the dominant catchment source in the coastal surface sediments with an estimated enrichment of ~3 relative to catchment and estuary abundances. Basaltic soils present as a more recent and extensive, weathered surficial cover are more readily mobilised than other catchment soils and will be transported further within freshwater flood plumes. It is likely that in large flood events, this basaltic material may reach the coral-dominated outer shelf. Improved land management practices to reduce sediment loads can be targeted to the areas supplying the majority of sediment to the coastal zone.
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12

THORBURN, DEAN C., DAVID L. MORGAN, ANDREW J. ROWLAND, and HOWARD S. GILL. "Freshwater Sawfish Pristis microdon Latham, 1794 (Chondrichthyes : Pristidae) in the Kimberley region of Western Australia." Zootaxa 1471, no. 1 (May 10, 2007): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1471.1.3.

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The Freshwater Sawfish Pristis microdon was captured in marine waters of King Sound, and estuarine and fresh waters of the Fitzroy and Robinson rivers, in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. In light of the IUCN listing of the species as critically endangered, non-destructive means, including tagging-recapture data and information from specimens found dead on the banks, were utilised. Observations of sexual maturity, annuli present on vertebrae, recaptures of tagged individuals and length-frequency data suggested that the freshwaters of the Fitzroy River are a nursery for this species where immature individuals (up to 2800 mm total length) remain for a maximum of four or five years. Morphology and counts of the number of rostral teeth indicated that, in most cases, the rostral tooth morphology can be used to differentiate male and female P. microdon and also are useful in distinguishing this species from the congeneric and sympatric Pristis clavata. Furthermore, differences in the relationship between rostrum length and total length between the sexes may provide an effective diagnostic tool for the collation of historical distribution and sex ratio data from rostrums held in private collections. Rostral tooth counts and length at age data also suggest that the synonymisation of P. microdon, Pristis zephyreus and Pristis perotteti is not warranted.
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13

Brodie, Jon E., and Alan W. Mitchell. "Nutrients in Australian tropical rivers: changes with agricultural development and implications for receiving environments." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 3 (2005): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04081.

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In tropical Australia, intensive studies of river suspended sediment (SS) and nutrient dynamics have been restricted to streams on the north-east coast between the Fitzroy and Normanby Rivers (Queensland), Magela Creek/East Alligator River (Northern Territory) and the Ord River (Western Australia). Historical conditions in these rivers were probably characterised by low–moderate SS concentrations and low concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in flow events. Introduction of agriculture has transformed SS and nutrient dynamics. Grazing has led to soil erosion and increased SS and particulate nutrient concentrations and fluxes in event flows. Fertilised cropping has increased nutrient inputs to catchments, where it forms a substantial proportion of the catchment area. Consequently, both particulate and dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations and fluxes have increased. Australian tropical rivers have episodic flows, with most material transport occurring during large flow events. The restricted period of these highly energetic flows means little trapping of materials in waterways occurs. Loads are transported efficiently downstream and processes such as denitrification and in-channel sedimentation may be of limited importance. Owing to excessive nutrient inputs associated with agriculture, a number of northern freshwater, estuarine and coastal ecosystems are now eutrophic. Continued development, especially fertilised cropping, without adequate management of nutrient losses is likely to exacerbate these problems.
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14

Close, Paul G., Rebecca J. Dobbs, David J. Tunbridge, Peter C. Speldewinde, Danielle M. Warfe, Sandy Toussaint, and Peter M. Davies. "Customary and recreational fishing pressure: large-bodied fish assemblages in a tropical, intermittent Australian river." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 5 (2014): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13042.

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Permanent waterholes in intermittent rivers of northern Australia support a diverse piscifauna and are popular areas for customary and recreational fishing. The present preliminary study explored the perception that fishing reduces the abundance of targeted, large-bodied species that become restricted to disconnected waterholes during the distinct dry season. River sites in the Fitzroy River catchment, Western Australia, could be clearly classified as experiencing either high or low fishing pressure by using metrics of human ‘accessibility’. The abundance of Hephaestus jenkinsi and Lates calcarifer, targeted by both recreational and customary fishers was highly correlated with accessibility and showed a negative relationship with fishing pressure. Non-target species showed no discernible trend. We estimated that 38% of river length remains subject to relatively low fishing pressure. These preliminary relationships suggest that fish harvest can potentially alter the structure of fish assemblages in disconnected habitats. The potential impact of fishing on the sustainability of fish populations is, most likely, greatest for non-diadromous species and will become more apparent with increasing distance from recolonisation sources. Combining management techniques that maintain recolonisation and recruitment potential with traditional fisheries management strategies (e.g. bag and size limits) presents a suitable approach to mitigate the effects of fish harvesting from tropical intermittent rivers.
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15

Poelina, Anne, Kathrine S. Taylor, and Ian Perdrisat. "Martuwarra Fitzroy River Council: an Indigenous cultural approach to collaborative water governance." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 26, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 236–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2019.1651226.

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16

Tucker, A. D., C. J. Limpus, T. E. Priest, J. Cay, C. Glen, and E. Guarino. "Home ranges of Fitzroy River turtles (Rheodytes leukops) overlap riffle zones: potential concerns related to river regulation." Biological Conservation 102, no. 2 (October 2001): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00097-0.

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17

Johansen, Cheryl A., Simon H. Williams, Lorna F. Melville, Jay Nicholson, Roy A. Hall, Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Natalie A. Prow, et al. "Characterization of Fitzroy River Virus and Serologic Evidence of Human and Animal Infection." Emerging Infectious Diseases 23, no. 8 (August 2017): 1289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2308.161440.

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18

Franz, Jürgen, and Jurek Piorewicz. "Evaluation of sediment transport in the lower part of the Fitzroy River, Queensland." Australasian Journal of Water Resources 6, no. 2 (January 2003): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2003.11465217.

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19

Bormans, Myriam, Phillip W. Ford, Larelle Fabbro, and Gary Hancock. "Onset and persistence of cyanobacterial blooms in a large impounded tropical river, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 1 (2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf03045.

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The dynamic interplay between physical, chemical and biological factors in the development and persistence of cyanobacterial blooms in impounded rivers is an important topic. Over a 3-year study period, variable climatic conditions were recorded in the Fitzroy River, Queensland, Australia, which is a typical, impounded lowland tropical river. Post-flood turbidity reduced the available light in the well-mixed water column to levels insufficient for cyanobacterial growth. Only when the water column stratified and the slowly sinking particles dropped from the surface layer did the ratio of surface mixed layer depth to euphotic depth approach 1, allowing cyanobacterial growth. By the time the light climate became favorable, most of the dissolved nutrients had been scavenged from the water column by settling particles or sequestered by fringing macrophytes and other biogeochemical processes. Cyanobacterial blooms dominated by Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii persisted for several months until the next flood flushed the system. The cyanobacterial species dominating that environment were very small and had high specific phosphorus uptake rates. Their nutrient requirement was met by transfer across the oxycline driven by regular high wind mixing events, entraining nutrient-rich bottom waters. Nutrient fluxes from the sediments into the anoxic bottom layer were sufficient to replace the bottom nutrients lost to the surface layer.
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20

Armstrong, Graeme, and David T. Booth. "Dietary ecology of the Australian freshwater turtle (Elseya sp.: Chelonia:Chelidae) in the Burnett River, Queensland." Wildlife Research 32, no. 4 (2005): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04088.

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The Burnett River snapping turtle (Elseya sp.) from the Burnett, Mary and Fitzroy river systems is an undescribed Australian freshwater turtle, of which very little ecological information is known. This paper describes the dietary ecology of the species in the Burnett River catchment. Stomach and faecal samples were collected from turtles and an index of relative importance was used to rank food items found in stomach samples. This index indicated that algae and aquatic ribbon weed (Vallisneria) were the dominant food items consumed. No difference in diet was found between males and females. Although the sample size was small, diet appeared to vary slightly seasonally, with Elseya sp. selectively feeding on the flower buds of the Chinese elm tree (Celtis chinensis) and the seeds of the blackbean tree (Castanospermum australe) when these food items were seasonally available. Faecal samples suggest that the most ingested foods (algae and aquatic ribbon weed) were also the most digestible. Although predominantly herbivorous, Elseya sp. was seen to eat carrion once in the wild.
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21

Bostock, Helen C., Brendan P. Brooke, David A. Ryan, Gary Hancock, Tim Pietsch, Robert Packett, and Kate Harle. "Holocene and modern sediment storage in the subtropical macrotidal Fitzroy River estuary, Southeast Queensland, Australia." Sedimentary Geology 201, no. 3-4 (October 2007): 321–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.07.001.

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22

Croke, Jacky, John D. Jansen, Kathryn Amos, and Timothy J. Pietsch. "A 100 ka record of fluvial activity in the Fitzroy River Basin, tropical northeastern Australia." Quaternary Science Reviews 30, no. 13-14 (June 2011): 1681–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.03.012.

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23

Webster, Barbara, and Steve Mullins. "Nature, Progress and the 'Disorderly' Fitzroy: The Vain Quest for Queensland's 'Noblest Navigable River', 1865-1965." Environment and History 9, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 275–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734003129342854.

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24

Fabbro, Larelle, Melanie Baker, Leo Duivenvoorden, Graham Pegg, and Russ Shiel. "The effects of the ciliateParamecium cf.caudatum Ehrenberg on toxin producingCylindrospermopsis isolated from the Fitzroy River, Australia." Environmental Toxicology 16, no. 6 (2001): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tox.10007.

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25

Houston, Wayne, and Robert Black. "Grassfinch decline and local extinction of the Crimson Finch Neochmia phaeton in the Fitzroy River Basin, Queensland." Australian Field Ornithology 33 (2016): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo33133142.

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26

Thompson, Chris J., Jacky C. Croke, and David Purvis-Smith. "Floodplain sediment disconnectivity at a tributary junction and valley constriction site in the Fitzroy River basin, Queensland, Australia." Geomorphology 125, no. 2 (January 2011): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.10.010.

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27

Hughes, Andrew O., and Jacky C. Croke. "Validation of a spatially distributed erosion and sediment yield model (SedNet) with empirically derived data from a catchment adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 8 (2011): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11030.

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The use of spatially distributed erosion and sediment yield models has become a common method to assess the impacts of land-use changes within catchments and determine appropriate management options. Lack of model validation is, however, increasingly recognised as an issue, especially for models applied at the large-catchment or regional scale. The present study applies the spatially distributed erosion and sediment yield model SedNet to a 6000-km2 subcatchment of the Fitzroy River in central Queensland, Australia. Model outputs are compared with the results from sediment-source tracing, measured floodplain deposition rates and available hydrometric station data. Results indicated that significant improvement can be made to model predictions when catchment-specific observations (such as river bank and gully geometry and gully erosion history) are used to refine model-input parameters. It was also shown that the use of generic input parameters used by previous SedNet applications within the Great Barrier Reef catchment area resulted in overestimates of sediment yields. Previous model applications may have overestimated the significance of post-European catchment disturbance on the sediment yields of the dry-tropical catchments draining to the Great Barrier Reef. Our findings illustrated the value of obtaining empirically derived data to validate spatially distributed models applied at large scales.
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28

Barros Asenjo, Santiago, and Patricio Rojas Vergara. "Ensayos de procedencias de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh en la zona semiárida de Chile." Ciencia & Investigación Forestal 1, no. 1 (June 25, 1987): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/0718-4646.1987.21.

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En 1984 se instalaron cuatro ensayos de procedencias de Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh en la zona central de Chile (32º a 34º lat S), donde la precipitación media anual varía entre 300 y 700 mm. La semilla, obtenida de CSIRO-Australia, correspondía a 14 procedencias, entre las cuales se incluían las más sobresalientes del clima tropical, Katherine, N.T. y Pedford, QLD, del clima mediterráneo, Lake Albacutya, Vic., y del clima árido, Nueva Gales del Sur. A los dos años, en las cuatro localidades ensayadas, la procedencia de mayor plasticidad en términos de supervivencia, crecimiento, forma y productividad fue Lake Albacutya, Vic.(10666). En el mejor sitio su altura promedio a esa misma edad fue de 2,13 m con un crecimiento medio anual en altura de 1,12 m. Las procedencias de menor crecimiento en todos los lugares de ensayo fueron: Agnew, W.A.(9856); NW Dodnadatta, S.A.(12828); N. de Quilpio, QLD (13264) y Fitzroy River Crossiana, W.A.(13250)
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29

Ryan, David A., Helen C. Bostock, Brendan P. Brooke, and John F. Marshall. "Bathymetric expression of the Fitzroy River palaeochannel, northeast Australia: Response of a major river to sea-level change on a semi-rimmed, mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf." Sedimentary Geology 201, no. 1-2 (September 2007): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.05.018.

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30

Flint, Nicole, John Rolfe, Catherine E. Jones, Claire Sellens, Nathan D. Johnston, and Luke Ukkola. "An Ecosystem Health Index for a large and variable river basin: Methodology, challenges and continuous improvement in Queensland’s Fitzroy Basin." Ecological Indicators 73 (February 2017): 626–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.10.007.

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31

Sheaves, Marcus, Ross Johnston, and Kátya Abrantes. "Fish fauna of dry tropical and subtropical estuarine floodplain wetlands." Marine and Freshwater Research 58, no. 10 (2007): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf06246.

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Estuarine floodplain wetland pools occur adjacent to marine coasts and estuaries throughout the world. In Australia’s dry tropics and sub-tropics, low and irregular rainfall means estuarine wetland pools are isolated for much of the time, resulting in varied within-pool conditions, with chemistry ranging from fresh to hypersaline, depending on the balance between freshwater and marine inputs and the time between connections. Varied physical conditions and irregular connectivity provide the potential for substantial faunal difference among pools. The present study compares the compositions and structures of the fish fauna of a broad cross section of estuarine wetland pools adjacent to the estuary of the Fitzroy River, one of the largest rivers in Australia’s dry tropical/subtropical zone. Ten pools were sampled between February 2004 and May 2005. The total species richness was low, with the 6123 fish recorded over the study, comprising only 44 species. This low species richness was reflected at the individual pool level, with a maximum total richness of 25 species in a single pool. Different pools had faunas that differed as a function of the proportion of the community comprised of marine spawned, compared with freshwater spawned, species. This was a reflection of the extent of connectivity to freshwater and marine systems, which determined both the physical nature of pools and the sources of faunal supply. Despite faunal differences among pools, at a functional level pool fish faunas were dominated by detritivores, regardless of pool type, size, season or connectedness.
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32

Alexandra, Jason. "Designer Ecosystems for the Anthropocene—Deliberately Creating Novel Ecosystems in Cultural Landscapes." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 27, 2022): 3952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073952.

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Accepting that nature and culture are intricately co-evolved has profound implications for the ethical, legal, philosophical and pragmatic dimensions of social and environmental policy. The way we think about nature affects how we understand and manage ecosystems. While the ideals of preserving wilderness and conserving ecosystems have motivated much conservation effort to date, achieving these ideals may not be feasible under Anthropocene conditions unless communities accept custodial responsibilities for landscapes and other species. This paper’s origins are in the author’s work with the Martuwarra Fitzroy River Council representing Indigenous traditional owners in Australia’s Kimberley region. These landscapes, shaped by 60,000 years of human occupation, interweave knowledge, laws and governance regimes, and material and spiritual connections with country. This interweaving offers insights into options for dealing with humanity’s complex sustainability challenges. The paper also draws on the literature about cultural landscapes, ecological design, agroecology and permaculture to explore options for applying ecological design as a planning and problem-solving framework. The paper concludes that design-based approaches offer significant opportunities for using ecological science to integrate conservation and production in agricultural landscapes in ways that can meet human needs while also conserving biodiversity under climate change.
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Fabbro, LD, and LJ Duivenvoorden. "Profile of a bloom of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya and Subba Raju in the Fitzroy River in tropical Central Queensland." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 5 (1996): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960685.

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The physical, chemical and biotic conditions before and during a bloom of predominantly coiled heterocystous C. raciborskii are described. Initial increases in the population of this species were associated with windy days and the first downward movement of the thermocline into an anoxic hypolimnion after an extended period of stable stratification and no flow. Exponential growth and bloom formation coincided with the amval and retention of first wet-season inflows into the river impoundment. Cyanobacteria and rotifers dominated the planktonic assemblage and chytrids (cyanobacterial pathogens) were present when the cell density of cyanobacteria peaked. Grazing of the coiled forms that dominated during the bloom was not recorded, but the rotifer Brachionus angularis has been observed ingesting entire straight trichomes of C. raciborskii.
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34

Houston, Wayne A., and Leo J. Duivenvoorden. "Replacement of littoral native vegetation with the ponded pasture grass Hymenachne amplexicaulis: effects on plant, macroinvertebrate and fish biodiversity of backwaters in the Fitzroy River, Central Queensland, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 8 (2002): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01042.

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Changes in plant and macroinvertebrate communities were found following replacement of extensive zones of floating-attached/submergent native vegetation within Fitzroy River backwaters by the major environmental weed Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Poaceae). Impacts of H. amplexicaulis on native littoral flora and fauna (macroinvertebrates and fish) were assessed by comparing three sites previously supporting native vegetation and now invaded by H. amplexicaulis with nearby stands of native backwater vegetation. Plant biomass of Hymenachne plant beds was 30-fold greater than native plant beds, whereas plant species diversity (richness) was significantly less. Macroinvertebrate communities of Hymenachne beds were significantly lower in abundance of insect orders Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera and Odonata, while Coleoptera were more abundant in Hymenachne beds. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of macroinvertebrate family abundance and composition data showed that Hymenachne plant beds had a different assemblage to that in native plant beds. In common with other studies of weed invasions, an increased abundance of some vertebrate fauna was observed (in this case an introduced fish species Xiphophorus maculatus comprised 75% of fish captured in Hymenachne beds compared with 0% in native plant beds). Change in vegetation structure was implicated as an important factor influencing macroinvertebrate and fish faunal composition, and with potential to impact on waterbird habitat values of wetlands.
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35

Bowen, M. K., F. Chudleigh, S. Buck, and K. Hopkins. "Productivity and profitability of forage options for beef production in the subtropics of northern Australia." Animal Production Science 58, no. 2 (2018): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16180.

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This study measured forage biomass production, diet quality, cattle liveweight gain, and economic performance of six forage types at 21 sites across 12 commercial beef cattle properties in the Fitzroy River catchment of Queensland during 2011–2014 (28 annual datasets in total). The forages were annual forage crops (oats (Avena sativa), sorghum (Sorghum spp.) and lablab (Lablab purpureus)), sown perennial legume-grass pastures (leucaena-grass (Leucaena leucocephala spp. glabrata + perennial, tropical grass (C4) species) and butterfly pea-grass (Clitoria ternatea + perennial, C4, grass species)), and perennial, C4, grass pastures. The sown forages resulted in 1.2–2.6 times the annual cattle liveweight gain per ha than perennial grass pastures. Annual cattle liveweight gain per ha, forage establishment and management costs, and cattle price margin (sale price less purchase price, $/kg liveweight) all influenced gross margin, however, none was an overriding factor. The average gross margins ($/ha.annum) calculated using contractor rates, ranked from highest to lowest, were: leucaena-grass pastures, 181; butterfly pea-grass pastures, 140; oats, 102; perennial grass, 96; sorghum, 24; and lablab, 18. It was concluded that the tendency towards greater average gross margins for perennial legume-grass pastures than for annual forage crops or perennial grass pastures was the result of the combined effects of lower average forage costs and high cattle productivity.
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36

Mackey, AP. "Aspects of the limnology of Yeppen Yeppen Lagoon, central Queensland." Marine and Freshwater Research 42, no. 3 (1991): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9910309.

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Aspects of the morphometry and physical and chemical limnology of Yeppen Yeppen Lagoon, in tropical Australia, have been investigated. The lagoon is a channel billabong lying in the old bed of the Fitzroy River. It has a relatively small, shallow and elongated basin. Seasonal variations in water temperature, light regime, oxygen concentration, pH and conductivity suggest that the lagoon exhibits a warm monomictic pattern of thermal stratification rather than a continuous warm polymictic one. The annual heat budget was 3294 calories cm-2 year-1. Maximum work of the wind was 238.8 g-cm cm-2, and maximum stability was 34.5 g-cm cm-2. Despite the apparently low stability of stratification, the lagoon remained thermally stratified for much of the year. Analysis of wind-distributed heat suggested that slow mixing was taking place even during periods of relatively high stability, although this mixing was insufficient to reoxygenate the hypolimnion, which remained anoxic for much of the year. Yeppen Yeppen Lagoon is likely to prove eutrophic, and it is suggested that primary productivity will be high because a large volume of the lagoon's water is well lit and a large sediment surface area is in contact with the epilimnion. Notes on the biota of Yeppen Yeppen Lagoon are also given.
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37

Whitty, Jeff M., David L. Morgan, Stirling C. Peverell, Dean C. Thorburn, and Stephen J. Beatty. "Ontogenetic depth partitioning by juvenile freshwater sawfish (Pristis microdon: Pristidae) in a riverine environment." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 4 (2009): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08169.

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The freshwater sawfish (Pristis microdon) is a critically endangered elasmobranch. Ontogenetic changes in the habitat use of juvenile P. microdon were studied using acoustic tracking in the Fitzroy River, Western Australia. Habitat partitioning was significant between 0+ (2007 year class) and larger 1+ (2006 year class) P. microdon. Smaller 0+ fish generally occupied shallower water (<0.6 m) compared with 1+ individuals, which mainly occurred in depths >0.6 m. Significant differences in hourly depth use were also revealed. The depth that 1+ P. microdon occupied was significantly influenced by lunar phase with these animals utilising a shallower and narrower depth range during the full moon compared with the new moon. This was not observed in 0+ individuals. Habitat partitioning was likely to be related to predator avoidance, foraging behaviours, and temperature and/or light regimes. The occurrence of 1+ P. microdon in deeper water may also result from a need for greater depths in which to manoeuvre. The present study demonstrates the utility of acoustic telemetry in monitoring P. microdon in a riverine environment. These results demonstrate the need to consider the habitat requirements of different P. microdon cohorts in the strategic planning of natural resources and will aid in the development of management strategies for this species.
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38

Bee, C. A., and R. L. Close. "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of introgression between adjacent taxa of rock-wallabies, Petrogale species (Marsupialia: Macropodidae)." Genetical Research 61, no. 1 (February 1993): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300031074.

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SummarySimple, inexpensive techniques were used to analyse the mtDNA of nine chromosomally distinct populations of Petrogale. Eight of these populations occur in sequence along the Great Dividing Range of eastern Australia; six have been described as species. Diagnostic mtDNA morphs were found throughout the latitudinal ranges of four of the described species. A fifth morph spanned the ranges of two described species and three additional taxa which have been designated chromosome races. These five mtDNA morphs, and others with local distributions, were used to assess interactions between the taxa. Limited introgression was indicated across the chromosomal boundaries of P. penicillata/P. herberti and P. inornata/P. assimilis; atypical mtDNA morphs were found within the P. herberti and P. inornata chromosomal distributions. No introgression was detected between P. herberti and P. inornata, whose distributions are separated by the Fitzroy River. Nor was there evidence of recent contact between P. assimilis, P. herberti and P. purpureicollis, despite the late occupancy of parts of the intervening area by unidentified Petrogale. These data, considered in the light of information obtained from previous studies on chromosomes, allozymes and parasites, have contributed to the decision to consider all the eastern representatives of the lateralis-penicillata group of Petrogale as being specifically distinct from each other.
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39

Morgan, David L., Mark G. Allen, Patsy Bedford, and Mark Horstman. "Fish fauna of the Fitzroy River in the Kimberley region of Western Australia – including the Bunuba, Gooniyandi, Ngarinyin, Nyikina and Walmajarri Aboriginal names." Records of the Western Australian Museum 22, no. 2 (2004): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.22(2).2004.147-161.

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40

Douglas, Grant B., Mio Kuhnen, Lynda C. Radke, Gary Hancock, Brendan Brooke, Mark J. Palmer, Tim Pietsch, Phillip W. Ford, Michael G. Trefry, and R. (Bob) Packett. "Delineation of sediment sources to a coastal wetland in the Great Barrier Reef catchment: influence of climate variability and land clearing since European arrival." Environmental Chemistry 7, no. 2 (2010): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en09089.

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Environmental context. Undisturbed sediments provide a record to past events in a catchment. In this study we examine changes in sources of sediment and their variation over the past century due to changes in climate and extensive modification of the catchment after European settlement. We also highlight how multiple lines of forensic evidence acquired from the sediments can be used to reconstruct catchment history over a range of timescales. Abstract. Enhanced delivery of sediment and nutrients to the Great Barrier Reef has the potential to profoundly influence ecological processes in this natural icon. Within the Fitzroy River Basin (FRB) of north-eastern Australia, natural impoundments such as Crescent Lagoon provide an invaluable archive of accumulated sediment that can be dated using multiple techniques to reconstruct the history of sediment export. During the last century, net rates of accumulation of sediment remain similar; however, large variations in sediment sources are apparent. A major sedimentary and geochemical discontinuity is present between ~45 to 29 years before present. Within this time interval a redox front is preserved corresponding to a change in organic matter influx; C3 plant detritus derived from the onset of broadscale agriculture within the FRB provided an assimilable carbon source resulting in more reducing conditions within the sediments. Statistical correlations demonstrate a notable correspondence between some sediment fractions supporting the notion of a short-lived disturbance to the sedimentation regime in the 1960–70s.
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41

Habarugira, Gervais, Jasmin Moran, Jessica J. Harrison, Sally R. Isberg, Jody Hobson-Peters, Roy A. Hall, and Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann. "Evidence of Infection with Zoonotic Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses in Saltwater Crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in Northern Australia." Viruses 14, no. 5 (May 21, 2022): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14051106.

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The risk of flavivirus infections among the crocodilian species was not recognised until West Nile virus (WNV) was introduced into the Americas. The first outbreaks caused death and substantial economic losses in the alligator farming industry. Several other WNV disease episodes have been reported in crocodilians in other parts of the world, including Australia and Africa. Considering that WNV shares vectors with other flaviviruses, crocodilians are highly likely to also be exposed to flaviviruses other than WNV. A serological survey for flaviviral infections was conducted on saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) at farms in the Northern Territory, Australia. Five hundred serum samples, collected from three crocodile farms, were screened using a pan-flavivirus-specific blocking ELISA. The screening revealed that 26% (n = 130/500) of the animals had antibodies to flaviviruses. Of these, 31.5% had neutralising antibodies to WNVKUN (Kunjin strain), while 1.5% had neutralising antibodies to another important flavivirus pathogen, Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV). Of the other flaviviruses tested for, Fitzroy River virus (FRV) was the most frequent (58.5%) in which virus neutralising antibodies were detected. Our data indicate that farmed crocodiles in the Northern Territory are exposed to a range of potentially zoonotic flaviviruses, in addition to WNVKUN. While these flaviviruses do not cause any known diseases in crocodiles, there is a need to investigate whether infected saltwater crocodiles can develop a viremia to sustain the transmission cycle or farmed crocodilians can be used as sentinels to monitor the dynamics of arboviral infections in tropical areas.
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42

Houston, Wayne, Robert Black, Rod Elder, Leif Black, and Richard Segal. "Conservation value of solar salt ponds in coastal tropical eastern Australia to waterbirds and migratory shorebirds." Pacific Conservation Biology 18, no. 2 (2012): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc120100.

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Some human-altered habitats such as saltfields support significant numbers of shorebirds and waterbirds, but their values in tropical eastern Australia are poorly understood. With the continuing loss of shorebird habitats in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, identification of important habitats and management is important for their conservation. The habitat value of two saltfields associated with the Fitzroy River estuary, Queensland (23.520S, 150.860E) was evaluated by monthly surveys over 33 months and by comparison to previous surveys of nearby natural wetlands. Saltfields supported as many waterbirds and species as freshwater and naturally saline lagoons. Numbers of migratory shorebirds peaked during the southern migration period (September to November), when wetlands in tropical northern Australia are at their lowest extent, thus elevating the conservation value of tropical saltfields to shorebirds. Sharp-tailed Sandpipers were regularly present in numbers exceeding international levels for staging, while Red-necked Stints were just below the staging criterion. Salinity regime was found to influence waterbird communities associated with saltfield pools: piscivores dominating metasaline pools, and shorebirds hypersaline pools. A seasonal pattern of occurrence occurred in some guilds with greatest numbers in the drier months (cormorants, pelicans, ducks and egrets, all significantly negatively correlated with the previous month’s rainfall), most of which bred in nearby natural wetlands during the wet season. Furthermore, cormorants were abundant in the saltfields and fluctuated less compared with natural lagoons during the critical drier months. Overall, saltfields are an integral component of the ecology of the landscape, providing complementary resources to that of the natural wetlands.
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43

HOUSTON, WAYNE A., ROD ELDER, and ROBERT BLACK. "Population trend and conservation status of the Capricorn Yellow Chat Epthianura crocea macgregori." Bird Conservation International 28, no. 1 (March 14, 2017): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270916000526.

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SummaryThe average population size of Capricorn Yellow Chat Epthianura crocea macgregori was estimated at 251 +/-31 (SE) by repeated surveys over seven years (2004–2010) using consistent search effort at known occupied sites. Because the survey period coincided with a mixture of dry and wet years (drought from 2004 to 2007 followed by flood rainfall in early 2008 and 2010), it is particularly valuable as a preliminary benchmark upon which to base management decisions. Most of the population (74.5%) was in the Broad Sound area in the north, with lower numbers in the Fitzroy River delta area in the south (22%) and at Curtis Island (3.5%). Sites on Torilla Plain in Broad Sound accounted for two-thirds of the estimated population, making it a priority for conservation efforts. Depending on habitat configuration, some Capricorn Yellow Chats showed a seasonal pattern of habitat use, moving from flooded breeding habitats as they dried to refuge sites such as salt fields or upper marine plains in the dry season; distances moved being < 10 km. Standard surveys from Torilla Plain showed that the chat count during a sequence of above-average rainfall years was almost double that of the average for drought years: 162 +/-28 (2008–2015) compared with 85 +/-15 (2004–2007) respectively. Low population size, large annual fluctuations in population with prior rainfall, rapid declines in low rainfall years, a fragmented distribution and almost half the population concentrated at one site point to a subspecies vulnerable to chance events. Increased climatic extremes predicted by climate change such as higher temperatures, evaporation rates, extended droughts and more intense rainfall events add to its vulnerability.
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44

Houston, Wayne A., Robert L. Black, and Rod J. Elder. "Distribution and habitat of the critically endangered Capricorn Yellow Chat Epthianura crocea macgregori." Pacific Conservation Biology 19, no. 1 (2013): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130039.

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The Capricorn Yellow Chat (Meliphagidae: Epthianura crocea macgregori) is a poorly known, endangered passerine of coastal north-eastern Australian wetlands. Recent research has highlighted the need for evidence based management and that recovery programmes may be hampered by a lack of sound ecological knowledge. Capricorn Yellow Chats were found at 15 sites near Rockhampton between Broad Sound and the Fitzroy River delta in the south. Overall, suitable habitat was limited with an area occupied of about 6 000 ha, confirming the need for careful management. Habitat may be typified as grass-sedge wetlands or tall supratidal saltmarshes that are temporarily flooded, with pools becoming brackish to hypersaline as they dry. Over 96% of sightings were on coastal plains formed by marine sedimentation processes, most without current tidal influence, and many less than 5 m above sea level. The remaining 4% were associated with alluvial-formed plains, but only where these bordered existing marine plain sites; suggesting a preference for marine plain habitats, possibly reflecting structural differences and foraging preferences (marine plains tend to be more open due to the presence of salt-tolerant samphire vegetation). Sea level rise was identified as a major threat to the subspecies with chat sightings at most sites averaging less than 2 m above current highest astronomical tidal influence, and sites becoming tidal or with regular storm surge influence under future modest predicted sea level rise scenarios of 0.5 m by 2100. Most sites had some form of banking to reduce tidal influence and promote freshwater pasture grasses for cattle production. The site supporting most chats had small banks that allowed floods to flow around them, maintaining connectivity with the downstream marine systems. This study contributes to baseline information essential to the evaluation of any future management interventions; thus avoiding the pitfalls hampering much of the global conservation efforts directed at threatened species.
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45

HOUSTON, WAYNE A., WILLIAM J. ASPDEN, ROD ELDER, ROBERT L. BLACK, LINDA E. NEAVES, ANDREW G. KING, and RICHARD E. MAJOR. "Restricted gene flow in the endangered Capricorn Yellow Chat Epthianura crocea macgregori: consequences for conservation management." Bird Conservation International 28, no. 1 (November 7, 2017): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270917000284.

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SummaryThe Yellow Chat Epthianura crocea is comprised of three disjunct subspecies. Subspecies E. c. macgregori (Capricorn Yellow Chat) is listed as Critically Endangered under the EPBC Act and has a distribution that also appears to be disjunct, with a limited geographic area of less than 7,000 ha. Some populations are threatened by rapid industrial development, and it is important for conservation of the subspecies to determine the extent to which the putative populations are connected. We used 14 microsatellite markers to measure genetic diversity and to determine the extent of gene flow between two disjunct populations at the northern and southern extremes of the subspecies’ range. No significant differences in genetic diversity (number of alleles and heterozygosity) were observed, but clear population structuring was apparent, with obvious differentiation between the northern and southern populations. The most likely explanation for reduced gene flow between the two populations is either the development of a geographic barrier as a consequence of shrinkage of the marine plains associated with the rise in sea levels following the last glacial maxima, or reduced connectivity across the largely unsuitable pasture and forest habitat that now separates the two populations, exacerbated by declining population size and fewer potential emigrants. Regardless of the mechanism, restricted gene flow between these two populations has important consequences for their ongoing conservation. The relative isolation of the smaller southern groups (the Fitzroy River delta and Curtis Island) from the much larger northern group (both sides of the Broad Sound) makes the southern population more vulnerable to local extinction. Conservation efforts should focus on nature refuge agreements with land owners agreeing to maintain favourable grazing management practices in perpetuity, particularly in the northern area where most chats occur. Supplemental exchanges of individuals from northern and southern populations should be explored as a way of increasing genetic diversity and reducing inbreeding.
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46

Twigg, Laurie E., Tim Lowe, Michael Everett, and Gary Martin. "Feral pigs in north-western Australia: population recovery after 1080 baiting and further control." Wildlife Research 33, no. 5 (2006): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05098.

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The recovery rate of a population of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in the west Kimberley in north-western Australia was determined 12 months after a 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate)-baiting program. An estimated 56 pigs were present in the 15 000-ha study area in August 2005 compared with the prebaiting levels of 250–275 pigs in 2004 (11 pigs were known to be alive on site after the 2004 baiting). This represents a population recovery of 20–23% of the 2004 prebaiting levels. Although most pigs were in good body condition, environmental conditions were quite different between the two years. In 2005, some waterholes were dry or comprised mainly muddy water with little associated shelter for feral pigs. Consequently, and in contrast to 2004, no pigs were seen, and no bait take could be attributed to feral pigs, at the four resurveyed waterholes. Most pig sightings, and activity, were close to the Fitzroy River. Fermented wheat, with blood and bone, was used to determine areas of pig activity, and also used as prefeed before 1080-baiting commenced in 2005. Using the same bait stations as for 2004, plus additional stations established in new areas of pig activity, 1080-treated wheat and malted barley again proved highly effective in reducing pig numbers. The daily sighting index before and after 1080-baiting indicated that pig numbers had been reduced by ~90% within four days. Estimated pre- and postpoisoning density, with and without an edge effect, was 0.12–1.7 pigs km–2 and 0.05–0.67 pigs km–2. Pig tracks decreased to zero on the six track plots within two days of baiting, but the number of macropod tracks remained constant over the four-day baiting period. Thirty-eight poisoned pigs were found after 1080-baiting, and these were generally in clustered groups within 200 m of an active bait station. Poisoned juvenile pigs were again found closer to the active bait stations than were adult or subadult pigs (P < 0.05).
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47

Twigg, Laurie E., Tim Lowe, Gary Martin, and Michael Everett. "Feral pigs in north-western Australia: basic biology, bait consumption, and the efficacy of 1080 baits." Wildlife Research 32, no. 4 (2005): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04110.

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Bait consumption, and the efficacy of 1080-treated grain, were determined for feral pigs (Sus scrofa) during the dry season in the Fitzroy River region of north-western Australia. There were an estimated 250 pigs on the study site (15 000-ha paddock with beef cattle) before poison-baiting, and group size and the basic biology of these pigs were similar to that found elsewhere in Australia. All animals at the study site were naive to the test baits. Fermented wheat with added blood and bone was an attractant for feral pigs but added fish oil was not. Wheat and malted barley were the ‘preferred’ baits. Lupins and pig pellets were consumed in lesser amounts, suggesting that they are less/not acceptable to some feral pigs. Consequently, the efficacy of 1080-treated wheat and malted barley was determined (n = 3 sites per treatment). Three independent measures of pig activity/abundance were used. The daily sighting index before and after poison-baiting suggested that pig numbers were decreased by at least 81–100% (mean 89%) regardless of which bait was used. The take of both 1080-bait and non-toxic fermented wheat added to each station generally ceased within 1–3 days, and little take occurred during the post-poisoning follow-up. Pig tracks decreased to zero within 1–3 days of poisoning on the two sites where track plots were established. However, due to the arrival of ‘immigrant’ pigs ~6 days after poisoning on two sites, and the need to close down a third site before poison-baiting could be completed, we believe the absolute efficacy was greater than the 89% overall reduction. Even though they had access to bait, there was no bait-take by non-target species, either native (toxic and non-toxic bait) or domestic (non-toxic bait). The 61 pig carcases found after poisoning were within 20–610 m of active bait stations (mean 232 m), and most were found in clustered groups. These findings are discussed with respect to the development of management strategies for reducing the impacts of feral pigs, and in terms of their potential implications for developing wildlife disease (exotic and endemic) contingency plans.
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48

O'Connor, Sue, Jane Balme, Jane Fyfe, June Oscar, Mona Oscar, June Davis, Helen Malo, Rosemary Nuggett, and Dorothy Surprise. "Marking resistance? Change and continuity in the recent rock art of the southern Kimberley, Australia." Antiquity 87, no. 336 (June 1, 2013): 539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00049115.

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Enhanced by recent survey, the authors define new kinds of rock art along the Lennard and Fitzroy rivers in Western Australia—black pigment and scratch-work images featuring anthropomorphic figures with elaborate head-dresses. These are shown to belong to the Contact period and represent the response of Indigenous artists to European land-taking by recalling and restating traditional themes from earlier times.
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49

Wohl, E. E., S. J. Fuertsch, and V. R. Baker. "Sedimentary records of late Holocene floods along the Fitzroy and Margaret Rivers, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no. 3 (June 1994): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099408728136.

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50

Silburn, D. M., J. L. Foley, A. J. W. Biggs, J. Montgomery, and T. A. Gunawardena. "The Australian Cotton Industry and four decades of deep drainage research: a review." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 12 (2013): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13239.

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The Australian cotton industry and governments have funded research into the deep-drainage component of the soil–water balance for several decades. Cotton is dominantly grown in the northern Murray–Darling and Fitzroy Basins, using furrow irrigation on cracking clays. Previously, it was held that furrow irrigation on cracking clays was inherently efficient and there was little deep drainage. This has been shown to be simplistic and generally incorrect. This paper reviews global and northern Australian deep-drainage studies in irrigation, generally at point- or paddock-scale, and the consequences of deep drainage. For furrow-irrigated fields in Australia, key findings are as follows. (i) Deep drainage varies considerably depending on soil properties and irrigation management, and is not necessarily ‘very small’. Historically, values of 100–250 mm year–1 were typical, with 3–900 mm year–1 observed, until water shortage in the 2000s and continued research and extension focussed attention on water-use efficiency (WUE). (ii) More recently, values of 50–100 mm year–1 have been observed, with no deep drainage in drier years; these levels are lower than global values. (iii) Optimisation (flow rate, field length, cut-off time) of furrow irrigation can at least halve deep drainage. (iv) Cotton is grown on soils with a wide range in texture, sodicity and structure. (v) Deep drainage is moderately to strongly related to total rainfall plus irrigation, as it is globally. (vi) A leaching fraction, to avoid salt build-up in the soil profile, is only needed for irrigation where more saline water is used. Drainage from rainfall often provides an adequate leaching fraction. (vii) Near-saturated conditions occur for at least 2–6 m under irrigated fields, whereas profiles are dry under native vegetation in the same landscapes. (viii) Deep drainage leachate is typically saline and not a source of good quality groundwater recharge. Large losses of nitrate also occur in deep drainage. The consequences of deep drainage for groundwater and salinity are different where underlying groundwater can be used for pumping (fresh water, high yield; e.g. Condamine alluvia) and where it cannot (saline water or low yield; e.g. Border Rivers alluvia). Continuing improvements in WUE are needed to ensure long-term sustainability of irrigated cropping industries. Globally there is great potential for increased production using existing water supplies, given deep drainage of 10–25% of water delivered to fields and WUE of <50%. Future research priorities are to further characterise water movement through the unsaturated zone and the consequences of deep drainage.
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