Journal articles on the topic 'Fishing – Hong Kong'

In the colonial period during 1841 to 1997, Hong Kong had developed much from a fishing village to an international metropolis and also the building industry developed at the same time. This paper takes a historic view to review the evolution of building control in Hong Kong, and then the characteristics in each phase can be summed up. The legislation of building control of Hong Kong set an example especially for high-density urbanization.

Finance is vital to a country, and Hong Kong, as a special part of the large economy of China, has unique advantages and development history. And Hong Kong’s growth from a small fishing village to a financial centre has its inevitable factors: historical, geographical and policy advantages. After nearly a century of rapid development, Hong Kong has achieved many proud accomplishments in the following fields: economy, medicine, education, etc. In the process, the cooperation between Hong Kong and the mainland has become increasingly close, and the two sides of the Strait have become excellent “partners”. In recent years, due to the COVID-19 epidemic and the rise of China as a big economy, Hong Kong is facing an unavoidable dilemma. In view of this, the authors suggest that Hong Kong can develop financial technology, enhance financial security, implement green finance, and promote corporate innovation. At the same time, Hong Kong should also strengthen the relationship with the mainland. Generally speaking, under the current circumstances, Hong Kong will continue to exist as an important financial center of China, but Hong Kong should also actively face the challenges of the times and explore new developments directions in the future.

Abstract The often-heated debates concerning Hong Kong's literary representations all take as a premise that Hong Kong has an urban identity, defined by its mythic transformation from a fishing village to a metropolis. On the return of the sovereignty to mainland China in 1997, the discourse stresses Hong Kong's exceptional status, reflecting a general anxiety that Hong Kong could be replaced by or even become just another Chinese city. This anxiety for the future is evident in an ecocritical turn, manifested in both the social realm (popular movements and organic communities) and artistic circles (independent cinema and literature). This article looks at Hong Kong literature—Wu Xubin's 吳煦斌 (1949–) stories, Dung Kai-cheung's 董啟章 (1967–) literary experiments, and a recent edited volume about plants—to determine how ecotopian imaginaries and cultural identities are closely linked to different moments in Hong Kong history. The author finds that the ecocritical turn in Hong Kong literature has opened a new space for Hong Kong's postcolonial identity.

From data published by the Hong Kong SAR (HKSAR) government in their two sole fisheries surveys of 2006 and 2016/2017, the authors produced regional maps using spatial interpolation to more accurately describe and estimate the geographic coverage of changes in fishing production in Hong Kong waters since the ground trawl ban of 2012 December 31st. These suggest the fishing industry has adapted to smaller craft, and that fishing production increased in several areas in the period after the ground trawl ban came into effect. In addition, the maps enable a smoother assessment to be made of the geospatial changes in fishing production which have occurred since the ground trawl ban and suggest a ‘workaround’ by fishermen. In particular, small fishing craft known as sampans are able to take advantage by being more suitable vessels for areas such as narrower or shallower bays. Marine plastics pollution is also a proxy indicator of these activities, as evidenced by discarded fishing gear that includes plastic nets, floats, and other fishing boat equipment.

The city has always been a prominent subject in Hong Kong cinema. Land has been seen only as a profitable commodity, controlled by property developers and the wealthy. Instead of exploring the countryside and the traditional farming and fishing villages, people shifted their focus to Hong Kong: its skyline became the only valid point of perception. This marginalization of nature, however, was challenged in 2008 during the dispute between the villagers of Choi Yuen village and the Hong Kong government regarding the construction of Guangzhou‐Hong Kong High-Speed Rail Link, which would demolish the village of 500 people that lay along its path. This article looks at Jessey Tsang’s documentary Flowing Stories (2014) and adopts an ecofeminist perspective on the ways in which Hong Kong’s cultural imaginary has been reinvented in films. The role of documentaries in the independent film scene will be reviewed, especially the social-issue documentaries that have become popular since 2008. An ecofeminist approach to our understanding of Hong Kong could shift the paradigm of our stagnant cultural imaginary ‐ the urban city ‐ and resituate Hong Kong in a closer connection with its surroundings and the world.

Established in 1962, the Hong Kong Museum of Art was the first public museum in the city. It closed in August 2015 for a four-year renovation and spatial expansion of the facility, and reopened its doors in November 2019. The renovation happened precisely in the interstices of two important historical ruptures in recent Hong Kong history: the Umbrella Movement of 2014 and the ongoing Anti-China Extradition Movement that started in 2019. These movements are redefining the identity of the city and its people in contrast to the conventional Hong Kong cliché of transformation from fishing village to modern financial hub. Without addressing recent changes in cultural identity, the revamped museum rhetorically deploys obsolete curatorial narratives through exhibitions of Hong Kong art. This report critiques the representation of Hong Kongness in the revamped museum and argues that the latter is a soulless entity that overlooks the fact that both politics and art are now reconstructing local identities.

SummaryPollution from many sources, over-fishing and the rapid development of Hong Kong have had powerful, adverse, impacts upon local marine life reducing it to but a shadow of what it once was. This paper describes Hong Kong's newly enacted Marine Parks Ordinance Chapter 37 1995, discusses the existing situation with regard to the designation of marine parks and reserves, and describes the special features of each one. It argues that a territory-wide strategy will have to be implemented if representative intertidal and coastal water communities are to survive. Coastal zone planning and management need to be among the Hong Kong Government's highest priorities because there are indications that the marine parks and reserves will not be successful. The threats to them are too great. Conservation legislation and coastal planning exercises should also be integrated with those of China as soon as possible, especially for areas of coastline surrounding Hong Kong. This is because development within southern China is proceeding at such a pace that Hong Kong's protected areas are now being threatened by external factors as well as internal ones.

Background Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is endemic in Hong Kong with a skewed geographical and ethnic distribution. We performed an epidemiological study of NPC in Cheung Chau Island, a fishing village with very minimal residential mobility, and compared its demographics and survival with the rest of Hong Kong. Methods NPC data in Cheung Chau and non–Cheung Chau residents between 2006 and 2017 treated in our tertiary center were collected. The incidence, stage distribution, and mortality of Cheung Chau NPC residents were compared with those of their counterparts in the whole Hong Kong obtained from the Hong Kong Cancer Registry. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed between Cheung Chau and non–Cheung Chau cases in a 1:4 ratio. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were compared between these two cohorts by product limit estimation and log-rank tests. Results Sixty-one patients residing in Cheung Chau were identified between 2006 and 2017. There was a significantly higher NPC incidence ( P < .001) but an insignificant difference in the mortality rate in Cheung Chau compared to the whole Hong Kong data. After PSM with 237 non–Cheung Chau patients, the Cheung Chau cohort revealed a stronger NPC family history ( P < .001). However, there were no significant differences in OS ( P = .170), PFS ( P = .053), and CSS ( P = .160) between these two cohorts. Conclusion Our results revealed that Cheung Chau had a higher NPC incidence but similar survival outcomes compared to the whole of Hong Kong. Further prospective studies are warranted to verify this finding and to explore the possible underlying mechanisms.

This scholarly piece investigates the impact of COVID-19 efforts on the Group B Streptococcus (GBS) epidemic. Efforts in Hong Kong shifted to battling the COVID-19 pandemic, which has allowed for the influx of GBS cases. This article looks at how several factors have impacted the wave of GBS cases, including medical professionals not detecting GBS if it is co-infection with COVID-19 pandemic. Other factors influencing the rise of GBS are the primary economic source to Hong Kong, the fishing industry. Due to the negative impact that GBS has on younger individuals, this manuscript focuses on public health interventions, including testing, protocols in place for early detection, and vaccinations for GBS.

In the years 1996 and 1997, the pattern of deposition of beached coral heads and pieces onto the shore of Telecom Bay within the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong suggested that typhoons were a significant natural perturbation. In August 1997, 808 pieces weighing 60,930 g were washed up following passage of Typhoon Victor. 1997 was also Hong Kong's wettest year on record and a survey of the living corals in the reserve in 1998 showed changes in a number of ecological parameters of species richness, composition and diversity but, most noticeably, that the formerly dominant Goniastrea aspera had been superseded by Platygyra sinensis. In 1998 and 1999, this was reflected in the changed proportions of these two beached corals. Dramatically lowered salinities in the bay during July and August 1997 may have effected this change in relative dominance. Following Typhoon Dan in October 1998, 342 pieces of corals weighing 75,600 g were collected. The 1996 and 1997 pattern seemed to be repeating itself. 1999 was a bad year for severe tropical storms and typhoons in Hong Kong, seven being reported upon. Yet, after each one only 12,490 g (Typhoon Leo), 3390 g (Typhoon Maggie), 3550 g (Severe Tropical Storm: no-name), 55 g (Typhoon Sam), 4500 g (Typhoon York and Typhoon Cam) and 3160 g (Typhoon Dan) were washed up. That is, the seven tropical depressions deposited about 27,640 g coral, approximately the same amount as only Typhoon Sally in 1996 (25,000 g) and Tropical Storm Penny and Typhoon Babs in 1998 (24,574 g) and less than half that of Typhoon Victor in 1997 (60,000 g). In July 1996, Cape d'Aguilar was declared a marine reserve, fishing banned in its 18 hectares of sea and ghost nets removed. The fishing ban seems to be halting the dislodgement of corals and they are thus not now being beached by typhoons.

AbstractIn the 1990s, Taiwan and China conducted over twenty rounds of negotiations through the semi-official Strait Exchange Foundation (SEF) and the Association for Relations across the Taiwan Strait (ARATS) concerning the following issues: notarized papers, registered mail, illegal immigration, fishing disputes, airplane hijacking, and post-1997 shipping links between Taiwan and Hong Kong. Regrouping these issues into rights, law-and-order, and shipping, this study analyzes the differences in the negotiation processes and outcomes through variations of value-interest alignments and their perceived impact on future policy objectives.

Pegasid fishes (sea moths) have only entered the arsenal of traditional Chinese medicine within the past few decades, but are now used in southern China and Hong Kong to treat respiratory ailments and cancers. Brief trade surveys suggest that millions of individuals of two pegasid species are used each year, and that they cost relatively little compared with other ingredients. Most pegasids are apparently a bycatch of trawl fishing, which has recently intensified near China. Trade and use of these fishes is expanding – they have been sought in the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam – and should be monitored, particularly because the biology of pegasids makes these fishes vulnerable to exploitation.

AbstractChina (herein referred as China’s mainland, and excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) is the largest contributor to global seafood production. While China’s marine fisheries have been extensively documented, there is a gap in systematically quantifying production of its marine fisheries and the different challenges confronting them at the provincial level. We addressed this gap in spatial detail by providing a review that compares and contrasts the exploitation history of China’s fisheries at both the national and provincial levels based on official statistical data. We expanded upon this to explore aspects of bio-socio-economic challenges faced by the country’s 11 fishing provinces. Our analysis suggested that significant increases in domestic marine catches in China have been accompanied by escalating fishing power, which has had differential impacts at the provincial scale. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) sharply declined at both the national and provincial scales, and many traditionally targeted demersal fish stocks showed clear downward trends in terms of catches. The 11 fishing provinces in China can be grouped into four clusters with distinct biological, social, and economic attributes. Targeted measures are recommended accordingly when implementing fisheries management measures for each specific fishing province in order to deliver an overall improvement in the sustainability of China’s marine fisheries.

This paper discusses spatial agency practice within a living lab in Hong Kong. Lab members work in Tai O Village, a historic fishing settlement receiving increased attention due to remnant vernacular housing there. The article presents historical and policy context for ongoing casework conducted with stakeholders in Tai O. It presents Tai O’s history in brief, recent policy developments, and inherent conflicts arising from the interaction of the two. The third section of the article describes informal settlement land tenure conflicts as historical phenomena in Hong Kong. The paper follows this case-specific discussion with global literature review of selected regularisation and settlement upgrading efforts from around the world. These reviews present the article’s thesis that third sector and design-led efforts are critically applicable methods to address informal settlement conflicts that remain due to colonial legacy policies and political inertia. The final section of the article presents ongoing living lab research and initiatives, including collaborative monitoring projects and strategic development proposals. Each living lab initiative presented elaborates the article’s thesis on the interaction between architecture, research, and governance to negotiate complex development transitions. The article contributes to architectural scholarship by summarising unique interactions between history, policy, economics, and demography that engendered the development situation in Tai O. Further, it reflects upon response development methods through architectural science and spatial agency practice, including the role of architectural representation products and discursive distinctions at boundaries between architectural practice and spatial agency practice.

Gwadar is becoming a key factor in bolstering Pakistan's ailing economy. It is astonishing that Gwadar, a small fishing village in Pakistan, is swiftly becoming a smart deep-sea port city. Considering the significance of the region, the Pakistani government has designated Gwadar as a duty-free port and a free economic zone. This has increased its commercial significance and accelerated its rate of development to an incredible degree. When the city's development projects, recreational programs, and special economic zonescomplete, it will be comparable to Singapore, Hong Kong, and Dubai due to its advantageous strategic location. The western port city of Gwadar has already attracted the attention of the global martitime communities. It is highly likely that the port city of Gwadar will be economically more successful than anyone can evaluate.

Abstract Tam, Y-K., Ni, I-H., Yau, C., Yan, M-Y., Chan, W-S., Chan, S-M., Lu, H-J. 2013. Tracking the changes of a fish community following a megascale reclamation and ensuing mitigation measures. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1206–1219. A fish community in Hong Kong that had experienced megascale reclamation in Chek Lap Kok International Airport, and the ensuing marine protected areas (MPAs) establishment was tracked for 12 years. Significant shifts in community structure, typified by 17 species, were revealed by multivariate analyses and community metrics. Dynamic factor analysis disclosed two underlying common trends among them and their significant correlations with changes in water quality, area of seabed disturbance, and area of MPAs. A time-lag for detectable community changes was also revealed. During reclamation, the fish density was low and community health was poor. Large species disappeared leaving a community dominated by small, fast-growing and young-to-mature species. After completion of reclamation, some large and medium species returned, but soon after the establishment of MPAs, medium-sized, fast-growing and young-to-mature species thrived on reduction of fishing pressure, and filled the guilds rapidly. Therefore, even though fish density and community health were improved, the original community structure was not restored. This study provides a good reference for impacts of reclamation at the community level and the possible outcomes of reducing fishing pressure in a depleted fish community.

Shenzhen City in Southeast China has developed from a small fishing village into a modern metropolis since China adopted an open-door policy in 1978. In accordance with its national plan and strategy, China has been striving to develop its international Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay Area (GBA). Owing to its rapidly developing economy, industries and innovative technologies, Shenzhen is an important city in the GBA. Shenzhen’s higher education (HE) is supposedly crucial for its advancement as an innovation hub. However, the HE in Shenzhen is reportedly not adept with the city’s economic development. Although some Chinese studies have focused on Shenzhen’s HE-related issues, such as integration of and co-operation with the GBA’s policies, not many international studies have assessed how universities can help to ensure overall regional development. Thus, in this study, using Shenzhen’s case in the GBA, we explore the roles of universities in regional development. We review several policy documents and literature based on the glonacal framework to collect relevant data in text and generated themes. The study findings address the critical roles of Shenzhen universities in regional development such as promoting research capacity, fostering international collaboration and upgrading the GBA’s HE sector.

The study was conducted during July, 2003 to June, 2013 about landing volumes of shark fishery (sharks and rays) in artisanal and industrial fishing sector only in group- wise not in species wise. In these periods, in artisanal fisheries gill nets (shark nets), set bag nets, long lines and trammel nets exploiting data were analyzed. But from 2012-13 periods in industrial fisheries harvesting data of sharks and rays by trawl fishing were started to record keeping in group wise. During 2012-13 total sharks and rays landing volume contributes only 0.85% (5017 MT) of total the marine fish production of Bangladesh.8 During 2010-11 to 2012-13 no sharks and rays product items had been traded from Bangladesh due to international market ban But from 2003-04 to 2009-10 period sharks and rays product with fish maws export to the Myanmar, India, Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, China, USA and other countries. Dried and iced sliced meat of shark and rays, its sun-dried hide, bones, fins, tails, teeth and shark liver oil all are sold for local consumers, but only sets of fins (2 pectoral, 2 pelvic, 1 dorsal, 2 anal and 1 caudal fin) and skins were exporting to the foreign markets, which has been stopped now. In the year 2009-10 total 955 MT of sharks and rays product (with fish maws) were exporting and earning (app.) USD 1.60 million. For the conservation and management of shark fishery need National Plan of Action, which exploiting in the MSY and help to banning of critically endangered sharks and rays species. Appropriate law in the Fish Act (at present Fish Act has no forms of restriction for harvesting sharks, while Forestry Act restricts it in Sundarbans area) for sustainable harvesting and conservation of the elasmobranchs. Such law should include how many boats (motorized- and non-motorized) and industrial trawlers could be allowed to harvest sharks from which area, in which season and the allowable limit of harvests; in every case proper ways of fishing methods should strictly be followed. Coastal areas around Saint Martin’s Island and Sundarbans proposed by the Bay of Bengal should be declared as Marine Protected Area as most sharks use these areas as their nursing grounds.

Thousands of sharks are cruelly killed worldwide every day due to the lucrative shark finning trade. This practice is negatively impacting marine life, as sharks are the greatest ocean predators and maintain the delicate balance of the marine ecosystem. Shark finning consists of removing the fins and discarding the rest. The sharks are alive during the process, and when tossed back into the water without fins they cannot swim, thus sinking to the depths where they asphyxiate and / or are devoured by other fish. The fins are primarily consumed in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Asian communities elsewhere in the world for making shark-fin soup. Efforts to stop the practice of shark finning vary, ranging from demanding fisheries to bring sharks to land before removing the fins, to prohibiting the trade of shark products, to the total ban of shark fishing. Legislation varies significantly between countries and states, ranging from zero to absolute protection, whereby absolute means prohibiting the possession, sale, importation and exportation of shark fins. The economic implications of the shark-fin trade are considerable, which renders the application of laws and regulations very difficult. However, the increasing business of diving with sharks offers an alternative that shows us that the value of a living shark is far greater than when it is sold for parts. Analyzing legislation from the United States, as well as international legislation, aims to show its weakness when it comes to efforts to protect sharks, and in particular the application of the concept of shark welfare when legislating in their favor. The case study will focus on the Kristin Jacobs Ocean Conservation Act, investigating and analyzing the legal efforts made in the state of Florida (USA) to stop shark finning, and analyzing the legal implications for shark welfare.

Abstract Dolphins and humans are exposed to the same toxins in seafood. Over 2 billion people worldwide rely on seafood as their major source of protein and 60% of people live in coastal areas. Resident coastal dolphins are exposed to marine pollution in the same fashion as humans who frequently consume seafood, thus any indication of disease in dolphins has implications both for humans who eat regularly from the same areas and/or are otherwise exposed to the same toxins. Although ecotoxicologic studies of marine environments are very complex, (Irwin: Aquatic Mammals 31: 195–225, 2005), the bottlenose dolphin is a sentinel species for biomonitoring purposes. Tissue levels of many known carcinogens such as DDT, DDE, dioxins (e.g. PCDDs and 2,3,7,8 TCDD), BaP, PAHs, and more recently PFC and PBDEs (water repellants and fire retardants), reflect bioaccumulation in both dolphins and humans. Target sites where human and dolphin disease have been contrasted and compared are: North America (Alaska; Puget Sound; San Francisco Bay; Gulf Coast and Florida; St. Lawrence Seaway); Japan (Osaka Bay); Sweden; Coastal UK and Hong Kong (Pearl River estuary). For Alaska, Florida, Japan, Sweden and coastal UK, there are highly significant correlations between fish contamination/consumption and excess risk of human myeloma. In Alaska, Inuit men eat contaminated fish, have high organochloride (dioxins) levels in blood and tissues and an increased risk of myeloma. Likewise for Swedish fisherman comparing Baltic (more contamination) versus west coast levels of dioxins and myeloma. In Japan, a case control study provides a highly significant odds ratio of 5.89 for agriculture/fisheries as occupational factors. A separate study gives an annual age adjusted incidence of 7.03/100,000 for the Osaka Bay fishing region. Around Lake Okeechobee Florida an incidence rate of 6.52/100,000 correlates with both contamination and commercial fishing licenses. Although dolphins share most human mammalian genes, including CYP1A and CYP2B, they lack the ability to adequately catabolize type I and II dioxins, which therefore preferentially accumulate. Unfortunately, observed results of these bioaccumulations are suppressed immunity, infections and cancers particularly B-cell lymphomas and “myeloma-like” immunoblastic lymphomas (Bossart: J. Vet Diagn Invest 9: 454–458, 1997). This pattern of diseases in turn corresponds with the local and systemic effects exemplified in Balb/c mice during pristine-induced plasmacytogenesis and in humans exposed to toxins. Newly recognized persistent organic pollutants such as water repellants (PFCs) and flame-retardants (PBDEs) are a particular concern, both because of rapid recent bioaccumulation in dolphins with associated disease manifestations plus the potential for wide global dispersal and diverse routes of human exposure. Numerous consumer goods contain PBDEs, including electronics, carpets, furniture and textiles. Genetic studies help refine probability calculations to assess risk using the union rule for independent events. Studies are now underway to correlate recent bioaccumulations in dolphins and humans, genetic predisposition and myeloma onset. Probability calculations for risk of developing myeloma will support interventions to reduce both contamination of the marine environment and elimination of human toxin exposures.

The aim of this study was to describe the international academic mobility experienced by the Fishing Engineering students in other countries. The data was collected through an electronic semi-structured questionnaire hosted on an electronic platform by Google. A total of nine students answered the questionnaire, in which they chose countries such as France, Spain, Ireland, Canada, the United States and Australia to study abroad in. The student’s satisfaction with the Science without Borders Program (SwB) was extremely positive, where all the interviewees stated that they had learned the language from the hosting country. In relation to the negative aspects, 67% of the interviewees pointed out that they struggled to understand the language in the beginning of the academic mobility, and 78% of the students said that they missed their families during the student mobility period. In conclusion, the academic mobility performed by students from the Fishing Engineering course was rated as excellent, and as a unique and an enriching opportunity, both in professional and personal aspects.ResumoO trabalho teve como objetivo discutir sobre a mobilidade acadêmica vivenciada por estudantes de Engenharia de Pesca em outros países. A coleta de dados foi feita através de um questionário eletrônico semiestruturado, hospedado em uma plataforma eletrônica de formulários da Google. Um total de nove discentes respondeu ao questionário, realizando a mobilidade na França, Espanha, Irlanda, Canadá, Estados Unidos e Austrália. A satisfação dos estudantes com o Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras (CsF) foi positiva, todos os entrevistados afirmaram terem aprendido o idioma do país que escolheram. 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Abstract Crustaceans were among the most valuable fishery resources in Hong Kong. However, the unrestricted and intensive use of different fishing gears, especially bottom trawling, has led to the depletion of commercially important crustaceans in Hong Kong since the 1980s. This study investigated whether commercial crustaceans recovered after the implementation of a permanent Hong Kong-wide trawl ban that began on December 31, 2012. Standardized field surveys were conducted using a commercial shrimp trawler at two sites in eastern and western waters of Hong Kong before (2004) and after the trawl ban (2013–2014 and 2015–2016) and two sites in southern waters after the trawl ban. Diversity, mean size, abundance, biomass and level of disturbance of commercial crustaceans from the three periods were investigated. The eastern waters exhibited an increased diversity of crustacean assemblages in Inner Tolo, and a higher abundance and biomass of crabs were detected in Outer Tolo after the trawl ban. Reduced disturbance, higher diversity in crustacean assemblages and greater abundance and biomass of predatory crabs were observed after the trawl ban in the outer estuary of western waters, and increased abundance and biomass of shrimp were detected in the inner estuary of western waters. No temporal or negative changes were detected in the southeast and southern waters of Lamma Island. The various responses of crustacean assemblages in Hong Kong waters revealed the critical role of complex interactions among multiple stresses, such as ongoing reclamation works, illegal trawling activities and increased fishing efforts using other (legal) fishing methods.

Abstract Fisheries resources in Hong Kong have been overexploited since the 1970s due to intensive bottom trawling and other fishing activities that have depleted stocks and destroyed marine habitat. To rehabilitate depleted fisheries resources, a permanent ban on trawling in Hong Kong territorial waters came into force on December 31, 2012. In order to determine whether the trawl facilitated recovery of fish communities, trawl surveys were conducted at two sites in each of the eastern, southern and western (estuarine) coastal waters of Hong Kong before and three years after the trawl ban. A total of 315 species and 86 families of fishes in nine feeding groups were encountered during the surveys. Mean trophic level of the fish community, abundance and biomass of total fishes and of predatory fishes increased in eastern and western waters after the ban, but no changes or declines in these metrics were observed in southern waters. Although initial recovery in fish community were observed in eastern and western waters, anthropogenic disturbances might hinder the recovery process, including a large-scale reclamation for construction of coastal infrastructures in the west, illegal trawling, and expansion of non-trawling fishing efforts in the southern and eastern waters. Longer term monitoring is needed to evaluate the effects of the trawl ban, and determine whether recovery in the southern waters will continue to be constrained by the anthropogenic disturbances. Graphic abstract

Fishery resources are threatened by environmental changes and anthropogenic pressures, particularly in coastal ecosystems. It is crucial to understand the changes of fish communities and their responses to environmental changes and human disturbances to formulate rational fisheries and ecosystem-based management. The Pearl River Estuary (PRE) is a typical sub-tropic coastal ecosystem located in the center of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in the northern South China Sea. The demersal fish in the PRE is traditionally targeted as commercial fishing and severely impacted by overexploitation and hypoxia in the last few decades. In this study, we analyze the fish survey data during the period of 2020~2021 using multivariate statistics to investigate the impacts of human disturbances on the species and functional dynamics of the demersal fish community in the PRE. The results reveal that dissolved oxygen and temperature have significant correlations with the functional traits of the demersal fish community. The impacts of hypoxia on the demersal fish vary with species and locations. We found that the mean functional redundancy of the demersal fish community in the PRE was high across three surveys, but the functional diversity was low in this region. The abundance and richness of the demersal fish community increased during the summer fishing moratorium in the South China Sea in 2021, but the functional diversity did not increase significantly. We conclude that the high functional redundancy in the PRE might not be sufficient to buffer against environmental disturbances because of its low functional diversity. Our study highlights the complicated interactions between the demersal fish community and disturbances in the PRE. Understanding the traits structure and functional diversity of the fish community can help elucidate the factors determining the dynamic responses of the fish community to disturbances.

Rural villages around the world frequently are the built manifestation of architectural heritage and the living traditions. However, with the dynamic changes of society, culture and technology, vernacular heritage could disappear. Consequently, this paper argues: what is vernacular architecture in contemporary time? How can it last over time in rural villages? In order to answer this, through a theoretical base and the analysis of two case studies, the authors will find out the principles that defines it. Both case studies are located in rural villages and are contemporary projects conceived in a place where traditional culture is still alive. At one hand, ‘Tai O Hub Bridge’, a project located in the fishing village, a site that depict the trace of the old Hong Kong and one of the last remaining places where ancient culture has survived. At the other hand, ‘La Casa de Meche’, a house built in Pedro Carbo-Ecuador, a project that faced the re-construction process after a 7.8 earthquake hit the zone. Even if they are located more than ten thousand miles away from each other, both represent the conception of a contemporary projects within in a vulnerable system. This paper seeks to define parameters that make vernacular architecture accurate over the time and how to apply them when new projects come in these rural villages.

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This article explores how ship recycling—an essential part of the shipping economy—results in breaking up toxic vessels that leak hazardous materials into coastal communities and wetlands ecologies of South Asia. Drawing on multi-scaled and multisited ethnographic fieldwork with shipbreaking workers and local fishing communities in Chattogram, Bangladesh as well as with shipbreaking yard owners, maritime consultants, and government officials, we conceptualize toxic flows as a method to trace the lived experiences of those who are exposed to industrial pollution from shipbreaking. First, we propose that shipbreaking with its local toxic leakages constitutes a form of “structural violence” where violence is built into the logic of accumulation strategies in the maritime economy and shows up as unequal power relations that produce the conditions for unequal life chances. Second, we discuss Bangladesh’s recent efforts towards ratifying the Hong Kong Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships and its potential to contain these toxic flows. Lastly, we explore how ethnographically tracing ‘toxic flows’ i.e., the movement of these toxic substances, allows us to shift scales of analysis and make visible the different ways shipbreaking is perceived to negatively affect health and social reproduction beyond the boundary of shipbreaking yards. We conclude that structural violence such as reduced life expectancies due to poisonous exposure risks becoming embedded in the logic of oceanic forms of accumulation without state regulatory enforcement and supervision.

The Upper Gulf of California is a diverse and highly productive ecosystem supporting some of the most important fisheries in Mexico, yet a history of weak fisheries management and illegal fishing threaten the area’s biodiversity and undermine human well-being in the communities along its shores. The vaquita (Phocoena sinus) is endemic to these waters and is on the brink of extinction due to incidental entanglement in gillnets used by small-scale fishers. The resurgence of an illegal gillnet fishery for totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi), whose swim bladders are highly prized in Hong Kong and continental China, has accelerated the steep decline of the vaquita population. Vaquita is one of a growing number of cases linking illegal wildlife trade, organized crime, and biodiversity decline. This paper provides a summary of key reflections of a panel of fisheries economists gathered at the ninth forum of the North American Association of Fisheries Economists (NAAFE) to evaluate the policies implemented in the Upper Gulf through an economic lens and updated to reflect more recent developments. The panel recognized that poor fisheries management, lack of effective enforcement, distant demand for an illegal product, corruption, and few viable economic alternatives confound efforts to address vaquita bycatch. The complexity of these problems requires a holistic, multidisciplinary approach, combining top-down, direct regulation and bottom-up, participatory and incentive-based instruments. Addressing chronic deficiencies in enforcement, particularly in the very small area where the remaining vaquitas are found, is crucial to prevent imminent extinction. Equally crucial are sustained actions to support legal fishers able to make a good living – with a direct stake in healthy marine ecosystems – as key components of policies to address bycatch and reduce wildlife trafficking. The situation in the Upper Gulf of California is dire, yet similar threats to other marine mammals and wildlife trafficked species may benefit from the experience of the vaquita.