Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fish Pathology

Academic literature on the topic 'Fish Pathology'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Fish Pathology"

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Humphrey, JD. "Fish Pathology." Australian Veterinary Journal 80, no. 6 (June 2002): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb14791.x.

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Plumb, John A. "Fish pathology." Fisheries Research 10, no. 3-4 (January 1991): 351–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(91)90085-t.

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Coyne, John D. "FISH in Pathology." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 20, no. 4 (May 21, 2012): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896912446948.

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Johnson, G. "Book Review: Fish Pathology." Veterinary Pathology 42, no. 2 (March 2005): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.42-2-236-a.

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Hollingworth, Chuck. "Fish Pathology, 3rd Edition." Fish and Fisheries 3, no. 2 (June 2002): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2002.00072.x.

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Bruno, D. W. "Systemic pathology of fish." Fisheries Research 9, no. 2 (August 1990): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(90)90064-3.

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Rohovec, J. S. "Fish and shellfish pathology." Aquaculture 61, no. 1 (March 1987): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(87)90340-1.

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Manera, M., P. Visciano, P. Losito, and A. Ianieri. "Farmed Fish Pathology: Quality Aspects." Veterinary Research Communications 27 (2003): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:verc.0000014250.43833.17.

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Johnson, Gerald. "Book Review: Systemic Pathology of Fish." Veterinary Pathology 27, no. 3 (May 1990): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589002700316.

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Tacon, A. G. J. "Lipid nutritional pathology in farmed fish." Archiv für Tierernaehrung 49, no. 1 (January 1996): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450399609381861.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fish Pathology"

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Anitha, P. S. "Pathology of aflatoxicosis in Finfish Oreochromis mossambicus." Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1997. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11031/1/Anitha%20P.S..pdf.

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Aquaculture is a recent and fast growing food production industry. Development of this sector is essential for increasing export earning and improvement of Socio-Economic status of rural people. The fish and shrimp production by capture have not increased per unit effort over a decade. The excessive pressure on the capture sector by the increasing world population forced man to search for another alternative namely aquaculture, which presently contributes substantially to global fish production.
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Horton, Tammy. "Genus Ceratothoa in wild and farmed fish : taxonomy, ecology and pathology." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391353.

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Ronga, Evangelia. "The ecology, pathology and treatment of Discocotyle sagittata (Leuckart, 1842) in an intensive aquaculture system." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281991.

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Sommer, Sandra Reading. "Comparison of Virulent and Avirulent Legionella pneumophila and Evaluation of Fish as a Potential Environmental Reservoir/Experimental Model." VCU Scholars Compass, 1987. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3938.

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Legionella pneumophila was first recognized as a cause of human pneumonia in 1976 . Since then, much has been learned about the microbiology, pathophysiology and epidemiology of this organism. The features which permit one strain but not another to invade human lung tissue and produce disease remain incompletely understood. This study e valuated several attributes of a virulent and an avirulent strain of L. pneumophila in an attempt to identify characteristics which would distinguish the two. Evaluation of a new medium, buffered egg yolk agar, showed that virulence was maintained after 26 passages, which was the same as the buffered charcoal yeast extract agar used for comparison. However, growth appeared earlier and was heavier on the charcoalcontaining medium. Morphologically, the avirulent strain produced greater numbers of filamentous forms and was found to be encapsulated more frequently. Treatment with polymixin B produced morphologic changes similar to those previously reported but failed to alter the virulence of either strain. No plasmids were found in either strain nor were consistent differences in protein content demonstrated using sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both strains reacted less intensely as cultures aged with a monoclonal but not a polyclonal antibody in a direct fluorescent antibody assay . This change was more pronounced when the virulent organism was tested. Chemotactic assays showed similar tendencies when human or guinea pig mononuclear cells were compared to two estuarine species (hogchoker and spot) and one freshwater species (golden shiner minnow) of fish. In vivo results were also similar when two of the three species of fish were tested, suggesting that either the spot or the minnow may be used in evaluation of certain characteristics of L. pneumophila. Organisms were isolated from apparently healthy fish up to 15 days after inoculation in some instances. This suggests that fish may be a possible additional environmental reservoir for Legionella pneumophila.
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Ekman, Elisabet. "Natural and experimental infections with Flavobacterium psychrophilum in salmonid fish /." Uppsala : Dept. of Pathology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/v160.pdf.

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GANDHI, MANOJ SURESH. "ROLE OF NUCLEAR ORGANIZATION, GENE TOPOLOGY AND CHROMATIN ARCHITECTURE IN GENE REARRANGEMENTS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1154967064.

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Graesslin, Olivier. "Etude de l'expression des matrix-métalloprotéases (MMP-2, -7 et -9), des inhibiteurs tissulaires des métalloprotéases (TIMP-1 et -2), des facteurs apoptotiques (P53 et Bcl-2) et des récepteurs hormonaux (RE et RP) dans les cancers et les hyperplasies de l'endomètre par comparaison à l'endomètre sain. Etude de la ploïdie et recherche des anomalies cytogénétiques par FISH. Evaluation de l'implication de ces facteurs dans le processus de carcinogenèse endométriale et de leur intérêt pronostic." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811965.

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Le cancer de l'endomètre est le cancer gynécologique le plus fréquemment diagnostiqué chez les femmes en Europe, aux USA et au Japon. Les mécanismes de carcinogenèse endométriale sont encore mal appréhendés et les facteurs histopronostiques classiques ne permettent pas toujours de prédire le risque évolutif. Dans ce travail, l'étude de l'expression des métalloprotéases (MMP-2,-7 et -9) et des inhibiteurs tissulaires des métalloprotéases (TIMP-1 et -2) suggère l'implication de ce système enzymatique dans le processus de carcinogenèse endométriale avec un profil d'expression différent dans l'endomètre normal, l'hyperplasie et le cancer de l'endomètre. Nous avons par ailleurs pu montrer que l'analyse de l'expression de MMP-2 (gélatinase A) et de TIMP-2 permettait de définir un sous-groupe de cancer de l'endomètre qui était particulièrement à risque d'extension locale et à distance. Nos résultats ont également permis de confirmer le rôle prépondérant de la perte d'hétérozygotie (LOH) de TP53 dans la genèse des cancers de l'endomètre de type II et la survenue plus tardive de cet évènement dans les cancers de l'endomètre de type I (hormonodépendants). En terme de pronostic, l'analyse du gène TP53 par FISH (hybridation par fluorescence in situ) n'est pas supérieure à celle obtenue par IHC (immunohistochimie). Enfin, l'étude des corrélations histopronostiques réalisée dans ce travail suggère que l'évaluation conjointe de la ploïdie, de MMP-2 et TIMP-2, de p53, du Ki67 et des récepteurs hormonaux (E et P) sur les prélèvements tissulaires pourrait mieux définir une population à haut risque évolutif pouvant bénéficier de thérapeutique ciblée.
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Delannoy, Christian M. J. "Host adaptation of aquatic Streptococcus agalactiae." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17259.

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Streptococcus agalactiae is a pathogen of multiple hosts. The bacterium, an aetiological agent of septicaemia and meningo-encephalitis in freshwater and saltwater fish species, is considered a major threat to the aquaculture industry, particularly for tilapia. Cattle and humans are however the main known reservoirs for S. agalactiae. In humans, the bacterium (commonly referred to as Group B Streptococcus or GBS) is a member of the commensal microflora of the intestinal and genito-urinary tracts, but it is also a major cause of neonatal invasive disease and an emerging pathogen in adults. In cattle, S. agalactiae is a well-recognized causative agent of mastitis. Numerous studies focusing on S. agalactiae from human and bovine origins have provided insight into the population structure of the bacterium, as well as the genome content and pathogenic mechanisms through identification of virulence determinants. Concerning S. agalactiae from aquatic origins, scientific information mainly focused on case reporting and/or experimental challenges, with a limited or absence of information in terms of pathogenesis, virulence determinants and genotypes of the strains involved. The objective of this study was to enhance our understanding of the molecular epidemiology, host-adaptation and pathogenicity of S. agalactiae in aquatic species, with particular emphasis on tilapia. Firstly, a collection of 33 piscine, amphibian and sea mammal isolates originating from several countries and continents was assembled, with the aim of exploring the population structure and potential host specificity of aquatic S. agalactiae. Isolates were characterised using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and a standardised 3-set genotyping system comprising molecular serotypes, surface protein gene profiles and mobile genetic element profiles. Two major subpopulations were identified in fish. The first subpopulation consisted of non-haemolytic isolates that belonged to sequence type (ST) 260 or 261, which are STs that have been reported only from teleosts. These isolates exhibited a low level of genetic diversity by PFGE and clustered with other STs that have been reported only in fish. Another common feature was the absence of all surface protein genes or mobile genetic elements targeted as part of the 3-set genotyping and that are usually found in human or bovine isolates. The second subpopulation consisted of β-haemolytic isolates recovered from fish, frogs and sea mammals, and that exhibited medium to high genetic diversity by PFGE. STs identified among these isolates have previously been identified from strains associated with asymptomatic carriage and invasive disease in humans. The human pathogenic strain ST7 serotype Ia was detected in fish from Asia. Moreover, ST283 serotype III-4 and its novel single locus variant ST491 detected in fish from Southeast Asia shared a 3-set genotype identical to that of an emerging ST283 clone associated with invasive disease of adult humans in Asia. These observations suggested that some strains of aquatic S. agalactiae may present a zoonotic or anthroponotic hazard. STs found among the seal isolates (ST23) have also been reported from humans and numerous other host species, but never from teleosts. This work provided an excellent basis for exploration of the virulence of selected strains in experimental challenges. The virulence of two strains of S. agalactiae was experimentally investigated by intra-peritoneal infection of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), using an isolate originally recovered from fish and belonging to ST260, and an isolate originating from a grey seal and belonging to ST23. The clinical signs, the in vivo distribution of viable bacteria and bacterial antigens, and the gross and histopathological lesions that developed during the time course of the infection were investigated. The ST260 strain was highly virulent, whereas no major clinical sign or mortalities occurred in the fish challenged with the ST23 strain. After injection, both strains however gained access to the bloodstream and viable bacteria were recovered from all organs under investigation. During the early stages of infection, bacteria were mostly found within the reticulo-endothelial system of the spleen and kidney. Thereafter, the ST260 demonstrated a particular tropism for the brain and the heart, but granulomatous inflammation and associated necrotic lesions were observed in all organs. ST23 was responsible for a mixed inflammatory response associated with the presence of bacteria in the choroid rete and in the pancreatic tissue only. After 7 days post-challenge and for both strain, the formation or containment of bacteria within granulomata or other encapsulated structures appeared to be a major component of the fish response. However, the load of viable bacteria remained high within organs of fish infected with ST260, suggesting that, unlike ST23, this strain is able to survive within macrophages and/or to evade the immune system of the fish. This work demonstrates that the lack of report of ST23 strains in fish is possibly not due to a lack of exposure but to a lack of virulence in this host. The two strains, which differ in prevalence and virulence in fish, provide an excellent basis to investigate genomic differences underlying the host-association of distinct S. agalactiae subpopulations. The genome of the ST260 strain used in challenge studies was sequenced. We therefore provided the first description for the genome sequence of a non-haemolytic S. agalactiae isolated from tilapia (strain STIR-CD-17) and that belongs by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) to clonal complex (CC) 552, which corresponds to a presumptive fish-adapted subgroup of S. agalactiae. The genome was compared to 13 S. agalactiae genomes of human (n=7), bovine (n=2), fish (n=3) and unknown (n=1) origins. Phylogenetic analysis based on the core genome identified isolates of CC552 as the most diverged of all S. agalactiae studied. Conversely, genomes from β-haemolytic isolates of CC7 recovered from fish were found to cluster with human isolates of CC7, further supporting the possibility that some strains may represent a zoonotic or anthroponotic hazard. Comparative analysis of the accessory genome enabled the identification of a cluster of genes uniquely shared between CC7 and CC552, which encode proteins that may provide enhanced fitness in specific niches. Other genes identified were specific to STIR-CD-17 or to CC552 based on genomic comparisons; however the extension of this analysis through the PCR screening of a larger population of S. agalactiae suggested that some of these genes may occasionally be present in isolates belonging to CC7. Some of these genes, occurring in clusters, exhibited typical signatures of mobile genetic elements, suggesting their acquisition through horizontal gene transfer. It is not possible to date to determine whether these genes were acquired through intraspecies transfer or through interspecies transfer from the aquatic environment. Finally, general features of STIR-CD-17 highlighted a distinctive genome characterised by an absence of well conserved insertion sequences, an abundance of pseudogenes, a smaller genomic size than normally observed among human or bovine S. agalactiae, and an apparent loss of metabolic functions considered conserved within the bacterial species, indicating that the fish-adapted subgroup of isolates (CC552) has undergone niche restriction. Finally, genes encoding recognised virulence factors in human S. agalactiae were selected and their presence and structural conservation was evaluated within the genome of STIR-CD-17.
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SAVINI, GIOVANNI. "MICROSTRUCTURE AND CONNECTIVITY OF THE CEREBELLUM WITH ADVANCED DIFFUSION MRI IN HEALTH AND PATHOLOGY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/612349.

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The cerebellum contains most of the central nervous system neurons and it is classically known to be a key region for sensorimotor coordination and learning. However, its role in higher cognitive functions has been increasingly recognised, thus raising the interest of neuroscience and neuroimaging communities. Despite this, knowledge of cerebellar structure and function is still incomplete and the interpretation of experimental results is often problematic. For these and also technical reasons the cerebellum is still frequently disregarded in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Therefore, the principal aim of this work was to use MRI to investigate cerebellar microstructure and macrostructural connectivity in health and pathology, focusing also on technical aspects of image acquisition. The starting point of each project described in the present thesis were techniques, models and pipelines currently accepted in clinical practice. The meeting of inadequacies or problems of such techniques raised questions that pushed research to a more fundamental level. This thesis has three main contributions. The first part presents a clinical study of cerebellar involvement in processing speed deficits in multiple sclerosis, where combined tractography and network science highlighted the importance of the cerebellum in patients’ cognitive performance. Then a deeper investigation conducted on high-quality diffusion MRI data with advanced diffusion signal models showed that subregions of the cerebellar cortex are characterised by different microstructural features: this represents one of the very first attempts to use diffusion MRI to face the widespread idea of cerebellar cortex uniformity, which has been recently challenged by findings from other research fields, thus providing new perspectives for the study of cerebellar information processing in health and pathology. Finally, the emerging technical problems that hamper the study of small structures within the cerebellum were tackled by developing dedicated acquisition protocols that exploit reduced field-of-view techniques for 3T and 7T MRI scanners.
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Schenk, Maxie Karolin [Verfasser], and Kais [Akademischer Betreuer] Hussein. "Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (FISH) zur Untersuchung von Wachstumsrezeptor-Genen in Speicheldrüsenkarzinomen / Maxie Karolin Schenk ; Akademischer Betreuer: Kais Hussein ; Institut für Pathologie." Hannover : Bibliothek der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1236729013/34.

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Books on the topic "Fish Pathology"

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Roberts, Ronald J., ed. Fish Pathology. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.

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J, Roberts Ronald, ed. Fish pathology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1989.

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Roberts, Ronald J. Fish pathology. 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell, 2012.

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1941-, Roberts Ronald J., ed. Fish pathology. 2nd ed. London: Baillière Tindall, 1989.

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1941-, Roberts Ronald J., ed. Fish pathology. 3rd ed. London: W.B. Saunders, 2001.

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J, Roberts Ronald, ed. Fish pathology. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere Tindall, 1989.

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E, Ellis Anthony, and International Conference of the EAFP (1st : 1983 : Plymouth Polytechnic), eds. Fish and shellfish pathology. London: Academic Press, 1985.

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1950-, Meyers Theodore Richard, and Alaska. Commercial Fisheries Management and Development Division., eds. Fish Pathology Section laboratory manual. Juneau, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Management and Development, 1997.

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Brunson, Wayne D. Pathology of fish diseases and promotion of fish health. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Game Dept., Fisheries Management Division, 1986.

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Roberts, Steven. Pathology of fish diseases and promotion of fish health. [Olympia?]: Washington Dept. of Wildlife, Fisheries Management Division, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fish Pathology"

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Roberts, R. J. "The Aquatic Environment." In Fish Pathology, 1–16. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.ch1.

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Hardy, R. W. "The Nutritional Pathology of Teleosts." In Fish Pathology, 402–24. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.ch10.

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Roberts, R. J. "Miscellaneous Non-Infectious Diseases." In Fish Pathology, 425–38. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.ch11.

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Roberts, R. J., D. A. Smail, and E. S. Munro. "Laboratory Methods." In Fish Pathology, 439–81. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.ch12.

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Roberts, R. J., and A. E. Ellis. "The Anatomy and Physiology of Teleosts." In Fish Pathology, 17–61. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.ch2.

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Roberts, R. J., and H. D. Rodger. "The Pathophysiology and Systematic Pathology of Teleosts." In Fish Pathology, 62–143. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.ch3.

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Secombes, C. J., and A. E. Ellis. "The Immunology of Teleosts." In Fish Pathology, 144–66. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.ch4.

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Roberts, R. J. "Neoplasia of Teleosts." In Fish Pathology, 167–85. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.ch5.

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Smail, D. A., and E. S. Munro. "The Virology of Teleosts." In Fish Pathology, 186–291. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.ch6.

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Wootten, R. "The Parasitology of Teleosts." In Fish Pathology, 292–338. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.ch7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fish Pathology"

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Torrissen, Martina, Astrid Nilsson, Binh Minh Trinh, Elisabeth Ytteborg, Gerd Marit Berge, Harald Svenson, Iren Stoknes, and Marta Bou Mira. "Novel n-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and their potential role in skin tissue." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/nkdk5807.

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Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLC-FA) have a chain length of ≥24 carbon atoms. They are generally not provided through dietary sources but generated endogenously, involving chain elongation of LC-FA by ELOVL4. There is emerging substantial evidence suggesting they play important roles in tissues where they are naturally found, including retina, skin, testis, and brain. Mutations in ELOVL4 have been associated with several tissue-specific conditions, suggesting these FA may be involved in the disease pathology. A lack of availability of these fatty acids for dietary interventions has however, until recently, made them difficult to investigate. After identifying VLC-FA in fish oil and developing a method for concentrating n-3 VLC-PUFAs in kg scale, our research team have conducted feeding trials to determine if they are taken up directly from diet through supplementation, and their effect on development and maturation of skin tissue. Salmon fed different dietary levels of the concentrate were analysed for tissue fatty acid composition by GC and histology by H&E and Von Kossa staining. After establishing a clear tissue-specific uptake, we conducted in-vitro trials where we observed promising effects by incubating skin cells from human and Atlantic salmon with n-3 VLC-PUFA concentrate in scratch assay and cell migration trials. The in-vitro results show improved cell migration, which is in line with our in-vivo findings and demonstrates a promising effect on skin tissue development, maturation, and skin cell migration. Here we will present our data and discuss the relevance of this in skin biology. As VLC-FA potentially play a critical role in skin barrier function and skin biology, understanding these FAs may lead to improvements in treatment of dermatological diseases and conditions.
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Desai, NV, V. Torous, C. Cruz, SJ Schnitt, and N. Tung. "Abstract P2-09-25: Clinical and pathologic characteristics of breast cancers determined to be HER2-positive by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) using alternative chromosome 17 probes." In Abstracts: 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; December 5-9, 2017; San Antonio, Texas. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs17-p2-09-25.

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Reports on the topic "Fish Pathology"

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Bercovier, Herve, and Paul Frelier. Pathogenic Streptococcus in Tilapia: Rapid Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Pathophysiology. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568776.bard.

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Within the project "Pathogenic Streptococcus in Tilapia", gram positive cocci pathogens of fish in Israel and in the United States were characterized. We showed that Streptococcus shiloi, the name for an agent causing septicemic infection in fish, is a junior synonym of Streptococcus iniae and that Enterococcus seriolicida is a junior synonym of Lactococcus garvieae, a causative agent of septicemia and meningo-encephalitis in fish. Molecular epidemiology studies on these two pathogens, based on 16S rDNA sequences and ribotyping showed that although each country had specific clones, S. iniae originated probably from the U.S. and L. garvieae from Japan. PCR assays were developed for both pathogens and applied to clinical samples. S. agalactiael S. difficile was also recognized for the first time in the U.S. in tilapia. Our histopathological studies explained the noted paradox (abundant in vitro growth often accompanied by scant to small numbers of organisms within the meninges in histologic sections of brain) in diagnostic of fish streptococcus. The greatest concentration of cocci were consistently observed within macrophages infiltrating the extrameningeal fibroadipose tissue surrounding the brain within the calvarium. These results also suggests that the primary route of meningeal infection may be extension from the extrameningeal connective tissue rather than meningeal vascular emigration of cocci-containing macrophages. Our work has resulted in a cognizance of streptococcus as fish pathogen which goes beyond the pathology observed in tilapia and is already extended to many aquaculture fish species in Israel and in the United States. Finally, our data suggest that vaccines (bivalent or trivalent) could be developed to prevent most of the damages caused by streptococcus in aquaculture.
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Eldar, Avigdor, and Donald L. Evans. Streptococcus iniae Infections in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Toward the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575286.bard.

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In Israel and in the U.S., Streptococcus iniae is responsible for considerable losses in various fish species. Poor understanding of its virulence factors and limited know-how-to of vaccine formulation and administration are the main reasons for the limited efficacy of vaccines. Our strategy was that in order to Improve control measures, both aspects should be equally addressed. Our proposal included the following objectives: (i) construction of host-pathogen interaction models; (ii) characterization of virulence factors and immunodominant antigens, with assessment of their relative importance in terms of protection and (iii) genetic identification of virulence factors and genes, with evaluation of the protective effect of recombinant proteins. We have shown that two different serotypes are involved. Their capsular polysaccharides (CPS) were characterized, and proved to play an important role in immune evasion and in other consequences of the infection. This is an innovative finding in fish bacteriology and resembles what, in other fields, has become apparent in the recent years: S. iniae alters surface antigens. By so doing, the pathogen escapes immune destruction. Immunological assays (agar-gel immunodiffusion and antibody titers) confirmed that only limited cross recognition between the two types occurs and that capsular polysaccharides are immunodominant. Vaccination with purified CPS (as an acellular vaccine) results in protection. In vitro and ex-vivo models have allowed us to unravel additional insights of the host-pathogen interactions. S. iniae 173 (type II) produced DNA fragmentation of TMB-8 cells characteristic of cellular necrosis; the same isolate also prevented the development of apoptosis in NCC. This was determined by finding reduced expression of phosphotidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane leaflet of NCC. NCC treated with this isolate had very high levels of cellular necrosis compared to all other isolates. This cellular pathology was confirmed by observing reduced DNA laddering in these same treated cells. Transmission EM also showed characteristic necrotic cellular changes in treated cells. To determine if the (in vitro) PCD/apoptosis protective effects of #173 correlated with any in vivo activity, tilapia were injected IV with #173 and #164 (an Israeli type I strain). Following injection, purified NCC were tested (in vitro) for cytotoxicity against HL-60 target cells. Four significant observations were made : (i) fish injected with #173 had 100-400% increased cytotoxicity compared to #164 (ii) in vivo activation occurred within 5 minutes of injection; (iii) activation occurred only within the peripheral blood compartment; and (iv) the isolate that protected NCC from apoptosis in vitro caused in vivo activation of cytotoxicity. The levels of in vivo cytotoxicity responses are associated with certain pathogens (pathogen associated molecular patterns/PAMP) and with the tissue of origin of NCC. NCC from different tissue (i.e. PBL, anterior kidney, spleen) exist in different states of differentiation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed the "adaptation" of the bacterium to the vaccinated environment, suggesting a "Darwinian-like" evolution of any bacterium. Due to the selective pressure which has occurred in the vaccinated environment, type II strains, able to evade the protective response elicited by the vaccine, have evolved from type I strains. The increased virulence through the appropriation of a novel antigenic composition conforms with pathogenic mechanisms described for other streptococci. Vaccine efficacy was improved: water-in-oil formulations were found effective in inducing protection that lasted for a period of (at least) 6 months. Protection was evaluated by functional tests - the protective effect, and immunological parameters - elicitation of T- and B-cells proliferation. Vaccinated fish were found to be resistant to the disease for (at least) six months; protection was accompanied by activation of the cellular and the humoral branches.
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