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Journal articles on the topic 'Fitness'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 September 2024

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1

Tsyhanovska, Nataliia, Dariusz W. Skalski, Anton Paladiichuk, and Dominika Filipkowska. "Taneczny fitness jako forma sprawności fizycznej i wpływ emocji na stres." Південноукраїнські мистецькі студії, no. 1 (June 6, 2024): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/artstudies.2024-1.4.

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Celem niniejszego pracowania naukowego jest zbadanie atrakcyjności fitnessu wśród kobiet w wieku od 30 do 55 roku życia w okresie średniej dorosłości. Badaniom pilotażowym zostały poddane kobiety – 50 uczestników zajęć fitness, treningów personalnych, którzy pragną poprawić swoje zdrowie i sylwetkę poprzez aktywność fizyczną. Fitness dla większości z nich jest sposobem na spędzanie czasu wolnego oraz pasją, która daje im możliwość własnego rozwoju fizycznego i psychicznego, co bezwzględnie wiąże się z emocjami, które mogą mieć wpływ stresogenny. Pomimo dużego wysiłku fizycznego, kobiety lubią spędzać czas aktywnie, daje im to dużą satysfakcję. Dostrzegają one wiele korzyści z uczestnictwa w zajęciach fitness oraz posiadają swoje motywy do podejmowania ich. Duża ilość form fitness daje możliwość wyboru zajęć dostosowanych do potrzeb uczestników. Kobiety mocniej zmotywowane, pewniej osiągną korzyści dla swojego zdrowia, samopoczucia oraz sprawności fizycznej. Fitness jest ciekawą forma rekreacji ruchowej, dlatego kobiety często wybierają ten rodzaj aktywności. Fitness to współczesna forma rekreacji ruchowej wybierana przez kobiety w różnym wieku. Fitness jest także dla kobiet w wieku średnim atrakcyjną i potrzebną formą aktywności fizycznej oraz stanowi ważny element w ich życiu, zajęcia fitness kształtują rozwój fizyczny i psychiczny kobiet oraz dają im wiele korzyści, wpływają pozytywnie na jakość życia. Ruch jest nierozłącznym elementem życia każdego człowieka i przejawia się w różnych formach aktywności. W dzisiejszych czasach wzrosło zainteresowanie zdrowym stylem życia, atrakcyjnym wyglądem, czy zdrowym odżywianiem, ludzie poszukują dodatkowych form spędzania czasu poprzez aktywność fizyczną, taką jak uczestnictwo w zajęciach fitness. Pojęcie fitness jest różnie rozumiane. Można spotkać się z fitnessem fizycznym, fitnessem jako ogólnym stylem życia lub koncepcją życia, fitnessem emocji lub umysłu objawów zmęczenia. Emocje to stan znacznego poruszenia umysłu. Emocje charakteryzują się tym, że pojawiają się nagle i zawsze łączą się z pobudzeniem somatycznym, mogą osiągnąć dużą intensywność, ale też mogą być przejściowe, co może prowadzić do zaburzeń przejściowych, początkowego poziomu sytuacji stresowych.

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2

XU, XIN-JIAN, LIU-MING ZHANG, and LI-JIE ZHANG. "MUTUAL SELECTION IN NETWORK EVOLUTION: THE ROLE OF THE INTRINSIC FITNESS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 21, no. 01 (January 2010): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183110015014.

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We propose a new mechanism leading to scale-free networks which is based on the presence of an intrinsic character of a vertex called fitness. In our model, a vertex i is assigned a fitness xi, drawn from a given probability distribution function f(x). During network evolution, with rate p we add a vertex j of fitness xj and connect to an existing vertex i of fitness xi selected preferentially to a linking probability function g(xi, xj) which depends on the fitnesses of the two vertices involved and, with rate 1 - p we create an edge between two already existed vertices with fitnesses xi and xj, with a probability also preferential to the connection function g(xi, xj). For the proper choice of g, the resulting networks have generalized power-laws, irrespective of the fitness distribution of vertices.

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3

Prouty, Joy. "Fitness Fact or Fitness Fad." ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal 3, no. 6 (November 1999): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00135124-199911000-00011.

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4

Lehmann, Laurent, and François Rousset. "Fitness, inclusive fitness, and optimization." Biology & Philosophy 29, no. 2 (January 25, 2014): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10539-013-9415-x.

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5

Koçak, M. "FITNET Fitness-for-Service Procedure: An Overview." Welding in the World 51, no. 5-6 (May 2007): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03266577.

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6

Lachmann-Tarkhanov, M., and S. Sarkar. "The alternative fitness sets which preserve allele trajectories: a general treatment." Genetics 138, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 1323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.4.1323.

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Abstract A general solution is presented of the problem of specifying all alternative, generally frequency-dependent, (absolute) fitness sets which give rise to the same allele frequency changes and population dynamics as a given fitness set. The one- and two-locus cases are analyzed in detail and the method is then extended to the n-locus case. It is shown that if biological constraints can be used to specify the mean fitness of the population and the relative fitnesses of the heterozygotes, then the allele frequency trajectories determine a unique fitness set.

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7

Brookfield, John. "Fitness." Current Biology 12, no. 21 (October 2002): R717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(02)01264-2.

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8

Pargetter, Robert. "FITNESS." Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 68, no. 1 (March 1987): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0114.1987.tb00283.x.

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9

Collar, Bill. "Fitness." Strength and Conditioning Journal 21, no. 6 (December 1999): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00126548-199912000-00018.

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10

Torpy, Janet M. "Fitness." JAMA 294, no. 23 (December 21, 2005): 3048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.23.3048.

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11

Orr, H. Allen. "ABSOLUTE FITNESS, RELATIVE FITNESS, AND UTILITY." Evolution 61, no. 12 (December 2007): 2997–3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00237.x.

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12

Hidayat, Teten. "STUDI KOMPARATIF DUA FITNES CENTER TERBESAR DI KOTA BANDUNG DALAM HAL KUALITAS PELAYANAN DAN SARANA-PRASARANA SERTA PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP MINAT PENGUNJUNG." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN JASMANI DAN OLAHRAGA 2, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v2i1.6396.

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Kualitas pelayanan, dan sarana prasarana merupakan faktor penting dalam industri fitness center. Tujuan penelitian adalah membandingkan dua sarana fitness center terbesar di kota Bandung dalam hal kualitas pelayanan sarana dan prasarana, sampel penelitian adalah dua fitness center terbesar di kota Bandung yaitu Celebrity fitness dan d'Groove sport welness center. Desain penelitian dipilih dan digunakan berdasarkan jenis penelitian ini penulis menggunakan paradigma ganda dengan dua variabel independen dan satu variabel dependen. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi komparatif, sampel penelitian merupakan member dari dua fitness center, yang berjumlah 60 orang. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah skala perbandingan. Hasil penelitian diketahui nilai z-hitung untuk pelayanan adalah 4,441 dengan probabilitas hasil penelitian dalam pelayanan sarana dan prasarana adalah (Sig.) 0,000 < 0,05. Sedangkan untuk minat adalah 1,410 dengan nilai probabilitas (Sig.) 0,158 > 0,05 maka Ho diterima. Artinya tidak terdapat perbedaan pengaruh antara kualitas pelayanan sarana dan prasarana di d'Groove dan Celebrity fitness terhadap minat pengunjung. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan dan analisis data, maka penulis dapat menyimpulkan hasil penelitian sebagai berikut: Terdapat perbedaan kualitas pelayanan d’Groove sport and wellness center dengan Celebrity fitness. Tidak terdapat pengaruh sarana-prasarana di d’grove sport and wellnes center dengan Celebrity fitnes terhadap minat pengunjung.

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13

BARTON, N. H., and L. PARTRIDGE. "Measuring fitness by means of balancer chromosomes." Genetical Research 75, no. 3 (June 2000): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672399004346.

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We present the theoretical background to a new method for measuring genetic variation for total fitness in Drosophila. The method allows heterozygous effects on total fitness of whole wild-type chromosomes to be measured under normal demography with overlapping generations. The wild-type chromosomes are competed against two balancer chromosomes (B1, B2, say), providing a standard genotype B1/B2 against which variation in the fitness effects of the wild-type chromosomes can be assessed. Fitness can be assessed in two ways: (i) at equilibrium of all three chromosomes under heterozygote advantage, and (ii) during displacement of one balancer by the other. Equilibrium with all three chromosomes present will be achieved only if the wild-type homozygote is not too fit, and if the fitnesses of the three heterozygotes are not too unequal. These conditions were not satisfied for any of a sample of 12 lethal-bearing chromosomes isolated from a random-bred laboratory population of Drosophila. At equilibrium, genotypic frequencies show low sensitivity to changes in genotypic fitness. Furthermore, where all four genotypes are viable and fertile, supplementary information from cages with only two chromosomes present and from direct measurements of pre-adult viability are required to estimate fitnesses from frequencies. The invasion method has the advantages of a greater sensitivity and of not requiring further data to estimate fitnesses if the wild-type homozygote is fertile. However, it requires that multiple samples be taken as the invasion progresses. In a discrete generation model, generation time influences fitness estimates from this method and is difficult to estimate accurately from the data. A full age-structured model can also be applied to the data from both types of experiment. For the invasion method, this gives fitness estimates close to those from the discrete generation model.

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14

Charlesworth, D. "The apparent selection on neutral marker loci in partially inbreeding populations." Genetical Research 57, no. 2 (April 1991): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300029244.

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SummaryDeterministic computer calculations were used to investigate the effects on the fitnesses of genotypes at neutral loci that are caused by associations with several linked or unlinked selected loci, in partially self fertilizing populations. Both mutation to partially recessive alleles and heterozygote advantage at the selected loci were studied. In the heterozygote advantage models, either arbitrary linkage between all loci was modelled, with a single neutral locus, or many unlinked selected and neutral loci were modelled. Large apparent overdominance could be generated in all types of model studied. As has previously been suggested, these types of effect can explain the observed associations between fitness and heterozygosity in partially inbreeding populations. There were also apparent fitness differences between the genotypes at the neutral locus among the progeny produced by selfing, especially with linkage between the neutral and selected loci. There is thus no genotype-independent fitness value for these progeny. Marker based methods for estimating the relative fitness of selfed and outcrossed progeny assume equality of these fitnesses, and will therefore be inaccurate (with in most cases a bias towards overestimating the degree of inbreeding depression) when there is linkage between the neutral marker loci and loci determining fitness.

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15

Nuzhdin, S. V., J. D. Fry, and T. F. Mackay. "Polygenic mutation in Drosophila melanogaster: the causal relationship of bristle number to fitness." Genetics 139, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 861–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.2.861.

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Abstract The association between sternopleural and abdominal bristle number and fitness in Drosophila melanogaster was determined for sublines of an initially highly inbred strain that were maintained by divergent artificial selection for 150 generations or by random mating for 180 generations. Replicate selection lines had more extreme bristle numbers than those that were maintained without artificial selection at the same census size for approximately the same number of generations. The average fitness, estimated by a single generation of competition against a compound autosome strain, was 0.17 for lines selected for high and low abdominal bristle numbers and 0.19 for lines selected for high and low sternopleural bristle number. The average fitness of unselected lines, 0.46, was significantly higher than that of the selection lines. The fitnesses and the relationships of bristle number to fitness in progeny of all possible crosses of high x high (H x H), high x low (H x L) and low x low (L x L) selection lines were examined to determine whether the observed intermediate optima were caused by direct stabilizing selection on bristle number or by apparent stabilizing selection mediated through deleterious pleiotropic fitness effects of mutations affecting bristle number. Although bristle number was nearly additive for progeny of H x H, H x L and L x L crosses among sternopleural bristle selection lines, their mean fitnesses were not significantly different from each other, or from the mean fitness of the unselected lines, suggesting partly or completely recessive pleiotropic fitness effects cause apparent stabilizing selection. The average fitness of the progeny of H x H abdominal bristle selection lines was not significantly different from the fitness of unselected lines, but the mean fitness of the progeny of L x L crosses was not significantly different from that of the pure low lines. This is consistent with direct selection against low but not high abdominal bristle number, but the interpretation is confounded by variation in average degree of dominance for fitness (on average recessive in the high abdominal bristle selection lines and additive in the low abdominal bristle selection lines). Neither direct stabilizing selection nor pleiotropy, therefore, can account for all the observations.

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16

James, Mirabel, Sanika Mhaiskar, Anagha Chaudhary, Priya Sahani, Harshali Talele, Nita Kamble, and Rajesh Patil. "Designing a Fitness Tracker." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2014/86.

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17

Miller, James H., Vincent J. Fasanello, Ping Liu, Emery R. Longan, Carlos A. Botero, and Justin C. Fay. "Using colony size to measure fitness in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): e0271709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271709.

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Competitive fitness assays in liquid culture have been a mainstay for characterizing experimental evolution of microbial populations. Growth of microbial strains has also been extensively characterized by colony size and could serve as a useful alternative if translated to per generation measurements of relative fitness. To examine fitness based on colony size, we established a relationship between cell number and colony size for strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae robotically pinned onto solid agar plates in a high-density format. This was used to measure growth rates and estimate relative fitness differences between evolved strains and their ancestors. After controlling for edge effects through both normalization and agar-trimming, we found that colony size is a sensitive measure of fitness, capable of detecting 1% differences. While fitnesses determined from liquid and solid mediums were not equivalent, our results demonstrate that colony size provides a sensitive means of measuring fitness that is particularly well suited to measurements across many environments.

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18

O’Brien, Anna M., Chandra N. Jack, Maren L. Friesen, and Megan E. Frederickson. "Whose trait is it anyways? Coevolution of joint phenotypes and genetic architecture in mutualisms." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1942 (January 13, 2021): 20202483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2483.

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Evolutionary biologists typically envision a trait’s genetic basis and fitness effects occurring within a single species. However, traits can be determined by and have fitness consequences for interacting species, thus evolving in multiple genomes. This is especially likely in mutualisms, where species exchange fitness benefits and can associate over long periods of time. Partners may experience evolutionary conflict over the value of a multi-genomic trait, but such conflicts may be ameliorated by mutualism’s positive fitness feedbacks. Here, we develop a simulation model of a host–microbe mutualism to explore the evolution of a multi-genomic trait. Coevolutionary outcomes depend on whether hosts and microbes have similar or different optimal trait values, strengths of selection and fitness feedbacks. We show that genome-wide association studies can map joint traits to loci in multiple genomes and describe how fitness conflict and fitness feedback generate different multi-genomic architectures with distinct signals around segregating loci. Partner fitnesses can be positively correlated even when partners are in conflict over the value of a multi-genomic trait, and conflict can generate strong mutualistic dependency. While fitness alignment facilitates rapid adaptation to a new optimum, conflict maintains genetic variation and evolvability, with implications for applied microbiome science.

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Sultoni, Kuston, Mustika Fitri, Indah Ayu Puji Lestari, Nurul Fadlillah, Chika Lestari, and Risma Risma. "MENINGKATKAN HEALTH-RELATED FITNESS MELALUI WATER FITNESS." Gelanggang Pendidikan Jasmani Indonesia 3, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um040v3i2p97-105.

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Kebugaran kardiorespiratori merupakan bagian dari kebugaran jasmani secara menyeluruh yang memiliki peranan penting dalam keberlangsungan kinerja tubuh dalam melaksanakan tugas sehari-hari. Water fitness sebagai salah satu aktivitas fisik yang memiliki beberapa keunggulan dibandingkan dengan bentuk aktivitas fisik lainnya dianggap mampu meningkatkan kebugaran kardiorespiratori. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah water fitness mampu meningkatkan kebugaran kardiorespiratori. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dengan desain penelitian the randomized pretest-posttest control group design. Sampel berjumlah 20 orang berusia sekitar 20 tahunan. Sampel diberikan perlakuan sebanyak 3x dalam seminggu selama 6 minggu berdasarkan pedoman ACSM. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang siginifikan dari hasil water aerobic dan aerobic dance dan tidak ada perbedaan efek yang signifikan antara water aerobic dan aerobic dance pada daya tahan otot.

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20

Kurz, R. "Fitness to practice and fitness to regulate." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.873.

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IntroductionIn 2012, forensic psychology Professor Jane Ireland published initial research claiming that two third of psychological assessment reports sampled from UK family courts were ‘poor’ or ‘very poor’. ‘Fitness to practice’ concerns were raised by vested interest and dismissed after a 1-week hearing – four years later.ObjectivesThe presentation outlines the nature of various UK institutions, such as family courts, HCPC and GMC as well as their practices which raise questions about their fitness to regulate.AimsDelegates will start to learn how institutions that purport to serve public interest yet can be easily exploited by vested interests.MethodsCase studies are used to illustrate how extremely serious concerns were ignored but persecution concerns upheld.ResultsIn one case, four courts appointed experts ignored an obvious child trafficking process where a toddler was raped to cover up birth and disappearance of a newborn baby that succeeded from incestuous rape. In spite of a clinical psychologist failing to cover the two index incidents, the concerns did not meet the HCPC ‘Standard of Acceptance’. A ‘revenge concern’ was raised by vested interests. In another case, the GMC refused to investigate a psychiatrist who had lied and rather absurdly claimed that repeatedly seeking return of her children was evidence for a mother's personality disorder. In a widely publicized case Psychiatrist Dr Hibbert accused of unnecessarily, breaking up families was investigated but cleared of misconduct by the GMC.ConclusionsInstitutions tasked with protecting public safety and fairness appear to be unduly biased towards shielding inadequate professionals and persecuting whistle-blowers.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

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21

Costa, James T. "Hamiltonian inclusive fitness: a fitter fitness concept." Biology Letters 9, no. 6 (December 23, 2013): 20130335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0335.

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In 1963–1964 W. D. Hamilton introduced the concept of inclusive fitness, the only significant elaboration of Darwinian fitness since the nineteenth century. I discuss the origin of the modern fitness concept, providing context for Hamilton's discovery of inclusive fitness in relation to the puzzle of altruism. While fitness conceptually originates with Darwin, the term itself stems from Spencer and crystallized quantitatively in the early twentieth century. Hamiltonian inclusive fitness, with Price's reformulation, provided the solution to Darwin's ‘special difficulty’—the evolution of caste polymorphism and sterility in social insects. Hamilton further explored the roles of inclusive fitness and reciprocation to tackle Darwin's other difficulty, the evolution of human altruism. The heuristically powerful inclusive fitness concept ramified over the past 50 years: the number and diversity of ‘offspring ideas’ that it has engendered render it a fitter fitness concept, one that Darwin would have appreciated.

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Willis, John H. "Inbreeding Load, Average Dominance and the Mutation Rate for Mildly Deleterious Alleles in Mimulus guttatus." Genetics 153, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 1885–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.4.1885.

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Abstract The goal of this study is to provide information on the genetics of inbreeding depression in a primarily outcrossing population of Mimulus guttatus. Previous studies of this population indicate that there is tremendous inbreeding depression for nearly every fitness component and that almost all of this inbreeding depression is due to mildly deleterious alleles rather than recessive lethals or steriles. In this article I assayed the homozygous and heterozygous fitnesses of 184 highly inbred lines extracted from a natural population. Natural selection during the five generations of selfing involved in line formation essentially eliminated major deleterious alleles but was ineffective in purging alleles with minor fitness effects and did not appreciably diminish overall levels of inbreeding depression. Estimates of the average degree of dominance of these mildly deleterious alleles, obtained from the regression of heterozygous fitness on the sum of parental homozygous fitness, indicate that the detrimental alleles are partially recessive for most fitness traits, with h~∼0.15 for cumulative measures of fitness. The inbreeding load, B, for total fitness is ~1.0 in this experiment. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that spontaneous mildly deleterious mutations occur at a rate >0.1 mutation per genome per generation.

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Naumenko, Sergey A., Alexey S. Kondrashov, and Georgii A. Bazykin. "Fitness conferred by replaced amino acids declines with time." Biology Letters 8, no. 5 (May 23, 2012): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0356.

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The fitness landscape of a locus, the array of fitnesses conferred by its alleles, can be affected by allele replacements at other loci, in the presence of epistatic interactions between loci. In a pair of diverging homologous proteins, the initially high probability that an amino acid replacement in one of them will make it more similar to the other declines with time, implying that the fitness landscapes of homologous sites diverge. Here, we use data on within-population non-synonymous polymorphisms and on amino acid replacements between species to study the dynamics, after an amino acid replacement, of the fitness of the ancestral amino acid, and show that selection against its restoration increases with time. This effect can be owing to increase of fitness conferred by the new amino acid occupying the site, and/or to decline of fitness conferred by the replaced amino acid. We show that the fitness conferred by the replaced amino acid rapidly declines, reaching a new lower steady-state level after approximately 20 per cent of amino acids in the protein get replaced. Therefore, amino acid replacements in evolving proteins are routinely involved in negative epistatic interactions with currently absent amino acids, and chisel off the unused parts of the fitness landscape.

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Bazykin, Georgii A. "Changing preferences: deformation of single position amino acid fitness landscapes and evolution of proteins." Biology Letters 11, no. 10 (October 2015): 20150315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0315.

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The fitness landscape—the function that relates genotypes to fitness—and its role in directing evolution are a central object of evolutionary biology. However, its huge dimensionality precludes understanding of even the basic aspects of its shape. One way to approach it is to ask a simpler question: what are the properties of a function that assigns fitness to each possible variant at just one particular site—a single position fitness landscape—and how does it change in the course of evolution? Analyses of genomic data from multiple species and multiple individuals within a species have proved beyond reasonable doubt that fitness functions of positions throughout the genome do themselves change with time, thus shaping protein evolution. Here, I will briefly review the literature that addresses these dynamics, focusing on recent genome-scale analyses of fitness functions of amino acid sites, i.e. vectors of fitnesses of 20 individual amino acid variants at a given position of a protein. The set of amino acids that confer high fitness at a particular position changes with time, and the rate of this change is comparable with the rate at which a position evolves, implying that this process plays a major role in evolutionary dynamics. However, the causes of these changes remain largely unclear.

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Wu, Hulin, Yangxin Huang, Carrie Dykes, Dacheng Liu, Jingming Ma, Alan S. Perelson, and Lisa M. Demeter. "Modeling and Estimation of Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 In Vitro Experiments by Using a Growth Competition Assay." Journal of Virology 80, no. 5 (March 1, 2006): 2380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.80.5.2380-2389.2006.

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ABSTRACT Growth competition assays have been developed to quantify the relative fitnesses of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) mutants. In this article we develop mathematical models to describe viral/cellular dynamic interactions in the assay experiment, from which new competitive fitness indices or parameters are defined. These indices include the log fitness ratio (LFR), the log relative fitness (LRF), and the production rate ratio (PRR). From the population genetics perspective, we clarify the confusion and correct the inconsistency in the definition of relative fitness in the literature of HIV-1 viral fitness. The LFR and LRF are easier to estimate from the experimental data than the PRR, which was misleadingly defined as the relative fitness in recent HIV-1 research literature. Calculation and estimation methods based on two data points and multiple data points were proposed and were carefully studied. In particular, we suggest using both standard linear regression (method of least squares) and a measurement error model approach for more-accurate estimates of competitive fitness parameters from multiple data points. The developed methodologies are generally applicable to any growth competition assays. A user-friendly computational tool also has been developed and is publicly available on the World Wide Web at http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/bstools/vfitness/virusfitness.htm .

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Bijlsma-Meeles, E., and R. Bijlsma. "The alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster: fitness measurements and predictions under conditions with no alcohol stress." Genetics 120, no. 3 (November 1, 1988): 743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/120.3.743.

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Abstract The relative fitnesses of the different Adh genotypes under normal laboratory conditions and in the absence of alcohol stress were estimated in Drosophila melanogaster according to Prout's method. The larval component (viability) did not reveal fitness differences between the genotypes but for the adult component significant differences were observed. The female adult component (fecundity) showed an overdominant pattern: both homozygous genotypes showed a relative fitness significantly lower than the heterozygous genotype. For the male adult component (virility) also differences were observed. The homozygous SS genotype showed a lower relative fitness than the other two genotypes. Predictions for gene frequency changes based on the estimated fitness values do show a reasonably good correspondence with frequency changes actually observed in a number of experimental cage populations and indicate a globally stable equilibrium around a frequency of the F allele of 0.40-0.70. The relevance of these fitness estimates, obtained under conditions with no alcohol stress, for the explanation of the Adh polymorphisms observed in nature is discussed.

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Hastings, A. "Disequilibrium in two-locus mutation-selection balance models." Genetics 118, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/118.3.543.

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Abstract Equilibrium behavior of two-locus mutation-selection balance models is analyzed using perturbation techniques. The classical result of Haldane for one locus is shown to carry over to two loci, if fitnesses are replaced by marginal fitnesses. If the fitness of the double heterozygote is smaller than would be produced by a multiplicative model, as in additive or quantitative fitness models, the disequilibrium is negative--an excess of gametes with one rare allele. In this case the disequilibrium can be as large as one-half its maximum value possible, if the recombination rate is small, not greater than the strength of selection. If the fitness of the double heterozygote is larger than would be produced by a multiplicative model, the disequilibrium is positive, and is very small relative to its maximum value possible, even if the recombination rate is zero.

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Doerr, Benjamin, Carola Doerr, and Timo Kötzing. "Unbiased Black-Box Complexities of Jump Functions." Evolutionary Computation 23, no. 4 (December 2015): 641–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00158.

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We analyze the unbiased black-box complexities of jump functions with small, medium, and large sizes of the fitness plateau surrounding the optimal solution. Among other results, we show that when the jump size is [Formula: see text], that is, when only a small constant fraction of the fitness values is visible, then the unbiased black-box complexities for arities 3 and higher are of the same order as those for the simple OneMax function. Even for the extreme jump function, in which all but the two fitness values [Formula: see text] and n are blanked out, polynomial time mutation-based (i.e., unary unbiased) black-box optimization algorithms exist. This is quite surprising given that for the extreme jump function almost the whole search space (all but a [Formula: see text] fraction) is a plateau of constant fitness. To prove these results, we introduce new tools for the analysis of unbiased black-box complexities, for example, selecting the new parent individual not only by comparing the fitnesses of the competing search points but also by taking into account the (empirical) expected fitnesses of their offspring.

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Trezise, Kathleen A. "Mathematics Fitness." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 3, no. 7 (May 1998): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.3.7.0458.

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Students who are involved in mathematics instruction that is relevant to life will understand that mathematics is a part of the real world and not just another school subject. Teachers who connect mathematics with other content areas and the real world afford students the opportunity to see the daily importance of mathematics. The activity that follows is consistent with the following NCTM curriculum and evaluation standards. In grades 5-8, the mathematics curriculum should include—

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Bennike, Søren, and Laila Ottesen. "Fodbold Fitness." Forum for Idræt 34, no. 1 (June 6, 2019): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ffi.v34i1.117042.

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I denne artikel stilles der skarpt på Fodbold Fitness. Et initiativ som Dansk Boldspil-Union (DBU) lancerer i 2011 som en reaktion på flere forskellige udviklingstendenser i det danske idrætsliv. DBU beskriver Fodbold Fitness som fodbold på en ”sportslig og organisatorisk helt ny måde, der bryder med den traditionelle organisering, administration og medlemsstruktur”. Resultaterne af analysen viser, at Fodbold Fitness bryder med fritidsfodboldens sportslige form, men ikke med den organisatoriske form. Dette udfordres i artiklens diskussion, hvor det afslutningsvist konkluderes, at graden af brud afhænger af den enkelte klubs måde at forvalte Fodbold Fitness på.

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Roy, Tanja C., Barbara A. Springer, Vancil McNulty, and Nikki L. Butler. "Physical Fitness." Military Medicine 175, no. 8S (August 2010): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-10-00058.

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Bates, Mark J., Stephen Bowles, Jon Hammermeister, Charlene Stokes, Evette Pinder, Monique Moore, Matthew Fritts, et al. "Psychological Fitness." Military Medicine 175, no. 8S (August 2010): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-10-00073.

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Hufford, David J., Matthew J. Fritts, and Jeffrey E. Rhodes. "Spiritual Fitness." Military Medicine 175, no. 8S (August 2010): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-10-00075.

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Montain, Scott J., Christina E. Carvey, and Mark B. Stephens. "Nutritional Fitness." Military Medicine 175, no. 8S (August 2010): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-10-00127.

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Westphal, Richard J., and Kirsten R. Woodward. "Family Fitness." Military Medicine 175, no. 8S (August 2010): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-10-00238.

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Coulter, Ian, Paul Lester, and Jeffrey Yarvis. "Social Fitness." Military Medicine 175, no. 8S (August 2010): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-10-00278.

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Cavalcante, Christyne Rose Lima. "SEX FITNESS." Revista Brasileira de Sexualidade Humana 28, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35919/rbsh.v28i2.24.

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Mashta, Oona. "Fitness regime." Nursing Standard 23, no. 39 (June 3, 2009): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.23.39.24.s28.

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Perley, Bernard. "Ranger Fitness." Anthropology News 59, no. 1 (January 2018): e133-e134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/an.767.

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Carmichael, Chris, Edmund R. Burke, and Michele Hobson. "Fitness Cycling." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, no. 8 (August 1995): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199508000-00023.

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Rudnick, Janine. "ESL Fitness." CALICO Journal 22, no. 1 (December 4, 2017): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cj.35213.

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Jones, Susan. "Ordering fitness." Nature Reviews Microbiology 2, no. 10 (October 2004): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1012.

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Krimbas, Costas B. "On fitness." Biology & Philosophy 19, no. 2 (March 2004): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:biph.0000024402.80835.a7.

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Biddle, Stuart. "Golf Fitness." Journal of Sports Sciences 30, no. 4 (February 2012): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.648771.

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Wyrick, P. S., S. E. Bryant, K. Priesi, and P. G. Snell. "CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-01046.

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SHI, XIANGRONG, WILLIAM G. SQUIRES, JON W. WILLIAMSON, CRAIG G. CRANDALL, JIA-JEN CHEN, LARRY P. KROCK, and PETER B. RAVEN. "Aerobic fitness." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, no. 9 (September 1992): 991???998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209000-00007.

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WILLIAMSON, JON W., XIANGRONG SHI, JIA-JEN CHEN, CRAIG G. CRANDALL, WILLIAM G. SQUIRES, LARRY P. KROCK, and PETER B. RAVEN. "Aerobic fitness." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, no. 9 (September 1992): 999???1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199209000-00008.

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Levitt, Stuart. "Functional Fitness." Strategies 4, no. 1 (September 1990): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08924562.1990.10591759.

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Elsey, Sheila Cooney. "Extracurricular Fitness." Strategies 5, no. 3 (November 1991): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08924562.1991.11000266.

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Bowyer, Garry, and Teresa Bowyer. "Fitness Time." Strategies 9, no. 3 (November 1995): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08924562.1995.11000291.

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