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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Catalano, Matthew J. "Evaluating fish-habitat relations, fish distribution, and effects of dam removal in the Baraboo River, Wisconsin /." Link to Abstract, 2002. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/abstracts/2002/Catalano.pdf.

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2

Lee, Hing-kong Edwin. "Methods to assess fisheries enhancement by the deployment of artificial reefs (a case study at Hoi Ha Wan, Hong Kong) /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22264048.

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3

Upton, Harold F. "The economic consequences of fish habitat conservation and management /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2004. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3135922.

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4

Robson, Colleen. "Three-dimensional flow dynamics and bed morphology around deflectors in a laboratory flume." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19571.

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Although deflectors are commonly used in fish habitat rehabilitation projects to create and/or maintain pools, there is a lack of understanding of the complex flow field and scour patterns around these structures. The objective of this research is to quantify the 3D flow dynamics and the bed morphology around various designs of flow deflectors in a laboratory flume over a plain and mobile bed. 3D velocity measurements were taken with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. After comparing different methods of bed shear stress estimates, it was determined that the turbulent kinetic energy approach was best at capturing the shear stress amplification near the deflectors. Deflectors oriented perpendicular to the flow create the most important disturbance of the flow field, the greatest increase in turbulence intensity and the largest scour hole, followed by upstreamoriented deflectors (135°) and downstream-oriented ones (45°). 90° deflectors would therefore potentially provide the greatest benefit for fish habitat rehabilitation.

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5

Dooley, James Henry. "Collaborative design of fish habitat enhancement projects in streams and rivers of Washington State /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5581.

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6

Klungle, Matthew M. "An evaluation of large woody debris restorations on the Manistee and Au Sable rivers, Michigan." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.

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7

Taylor, Cynthia H. "Evaluation of stream habitat enhancement projects in the Umatilla National Forest, northeast Oregon and southeast Washington /." view abstract or download file of text, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p1400408.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Oregon, 2000.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 354-373). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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8

Frei, Christopher Michael. "Design of fish passage at bridges and culverts : Hydraulic engineering circular - 26." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2006/c_frei_082506.pdf.

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9

Vadas, Robert L. "Habitat tools for assessing instream-flow needs for fishes in the upper Roanoke River, Virginia." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07102007-142521/.

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10

MacDonald, Kit. "CASE STUDIES IN STREAM AND WATERSHED RESTORATION (URBAN, AGRICULTURAL, FOREST AND FISH HABITAT IMPROVEMENT)." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621701.

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Stream and watershed restoration projects have become increasingly common throughout the U.S., and the need for systematic post-project monitoring and assessment is apparent. This study describes three stream and watershed ecological restoration projects and the monitoring and evaluation methods employed or planned to evaluate project successes or failures. The stream and watershed restoration and evaluation methods described in this paper may be applicable to projects of similar types and scales. Rivers and streams serve a variety of purposes, including water supply, wildlife habitat, energy generation, transportation and recreational opportunities. Streams are dynamic, complex systems that not only include the active channel, but also adjacent floodplains and riparian vegetation along their margins. A natural stream system remains stable while transporting varying amounts of streamflow and sediment produced in its watershed, maintaining a state of “dynamic equilibrium.” (Strahler 1957, Hack 1960). When in-stream flow, floodplain morphology, sediment characteristics, or riparian vegetation are altered, this can affect the dynamic equilibrium that exists among these stream features, causing unstable stream and floodplain conditions. This can cause the stream to adjust to a new equilibrium state. This shift may occur over a long time and result in significant changes to water quality and stream habitat. Land-use changes in a watershed, stream channelization, installation of culverts, removal or alteration of streambank vegetation, water impoundments and other activities can dramatically alter ecological balance. As a result, large adjustments in channel morphology, such as excessive bank erosion and/or channel incision, can occur. A new equilibrium may eventually be reached, but not before the associated aquatic and terrestrial environment are severely impaired. Stream restoration is the re-establishment of the general structure, function and self-sustaining characteristics of stream systems that existed prior to disturbance (Doll et al. 2003). It is a holistic approach that requires an understanding of all physical and biological processes in the stream system and its watershed. Restoration can include a broad range of activities, such as the removal or discontinuation of watershed disturbances that are contributing to stream instability; installation of control structures; planting of riparian vegetation to improve streambank stability and provide habitat; and the redesign of unstable or degraded streams into properly functioning channels and associated floodplains. Kauffman et al. (1997) define ecological restoration as the reestablishment of physical, chemical and biological processes and associated linkages which have been damaged by human actions.

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11

Taylor, Marie Jane. "The influence of flow management and habitat improvement works on fish communities in Yorkshire rivers." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:15696.

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Many of the rivers in the UK are heavily modified by channelisation, impoundment (dams and weirs and off-river storages), land drainage and flood defence. These modifications have reduced the natural variability of flow and habitat diversity and in turn rivers are failing to meet Water Framework Directive (WFD: 2000/60/EEC) targets. Mitigation measures such as modifying reservoir flow releases and habitat improvement works are carried out to remediate the potential impacts of river development. This thesis examines the effectiveness of modified reservoir flow releases and habitat improvement works in Yorkshire rivers using brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) as the indicator of change. The importance of natural flow regimes and how reservoirs and flood defence works have had negative impacts on fish populations was reviewed. The current UK guidance around managing reservoir releases and reducing flood risk was reviewed with regards to what measures are in place to mitigate their impacts and what biological responses are expected. One of the main conclusion was that to meet WFD targets, monitoring is required to investigate the effectiveness of activities aimed at improving rivers to inform management decisions and ensure activities are efficient and cost effective. The long term effects of introducing seasonal compensation flows and a single freshet were examined by comparing differences in the hydrological regime and monitoring brown trout populations downstream of water storage reservoirs in Yorkshire. Hydrological parameters were not significantly different following the introduction of the revised reservoir release programme and brown trout populations were found to be variable throughout the years studied, and any changes in population characteristics could not be attributed to the new regime and further changes to the reservoir releases maybe required. Manual radio tracking was used to obtain a detailed knowledge of the movements and distribution of adult brown trout downstream of two water storage reservoirs in Yorkshire following the introduction of single freshet releases (November 2012) to stimulate upstream migration. Brown trout occupied small home ranges and a single freshet release did not result in long distance upstream migration possibly because the releases were not performed at the appropriate time of year or the magnitude was inadequate to promote migration. The number of releases was increased to one each in the months of October, November, and December 2013 but still did not result in long distance upstream migration. It was suggested that the freshet releases which lasted only 8 hr, provided brown trout with little opportunity to move a reasonable distance. Further changes to the reservoir releases may be made to meet the flow profile recommended by UKTAG for autumn and winter flow elevations to support spawning migrations. A monitoring programme was designed to detect changes in brown trout population following habitat improvement works. Baseline surveys carried out as part of this programme found brown trout to be present at low densities and exhibit slow growth rates, which was attributed to lack of suitable habitat, particularly spawning and juvenile riffle habitats, lack of deeper pooled areas for larger brown trout and lack of available cover. It was recommended any habitat improvement works should therefore improve flow, habitat and sediment issues. A further study compared brown trout population and habitat parameters at Malin Bridge on the River Don pre and post flood defence and subsequent habitat improvement works, the latter designed to mitigate adverse effects of flood defence works. The flood defence works provided very little habitat diversity and cover for larger brown trout, instream channel features were added to improve habitat. Following the improvement works brown trout populations returned to densities and composition found prior to flood defence works, indicating impacts associated with flood defence works can be reduced when incorporating habitat improvement works into flood risk management.

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12

Cross, Benjamin K. "Influences of riparian vegetation on trout stream temperatures in the North Central Hardwoods Forest Ecoregion of Wisconsin /." Link to full text, 2009. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2009/Cross.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stevens Point.
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Master of Science in Natural Resources (Fisheries), College of Natural Resources. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-104).

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13

Peters, Roger J. "An evaluation of habitat enhancement and wild fry supplementation as a means of increasing coho salmon production of the Clearwater River, Washington /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5315.

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14

Aldridge, Brenda Michelle Te Aroha. "Restoring giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus) populations in Hamilton's urban streams." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2516.

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In this study, options for restoring fish populations in Hamilton City (37.47'S, 175.19'E) were explored. Habitat and fish populations in Hamilton urban streams were manipulated using a two-fold experimental design. Firstly, habitat was enhanced in ten urban streams with three continuous treatments in a 60-m reach at each site (20 m with 10 ponga logs, 20 m with 20 hollow clay pipes, and 20 m with no added structure). Secondly, juvenile farm-reared giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus), were stocked into five of the enhanced stream sections. Giant kokopu are threatened and occur naturally in Hamilton urban streams in sparse populations. The abundance of wild fish was monitored before and after enhancement and fish release from November 2006 to November 2007. Stocked fish were monitored for eight months, from April to November 2007. Over this time electric fishing was conducted three times, trap nets (Gee minnow and fyke nets) were set monthly and spotlighting was conducted monthly at three release sites where water clarity allowed. Anticipated outcomes of this research were; to determine whether giant kokopu abundance in Hamilton urban streams is limited by recruitment or by habitat, and to assist with the development of methods to restore fish populations in Hamilton City urban streams. Logs used as enhancement structures in Hamilton urban streams provided more stable habitat for fish and created more suitable microhabitat than pipe structures. Pipes moved considerably during high flows, and their instability made them less effective at providing habitat. Within the study sites there appeared to be complex interactions with turbidity, stream width and depth, which complicated the effect of the habitat structures. The limited replication and variability among sites contributed to statistically insignificant results using analysis of variance. Retention and recapture rates of stocked juvenile giant kokopu were greatest at Site M11, where the stream was narrow, shallow, clear and had lower numbers and biomass of shortfin eels, compared to other survey sites. Marked and released giant kokopu were retained in the release reaches at four of the five sites, for a minimum of four months, and exhibited substantial growth. Daily growth of juvenile giant kokopu ranged from 0.19 to 0.33 mm day-1 and from 0.03 to 0.11 g day-1, exhibiting substantial growth over winter. Giant kokopu appeared to have a slight bias to the log section of enhanced habitat, but habitat selection appeared to be overwhelmingly controlled by initial habitat selection. The stocking of farm-reared fish into urban streams was largely successful, but the success of the habitat enhancement was variable and further work is required to determine better techniques for habitat enhancement in these urban environments. It is concluded that releasing farm-reared giant kokopu can be used to restore populations especially where recruitment limitations control fish abundance and diversity.

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15

Rodrigue-Gervais, Karen 1981. "Investigation of temporal scour development and flow dynamics around submerged deflectors in a laboratory flume." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116074.

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Although flow deflectors are routinely placed in streams to create fish pool habitat, there is dissent in the literature as to what constitutes for them an appropriate design height to ensure their success. Our objectives were to (1) examine the temporal evolution of bed topography around submerged deflectors in a laboratory flume, for different deflector heights and discharge; and (2) quantify the flow dynamics in their vicinity. Results indicate that, all else being equal, higher deflectors (characterized by less overtopping) produce a greater volume of fish pools. In contrast, over a fixed deflector design, a higher discharge (synonymous with greater overtopping) results in larger pools, because flow velocities are then faster. We also observed differences in the temporal behaviour of scour: that next to high and medium height deflectors is self-similar, but not that for the shorter model. Our results challenge the notion that low deflectors are ineffective, provide information on the development of scour next to submerged structures, and reveal key differences between the geometry of the scour holes engendered by the different deflector height models.

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16

Beechie, Timothy J. "Rates and pathways of recovery for sediment supply and woody debris recruitment in northwestern Washington streams, and implications for salmonid habitat restoration /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5471.

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17

Lounder, Cecelia. "Recruitment dynamics and otolith chemical signatures of juvenile gray snapper, Lutjanus griseus, among West Florida estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems." [Pensacola, Fla.] : University of West Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/WFE0000156.

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18

梁懷彥 and Wai-yin Albert Leung. "Temporal trends in fish abundance and species composition on an open access artificial reef in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31244439.

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19

Neary, James P. "Use of physical habitat structure to assess stream suitability for brown trout : a case study of three upland Scottish streams." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/209.

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In 2000 the European Union introduced the Water Framework Directive, new legislation that regulates the use of surface waters within the European Community. The goal of this legislation is to protect, enhance and restore all surface waters within the Community to Good Surface Water Status. Good-Status is described as having low levels of anthropogenic distortion in its hydro-morphological and physiochemical components as well as possessing biota that would normally be associated with the type-specific aquatic ecosystem. The assessment of ecosystem status is to be defined by comparisons with intact representative reference sites, by using modelling techniques that define reference conditions, a combination of the two, or expert judgement. As undisturbed aquatic ecosystems are rare or non-existent in Europe the base-line data will have to be defined using the latter methodologies. The aim of this project is to help define reference conditions for lotic systems in Europe based on the physical instream habitat parameters of a resident species. Brown trout (Salmo trutta), a ubiquitous and well studies species endemic to Europe, was used as the target organism to develop the assessment protocol. The project focused on the requirements this species has of aspects of its physical habitat; specifically, its usage of depth, velocity, and substrate. An extensive survey of the scientific literature was used to define the requirements trout has for the three physical parameters at four life stages. These are the spawning, nursery, juvenile and adult-resident life stages. These requirements were expressed as tolerance profiles, which defined suitable, usable and not-suitable habitat. The methodology was demonstrated by evaluating the physical habitat available at six reaches in three small streams, March, Burnhouse and Bin Burns, which drain into the Carron Valley Reservoir in central Scotland. From the perspective of water depth, these streams seem best suited as nursery areas, are less well suited as juvenile habitat, and do not appear to be well matched for adult residents. The assessment of both velocity and substrate indicated that the portion of the study reaches available for use by resident brown trout increased with trout size. The assessment of all three physical habitat parameters at all study reaches found variable portions of the streams suitable for use by spawning trout. When the habitat variables are integrated all stream segments streams seem best suited as nursery and spawning areas. To a lesser extent juvenile trout can use these burns and very little habitat is available for use by adult resident trout. The tolerance profiles that were created in this study are standardized assessment criteria that when compared with stream survey data can produce an appraisal of habitat availability in any fluvial freshwater system that supports populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta). The assessment method can be combined to produce an integrated habitat assessment, using both an index and by the calculation of Froude number, which is a more realistic approach than the assessment of individual habitat parameters as salmonids choose their microhabitat based on multiple factors. This approach allows an investigator to determine the amount and relative portion of useable habitat and to determine the quality of that habitat. Finally, by examining the physical habitat variable that most strongly correlates with the final integrated habitat distribution the individual habitat parameter that is most important to the distribution of physical habitat at a site can be determined. While this technique would certainly benefit from further development it does show potential to aid in physical habitat assessment of trout streams.

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20

Haltigin, Tim. "Three-dimensional numerical modeling of flow dynamics and investigation of temporal scour hole development around paired stream deflectors in a laboratory flume." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82249.

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A three-dimensional numerical model (PHOENICS) was used to investigate the role of stream deflector angle and length on the flow field in a rectangular laboratory flume. Subsequent bed topography surveys were performed to examine the role of obstruction angle on scour hole development over time. The model was capable of predicting laboratory velocity and turbulent kinetic energy measurements, performing better for flow over a flat stable bed than over a deformed sand bed. A new method of incorporating complex bed topography into a structured Cartesian mesh was developed in the process. Flow field properties such as dynamic pressure, velocity amplification, separation zone length and width, and downwelling extent and magnitude were found to be strongly dependent on deflector geometry. Equilibrium scour hole depths and geometry are also angle-dependent. A predictive equation was produced explaining the rate at which scour holes reach equilibrium, and compared well with existing literature. Finally, a method was developed whereby characteristics of the flow field over a flat, stable bed could be used to predict equilibrium scour hole geometry.

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21

李慶剛 and Hing-kong Edwin Lee. "Methods to assess fisheries enhancement by the deployment of artificial reefs (a case study at Hoi Ha Wan, Hong Kong)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254639.

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22

Fortune, Shelby E. "Evaluation of automated, manual and constant aeration practices in managing of dissolved oxygen for channel catfish farming in earthen ponds." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07182008-143119.

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23

Alford, John Brian. "Development of a multi-scale management perspective for wadeable stream fisheries in Mississippi." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-06032008-164744.

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24

Kovalenko, Katya. "Indirect effects of invasive species community effects of invasive aquatic plant control and direct and indirect effects of non-native peacock bass /." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2009. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-06252009-203011.

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25

Cordier, Mateo. "Ecosystème estuarien et système économique régional: faisabilité d'une intégration par modélisation input-output : application au cas de l'habitat halieutique dans l'estuaire de la Seine." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209905.

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Le modèle input-output régional environnementalisé développé dans la thèse de M. Cordier suggère qu’il serait possible de restaurer 25% des surfaces naturelles de nourriceries de poissons détruites dans l’estuaire de la Seine entre 1834 et 2004. Le modèle suggère que la mesure de restauration pourrait augmenter de 15% à 23% la biomasse de soles produite dans l’estuaire par rapport à une situation sans mesure. Quant à l’effet des coûts de restauration sur les agrégats macroéconomiques (PIB, emploi, etc.), il génère une diminution qui ne dépasse pas 0,5% par rapport à une situation sans mesure. Le modèle montre cependant que trois secteurs sont particulièrement touchés par la mesure, leur bénéfice étant considérablement réduit. Cela indique le compromis à réaliser entre les objectifs écologiques à long terme et les objectifs économiques sectoriels à court terme. La quantification des compromis par le modèle constitue un atout utile aux processus de décision participatifs multicritère / The regional green input-output model developed in Mateo Cordier's PhD shows that it seems possible to restore 25% of the natural areas of fish nurseries destroyed in the Seine estuary between 1834 and 2004. The model suggests that the restoration measure could increase between 15% and 23% the biomass of sole generated by the estuary compared to a situation without measure. Regarding the impact of restoration costs on macro-economic indicators (GDP, employment, etc.), it generates a decrease that does not exceed 0,5% compared to a situation without measure. However, the model shows that three sectors are particularly impacted by the measure. Their benefits are considerably reduced. This shows the trade-off that occurs between ecological targets on the long run and economic targets on the short run. The quantification of such trade-offs in the model is particularly useful to public participation in decision-making.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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26

Kaufmann, Philip Robert. "Channel morphology and hydraulic characteristics of torrent-impacted forest streams in the Oregon Coast Range, U.S.A. /." 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/9681.

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27

House, Matthew R. "Countersunk culvert hydraulics for upstream juvenile fish passage /." 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/7892.

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28

Atkinson, Brett. "The effects of channel modification on characteristics of streams during low flow /." 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/9298.

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29

Bettinger, Pete. "Spatial analysis techniques for ensuring the compatibility of land management activities and aquatic habitat quality in eastern Oregon /." 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/9376.

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30

Miller, Alan Christopher. "Response of juvenile steelhead trout to an instream habitat rehabilitation project in Meadow Creek, Oregon." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/34315.

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Responses of juvenile steelhead trout to changes in stream habitat resulting from an instream habitat rehabilitation project in Meadow Creek, Oregon were measured from 1991 through 1992 and compared to pre-treatment data from 1987 through 1990. Sixty nine pool-forming, and 59 channel-stabilizing log structures were constructed by the U.S. Forest Service in a 3.7 km reach in 1990. A 20-year flood caused extensive modifications to the instream structures in May 1991. Pool habitat and large wood volume increased in the treatment and the two reference reaches but pool development was greater in the treatment reach compared to the two reference reaches. Summer rearing densities of juvenile steelhead were similar for the treatment and the two reference reaches at the reach scale. Summer rearing densities were lower in the post-treatment period compared to the pre-treatment period for the treatment and two reference reaches. Mean density of juvenile steelhead was higher in complex pools compared to non-complex pools throughout the study area. Mean density of juvenile steelhead was higher in pools associated with large wood from washed-out structures compared to pools associated with intact structures in the treatment reach. Changes in smolt production from the treatment reach following the rehabilitation project could not be determined due to trapping difficulties. Only three percent of the smolts emigrating from the basin overwintered in the treatment reach in 1992. Four life history patterns of juvenile steelhead were identified. Only one of the four life history patterns rears in the Meadow Creek basin until smolting. From these findings I conclude that the instream habitat rehabilitation project did not increase the abundance of juvenile steelhead or smolt production during the first two years after treatment. An extended drought and a 20-year flood may have been the dominant factors controlling abundance of juvenile steelhead over the study period. The Meadow Creek rehabilitation project may have limited success at increasing smolt production because it influences only one of four life history patterns of juvenile steelhead during the entire freshwater rearing phase.
Graduation date: 1997

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31

Ebersole, Joseph Lamar. "Stream habitat classification and restoration in the Blue Mountians of northeast Oregon." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/35152.

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The restoration of rivers and streams should be based on a strong conceptual framework. Streams are developing systems. As such, streams exhibit temporal behaviors that change with changing stream environments. Underlying the dynamic development of streams is potential capacity. Streams express this capacity as an array of habitats over time and across the landscape. Human land uses in the western United States have rapidly altered aquatic habitats as well as the processes that shape habitat. As a result, the diversity of native fishes and their habitats has been suppressed. Restoration is fundamentally about allowing stream systems to re-express their capacities. Four steps are provided to guide stream restoration activities. Key tasks include: identification of the historic patterns of habitat development; protection of the developmental diversity that remains; local application of specific knowledge about suppressive factors; classification of sensitive, critical or refugium habitats; release of anthropogenic suppression; and monitoring of biotic response to habitat change. Applying these concepts, I describe potential habitat refugia for aquatic organisms in the Joseph Creek basin in the Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon. Five valley segment classes, differing in valley corridor landforms, are described. Of these, low-gradient wide alluvial valleys have been most altered by human land use. Riparian vegetation has been extensively removed or altered in alluvial valleys. Currently, stream habitats are structurally depauperate, and warm to temperatures well above thermal tolerances of native salmonids. Potential refugia for native coldwater fishes in these valleys include patches of complex habitat within stream reaches. Reaches fenced to exclude domestic livestock exhibit narrower channels, more pools, and higher frequencies of stable vegetated banks than nearby unfenced reaches. During summer low flow periods, cold groundwater seeping into and accumulating in stream channels forms "cold pools". Cold pools provide potential seasonal refuge for coldwater fish at microhabitat scales. Cold pools are associated with channel complexity, and are more frequent in reaches with vigorous riparian vegetation. Seven classes of cold pools are described. Cold pool classes differ in minimum temperature, maximum depth and volume. Distributions of cold pool classes between valley segment classes suggest that valley geomorphology in addition to local channel form may influence development of certain cold pool types. Although refugia at the microhabitat to reach scales are important, the context within which remnant or refugium habitats and associated relict populations are maintained may ultimately determine the persistence of those species and habitats. In managed landscapes, protection and restoration of habitats at many scales may be necessary if we are to best insure the persistence of native species.
Graduation date: 1995

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32

Clark, Steven (Steven Michael). "Breeding site selection by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in relation to large wood additions and factors that drive reproductive success." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/38182.

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The fitness of female Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) with respect to breeding behavior can be partitioned into at least four components: survival to reproduction, competition for breeding sites, success of egg incubation, and suitability of the local environment near breeding sites for early rearing of juveniles. Accordingly, breeding sites should exhibit predictable habitat features linked to these components. In this study, I evaluated the relative influences of habitat features linked to fitness components on selection of breeding sites by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). I also evaluated associations between breeding site selection and additions of large wood, as the latter were introduced into the study system as a means of restoring habitat conditions to benefit coho salmon. I used a model selection approach to organize specific habitat features into groupings reflecting fitness components and influences of large wood. The relative likelihood of each of these models was then evaluated based on how coho salmon were observed to select breeding sites. Specific variables examined within these models included depth at the redd, width to depth ratio, stream network location, proximity to other redds, maximum depth, proximity to a pool tail, and the count of naturally occurring and artificially placed large wood. Results of this work suggest that female coho salmon most likely select breeding sites based on habitat features linked to all four hypothesized fitness components. Linkages between large wood and breeding site selection were less clear, likely due to mismatches between the scale at which availability was quantified relative to the geomorphic influences of wood, insufficient time for wood to have geomorphic influences on habitat, or the directionality in which geomorphic effects are currently manifested (i.e., upstream, downstream, or bi-directional influences). Future work focused on geomorphic processes in this system could reveal stronger linkages between instream wood and the habitat features that coho salmon select for breeding.
Graduation date: 2013

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