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1
Good, Joanne Elizabeth. "Replacement of dietary fish oil with vegetable oils : effects on fish health." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2005.
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The work presented in this thesis examined the effects of dietary fish oil replacement on fish innate and adaptive immune function, disease resistance tissue histopathology and fatty acid composition of lipids in peripheral blood leukocytes. Dietary trials with Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) were conducted in which fish oil was replaced by rapeseed oil, linseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, echium oil or a mixture of these oils. A significant reduction in respiratory burst activity was most pronounced in salmon and sea bass fed high levels of rapeseed oil-containing diets. In addition, rapeseed and olive oil inclusion in the diets of salmon and sea bass significantly reduced the head kidney macrophage phagocytic capacity to engulf yeast particles. A reduction in prostaglandin E2 levels was found to be related to a reduction in macrophage respiratory burst activity in salmon fed linseed oil diets and sea bass fed a dietary blend of linseed, palm and rapeseed oils. Changes in macrophage function may be a contributing factor causing a reduction in serum lysozyme activity observed in some trials. No significant differences were detected in cumulative mortality of Atlantic salmon fed an equal blend of linseed and rapeseed oils challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida. However, resistance to Vibrio anguillarium was significantly impaired in Atlantic salmon fed a blended oil diet containing linseed, rapeseed and palm oil. The major histological difference of fish fed vegetable oil diets was the accumulation of lipid droplets in their livers. Dietary fatty acid composition significantly affected the fatty acid composition of peripheral blood leukocytes. Generally, fish fed vegetable oil diets had increased levels of oleic acid, linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid and decreased levels of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and a lower n-3/n-6 ratio than fish fed a FO diet. In conclusion, the results from these studies suggest that farmed fish species can be cultured on diets containing vegetable oils as the added oil source. However, feeding high levels of some vegetable oils may significantly alter some immune responses in the fish, especially head kidney macrophage function, disease resistance and, in addition, may cause an increase in tissue histopathology.
2
Spilsbury, Francis David. "Fish Fingerprints Signatures of Oil Contamination." Thesis, Curtin University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/88429.
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A laboratory exposure trial investigating the effects of crude oil and heavy fuel oil on Lates calcarifer (barramundi, or Asian seabass), including analysis of biochemical biomarkers, gut microbiome studies, otolith microchemistry and geochemical biomarkers. This work has developed a novel, non-subjective method for the forensic identification of source oil in the event of a spill, using multivariate analysis of the ecotoxicological effects exhibited by fish exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons.
3
Soewono, Adri A. "Blending palm oil with flaxseed oil or menhaden fish oil to produce enriched omega-3 oils for deep-fat-frying." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32399.
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Two of the major dietary food sources of omega-3 fatty acids are flaxseed oil and
fish oil; the former being a rich source of PUFA (e.g. α-linolenic acid (α-LA)), while the
latter is a source of HUFA (e.g. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid
(DHA)). In this study, palm oil, a commonly used vegetable oil that is widely available in
Asian and African countries, was blended with flaxseed (omega 3-PUFA) and fish oil
(menhaden oil) (omega-3 HUFA); respectively, to obtain blended oils that both contained
a 1: 4 ratio of omega-3 :omega 6 fatty acids. Rosemary extract (0.02% w/w) was added to
the oil blends to stabilize the oil during use for deep-fat frying. Eight hours of heating at
180 °C was used to determine the stability of omega-3 fatty acids and uptake from the
omega-3 enriched palm oil into fried potatoes. Lipid oxidation and thermal degradation
of the palm oil blends, along with retention of α-LA , EPA, and DHA were measure of
oil blends stability. Linoleic acid content in flax-palm oil blend did not change during
frying when in the presence of different antioxidant treatments. The α-LA content of
heated flax-palm oil blend was significantly reduced (P<0.05) after 8 hours of frying.
Meanwhile, linoleic acid and EPA content in the fish-palm oil blend revealed significant
(P<0.05) decreases in concentration after 8 hours of frying regardless of the presence of
antioxidant. The DHA concentration was significantly lower when present in the absence
of antioxidant (P<0.05). Totox significantly increased (P<0.05) in the blended oils after 8
hours of frying; albeit the extent of oxidation and thermal degradation was reduced when
rosemary extract was added. A significant uptake of omega-3 fatty acids in both the omega-3 PUFA (e.g. α-LA) and HUFA (e.g. EPA and DHA), respectively, occurred in
potatoes fried in the respective blended oils. Although omega-3 fatty acid uptake was
prevalent in potatoes fried in both blended oils, the effect of heating reduced the optimal
1:4 ratio of omega-3 :omega-6 to a 1:6-l :7 ratio. This loss in omega-3, relative to omega-
6, was attributed to thermal oxidation; a reaction not totally preventable by adding
antioxidants to the frying oils. These functional omega-3 enhanced oils when used to
process potatoes gave forth products that represented 1/10th suggested intake for
EPA+DHA and l/50th the daily requirement for α-LA .Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
4
Zulfakar, Mohd Hanif. "Fish oil as a topically applied anti-psoriatic." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55837/.
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In this study, the topical delivery and anti-psoriatic properies of the major anti-inflammatory constituent of fish (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) were studied, in combination with other anti-psoriatic agents with a view to the development of a new therapeutic regimen. In in vitro models of skin permeation EPA was delivered successfully and presence of fish oil also enhanced the delivery of betamethasone dipropionate (BD) to the lower basal layers of the epidermis. The same enhancement was not seen with salicylic acid and aspirin. Investigations on the anti-inflammatory action properties of fish oil were also successfully carried out. Fish oil alone inhibited the expression of key inflammatory enzymes in the skin, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipooxygenase (5-LOX) along with a major eicosanoid, prostaglandin E2, comparable to that of BD. In HaCaT keratinocyte cell culture, the anti-psoriatic properties of fish oil were further demonstrated by both growth inhibitory effects and the induction of pro- apoptotic markers. The final part of the study investigated in vivo a potential new model of psoriasis: the defolliculated mouse. The model responded well to formulations containing BD, denoted by a reduction in the epidermal thickness associated with the mutation. This suggests a role in screening of new therapeutic compound. Treatment with fish oil, however, caused a thickening of the epidermis, contradictory to the initial hypothesis. This was further confirmed when expression of growth markers Ki67 and K17 were found to be increased. Concurrently, Optical Coherence Tomography was utilized successfully in the in vivo studies, providing a rapid, non-invasive technique of live measurement of skin modulation without the need of sacrificing the animals for individual observations. In summary, despite unexpected outcome with the in vivo studies, the study provided ample evidence to support the incorporation of fish oil in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis.
5
Ye, Yisha. "Proteomics study of the effects of fish oil and corn oil enriched diet on membranous nephritis." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40887753.
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Amir, Alipour Mohsen. "Effect of EPA on Intercellular Lipid Droplets Degradation." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36108.
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Although the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid in reducing the risk of various of human diseases, such as hypertriglyceridemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, have been demonstrated in clinical and pre-clinical studies, the mechanism of its action is poorly understood.
several studies has been reported that Dietary supplementation with fish oil induces many changes in plasma TG profile.
N-3 fatty acid found in fish oil has been reported that reduce plasma TG and VLDL lev- els. Intercellular lipid droplets is the key regulator of plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins level.
Here we show that n-3 fatty acid supplementation triggers intercellular lipid droplets degradation independent from known fatty acid mobilization pathways namely lipophagy and lipolysis .
ATGL and HSL are consider as two major lipolysis enzymes.SiRNA study of these two lipolysis enzymes did not attenuate lipid droplets degradation.
Lipophagy has been reported as a selective mechanism for degradation of lipid droplets during the starvation condition. Knock down of autophagy (macroautophagy) related pro- teins, could not block degradation of intercellular lipids by EPA.
Degradation of lipid droplets is lysosomes dependent and requires lysosomal motility machinery. Lysosomes are interacting directly with lipid droplets during the process that is similar to kiss and run pattern.
The morphological examination of this process by electron microscopy indicated its re- semblance to microautophagy like structure.
Importantly, (over expression) Arl8b which has been shown that play a role in peripheral distribution of lysosomes along with FYCO1, specifically accelerates the effect of EPA on degradation of intercellular lipid droplets independent from its role in engagement of lysosomal plus end distribution.
in particular, Arl8b recruited HOPS protein complex in EPA dependent fashion and si- lencing of HOPS complex interfered with normal lysosomal degradation of lipid droplets. Thus, this finding reveals new mechanism for intercellular lipid mobilization and offer an explanation for the therapeutic benefits of omega-3 fatty acids.
7
Ishlak, Adel. "ALTERING THE FORMATION OF TRANS FATTY ACIDS IN CONTINUOUS CULTURES THROUGH OILS AND NATURAL DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATIONS." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/711.
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8
Liu, Ying. "Interaction of exercise and fish oil on postprandial lipemia." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4565.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 9, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Smith, Bryan K. "Exercise and fish oil : additive effect on postprandial lipemia? /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3074443.
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Ye, Yisha, and 葉伊莎. "Proteomics study of the effects of fish oil and corn oil enriched dieton membranous nephritis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40887753.
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11
Bedwell, Margaret Susan. "Bacteriological quality of fish farm effluents." Thesis, University of Hull, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321134.
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Stefanus, Titania Vaida. "A case study of factors impacting on marketing of South African fish oil in the animal feed market." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1020.
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Thesis (MTech (Business Administration))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2002The growing and declining demand of the different fish oil application markets. The price of heavy furnace oil compared to fish oil selling price. (Heavy furnace oil is used to generate energy) . The research also investigated the impact of low price fish oil substitutes on the South African fish oil producers. The most important substitute in the current South African majority market, the animal feed market, is vegetable oils. The research finding is that the South African fish oil producers must follow the vegetable oil selling price trend. The most important finding of the research is the high priority the fish oil quality achieves in all the fish oil market segments. The South African domestic market is limited in that it is only the animal feed market and the refinery. export market. The alternative market to sell to is the However, the international fish oil market perceives the South African fish oil to be of low quality. A mindset regarding the importance of fish oil quality has to start at the South African fish oil producers. It is vital that the South African fish oil producers institute quality systems to improve their fish oil quality. The South African fish oil producers must gear themselves to become globally competitive.
13
Karam, Qusaie Ebrahim. "Toxicity of Kuwait crude oil and dispersed oil on selected marine fish species of Kuwait." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1483.
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Oil spill is a major source of pollution in Kuwait marine environment and oil dispersants are used as a method to combat oil spill but the adverse effects of either oil or dispersed oil is unknown to fish species local to Kuwait. Therefore, the toxicity of water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Kuwait crude oil (KCO) and chemically enhanced water-accommodated fraction (CE-WAF) of KCO with three dispersants (Corexit® 9500, Corexit® 9527 and Slickgone® NS) were investigated against selected marine fish species local to Kuwait marine waters such as: sobaity-sea bream (Sparidentex hasta), hamoor-orange-spotted grouper (Ephinephelus coicoides), meidmullet (Liza Klunzingeri), and shea’am-yellow-fin sea bream (Acanthopagrus latus). Prior to exposure chemical characterization of KCO WAF and CE-WAFs was conducted for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), aliphatic and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) compounds. Standardization experiments regarding oil loading and mixing duration revealed that 1 g KCO loading and 24 h mixing duration were the most appropriate experimental conditions to obtain a reproducible and stable WAF and CE-WAF solutions. In general, CE-WAF contained higher concentrations of TPH, PAHs and aliphatics compared to KCO WAF. Exposure to KCO WAF and CE-WAF had no adverse effects on hatching success of embryonated eggs of sea bream and orange-spotted grouper exposed but larvae hatched during exposure exhibited a toxic response. Considering larval sensitivity, pre-hatched larvae of four marine fish species were separately exposed to KCO WAF and their sensitivities from the most sensitive to the least sensitive were: sea bream>orangespotted grouper > yellow-fin sea bream > mullet pre-hatched larval stages. The sensitivities of pre-hatched larvae of sea bream and orange-spotted grouper to WAF and CE-WAF were of different degrees. For sea bream the LC50 values were around 0.120 g oil/L for both WAF and CE-WAF indicating that dispersant didn’t increase oil toxicity, whereas for orange-spotted grouper CE-WAF (LC50 0.010 g oil/L) was more toxic than WAF alone (LC50 0.93 g/L). The data obtained in this study showed that most resistant developmental stage of fish to the toxicity of WAF and CE-WAFs was the egg stage > ABSTRACT ©KARAM v larvae hatched during exposure > pre-hatched larvae. Exposure of pre-hatched larvae to KCO WAF induced developmental abnormalities in spinal curvature of larvae and the most prominent deformity types were lordosis, scoliosis and kyphosis compared to that of control larvae were no abnormalities were observed. Relating toxicity data obtained in the present experimental study to actual petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in Kuwait marine area, it was observed that current contamination level with petroleum hydrocarbons is far less than the LC50 determined in this study suggesting that there isn’t any acute hazard to either fish egg hatching or larva survival.
14
Malcolm, Cari A. "Maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation and infant visual development." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270513.
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Karalazos, Vasileios. "Sustainable alternatives to fish meal and fish oil in fish nutrition : effects on growth, tissue fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/220.
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Traditionally, fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) have been used extensively in aquafeeds, mainly due to their excellent nutritional properties. However, various reasons dictate the use of sustainable alternatives and the reduction of the dependence on these commodities in fish feeds. Hence, the aim of the present thesis was to investigate the effects of the replacement of FM and FO with two vegetable oils (VO) and an oilseed meal on the growth performance, feed utilization, nutrient and fatty acids (FA) digestibility and tissue FA composition and metabolism in three commercially important European fish species. Specifically, in Experiment I crude palm oil (PO) was used to replace FO in diets for rainbow trout. In Experiments II and III FO was replaced with rapeseed oil (RO) in diets for Atlantic salmon at various dietary protein/lipid levels aiming also at further reductions of FM by using low protein (high lipid) diet formulations. In Experiments II and III the fish were reared at low and high water temperatures, respectively, in order to elucidate, also, the potential effects of temperature. Lastly, the effects of the replacement of FM with full fat soya meal (FFS) in Atlantic cod were investigated in Experiment IV. The results of the present thesis showed no negative effects on growth performance and feed utilization in rainbow trout when FO was replaced with PO. The dietary inclusion of RO improved the growth of Atlantic salmon, possibly, due to changes in the nutrient and FA digestibilities and FA catabolism while, the growth and feed utilization were unaffected by the dietary protein/lipid level. However, the growth of Atlantic cod was affected negatively by the replacement of FM with FFS. The proximate composition of the fish whole body was in most cases unaffected by dietary treatments. The changes in dietary formulations affected the dietary FA compositions and resulted in significant changes in the fish tissue FA compositions. It was clearly shown that the fish tissue total lipid FA composition reflects the FA composition of the diet, although specific FA were selectively utilized or retained in the tissues by the fish. These may have serious implications not only for fish metabolism and growth but also for the quality of the final product, especially in terms of possible reductions of n-3 HUFA.
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Linden, Melissa. "The effects of exercise and fish oil on oxidative stress." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5909.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 30, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
17
Kamolrat, Torkamol. "The potential role of fish oil supplementation in overcoming sarcopenia." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=201911.
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Fish oil supplementation (containing eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA and docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) may have a potential role in overcoming the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, termed sarcopenia. The aim of this thesis was to determine whether fish oil supplementation can enhance anabolic signalling, muscle strength, protein metabolism and functional abilities in ageing skeletal muscle. In ageing rats (aged 13 months) the effect of 8-week fish oil (2.5 g/day, consisting of 240 mg EPA and 245 mg DHA) supplementation on skeletal muscle anabolic signalling pathways and changes in lean body mass was determined. The data revealed fish oil supplementation tended (P=0.09) to preserve total lean mass loss and increased whole-body glucose flux and phosphorylation of the PI3K-PDK1-p70s6k pathway in type II glycolytic muscle fibres. There was no effect of supplementation on markers of inflammation. In C2C12 myotubes, the distinct effects of EPA and DHA on protein synthesis, protein breakdown and signalling pathways, information previously unknown, was examined. Data showed that EPA (50 μM) augmented L-leucine stimulated protein synthesis and anabolic signalling. EPA also reduced protein breakdown and catabolic signalling. DHA (50 μM) increased anabolic signalling (specifically p70s6k phosphorylation) but had no effect on any other measures. In healthy older women (aged > 65 years) the effect of fish oil supplementation, 4 g/day fish oil (containing 1.7 g EPA and 0.4 g DHA) daily for 12 weeks, on adaptations in skeletal muscle function in response to resistance training was examined. The data revealed that fish oil supplementation enhanced adaptations in isometric strength, gait speed, and also decreased markers of insulin resistance. Taken together, our findings indicate that fish oil supplementation may have a potential role in overcoming anabolic resistance in ageing skeletal muscle and may be used as a novel intervention for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.
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Sabally, Kebba. "Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of selected phenolic lipids in organic solvent media." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102161.
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Lipase-catalyzed esterification and transesterification reactions of selected phenolic acids with lipids were investigated in organic solvent media. The esterification of linoleyl alcohol with dihydrocaffeic acid (DHA) in neat hexane medium resulted in highest esterification yield (EY) of 17% when a Candida antarctica lipase (Novozym 435) was used to catalyze the reaction. The use of co-solvents t-butanol and 2-butanone with hexane resulted in a dramatic increase in EY. The highest EY of 83% was obtained in hexane:2-butanone mixture of 85:15 (v/v) using Novozym 435; however lower EY (40%) was obtained when a lipase from Rhizomucor meihei (Lipozyme IM 20) was used. Increasing the amount of the co-solvent 2-butanone in the hexane:2-butanone mixture to 75:25 (v/v) resulted in a lower EY of 75% with Novozym 435; using the same enzyme, the esterification of a more unsaturated alcohol, linolenyl alcohol, with DHCA in the hexane:2-butanone mixture of 75:25 (v/v) resulted in EY of 76% which was similar to that obtained with linoleyl alcohol as lipid substrate. The esterification of DHCA and ferulic acid with linolenyl alcohol in the hexane:2-butanone mixture of 65:35 (v/v) resulted in an EY of 58 and 16%, respectively. Both linoleyl and linolenyl alcohols demonstrated mass action effects with EY of 99% in DHCA: fatty alcohol ratio of 1:8. Using a molar ratio of 1:2, the transesterification reactions of DHCA with trilinolein (TLA) and trilinolenin (TLNA) in hexane:2-butanone mixture of 75:25 (v/v) resulted in total transesterification yields (TYs) of phenolic lipids of 66 and 62%, respectively. The TYs of phenolic monoacylglycerols was higher than that of phenolic diacylglycerols for both TLA and TLNA transesterification reactions. A lower molar ratio of DHCA to TLA of 1:4 resulted in a lower TY of 53%. Using a molar ratio of 1:2, the TY of TLA and TLNA with ferulic acid in hexane:2-butanone mixture of 65:35 (v/v) was 16 and 14%, respectively. An equal molar transesterification reaction of DHCA with flaxseed oil, in a hexane:2-butanone mixture of 75:25 (v/v), resulted in the production of only phenolic monoacylglycerols (19%); however, decreasing the molar ratio resulted in the production of both phenolic mono and diacylglycerols. A molar ratio of DHCA to flaxseed oil (1:8) resulted in a TY of 76%, with 43 and 33% phenolic mono and diacylglycerols, respectively. Changing the solvent mixture of hexane:2-butanone from 65:35 to 85:15 (v/v) resulted in an increased in the TY of phenolic diacylglycerols from 24 to 55% with no significant effect on the TY of phenolic monoacylglycerols. The transesterification reaction resulted in a change in the composition of the C18:3 FA from 53% in the unmodified oil to 60 and 65% in the phenolic mono and diacylglycerols. Transesterification reaction of DHCA with fish liver oil in the solvent mixtures of hexane:2-butanone of 75:25 and 85:15 (v/v) resulted in TY of 56 and 65%, respectively. Transesterification in solvent: mixture of 75:25 resulted in a 40 and 16% TY of phenolic mono and diacylglycerols, respectively, whereas that in the solvent mixture of 85:15 (v/v) resulted in a 38 and 37% TY of phenolic mono and diacylglycerols, respectively. The structures of phenolic lipids of linoleyl and linolenyl alcohols with DHCA were confirmed by LC/MS analysis likewise for the phenolic mono and diacylglycerols from transesterification of DHCA with TLA and TLNA as well as flaxseed and fish liver oils. The phenolic esters of the fatty alcohols demonstrated radical scavenging properties similar to that of alpha-tocopherol but less than for DHCA; however, the phenolic lipids obtained with the use of TLA and TLNA as substrate as well as flaxseed and fish liver oil, demonstrated significant radical scavenging effects but less than that of alpha-tocopherol and DHCA.
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Ágústsson, Arnar. "Fish oil in Icelandic road constructions. : A case study of bituminous binder mixtures modified with bio-oil." Thesis, KTH, Väg- och banteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-149535.
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In this thesis an extensive background study on the use of bio-oil modified binder, used in surface dressings in Iceland, was carried out. Surface dressings, or chip seals, are paved by first spraying out binder and then distributing aggregates over the surface before compaction. The bio-oil, most notably fish oil ethyl ester or rape seed oil, is included in a binder mixture to lower its viscosity, enabling the binder to be sprayed out at a lower temperature than unmodified bitumen. In January 2013, severe bleeding of binder was noticed on road sections paved with bio-oil modified surface dressings in the northern part of Iceland. Following the bleeding, the Icelandic Road and Coastal Administration (IRCA) sent samples of the sections in question, as well as binder samples, for testing at the laboratory of Highway and Railway Engineering at KTH Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden. The conclusions of that study were that the fish oil ethyl ester was highly polar and had solubility issues with the bitumen. This was found to have led to the fish oil separating from the binder mixture and covering the stones, preventing bonding between aggregates and binder [1]. The laboratory tests in this thesis extend on the aforementioned research. Through the background investigation it was found thatWetfix N, an adhesion promoter, was used in the binder mixture to facilitate bonding to the aggregates. Based on these findings, previous work and field experience in Iceland, two sample sets were created. The first sample set included 7.5% of either fish oil ethyl ester or rape seed oil by weight, while the second set included 4% of the same bio-oils by weight. To determine the effect of the adhesion promoter, all samples were tested with and without Wetfix N. Furthermore, all samples were put through a short-term aging treatment to simulate the process during mixing and paving, and tested again. The findings of this study suggest that the fish oil ethyl ester is more suitable for road constructions, compared to the rape seed oil, and that adhesion promoter should always be included when paving surface dressings in Iceland. Furthermore, the samples tested cannot be recommended for field use due to high polarity in the sample with a fish oil concentration of 7.5% and too high viscosity in the sample which includes 4% of fish oil. Therefore, it can be said that the upper and lower limits have been narrowed to the range between the two concentrations tested. To better understand the properties and behavior of the sample mixtures, a complete adhesion test with aggregates is advisable. Viscosity testing of samples which include between 4.5% and 7% of fish oil by weight are recommended and the mixture with the lowest concentration that passes IRCA’s guidelines for spraying viscosity at a desired temperature should be used in practice.
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Trebble, Timothy Mark. "The clinical and immunological response to fish oil in Crohn's disease." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438965.
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Turley, Eithne. "The effects of fish oil supplementation on antioxidant/pro-oxidant status." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242024.
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Mulligan, Bonnie Lynn. "Implementation of Standard and Modified Soy Oils as Substitutes for Fish Oil in Feeds for Nile Tilapia." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1135.
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Seafood is the number one source of essential fatty acids, particularly, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in the human diet. As global population growth eventually surpasses what the world's wild commercial stocks can provide, reliance on the aquaculture industry to expand production will continue to increase in order to meet the demands of consumers worldwide. Currently, fluctuations in supply and cost coupled with environmental sustainability and contaminant concerns have motivated the aquaculture industry to research alternative lipid sources and feeding strategies in order to reduce the reliance on marine-derived resources. For most cultured species, replacing fish oil with terrestrial plant-based lipid sources is a minor dietary modification that has little consequence on production performance. However, fish raised on these plant-based lipid alternatives contain considerably higher medium chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (MC-PUFA) and n-6 fatty acids and less beneficial LC-PUFA and n-3 fatty acids within the fillets, thus negatively impacting the nutritional value of cultured seafood to the consumer. In order to alleviate this problem, producers can employ finishing strategies to restore fillet LC-PUFA content prior to harvest. As a complement to this approach, provision of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) and/or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in lieu of MC-PUFA appears to maximize the retention of LC-PUFA deposition during the grow-out period and may increase deposition during finishing. Accordingly, my objectives were to 1) assess whether the SFA, MUFA, and MC-PUFA content of the alternative lipid affected LC-PUFA levels in Nile Tilapia fed reduced fish oil feeds; and 2) using the optimal alternative lipid identified in the first objective, assess increasing fish oil replacement rates in conjunction with finishing to maximize product nutritional value and minimize fish oil usage in Nile Tilapia culture. To address the first objective, I assessed production performance and tissue composition of Nile Tilapia fed diets containing fish oil or blends of fish oil and various soybean-derived alternative lipids. Quadruplicate tanks of juvenile Nile Tilapia were fed diets containing fish oil (FISH, high in LC-PUFA) or a 50:50 blend of fish oil and standard (STD-SO, high in MC-PUFA), saturated fatty acid-enriched (SFA-SO, high in SFA), low α-linolenic (LO-ALA-SO, high in MC-PUFA), or hydrogenated (HYD-SO, high in MUFA) soybean oil for 16 weeks. Partial replacement of fish oil with soybean oils did not significantly affect production performance with the exception of the HYD-SO diet which yielded significantly reduced growth efficiency in comparison with some of the experimental diets, though not the FISH control. Despite distinctly different dietary fatty acid profiles, fillet fatty acid composition was similar among fish fed the FISH, SFA-SO, and HYD-SO diets. However, feeding the STD-SO and LO-ALA-SO diets resulted in significant enrichment of less desirable MC-PUFA and n-6 fatty acids within the fillet. Fillet LC-PUFA levels were equivalent among all groups despite the 50% reduction in dietary LC-PUFA intake among fish fed the soybean oil-based feeds. Based on these results, incorporation of STD-SO, SFA-SO, or LO-ALA-SO could be used as partial replacements for fish oil in Nile Tilapia feeds without impairing production performance, though SFA-rich soybean oils appeared to be the best alternative for maintaining a more "fish oil"-associated fillet fatty acid profile. Accordingly, the SFA-enriched soybean oil was selected for further study in the second objective trial that evaluated the effects of graded levels of fish oil replacement without or without implementation of finishing periods on production performance and fillet fatty acid composition. Nile Tilapia were fed feeds containing 100% fish oil (100-FO), the previously assessed SFA-enriched soybean oil (100-SFA-SO), or blends of fish oil and SFA-enriched soybean oil (50-SFA-SO, 75-SFA-SO). Triplicate groups of fish were fed the aforementioned diets exclusively throughout the feeding trial (100-SFA-SO unfinished, 75-SFA-SO unfinished, 50-SFA-SO unfinished) or in conjunction with 4 or 8 weeks of finishing with the 100-FO feed (100-SFA-SO + 4 wks, 100-SFA-SO + 8 wks, 75-SFA-SO + 4 wks, 75-SFA-SO + 8 wks, 50-SFA-SO + 4 wks, 50-SFA-SO + 8 wks) for a total of 20 weeks. Production performance was unaffected by dietary inclusion of SFA-enriched soybean oil when fed exclusively or in combination with fish oil, though growth performance was lower than observed in the previous trial and likely confounded by behavioral interactions and frequent spawning. After 12 weeks of consuming the SFA-enriched soybean oil grow-out diets, fillet levels of n-3 LC-PUFA were not statistically different from 100-FO control levels despite different levels of dietary inclusion. However, the high dietary levels of SFA in the experimental feeds did not translate into increased fillet SFA content, suggesting selective retention of LC-PUFA at the expense of fillet SFA. Finishing for 4 or 8 weeks increased fillet n-3 LC-PUFA content in all groups, though it appears that the 50- and 75-SFA-SO diets were more successful in maintaining acceptable health promoting n-3:n-6 ratios. Based on these results, SFA-enriched soybean oil-based feeds can be used as a cost-saving measure during grow-out, and the effects of these feeds on fillet fatty acid profile can be reversed to a considerable extent in as little as 4 weeks by implementing a finishing period prior to harvest. This approach is a promising strategy for minimizing fish oil usage while maximizing product value of cultured Nile Tilapia.
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Casey, John. "EFFECTS OF STEARIDONIC ACID-ENRICHED SOYBEAN OIL ON METABOLIC PROFILE AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION IN LEAN AND OBESE ZUCKER RATS." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1312.
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Background, Consumption of marine-based oils high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is known to protect against obesity-related pathologies. It is less clear whether traditional vegetable oils with high omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n6PUFA) content exhibit similar therapeutic benefits. As such, this study examined the metabolic effects of a plant-based n3PUFA, stearidonic acid (SDA), in polygenic obese rodents. Methods, Lean (LZR) and obese Zucker (OZR) rats were provided either a standard westernized control diet (CON) with a high n6PUFA to n3PUFA ratio (i.e., 16.2/1.0) or experimental diet modified with flaxseed (FLAX), menhaden (FISH), or SDA oil that resulted in n6PUFA to n3PUFA ratios of 1.7/1.0, 1.3/1.0, and 1.0/0.8, respectively. Results, After 12 weeks, total adiposity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis were all greater, whereas n3PUFA content in liver, adipose, and muscle was lower in OZR vs. LZR rats. Obese rodents fed modified FISH or SDA diets had lower serum lipids and hepatic fat content vs. CON. The omega-3 index (i.e., ÓEPA + DHA in erythrocyte membrane) was 4.0, 2.4, and 2.0-fold greater in rodents provided FISH, SDA, and FLAX vs. CON diet, irrespective of genotype. Total hepatic n3PUFA and DHA was highest in rats fed FISH, whereas both hepatic and extra-hepatic EPA was higher with FISH and SDA groups. Conclusions, these data indicate that SDA oil represents a viable plant-derived source of n3PUFA, which has therapeutic implications for several obesity-related pathologies.
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De, Silva Lande Bandarage Pujitha Prasad. "Effect of fish oil on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in F1B hamsters /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,160999.
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Ramakers, Julian Desirée. "Immune modulating effects of [beta]-glucan, fish oil and conjugated linoleic acid." [Maastricht] : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Universiteit Maastricht [host], 2007. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=8688.
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Mcmanus, Sean. "The impact of fish oil fatty-acids on post-prandial vascular reactivity." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/56837/.
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Progressive loss of vascular reactivity and increased vascular tone with age are being increasingly recognised as significant cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The vasculature has emerged as a target for dietary strategies to modify these progressions. Our previous data suggest that inclusion of fish oil in a high-fat test meal improves postprandial vascular reactivity in healthy men. The primary aim of this project was to determine the individual effects of the fish oil fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) versus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on post-prandial vascular reactivity and to identify underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects. In this study, the acute effects of a single dose (4.16g) of EPA, DHA and placebo oil on postprandial vascular reactivity were determined in men categorised as being at a 1.5 relative risk of CVD in a double-blind randomised crossover trial. Measures of vascular tone and function, alongside an endothelium dependent measure of vascular reactivity, were taken along with blood samples, at baseline and at 4 hours in order to coincide with the anticipated peak plasma concentration of these fatty acids. These blood samples were utilised for assessment of biomarkers associated with changes in vascular tone and postprandial whole blood culture (WBC). WBC was conducted to investigate the effect of changes in the postprandial lipidome, dependent on EPA and DHA consumption, on cytokine production. Response to intervention according to genotype was also determined retrospectively. We observed that DHA (p=0.04) but not EPA (p=0.06) significantly reduced Augmentation Index (AI) postprandially when compared to control. AI was reduced by 13.3% and 11.3% in response to DHA and EPA respectively. In addition, our data shows for the first time, that levels of the vasoactive n-3 PUFA epoxide and diol metabolites are subject to large changes post consumption of physiological levels of EPA and DHA. Our data also suggests there is wide inter-individual variability in circulating levels of these compounds, which may in part explain inter-individual responsiveness to EPA and DHA. We were not able to observe changes in plasma nitrite or H2S levels postprandially, suggesting that EPA and DHA dependent changes in vascular tone may be mediated in part by their vasoactive epoxide and diol metabolites. However, whole Blood Culture experiments did not show a significant effect on any of the cytokines or growth factors investigated, before or after correction for BMI and AGE. Finally, our investigations of response to treatment by genotype suggested a novel interaction between the PPAR-ƴ rs1801282 polymorphism, DHA consumption and improvements in postprandial triglyceridemia. The findings of this thesis emphasise the differential effects of EPA and DHA in the vasculature and the inter-individual responsiveness to these nutrients.
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Van, Egmond Roger Albert. "The effects of organic pollution on fish detoxification mechanisms and reproduction." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386002.
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Covert, Kristy Lynn. "Dietary fish oil and butyrate increase apoptosis and decrease aberrant crypt foci in colon cancer by enhancing histone acetylation and p21waf1/cip1 expression." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3958.
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We have previously shown that dietary fish oil and fiber, particularly the highly-fermentable pectin, are protective against colon cancer in a rat model of carcinogenesis. Therefore, based upon the current body of literature and our previous experimental findings, we hypothesized that one mechanism by which dietary fish oil+pectin suppress the promotion stage of colon cancer is through butyrate, the fermentation product of fiber, targeting (in particular) the p21Waf1/Cip1 gene and, via targeted histone hyperacetylation, inducing its expression. We found that dietary butyrate supplementation increased the concentration of fecal butyrate (mole %) in the distal colon, and that this increase corresponded to an increase in histone H4 acetylation. Similarly, diets supplemented with butyrate increased p21Waf1/Cip1 expression despite azoxymethane (AOM) treatment, which was not seen in non-butyrate supplemented diets. Furthermore, fish oil+butyrate diets resulted in the highest levels of apoptosis and the lowest levels of ACF, while corn oil+butyrate diets resulted in the lowest levels of apoptosis and the highest levels of ACF. Thus, it appears that the protective effect of fish oil+butyrate is due to the unique properties of fish oil, providing an environment in which butyrateÂs enhancement of histone acetylation and p21 expression are pro-apoptotic, thereby diminishing pre-neoplastic ACF development.
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Newton, Anne Henry. "Effects of fish oil and butyrate on diet-mediated apoptosis at the promotion stage of colon carcinogenesis." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2793.
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We have previously shown that dietary fish oil and the fiber pectin protect against colon cancer in rats by increasing apoptosis induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the initiation stage of tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that fish oil would incorporate into the cardiolipin of colonic mitochondrial membranes, creating an environment in which butyrate, a fermentation product of pectin, would also increase ROS and lead to apoptosis, as evidenced by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), enhanced caspase-3 activity and cytochrome c translocation from the mitochondria, thus protecting against colon cancer by removing DNA damaged cells at the promotion stage of carcinogenesis. Sixty rats were provided a diet containing 15% corn or fish oil for 11 wk and injected with azoxymethane (AOM) or saline at wk 3 and 4. At wk 11, colonocytes were exposed to +/- butyrate ex vivo for 30 or 60 min. ROS and MMP were measured using fluorescence microscopy, and cytochrome c concentration and caspase-3 activity were measured using ELISA assays. Cardiolipin fatty acid enrichment was measured via TLC and GC. Butyrate increased ROS (p<0.0001) regardless of diet or treatment group. In colonic crypts from fish oilconsuming rats, butyrate reduced MMP (p=0.05). However, butyrate had no effect on MMP if the rats were consuming corn oil.
In colonocytes from rats consuming fish oil, butyrate decreased mitochondrial cytochrome c (11%; p=0.02) concomitant with an increase in caspase-3 activity (17%; p=0.04) in the distal colon. In fish oil-fed animals, the n-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA were incorporated into cardiolipin at the expense of n-6 fatty acids. Regression analysis revealed a positive relationship between DHA (R=0.49, p=0.03) and EPA (R=0.59, p=0.02) and cytosolic cytochrome c content. As the percentage of DHA and EPA in the cardiolipin increased, the level of cytochrome c in the cytosol increased. These relationships were not seen in rats consuming corn oil and suggest that these results, induced only by the combination of butyrate with fish oil, may lead to increased apoptosis at the promotion stage of colon carcinogenesis via a mitochondria-mediated mechanism.
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Rossetti, Nani Adami. "The effect of dietary fish oil replacement with soybean oil on growth and health of dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus (Pisces: Sciaenidae)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005116.
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Lipids are essential components for fish because they contain fatty acids that are vital for regular growth and health. Fish oil is rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are essential fatty acids for carnivorous fish, and therefore this product has traditionally been used as the main source of lipids in fish feeds. However, with declining fisheries resources worldwide and the rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry pressuring this finite resource, such ingredients are becoming less available and more expensive. It is therefore necessary to explore the utilization of ingredients that are sustainable and competitive alternatives to fish oil in marine finfish feeds. This work investigated the effects of the substitution of fish oil with soybean oil on the growth performance, feed efficiency, fatty acid composition of the liver tissue and some health parameters in juvenile dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus; an increasingly popular sciaenid marine aquaculture species in South Africa. Six diets (18 % total lipid and 46 % protein) with increasing percentage substitution of fish oil with soybean oil (1, 14, 28, 42, 56 and 70 %) were fed to juvenile kob. After 84 days of feeding these diets to the fish, no significant differences in fish length and weight between treatments were observed. However, there was a significant trend of a decrease in specific growth rate, ranging from (± standard error) 0.87 ± 0.06 to 0.72 ± 0.04 % body weight day⁻¹, and condition factor, ranging from 1.59 ± 0.03 to 1.54 ± 0.02, with increasing vegetable oil replacement in the diets between days 56 and 84. There were no differences in red blood cell count, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration after 206 days of feeding. However, visceral fat index (VFI) increased significantly from 1.08 ± 0.17 % for fish fed diets with 28 % soybean oil, to 2.24 ± 0.15 % for fish fed diets with 70 % soybean oil. Similarly, hepatosomatic index (HSI) increased significantly from 0.84 ± 0.08 % to 1.80 ± 0.12 % in the control diet and the 56 % soybean oil diet, respectively. After 206 days of feeding, fish fed diets with 42 to 70 % soybean oil showed greater number of lipid vacuoles in the liver, which were also larger in size, and hepatocytes nuclei were displaced to the cell periphery. The fatty acid composition of the liver tissue strongly corresponded to the fatty acid composition of the diets. Linoleic acid accumulated in the liver of the fish fed increasing soybean oil in the diets. In contrast, EPA and DHA decreased from 13.63 to 1.97 %, and 14.34 to 3.28 %, respectively, in the liver tissue of fish fed diets with increasing soybean oil content; consequently the n-3/n-6 ratio was also significantly reduced with inclusion of vegetable oil in the diets. The trend of decreasing growth rate with increasing oil replacement towards the end of the trial corresponds with increases in VFI, HSI, as well as the fatty acid accumulation and lipid vacuoles in the liver. This suggests that dusky kob is less able to metabolise soybean oil at increased substitution levels which would account for the poorer growth at higher levels. The dependence of fish on dietary marine oil decreased significantly with each inclusion of soybean oil in the diets. Nonetheless, the calculations based on the nutrient ratio presented positive outcomes for all treatments, that is, values of marine oil dependency ratio were below one for all treatments. It is concluded that soybean oil can replace fish oil in formulated diets for dusky kob up to a level of 28 % of total dietary lipids, as evidenced by the good growth and feed efficiency, and no apparent negative health effects observed up to this level.
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Holmes-Miller, Leah. "The Effect of Supplementing Grazing Dairy Cattle Diets with Fish Oil and Linseed Oil on Milk CLA and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Content." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885462201&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Felton, Deidra O. "Milk conjugated linoleic acid response to fish oil and sunflower oil supplementation to dairy cows managed under two feeding systems /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1453233051&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Catalone, Bradley J., and Richard A. Fluck. "Oil droplet movement during ooplasmic segregation in the Oryzias latipes (medaka) fish egg." Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Stocks Bioscience Center Nagoya University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13787.
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Watson, Chantelle. "Dietary fish oil and captopril prevent renal damage in salt-loaded hypertensive rats /." Title page and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09S.B/09sbw337.pdf.
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Rodrigues, Ana Sofia de Figueiredo. "Industrial production of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil and microalgae." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5257.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomiaω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ingredients, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3) are known for its vital and unique role in human health and well-being by an extensive scientific research. These facts are widely spread by media. At present, the major source of ω-3 PUFAs is fish oil from oily fish like sardine (Sardina pilchardus). This work proposes the use of heterotrophic microalgae such as Crypthecodinium cohnii as an alternative source of interest for the commercial production of ω-3 EPA and DHA. It is also suggested the use of a common process suitable for both feedstock. EPA and/or DHA production are accomplished through oil saponification and PUFAs concentration winterization and urea concentration. PUFAs purification by chromatography is only necessary when oil is extracted from fish since fractions obtained from C. cohnii have high proportions in DHA and they do not require further purification steps for food applications. The combination of traditional (seasonal) and alternative sources (year-round) using a common production process shows an economic advange with increasing earnings for market development.
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Imhof, Nadine-Christine. "Fish oil: role in development and healing of experimental ulcers in the rat /." [S.l : s.n.], 1993. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.
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Garcia, Lorena. "Algae meals as a substitute for fish meal and fish oil in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45711.
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Traditionally, marine fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) have been the major feed ingredients used as protein and lipid sources in the formulation of aquaculture feeds. However, these commodities are limited by their availability, high cost as well as negatively impacting the sustainability of wild fish stocks. Thus, finding alternatives sources to replace or reduce the use of FM and FO in aquafeeds is critical. The primary goal of this research was to determine the effects incorporating algal meals into diets fed to the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on production for and organoleptic qualities. Twenty circular tanks composed an outdoor closed system with a volume capacity of 530-L. Specific Pathogen-Resistant (SPR) Pacific white shrimp (mean weight ± SD, 1.31± 0.029) were stocked at a density of 28 shrimp/m2 in a green water system. Shrimp were assigned five dietary treatments. The experimental diets, fed twice daily, were isolipidic (8%), and contained three protein levels: 34%, 37% and 48%. Spirulina and Schizochytrium were used to substitute FM and FO in the experimental diets. Two FM based feeds were used as controls. The production parameters: final weight (9.4 to 14.9 g), percent weight gain (479-680%), growth rate (0.7-1.3 g/week), feed conversion ratio (1.6-2.5) and survival (85-95%) were estimated. Treatment effects for production parameters were evaluated using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA). Differences (P ≤ 0.05) among the treatments existed for all production parameters except survival. Organoleptic qualities of shrimp were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences existed for the desirable attributes of aroma, color and sweetness, but not for the attributes of firmness, moistness, and fattiness. Differences were not detected for the undesirable attributes off-odor, fish flavor, earthiness, off-flavor, and overall unpleasantness. The diet containing Spirulina at a 37% protein level with the inclusion of DHA from Schizochitrium, was perceived as not containing undesirable attributes and thus shows promise. Results from this study show that Pacific white shrimp can accept algal meals in their feeds and that the inclusion of certain algae ingredients in shrimp feeds could be commercially viable when considering consumer acceptance.
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Weng, Bor-Chun Brian. "Immunomodulation by dietary lipids: soybean oil, menhaden fish oil, chicken fat, and hydrogenated soybean oil in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28487.
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Soybean oil (SBO), menhaden fish oil (FO), chicken fat (CF) or hydrogenated soybean oil (HSBO) were incorporated at 5% of the total diet to study changes in the immunological status of both Japanese quail (JAP) and Bobwhite quail (BOB). The SBO diet, in which 66% of the total fatty acids were polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), was rich in linoleic acid (LA 18:2 n-6), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA 18:3 n-3) and low in saturated fatty acid (SFA). The FO diet which contained about 50% PUFA, had only 40% n-6 fatty acids and 8% n-3 PUFA. The trans fatty acid isomers and other monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were high in the HSBO diet. The diet containing CF provided a relatively balanced fatty acid composition with 18% SFA, 31% MUFA and 50% PUFA. Plasma fatty acid and hepatic fatty acid profiles consistently reflected their respective dietary lipid treatments. There were no differences in the fatty acid profile between blood and liver within respective dietary treatments in the two species. Dietary fatty acids had no effect on antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) at 1, 2 and 8 months following the start of dietary lipid treatment in JAP. However, female JAP fed FO had a significantly (p< 0.05) higher antibody production compared to the other dietary lipid treatments at 4 months following the start of fatty acids supplementation. BOB fed either FO or SBO diets had a higher immunoglobulin G production compared to birds fed the CF diet. The total antibody titer was significantly higher in BOB fed SBO compared to CF. Dietary fatty acids had a significant effect on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) as accessed by toe web thickness 24 hours post intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) in both JAP and BOB. In general, birds fed a FO diet had a significantly higher CMI response than those fed HSBO. A diet high in n-3 PUFA increased the index of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH), while the high trans fatty acid isomers suppressed the CBH response. By observing a CBH response over a 72-hour period in JAP, it was concluded that quail fed CF or SBO had a different peak response time (12 hours post PHA challenge) and amplitude compared with those fed FO or HSBO (24 hours post PHA challenge). Phagocytic ability was not affected by dietary lipid treatments in BOB while the quail fed FO diet had a faster carbon clearance rate. The FO fed JAP had a significantly higher response (p< 0.05) to concanavalin A ensiformis (CONA) compared to HSBO fed birds. There was no difference in B lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by lipopolysacchride (LPS) in female JAP, whereas it was significantly higher in male JAP fed SBO compared to those fed FO and HSBO. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin calcium salt (PMA/ION) was used to nonspecifically stimulate cell proliferation by increasing chromosome mitosis. Dietary FO or HSBO suppressed cell proliferation stimulated by PMA/ION. However, JAP fed SBO or CF had a significantly higher PMA/ION stimulated lymphocyte proliferation compared those fed FO or HSBO. In male BOB, the FO fed birds had the highest response to all mitogens. In contrast, female BOB did not show any dietary effects by lymphocyte proliferation. Consistent with JAP, BOB fed HSBO had depressed lymphocytes proliferation in response to various mitogens stimulation. In general, female birds had a higher plasma total protein (PTP) and lower pack cell volume (PCV) compared to their males counterparts in both BOB and JAP. In summary, in in vivo experiments, feeding a diet high in menhaden fish oil that is rich in n-3 PUFA enhanced the CMI. There was a minimal effect on antibody production caused by feeding n-3 PUFA in JAP since a significant treatment effect was only found at one sampling period, while BOB were more sensitive to dietary lipid manipulation and had a higher antibody production with SBO or FO treatments. Dietary lipids exerted different effects in the two species in in vitro experiments. While both BOB and JAP fed FO had higher lymphocyte proliferation to CON A mitogen compared to those fed HSBO, only male BOB showed a higher proliferation to LPS. Feeding HSBO that contained a higher content of trans fatty acid isomers, MUFA, but lower PUFA content resulted in the lowest lymphocyte proliferation to various mitogens in both BOB and JAP.Ph. D.
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Bandara, Aloka B. "Modifying Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Milk by Abomasal Infusion or Dietary Supplementation of Seed Oils or Fish Oil." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26254.
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The potential for enhancing oleic acid (cis-18:1) and linoleic acid (18:2) content and lowering medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) content of bovine milk was investigated by abomasal infusion or dietary supplementation of oils. In experiment 1, olive oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, or fish oil was abomasally infused (155 to 219 g/d) into Jersey cows during the last 6 d of each of four 14-d periods. In experiment 2, canola oil, olive oil, high-oleic sunflower oil, or distilled water (control) was abomasally infused (342 to 371 g/d) into three Holsteins and three Jerseys during the last 5 d of each of four 10-d periods. The intestinal digestibility and concentration of cis-18:1 and 18:2 in milk were proportional to flow of these fatty acids to the duodenum. Also, greater concentration of cis-18:1 in milk was associated with lowered yield of MCFA. During olive oil or sesame oil infusion in experiment 1, for each 100 g of cis-18:1 infused into the abomasum, milk cis-18:1 yield was increased by an average of 47 g, and MCFA yield was reduced by 42 g. The yield of 18:2 in milk was increased by approximately 46 g for each 100 g of infused 18:2 during olive oil or sesame oil infusion. Milk produced during sesame oil infusion, however, had an off-flavor when evaluated by a taste panel. In experiment 2, each 100 g of cis-18:1 infused daily increased milk cis-18:1 yield in Holsteins and Jerseys by 41 and 39 g/d, respectively, whereas recovery of infused 18:2 was 34 g/d for Jerseys and 42 g/d for Holsteins. In experiment 3, 22 Jersey cows were fed a basal diet, or the basal diet supplemented with 3.5% high-oleic canola oil, 3.5% soybean oil, or 1.75% high-oleic canola oil plus 1.75% soybean oil for 5 wk. Dietary canola oil supplementation increased conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) percentage in milk to a moderate level without raising trans-18:1 percentage, whereas feeding either supplement containing soybean oil raised both CLA and trans-18:1 percentages. Concentrations of trans-18:1 and CLA in milk apparently reflected the extent of unsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation in the rumen. Dietary supplementation with canola oil increased yield of cis-18:1 in milk by 21 g for each 100 g of supplemental cis-18:1 intake. Yield of 18:2 in milk was raised by 3 g for each 100 g of supplemental 18:2 intake by cows fed soybean oil. Using abomasal infusion as an indicator of the maximum potential for apparent recovery of cis-18:1 in milk (39 to 49%), cis-18:1 recovery in response to supplemental cis-18:1 in the diet was approximately half of the potential response due to partial biohydrogenation in the rumen. The apparent recovery of dietary 18:2 in milk was reduced to only one-tenth of the potential yield (31 to 47%) indicated by abomasal infusion of seed oils. Results indicated that the fatty acid profile of bovine milk was altered in a manner that would be beneficial to human health when cows were fed supplemental oleic acid, but further research should focus on safe and economical methods to protect dietary unsaturated fatty acids from biohydrogenation.Ph. D.
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Stephens, Susan M. "The effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on the early life stages of turbot." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361319.
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Wallace, Julie. "Cytokines and growth factors : their role in health and disease." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242023.
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Wallace, Fiona Anne. "Dietary fatty acids affect inflammatory mediator production by murine and human macrophages and lymphocytes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326785.
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Williamson, Kathryn Maxine Williamson. "NMR Spectroscopy as a Robust Tool for the Analysis of Lipids in Fish Oil Supplements and Coffee." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1523978049728289.
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McConville, Maeve. "Platelet free radical signalling in type II Diabetes Mellitus : effect of fish oil supplementation." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492027.
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Chapter 1 introduces the pathological changes that occur in the endothelium during diabetes mellitus (OM). Sources of nitric oxide, superoxide and the enzymes responsible for free radical production are defined within the vascular system in health and dysfunction. Therapeutic properties of omega-3 PUFA are discussed and the implications for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this thesis was to shed more light on the role of caveolin-1 in pathogenesis of OM II by using a well established platelet model for vascular endothelium. Also to evaluate the impact of omega-3 fatty acids derived from fish oil on platelet reactivity, with particular attention to nitric oxide synthase III and NAO(P)H oxidase systems in patients with OM. Chapter 2 introduces the platelets as an in vivo model of endothelium. Studies confirmed the presence of NOS III and regulatory proteins in the platelet. Identification of caveolin-1 is reported in platelets localised to the membrane despite lack of . caveolae. Chapter 3 assessed the effect of omega-3 PUFA on nitric oxide, superoxide and nitrite, an indicator of nitric oxide production detected in platelets. Investigation into caveolin-1 splice variant mRNA expression and efforts to unravel the pathogenic molecular mechanisms responsible for the changes observed was described. Chapter 4 NAOPH oxidase was confirmed as prevalent source of reactive oxygen species in OM II. NAOPH oxidase cytosolic subunits expression and localisation of p47phox and Rac1 were investigated in OM II platelets post fish oil treatment. Enhanced localisation of subunits to membrane lipid rafts was observed in OM II. Omega-3 PUFA supplementation induced compartmentalisation of subunits. partially explaining decreased NAOPH oxidase activity. Chapter 5 Investigation into platelet reactivity and potential to aggregate following n-3 PUFA addition. Chapter 6 Present the final discussions. Chapter 7 Bibliography.
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Karam, Rosalie. "Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of fish liver oil with dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in organic solvent media." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18687.
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ABSTRACT M.Sc. Rosalie Karam Commercial lipases, including Lipozyme IM 20 from Rhizomucor meihei and Novozym 435 from Candida antarctica, were investigated to determine their capacity as biocatalysts for the biosynthesis of phenolic lipids, using dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPA) and fish liver oil (FLO) as substrates. Novozym 435 showed a higher bioconversion yield (63%) as compared to that (18%) for Lipozyme IM 20. As a result, Novozym 435 was subsequently used for further investigations. The phenolic lipids were recovered and characterized by thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The structural analyses indicated the synthesis of five major phenolic lipids. In order to optimize the initial enzymatic activity and bioconversion yield, selected parameters, including lipase amount (20 to 60 mg solid enzyme or 200 to 600 U), organic solvent ratios (hexane:2-butanone; 65:35 to 85:15, v/v), substrate molar ratios (FLO/phenolic acid, 1:1 to 8:1), Silica gel (1.5 to 5.5 mg/mL) and molecular sieve (10 mg/mL, Type 4A; 8-12 mesh), were investigated. The experimental results showed that the use of 50 mg of solid Novozym 435 (500 U) resulted in a maximum bioconversion yield of 83% of total phenolic lipids, at a molar substrate ratio 4:1. The bioconversion yield of phenolic monoacylglycerols (MAGs) increased from 11 to 70%, when the ratio of the hexane:2-butanone reaction medium was changed from 85:15 to 75:25 (v/v), respectively, whereas that of phenolic diacylglycerols (DAGs) remained relatively unchanged (13 to 16%). However, the addition of molecular sieve and Silica gel to the reaction medium resulted in a decrease in the bioconversion yield by 34% and 62%, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the phenolic lipids showed a significant relative increase in C20:5 n-3 and C22:6 n-3 content in the phenolic MAGs and phenolic DAGs as compared to that in the unmodified FLO. The phenolic lipids demonstrated radRESUME M.Sc. Rosalie Karam Des lipases commerciales, incluant Lipozyme IM 20 de Rhizomucor meihei et Novozym 435 de Candida antarctica, ont été étudiées afin de déterminer leur efficacité comme biocatalyseur dans la biosynthèse des lipides phénoliques, en utilisant comme substrats, l´acide dihydroxyphényl acétique (ADHP) et l'huile du foie de poisson (HFP). Novozym 435 a montré un rendement de bioconversion élevé (63%) en comparant (18%) avec Lipozyme IM 20. Novozym 435 a ainsi été considéré comme un biocatalyseur approprié pour la suite du travail. Les lipides phénoliques ont été récupérés et caractérisés par chromatographie sur couche mince, chromatographie liquide à haute performance et celle liquide en phase gazeuse. Les analyses structurales ont révélé la synthèse de cinq phénoliques lipides majeurs. Afin d'optimiser l'activité enzymatique et le rendement de la bioconversion, des paramètres sélectionnés ont été étudiés, incluant la concentration en enzyme (20 à 60 mg d'enzyme solide ou 200 a 600 U), le ratio du solvant organique (hexane:2-butanone; 65:35 à 85:15, v/v), le ratio molaire des substrats (HFP/acide phénolique, 1:1 à 8:1), gel du Silice (1.5 à 5.5 mg/mL) et le tamis moléculaire (10 mg/mL, Type 4A; 8-12 mesh). Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré que l'utilisation de Novozym 435 (500 U), sous forme solide, à une concentration de 50 mg permettait d'atteindre un rendement maximal de la bioconversion des lipides phénoliques de 83% à un ratio molaire des substrats de 4 :1. Le rendement de la bioconversion de monoacylglycerols (MAGs) phénoliques a augmenté de 11 à 70%, lorsque le ratio du mélange réactionnel hexane:2-butanone a été changé de 85:15 à 75:25 (v/v), respectivement. En parallèle, le rendement de la bioconversion des diacylglycerols phénoliques (DAGs) est resté relativement constant (13 to 16%). Cependant, l'addition du tamis moléculaire ou du gel de silice dans le milieu r
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Webb, Jennifer Colley. "Environmental contamination of fish and humans through deforestation and oil extraction in Andean Amazonia." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=94963.
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This dissertation assesses the levels of mercury in fish and human populations and PAHs in local communities along three rivers in the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazon. Land use changes in the Amazon are begetting numerous negative impacts on both ecosystems and local populations. One negative consequence of deforestation is the contamination of local ecosystems by mercury (Hg), a potent neurotoxic agent, which is leached from soils when river-side plots are cleared. In the Andean Amazon, the incursion of petroleum companies has led to road construction, colonization and areas of intense deforestation. The techniques used in the extraction of oil in this remote and overlooked region have left a legacy of contamination, specifically heavy metals such as Hg and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Limited research has evaluated the degree of Hg contamination in the Andean Amazon and less research still has determined the state of contamination as a result of oil extraction. The purpose of this research is to uncover the extent of contamination in fisheries and human populations reliant on the fish and water resources of the area. Eight communities along three white water rivers the Napo River (Ecuador), the Corrientes River (Peru) and the Pastaza River (Peru) with differing degrees of deforestation and oil extraction were studied. Questionnaires were administered to 192 people who accepted to provide hair samples. Samples of commonly eaten fish were collected. A subsample of the study population (n=76) also provided a urine sample. Biological samples of fish (n=486), human hair and urine were analysed for Hg and samples of urine were analysed for 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a metabolite of one of the most common PAHs. Regression analysis was used to draw links between contamination levels and socio-demographic, dietary and occupational characteristics of the population. One health outcome miscarriages was evaluated in the questionnaires and examined inCette thèse examine et compare les niveaux de mercure et de HAP dans les communautés riveraines de trois bassins de l'Amazonie péruvienne et équatorienne. Les impacts des changements de vocation des terres en Amazonie sont multiples, tant sur les écosystèmes que sur les populations qui en dépendent. Une des conséquences du déboisement est la contamination des écosystèmes aquatiques par le mercure (Hg), un puissant neurotoxique, dû à l'érosion des berges et la migration de ce métal lourd contenu dans les sols. En Amazonie andine, l'incursion des compagnies pétrolières a mené à la construction de route, la colonisation et la déforestation de vastes pans de forêt. Les méthodes d'extraction pétrolière utilisées dans ces régions isolées et souvent ignorées ont entraîné un legs de pollution en métaux lourds (dont le Hg) et en hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP). Peu d'étude ont évalué l'amplitude de la contamination au Hg en Amazonie andine et encore moins ont évalué celle liée à l'extraction pétrolière. Le but de cette recherche est de déterminer le spectre de ces contaminations dans les poissons et les communautés riveraines amazoniennes dont la diète en dépend. Cette étude porte sur 8 communautés basées dans 3 bassins de rivière à eaux blanches (Napo (Équateur), Corrientes (Pérou) et Pastaza (Pérou)) au niveau de déboisement et d'extraction pétrolière distincts. 192 personnes ont participé à l'étude et à la collecte d'échantillon de cheveux. Un sous-groupe (n = 76) de cette population à l'étude a participé à la collecte d'échantillon d'urine. Des échantillons des poissons les plus fréquemment consommés furent prélevés (n=486). Les niveaux de Hg et de 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), un métabolite d'un des HAP les plus communs, furent mesurés dans les échantillons de cheveux, d'urine et de poisson. Des régressions linéaires furent utilisées pour identifier les corrélations entre les nivea
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Gruenfelder, Catherine A. "Sensory evaluation of heart-healthy foods enriched with omega-3 fats from fish oil." Thesis, College of Saint Elizabeth, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1555163.
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A diet rich in omega-3 fats has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Long chain omega-3 fats found in fatty fish are especially important to cardiovascular health. Consumption of these fats is low, in part because there are few natural sources. This has led to the development of omega-3 fortified foods. Currently available fortified foods demonstrate conflicting nutritional information. Addition of omega-3 fats to an otherwise unhealthy food is perceived by consumers as an advertising gimmick. Mistrust of food companies and confusing ingredient labels negatively impact sales. Careful nutritional guidance, combined with proper sensory analysis, is critical to developing omega-3 fortified food products that are consistent with medical recommendations. Results from this study indicate that a therapeutic dose of fish oil (1000 mg per serving) can be added to two heart-healthy foods without adversely affecting sensory qualities.
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Irvine, Andrew J. "Measurements of canine insulin sensitivity and the effect of marine fish oil dietary supplementation." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340382.
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Irons, Robert Dixon. "Fish oil severely impairs immunity to Listeria monocytogenes without affecting the adaptive immune response /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3137714.
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Zabel, Rachel Eve. "New insights into appetite, inflammation and the use of fish oil in hemodialysis patients." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/30248/1/Rachel_Zabel_Thesis.pdf.
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Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is commonly seen in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The condition is characterised by chronic, systemic low-grade inflammation which affects nutritional status by a variety of mechanisms including reducing appetite and food intake and increasing muscle catabolism. PEW is linked with co-morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, and is associated with lower quality of life, increased hospitalisations and a 6-fold increase in risk of death1. Significant gender differences have been found in the severity and effects of several markers of PEW. There have been limited studies testing the ability of anti-inflammatory agents or nutritional interventions to reduce the effects of PEW in dialysis patients. This thesis makes a significant contribution to the understanding of PEW in dialysis patients. It advances understanding of measurement techniques for two of the key components, appetite and inflammation, and explores the effect of fish oil, an anti-inflammatory agent, on markers of PEW in dialysis patients. The first part of the thesis consists of two methodological studies conducted using baseline data. The first study aims to validate retrospective ratings of hunger, desire to eat and fullness on visual analog scales (VAS) (paper and pen and electronic) as a new method of measuring appetite in dialysis patients. The second methodological study aims to assess the ability of a variety of methods available in routine practice to detect the presence of inflammation. The second part of the thesis aims to explore the effect of 12 weeks supplementation with 2g per day of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), a longchain fatty acid found in fish oil, on markers of PEW. A combination of biomarkers and psychomarkers of appetite and inflammation are the main outcomes being explored, with nutritional status, dietary intake and quality of life included as secondary outcomes. A lead in phase of 3 months prior to baseline was used so that each person acts as their own historical control. The study also examines whether there are gender differences in response to the treatment. Being an exploratory study, an important part of the work is to test the feasibility of the intervention, thus the level of adherence and factors associated with adherence are also presented. The studies were conducted at the hemodialysis unit of the Wesley Hospital. Participants met the following criteria: adult, stage 5 CKD on hemodialysis for at least 3 months, not expected to receive a transplant or switch to another dialysis modality during the study, absence of intellectual impairment or mental illness impairing ability to follow instructions or complete the intervention. A range of intermediate, clinical and patient-centred outcome measures were collected at baseline and 12 weeks. Inflammation was measured using five biomarkers: c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL6), intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) and white cell count (WCC). Subjective appetite was measured using the first question from the Appetite and Dietary Assessment (ADAT) tool and VAS for measurements of hunger, desire to eat and fullness. A novel feature of the study was the assessment of the appetite peptides leptin, ghrelin and peptide YY as biomarkers of appetite. Nutritional status/inflammation was assessed using the Malnutrition-Inflammation Score (MIS) and the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Dietary intake was measured using 3-day records. Quality of life was measured using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form version 1.3 (KDQOL-SF™ v1.3 © RAND University), which combines the Short-Form 36 (SF36) with a kidney-disease specific module2. A smaller range of these variables was available for analysis during the control phase (CRP, ADAT, dietary intake and nutritional status). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 14 (SPSS Inc, Chicago IL, USA). Analysis of the first part of the thesis involved descriptive and bivariate statistics, as well as Bland-Altman plots to assess agreement between methods, and sensitivity analysis/ROC curves to test the ability of methods to predict the presence of inflammation. The unadjusted (paired ttests) and adjusted (linear mixed model) change over time is presented for the main outcome variables of inflammation and appetite. Results are shown for the whole group followed by analyses according to gender and adherence to treatment. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, trends and clinical significance were considered as important as statistical significance. Twenty-eight patients (mean age 61±17y, 50% male, dialysis vintage 19.5 (4- 101) months) underwent baseline assessment. Seven out of 28 patients (25%) reported sub-optimal appetite (self-reported as fair, poor or very poor) despite all being well nourished (100% SGA A). Using the VAS, ratings of hunger, but not desire to eat or fullness, were significantly (p<0.05) associated with a range of relevant clinical variables including age (r=-0.376), comorbidities (r=-0.380) nutritional status (PG-SGA score, r=-0.451), inflammatory markers (CRP r=-0.383; sICAM-1 r=-0.387) and seven domains of quality of life. Patients expressed a preference for the paper and pen method of administering VAS. None of the tools (appetite, MIS, PG-SGA, albumin or iron) showed an acceptable ability to detect patients who are inflamed. It is recommended that CRP should be tested more frequently as a matter of course rather than seeking alternative methods of measuring inflammation. 27 patients completed the 12 week intervention. 20 patients were considered adherent based on changes in % plasma EPA, which rose from 1.3 (0.94)% to 5.2 (1.1)%, p<0.001, in this group. The major barriers to adherence were forgetting to take the tablets as well as their size. At 12 weeks, inflammatory markers remained steady apart from the white cell count which decreased (7.6(2.5) vs 7.0(2.2) x109/L, p=0.058) and sVCAM-1 which increased (1685(654) vs 2249(925) ng/mL, p=0.001). Subjective appetite using VAS increased (51mm to 57mm, +12%) and there was a trend towards reduction in peptide YY (660(31) vs 600(30) pg/mL, p=0.078). There were some gender differences apparent, with the following adjusted change between baseline and week 12: CRP (males -3% vs females +17%, p=0.19), IL6 (males +17% vs females +48%, p=0.77), sICAM-1 (males -5% vs females +11%, p=0.07), sVCAM-1 (males +54% vs females +19%, p=0.08) and hunger ratings (males 20% vs females -5%, p=0.18). On balance, males experienced a maintainence or reduction in three inflammatory markers and an improvement in hunger ratings, and therefore appeared to have responded better to the intervention. Compared to those who didn’t adhere, adherent patients maintained weight (mean(SE) change: +0.5(1.6) vs - 0.8(1.2) kg, p=0.052) and fat-free mass (-0.1 (1.6) vs -1.8 (1.8) kg, p=0.045). There was no difference in change between the intervention and control phase for CRP, appetite, nutritional status or dietary intake. The thesis makes a significant contribution to the evidence base for understanding of PEW in dialysis patients. It has advanced knowledge of methods of assessing inflammation and appetite. Retrospective ratings of hunger on a VAS appear to be a valid method of assessing appetite although samples which include patients with very poor appetite are required to confirm this. Supplementation with fish oil appeared to improve subjective appetite and dampen the inflammatory response. The effectiveness of the intervention is influenced by gender and adherence. Males appear to be more responsive to the primary outcome variables than females, and the quality of response is improved with better adherence. These results provide evidence to support future interventions aimed at reducing the effects of PEW in dialysis patients.