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1
Verghese, Bindhu. "Electrophoretic patterns of the general proteins of four species belonging to the Family Carangidae." Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1998. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11038/1/Bindhu%20Varghese.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Muscle proteins usually provide useful information and therefore are frequently used as valuable diagnostic characters in the classification of fishes at species, generic, familial and higher taxonomic levels. The muscle myogen of four species of carangids. viz, Decapterus russelli, D. macrosoma, Selar
crumenophthalmus and Megalaspis cordyla using horizontal slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Gel conc. 7.5%) is reported in the present communication. The number of protein fractions and the presumptive loci in muscle of D. russelli,
D. macrosoma, S. crumenophthalmus and M. cordyla were found to be 9,7,6 and 5 respectively. The Rf value ranged from 21 to 84 for S. crumenophthalmus, 2 to 72 for M cordyla, 15 to 89 for D. macrosoma and 18 to 96 for D. russelli. The difference in number of fractions, their mobility pattern and staining intensity indicated species-specificity. With the limited number of samples used in the present work, there has been an indication of intraspecific polymorphism among three species of carangids, being 3.5% in D. russelli, 13.5% in D. macrosoma and
6.6% in S. crumenophthalmus. In M. cordyla no polymorphism was observed. This work also revealed that protein fractions in carangids can be used as species - specific markers, which could be helpful in resolving disputes in the event of any
taxonomic ambiguity.
2
Padhi, Abinash. "Electrophoretic Profile of the general proteins in the Green (Perna viridis Linnaeus) and the Brown (Perna indica Kuriakose & Nair) mussels." Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1998. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11022/1/Abinash%20Padhi.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The electrophoretic profiles of the general proteins and the selected enzymes
(MDH and EST) were examined in the green mussel, P. viridis and the brown
mussel P. indica and their suspected hybrids from South India. The protein and
the enzyme profiles were distinctly different in the two species. The protein
profiles in different tissues of the green and brown mussels were found tissue and
species specific. The two species are genetically different. The protein and the
enzyme profiles in the brown and suspected ‘brown type’ hybrids were similar and
that of the green and the suspected ‘green type’ hybrids were also similar. The
suspected hybrids may be the colour morphs of the respective species.
Morphometric studies on these two species and the suspected hybrids also
corroborated the above findings.
3
Ajitha, S. "Investigations on the effect of probionts as a tool against bacterial infestation in Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards) juveniles." Thesis, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 1997. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11023/1/Ajitha%20S..pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The family Vibrionacea plays an ambiguous part m marine
fish and shellfish as it includes bacterial strains that have been
reported to proliferate and cause mass mortalities in semi
intensive and intensive culture systems.) Gram negative bacterial
septicemias disease or Vibriosis has been observed in captured as
well as cultured marine crustaceans exposed to stress where it
has resulted in severe mortalities. Systemic infection or
septicemis have also been reviewed. The infections are usually caused
by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Vibrio alginolyticus or the
odd Aeromonas spp. Although there are many reports of vibriosis
among marine crustaceans none have been studied in detail.
4
Hultmann, Lisbeth. "Endogenous proteolytic enzymes - Studies of their impact on fish muscle proteins and texture." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-178.
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This thesis covers studies on endogenous proteolytic enzymes and their impact on fish muscle proteins and texture. The studies have been performed using Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and cod (Gadus morhua) subjected to different treatments and storage conditions.
The textural properties were very different in the two species. Salmon fillets were significantly softer and less resilient than cod fillets, and the properties changed somewhat differently during storage experiments. Different proteolytic enzymes have been reported to participate in muscle softening. Some of these enzymes were investigated, and specific proteolytic activities were detected throughout the storage periods. Collagenase-like enzymes seem to be the most important for cod muscle texture. Microorganisms and/or microbial enzymes seem not to be important for changes in salmon muscle texture. Results suggest that the cathepsin B-like enzymes are important for salmon texture. The activities of the proteolytic enzymes may be greatly affected by the muscle pH, and by the treatment(s) the fish are subjected to. In any case, changes caused by differences in proteolytic activities may need some time to be detectable or have significant impact on fish quality.
When cod fillets are stored in ice, it is highly recommended to keep the temperature low. Even a relatively mild temperature abuse was sufficient to result in less favorable textural characteristics, and make the fillets seem older than their days of storage.
Salmon fillets are often subjected to cold-smoking. The smoking temperature was important for the solubility properties of the muscle proteins, and for their composition, but did not affect the proteolytic activity. The effects of the processing parameters were most important early in the product’s shelf life, as the differences caused by the different smoking temperatures were reduced by further storage of the smoked samples.
Paper II and III are reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier, sciencedirect.com
5
Lennartsson, Patrik. "Zygomycetes and cellulose residuals : hydrolysis, cultivation and applications." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-3608.
Full textAbstract:
Zygomycetes is a class of fungi living worldwide as saprobes, as part of mycorrhizae, and as parasites. Humans have used some zygomycetes for centuries in the production of traditional foods, e.g. Indonesian tempe. In the present thesis, the experimental focus was on two zygomycetes strains, Mucor indicus CCUG 22424 and Rhizopus sp. IT. One of the distinguishing features of M. indicus is its dimorphism. The different cell forms were influenced by the culturing conditions. After inoculation, when the initial spore concentration was high (6-8×106 spores/ml), yeast-like growth dominated under anaerobic conditions. With a smaller inoculum, yielding 1-2×105 spores/ml, and access to oxygen, filamentous forms dominated. Only negligible differences in ethanol yield (390-420 mg/g hexoses), productivity (3-5 g/l/h), and inhibitor tolerance were observed. Differential expressions of probably four genes were observed between the yeast-like and filamentous growth forms. Lignocelluloses are a suitable substrate for cultivating zygomycetes, as they occur in abundance, particularly since zygomycetes, unlike Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can utilise pentoses. Lignocelluloses require pretreatment to achieve efficient hydrolysis of the cellulose. N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) was tested for pretreatment of spruce and birch. Reducing wood chip size and/or prolonged pretreatment, promoted hydrolysis yield. Best yields were achieved from <2 mm chips and 5 h pretreatment. The hydrolysate was used for fermentation with M. indicus, resulting in 195 and 175 mg ethanol/g wood, and 103 and 86 mg fungal biomass/g wood, from spruce and birch respectively. Orange peel is another potential substrate. However, the hydrolysate contained 0.6 % (v/v) D-limonene, ten times higher than the concentration inhibiting S. cerevisiae. M. indicus was more resistant and successfully fermented the hydrolysate, producing 400 mg ethanol/g hexoses and 75 mg fungal biomass/g sugars. Both M. indicus and Rhizopus sp. grew in 1.0 % and 2.0 % D-limonene, although the latter was unable to grow in the hydrolysate. A third substrate was also used, spent sulphite liquor (SSL), which is a by-product from sulphite paper pulp mills. The SSL was diluted to 50 % and used for airlift cultivations of Rhizopus sp. In 1.0 vvm aeration, up to 340 mg biomass/g sugars was produced. Prolonged cultivations generally decreased the protein (from 500 to 300 mg/g) and lipid (from 70 to 20 mg/g) contents. In contrast, the cell wall fraction, measured as alkali-insoluble material (AIM), increased (160-280 mg/g), as did the glucosamine (GlcN) content (220-320 mg GlcN/g AIM). The produced fungal biomass could serve as animal feed, e.g. for fish.Akademisk avhandling som för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen vid Chalmers tekniska högskola försvaras vid offentlig disputation den 9 februari 2012, klockan 10.00 i KS101, Kemigården 4, Göteborg.
6
Arias, Vigoya Angel Andrés [UNESP]. "Transplante de espermatogônias tronco em peixes teleósteos, utilizando como modelo experimental a carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148621.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Nos vertebrados, a espermatogênese é um processo de desenvolvimento celular altamente conservado e organizado, no qual uma pequena população de espermatogônias tronco produz continuamente milhões de espermatozóides, os quais são os responsáveis pela propagação do genótipo dos machos. Este processo é sustentado pelas espermatogônias tronco através da sua capacidade de auto-renovação e diferenciação. Vários aspectos relacionados com a regulação da atividade e fisiologia das espermatogônias tronco são ainda desconhecidos nos peixes teleósteos. Portanto, a técnica de transplante de células germinativas torna-se uma poderosa abordagem para melhorar o conhecimento da biologia das espermatogônias tronco e da espermatogênese. Resumidamente, a técnica envolve a transferência de células germinativas isoladas de um doador fértil para os testículos de um receptor estéril, e as células transplantadas são capazes de restaurar a gametogênese do receptor. Neste contexto, realizamos uma caracterização morfológica e estereológica dos diferentes tipos de células encontradas na espermatogênese da carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio). Também caracterizamos fenotipicamente as potenciais espermatogônias tronco. Portanto, descrevemos cinco tipos espermatogôniais na carpa comum: espermatogônias indiferenciadas do tipo A (Aund* - Aund), espermatogônias diferenciadas do tipo A (Adiff) e espermatogônias do tipo B (inicial e final). Nesta espécie, o processo espermatogênico durou aproximadamente uma semana. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a população espermatogonial expressa as proteínas c-Kit, Gfrα-1 e POU2. Neste estudo, também foi padronizada a técnica de transplante de espermatogônias na carpa comum. Assim, células germinativas isoladas de kinguios sexualmente maduros foram transplantadas através da papila urogenital de carpas macho quimicamente esterilizadas. As células germinativas derivadas dos doadores foram capazes de colonizar e se desenvolver nos testículos dos receptores. Em geral, nossos resultados reforçam a compreensão da biologia das células germinativas, em especial das potenciais células tronco. Além disso, o transplante, padronizado aqui, é uma abordagem com implicações significativas para a conservação e manejo das espécies valiosas e/ou ameaçadas de extinção.
In vertebrates, spermatogenesis is a highly conserved and organized developmental process, in which a small population of spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) continuosly produce millions of spermatozoa, which are responsible for spreading the male genotype. Likewise other stem cells, SSC are capable of either self-renew or differentiate. Several aspects related to the regulation of SSC activity and physiology are still unknown in teleost fish. Thus, the germ cell transplantation technique becomes a powerful approach to improve the knowledge of SSC biology and spermatogenesis. Briefly, the technique involves the transfer of germ cells isolated from a fertile donor into the testes of a sterile recipient, and transplanted donor germ cells are able to restore the recipient gametogenesis. Taking advantage of this background, we performed morphological and stereological characterization of the different cell types found in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) spermatogenesis. We also characterized the putative SSC candidates by morphology. Therefore, we described five spermatogonial types in common carp: type A undifferentiated spermatogonia (Aund* - Aund), type A differentiated spermatogonia (Adiff) and type B spermatogonia (early and late). In this species, the spermatogenic process lasted approximately one week. Our findings demonstrated that the spermatogonial population expressed the c-Kit, Gfrα1 and POU2 proteins. Donor germ cells isolated from goldfish were transplanted non-surgically through urogenital papilla into the sexually mature cytoablated common carp recipients. Donor transplanted germ cells were able to colonize and develop in recipients’ testes. Overall, our results strengthens the knowledge of germ cell biology, focusing on stem cells. Finally, transplantation, standardized here, is an approach with significant implications for the conservation and management of endangered and valuable fish species.
CAPES: 15213-12-9
7
Diniz, Bezerra Tércia. "Monitorización de la diversidad microbiana en biofiltros percoladores mediante pirosecuenciación tag-454 y optimización de protocolos para hibridación con fluorescencia in situ (FISH)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/325678.
Full textAbstract:
La biofiltración ha demostrado ser una tecnología exitosa para la eliminación del H2S y del NH3 de las corrientes de gases contaminadas. El tema asume relevancia pues se establece como tecnología limpia y sostenible. Debido a su organización los biofiltros son considerados ecosistemas artificiales complejos en donde las variables ambientales y la composición de la comunidad están estrictamente relacionadas y de ellas depende el éxito del proceso. La diversidad de bacterias y la dinámica de la comunidad son elementos importantes del componente biológico aunque su conocimiento es aún muy limitado. Para comprenderlo mejor se necesitan perfiles poblacionales elaborados mediante herramientas de biología molecular tales como la pirosecuenciación e hibridación con fluorescencia in situ (FISH). Este fue el eje temático de la presente tesis: Estudiar la composición y la dinámica de comunidades de Eubacteria de biofiltros percoladores mediante pirosecuenciación 454-Roche (tag-454). También se procedió a optimización de protocolos FISH. Para ambas herramientas se evaluó la cobertura de la diversidad y su efectividad para el estudio y seguimiento del componente biológico.Se estudiaron dos sistemas de desulfuración de biogás, uno aerobio y otro anóxico, y un tercer sistema de tratamiento de corrientes ricas en NH3. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que la comunidad fue capaz de sostenerse bajo las condiciones de operación probadas. En el biofiltro de desulfuración aerobia ocurrió un cambio drástico en la composición de la microbiota en función de la acidificación del medio (pH; 7-2.5), y que la pérdida de diversidad fue compensada por la eficacia de las poblaciones acidófilas. En el biofiltro anóxico los cambios poblacionales no afectaron, en general, en el rendimiento de la desulfuración del biogas, y la actividad de Sedimenticola fue determinante para el éxito del sistema. En el biofiltro percolador de NH3 se comprobó los efectos combinados de tiempos de residencia con diferentes concentraciones de entrada del gas. Las alteraciones en dichos parámetros produjeron cambios significativos en la comunidad nitrificante. Las condiciones favorecieron el crecimiento de Comamonas, Nitrosomonas (AOB) y Nitrobacter (NOB). Fue interesante encontrar una presencia marcada de bacterias desnitrificantes, cosa que no perjudicó al rendimiento de la nitrificación. En los estudios con tag-454 se encontró dificultad a la hora de asignar identidad a secuencias, lo que se justificó por la longitud insuficiente de los fragmentos y por la falta de cobertura de las bases de datos. De todos modos los resultados indicaron que la diversidad fue representada adecuadamente, permitiendo una cobertura muy buena de las distintas comunidades hecho que corrobora la efectividad de la aproximación. El trabajo de optimización de la FISH se enmarca en el conocimiento previo de la diversidad microbiológica a la hora de elegir sondas y se comprobó la influencia de la autofluorescencia del S0 sobre el recuento de células. Los resultados mostraron que la elección de los fluorocromos fue fundamental para eliminar la autofluorescencia de las partículas de S0 que originaban datos sobre-estimados de abundancia relativa.Biofiltration has proved to be a successful technology for removal of H2S and NH3 from the contaminated gases. The subject assumes significance as it is established as a clean and sustainable technology. Due to its organization biofilters are considered complex artificial ecosystems, where environmental variables and community composition are strictly related and on them depends the success of the process. The bacterial diversity and community dynamics are very important elements of the biological component, but their knowledge is still very limited. To better understand it, populational profiles elaborated by tools such as molecular biology and genomic DNA pyrosequencing of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are required. This was the theme of this thesis: To study the composition and dynamics of Eubacteria communities in three trickling biofilters using the 454-Roche (tag-454). FISH protocols were also optimized. Two systems of biogas desulphurization were studied, one aerobic and one anoxic, plus a third system for treatment of currents rich in NH3 . The acquired results showed the ability of the community to sustain itself under the tested operational conditions. In the aerobic biofilter desulfurization it occurred a drastic change in the composition of the microbiota in terms of environmental acidification; (pH; 7-2.5), and that biodiversity loss was offset by the effectiveness of acidophilic populations. In the anoxic biofilter, changes did not affect the population in general, the performance of biogas desulfurization and Sedimenticola activity was crucial to the success of the anoxic desulfurization. In the NH3 trickling biofilter, it was proved the combined effects of residence time and different concentrations of gas entrance. Alterations in said parameters produced meaningful changes in the nitrifying community. The resulting conditions favored the growth of the Comamonas, Nitrosomonas (AOB) and Nitrobacter (NOB). It was interesting to find a strong presence of denitrifying bacteria, which did not affect the nitrification performance. In studies using tag-454, the difficulty of assigning identity to the readings of some of the found sequences, which was justified by the insufficient length of the fragments and the lack of databases coverage. Regardless, the results indicated that the diversity represented the 95% of similarity, and in the end there was a very good coverage of different communities. The relative abundance data allowed the explanation of the dynamics of said communities, fact that corroborates the approximation’s efficiency. The optimization of work by FISH relays in prior knowledge of microbial diversity when choosing probes, and proved the influence of the S0 autofluorescence over the cell count. The results showed that the choice of fluorochromes was fundamental to eliminate the autofluorescence of S0 particles that originated over-estimated data of relative abundance.
8
Rocha, Joana D'Arc Mauricio. "Hidrolisado proteico de pescado em dietas para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3821.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The growing demand for aquaculture feed of excellent nutritional quality to maximize the performance of animals raised. However, stagnation and decreased availability of ingredients that fulfill the nutritional requirements of the fish depend on both the nutritional equivalent substitutes as financial environment. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the inclusion of fish protein hydrolyzate in diets for fingerlings of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. 300 fish (5.4 ± 0.9 g) were distributed in a completely randomized in 20 polythene containers of 250 L with five treatments and four replicates were used design. Vegetable diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric consists of corn, corn gluten meal, wheat bran, soybean meal and soybean oil were added and the levels of hydrolyzed fish and one control diet (0%) and four test feed containing 1, 2, 3 and 4% fish protein hydrolyzate, based on dry matter. The animals were fed to satiation four times daily for 112 days. At the end of the experimental period, the animals were measured and weighed to determine the final weight, total length, survival rate, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and condition factor. Levels hydrolyzed influenced the productive aspects of the Nile tilapia, which by quadratic regression we estimate the optimal inclusion of 1.79% for final weight, 1.77% to gain weight, 1.75% to rate and the specific growth rate to 1.97% protein efficiency. However, it is suggested to Nile tilapia inclusion of 1.78% of fish protein hydrolyzate for better productive performance.
O crescimento da aquicultura demanda por rações de excelente qualidade nutricional que maximizem o desempenho dos animais criados. No entanto, a estagnação e diminuição da disponibilidade de ingredientes que supram as necessidades nutricionais dos peixes dependem de substitutos equivalentes tanto no contexto nutricional quanto financeiro. Dessa forma, o presente estudo visa avaliar a inclusão de hidrolisado proteico de pescado em dietas para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo Oreochormis niloticus. Foram utilizados 300 peixes (5,4 ± 0,9 g), distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em 20 caixas de polietileno de 250 L com cinco tratamentos e quatro réplicas. As rações vegetais foram formuladas de forma a serem isoproteicas e isoenergéticas constituída por milho, glúten de milho, farelo de trigo, farelo de soja e óleo de soja e foram acrescidas de níveis de hidrolisado de pescado sendo uma ração controle (0 %) e quatro rações teste contendo 1, 2, 3 e 4% de hidrolisado proteico de pescado, com base na matéria seca. Os animais foram alimentados até a saciedade aparente quatro vezes ao dia por 112 dias. Ao término do período experimental, os animais foram medidos e pesados para determinação do peso final, comprimento total final, taxa de sobrevivência, ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico, conversão alimentar aparente e fator de condição. Os níveis de hidrolisado influenciaram os aspectos produtivos dos alevinos de tilápia do Nilo, onde através da regressão quadrática estima-se a inclusão ótima de 1,79% para peso final, 1,77% para ganho em peso, 1,75% para taxa de crescimento especifico e 1,97% para taxa de eficiência proteica. Contudo, sugere-se para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo a inclusão de 1,78% de hidrolisado proteico de pescado para melhor performance produtiva.
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Hill, Jenna D. "Validation of Antibodies Used to Study Hypoxia Inducible Factors in Two Species of Fundulus." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1636.
Full textAbstract:
Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors and the master regulators of oxygen-dependent gene expression in animals. The focus of this thesis is the distribution of HIF protein in tissues of the fish Fundulus heteroclitus and F. grandis, two widespread species that occur in naturally hypoxic waters. Polyclonal antibodies against HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF-3α were tested on proteins made in vitro and on extracts made from several tissues of normoxic and hypoxic fish. Antibodies against HIF-1α and 3α bound specifically to full length protein made in vitro, and produced bands on western blots of nuclear extracts of near the expected molecular weights for these proteins. Hypoxic exposure did not markedly increase the intensity of these bands, and mass spectrometry failed to identify HIF-1α and 3α peptides in excised gel bands. Thus, further tests of antibody specificity are needed before the tissue distribution of HIF in these fish can be confidently assessed.
10
DEMONTIS, VALERIA. "Porous Silicon applications in biotechnology." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266040.
Full textAbstract:
Biotechnology is a field in great expansion and the continuous boost for obtaining smaller and more efficient devices stimulates the increase of interest from the research community. Nanostructured materials, and among them porous silicon (PS), appear to be good candidates for coupling with biological molecules because of their peculiar characteristics. In the case of porous silicon, the most noticeable are the very large specific area, which allows the loading of large amounts of biological material in a very small volume, and the possibility to easily tailor the pore size and morphology as function of the kind of molecules to be introduced.
Besides, the proven biocompatibility and non toxicity of PS allow the development of electronic devices to be directly implanted into living organisms without risk of rejection.
In this thesis we mainly focus our attention on the fabrication and characterization of a porous silicon-based potentiometric biosensor for triglycerides analysis, made of a lipase immobilized on a mesoporous Si matrix. Prototypes, realized on 1 x 1 cm n+-type silicon wafers, show a very high enzymatic activity. Moreover the properties of these biosensors have been shown to be stable in a several months time interval, clearly showing their advantages with respect to traditional triglycerides detection systems. The Michaelis Menten curve is obtained to demonstrate the absence of diffusion problems. Potentiometric measurements are also shown.
11
Vineesh, N. "Population genetic structure of Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepède 1800) from Indian waters using molecular markers." Thesis, 2018. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12715/1/PhD%20Thesis_2018_Vineesh%20N_Scomberomorus%20commerson.pdf.
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The thesis orients with the genetic stock structure analysis of S. commerson in
Indian waters. A general introduction and brief review of literature is given in first
chapter along with back ground to the study. This chapter describes the present status
of global fish production and importance of genetic stock structure study. This chapter
also looks into the details of markers used for stock structure study and the relevants of
stock structure study in S. commerson. It also includes description, taxonomic status
and distinguishing characters of the species.
12
Sabu, A. S. "Some aspects on ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology of shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (De haan, 1844) to copper, Cadmium and zinc (TH 117)." Thesis, 2003. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7193/1/TH-117.pdf.
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The thesis highlights the effect of copper, cadmium and zinc in green tiger
prawn Penaeus semisu/catus, one of the penaeids occurring throughout the
Indian coastal waters particularly in the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. Acute
toxicity bioassays were conducted for copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and zinc (In ).
The 96 h LCso for copper, cadmium and zinc were 6.98 ppm, 2.8 ppm and 5.00
ppm respectively. The degree of toxicity of the three metals were in the order Cd
> In > Cu. Based on the LCso values, two sublethal concentrations of copper (0.7
ppm and 1.4 ppm), cadmium (0.25 ppm and 0.5 ppm) and zinc (0.5 ppm and
1.00 ppm) were selected for bioaccumulation, physio-biochemical and
histopathological studies. In all the lethal and sublethal exposures, blackening of
the gill lamellae and exoskeleton was noticed. The accumulation of metals was
pronounced in the hepatopancreas, gills, muscle, tail and carapace. The results
of the study suggest that the shrimps could not regulate the accumulation of Cu.
Cd and In . The bioaccumulation in the selected organsltissues was found to be
dose dependent. In the physio-biochemical studies. an increase in the respiration
rate was found in shrimps exposed to lethal concentrations of copper. cadmium
and zinc. The biochemical components, carbohydrate, protein and lipid were
found to get reduced during the various phases of metal exposure. The observed
change in the proximate components is attributed to the alterations in the
enzymes involved in cellular energy generation processes. inhibition of protein
synthesis by the alteration in the DNA and RNA content and increases in the free
fatty acid content due to changes in the synthesis and mobilization of lipids.
Histopathological changes include haemocy1ic infiltration. swelling of gill
lamellae. fusion of gill lamellae. lifting of lamellar epithelium. fusion and necrosis
of secondary gill lamellae in gills and tissue debris, necrotic tubules, swelling and
abnormal lumen in hepatopancreas. Ultrastructural changes in gills include
damaged nuclear membrane. disrupted mitochondria, distorted endoplasmic
reticulum. apical cell damage, and damage to mitochondrial and nuclear
membrane. In hepatopancreas vacuole formation. breakage of cell membrane.
swelling of nuclear membrane. condensed nucleus. aggregations in nucleus.
disrupted endoplasmic reticulum and formation of electron dense bodies were
the major changes.
13
Dhanwanthari, E. "Adjuvant studies of cytokines in DNA Vaccine against viral haemorrhagic Septicemia virus (VHSV) of Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus." Thesis, 2004. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7509/1/TH-137.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Cytokines are low molecular weight soluble proteins secreted by the cells of the
innate and adaptive immunity that mediate many of the functions of these cells. They are
often pleotropic and redundant. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia is an infectious viral
disease of fish, caused by viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and is responsible
for economic losses in aquaculture farms in Japan and around the world. DNA vaccine
has been developed for VHSV, but to sustain the immune response of this DNA vaccine
for a long time adjuvant studies are required. In the present study we described the
adjuvant studies of IL-I~, IL-8 and JFCC I using VHSV as a model system. We also
enumerated the gene expression profile of immune related genes of Japanese flounder
kidney cells induced by IL-I~, IL-8 and JFCC I.
14
Mallia, Jyothi V. "Induction and evaluation of triploidy in Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston)(TH 135)." Thesis, 2004. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7251/1/TH-135.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The kinetics of extrusion of polarbody is essential
to produce triploids. Hence, studies were conducted on polarbody
extrusion at 22, 28 and 31(±I)OC. At 31,28 and 23°C, 50% of I
polar body was fonned 15, 16 and 18 minutes respectively after
fertilization. At 31,28 and 23oC, 50% of II polar body was fonned
at 28, 32 and 36 minutes respectively after fertilization. Hence
triploid induction treatments were administered 8 minutes after
fertilization for producing I meiotic triploids and 17 minutes after
fertilization for II meiotic triploids.
Among physical methods of induction for triploidy,
cold and heat shock treatments were applied. Cold shock at 5°C
for 10 minutes duration yielded 42.25% of triploidy.
High percentages 42.0 and 41.85 of triploids
occurred at 37°C for heat treatment, for 5 and 10 minutes,
respectively.
In the chemical treatment, among three
concentrations of cytochalasin B (0 .05, 0.10 and 0.15 mg/I).
40.0% triploids were obtained in 0.05mg/1 of CB treated fertilized
eggs.
Another chemical 6-Dimethylarninopurine (6-
DMAP) at 50, 100, 150 and 200/lM was tried at various treatment
durations of 5,8 and 10 minutes. High percentage of 66.6 triploids
was obtained from the fertilized eggs treated in 100/lM
concentration of 6-DMAP for 8 minutes.
Among the treatments applied for production of
meiotic triploids, 6-DMAP (IOO/lM) yielded high percentage (66 .6)
of triploids followed by 42.3% by cold (5°C) treatment and 40% in
heat (37°C) and CB (0.05mg/l) treated eggs.
15
Joseph, Jeswin. "Molecular alterations induced by viral pathogen in crustacean cells." Thesis, 2012. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9273/1/54.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The most common and devastating disease affecting the cultured shrimp
especially Penaeus monodon is caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which
has spread throughout the world mainly through different species of crustaceans carrying
the virus. Although considerable progress has been made in the molecular
characterisation of WSSV, little information is available on shrimp genes which are
involved in the defence and progression of WSSV within the host. Similarly, knowledge
of the virus-host cell interaction could reveal molecular pathways exploited by the virus,
and targets that could be pursued.
Quantitative real time PCR method was used to estimate the rate of viral
progression in different tissues of P. monodon at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hpi (hours post
infection) following experimental injection with a known copy number of virus in the
abdominal muscle. At 12 hpi the viral load was highest in haemocytes followed by
pleopod, muscle and gills whereas at 48 hpi the gills, the main target of WSSV, showed
the highest viral load followed by pleopod, muscle and haemocytes. Viral copy number in
the haemocytes was the lowest beyond 12 hpi indicating a remarkable decrease in the rate
of viral replication in haemocytes compared to other tissues. The viral load in haemocytes
though, increased again beyond 36 hpi it never surpassed the load in the other tissues.
This might be due to the haemocytes infiltrating back from the infected tissues carrying
the virus back into circulation leading to increase in the viral load in the haemolymph.
To develop a better understanding of shrimp antiviral defences and possibly
develop new control measures for WSSV, differential expression of immune related
genes in haemocytes following WSSV infection were measured. Transcriptomic approach
involving synthesis of cDNA from RNA isolated from both the control and
iv
experimentally infected shrimps were carried out to study the relative expression of
immune gene through semi-quantitative PCR. The specific primers targeted to amplify
the immune genes were designed from the published sequence data using suitable
softwares. Optimised protocol was used for PCR amplification of the cDNAs of the target
genes. The study revealed differential expression of immune related genes encoding Clectin,
lysozyme, prophenoloxidase, penaeidin, crustin and haemocyanin. The
survivability of animals and the elevated level of immune gene expression were found to
be directly linked. Animals surviving beyond 3½ days showed higher expression levels of
the genes encoding lysozyme, C-lectin, penaeidin, prophenoloxidase-1 and
prophenoloxidase-2 than those animals which died before 2½ days. This is indicative of
genetic basis of individual variations in disease resistance. It also suggests that the gene
expression level quantified through semi-quantitative PCR can be used as a biomarker for
selecting broodstocks for better resistance to WSSV infection, thus promising a role in the
fight against WSSV along with other management measures.
To understand the mechanism of viral infection, it is very important to study how
the viral infection affects the host’s protein expression. After the experimental infection
with the WSSV, protein profiles of various tissues like gills, hepatopancreas and muscle
tissues were studied by SDS PAGE at different time points and compared with the
controls. In addition, the protein profiles of different subcellular organelles were also
analyzed by SDS PAGE.
16
Muruganandam, M. "Genotoxic studies in Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) using micronucleus test." Thesis, 1993. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11094/1/Murugunandam%20M..pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The unlawful introduction of potential pollutants to the
aquatic environment and the apparently increasing quantum of
diversified synthetic and natural chemicals having adverse
effects on the biota have proved to be a risk factor to human
resources. The science of aquatic toxicology has already
revealed great dangers from the deliberate dumping of potential
pollutants in aquatic environment and emphasizes the need to
investigate the extent to which the genotoxic substances in the
aquatic environment present a risk to aquatic organisms and man
and the need for further regulation.
17
George, Githa Ann. "Establishment and characterisation of cell lines from the caerulean damsel, Pomacentrus caeruleus." Thesis, 2017. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13915/1/Githa%20Ann%20George_2017_Thesis_Pomacentrus%20caeruleus.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Cell lines and primary cell cultures from fish tissues have been used for
research in disease diagnosis and cytotoxicity evaluation of environmental
pollutants. The principal aim of this work was the development of continuous
cell lines from the caerulean damsel, Pomacentus caeruleus. To achieve this,
tissues were first sourced from donor fishes, devoid of contaminants using
standardised disinfection protocols. Primary cultures were then initiated and
suitable media, additives, dissociation reagents as well as optimum incubation
temperature were determined. Successful primary cultures were subcultured
and passaged to derive continuous cell lines which were cryopreserved for
long term storage. The continuous cell lines established were characterised by
immunotyping using cell type markers and authenticated to confirm the
species of origin using previously established barcoding techniques.
Preliminary applications such as gene transfection studies and cytotoxicity
assays using bacterial extracellular products were done in addition to ensuring
that the cultures and cryostocks were contamination-free.
18
Nair, V. Anusree. "Bioprospecting of novel antimicrobial metabolites from Bacillus subtilis MBTDCMFRI Ba37 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MBTDCMFRI Ps04 of tropical estuarine habitats of Cochin, India and its application in fish health management." Thesis, 2016. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/14058/1/Thesis_2016_Anusree%20Nair.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Aquaculture is an important economic activity the world over and about
90% of the global production is contributed by Asian countries. Global
aquaculture has a persistent goal to maximize the production with optimal profit.
Even though the aquaculture is growing at a rapid rate, the practice of aquaculture
faces many challenges in its developing path. Intense cultivation in high densities
significantly affect the environment by issues of used - up farm water discharges
and heavy waste accumulation through hyper nutrification due to excessive
feeding and high dietary nutrient composition (Liao and Mayo 1974; Boyd 1985).
This has brought stress to the rearing environment and diseases to the cultured
species and subsequently decreased the overall productivity due to mass mortality
which has led to significant loss to the industry (Irie et al. 2005; Cruz et al. 2012;
FAO 2012). Thus, it is necessary to face the challenges and find solutions in order
to make aquaculture sustainable.
Disease is the result of interaction between the host, pathogen and external
environment. At the onset of disease, the harmonious interplay between
pathogens and non-pathogens is disturbed result in unhealthy host and thereby
infection occurs (Verschuere et al. 2000; Schulze et al. 2006; Zhou et al. 2009;
Nemutanzhela et al. 2014). Bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites are the major
pathogens affecting aquaculture industry. Among different aquaculture pathogens,
bacteria play a major role. It can survive and flourish independently in any aquatic
environment. The bacterial fish infections are mainly from the species of Aeromonas, Vibrio, Flavobacterium, Edwardsiella, Yersinia, Pseudomonas,
Streptococcus, Renibacterium, Piscirickettsia, Mycobacterium etc. The common
bacterial disease symptoms are external reddening and haemorrhage in the
peritoneum, body wall and viscera, generically referred to as haemorrhagic
septicaemia. The progress of disease leads to ulcerative lesions and mortality of
untreated cultured animals (Pridgeon and Klesius 2012). Among the bacterial
diseases, vibriosis is caused by a major bacterial fish pathogen Vibrio spp. which
is ubiquitous in all aqua cultured species (Jayaprakash et al. 2005; Thompson et
al. 2010). In tropical countries, penaeid shrimp culture is highly affected by V.
harveyi which causes their mass mortality (Austin & Zhang 2006). Another
Vibrio species which affects the shrimp culture are V. alginolyticus, V. damsela,
V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. splendidus and V. penaeicida (Saulnier et
al. 2000).
19
Patra, Sushanta Kumar. "Histomorphological characterization of immune system in greasy grouper, Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskal, 1775)." Thesis, 2006. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7665/1/TH-152.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The greasy grouper, Epinephe/us tauvina is one of the major candidate species
cultured in saltwater ponds and cages all over the world. There is scanty information on
immunology of the species and thus an attempt was made to characterize the immune
system of the species. The peripheral leucocytes of the species were characterized by
means of routine haematological techniques, cytochemical methods and transmission
electron microscopy. The haemopoietic organs like thymus, kidney and spleen of the
species were studied by routine histology and electron microscopy. The mean total
erythrocyte and leucocyte counts were 4.42 x 10 6/mm3 ± 0.69 and 72.75 x 10 3/mm3 ±
0.85 respectively. The mean serum total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin/globulin
ratio were 2.04 g % ± 0.23, 0.05 g%± 0.01 , 1.95 g %± 0.21 and 0.02 ± O. 002
respectively. The electrophoretic separation of sera of the greasy grouper yielded 8 to
10 bands of which 4 to 5 bands were prominent. The differential counts of the blood
contained three types of leucocytes namely granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes.
The granulocytes were positive for peroxidase, sudan black B, PAS and mildly positive
for acid phosphatase. The ultrastructure of granulocytes indicated two types of cells and
the majority of them had homogeneous electron dense cytoplasmic granules while the
other had crystalloid granules. The mean lymphocyte count was 61 .83 % ± 2.67 and two
types of lymphocytes, large and small lymphocytes, were noticed. The fine structures of
the lymphocytes consisted of nucleus with euchromatin and heterochromatin and the
cytoplasm contained mitochondria, numerous polyribosomes and stacks of rough
endoplasmic reticulum. The monocytes formed 6.33 %± 1.30 of total leucocytes which
were positive for PAS and acid phosphatase. The monocytes had foamy cytoplasm with
peripherally located nucleus. The cytoplasm of monocytes contained Iysosomes,
mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The thymus was surrounded by
collagenous capsule and divided into several lobules by trabeculae. The lobules were
supported by the reticular connective tissue, in which epithelial cells and Iymphoblasts
were seen. The ultrastructure of the thymus revealed capillaries lined by endothelial
cells having tight junction and the lumen of the capillaries were filled with blood cells.
The spleen was surrounded by the capsule and a random distribution of the
mesenchymal and parenchymal tissue were noticed. The capillaries were enclosed with
reticular-collagen fibre sheath and filled with macrophages and Iymphoblasts. The
ultrastructural studies revealed the phenomenon of haemopoieosis in spleen. The
kidneys showed the presence of haemopoietic tissue in both histological and
ultrastructural studies. Inflammatory studies yielded biphasic exudation of neutrophils
and Iymphoblasts at the site of injection. In vivo phagocytosis studies on Indian ink
revealed carbon filled phagocytes in the peritoneum at 24 h post injection and the
phagocytic index was 30.15% ± 0.46. The skin sensitivity test using PHA showed
thickening reaction which prolonged more than 72 h. The rosette forming cells with
rabbit erythrocytes were 39.67 % ± 0.71 .
20
Suja, G. "Pathological investigations of Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston, 1916) in cultured and wild habitats from Southern India." Thesis, 2018. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13669/1/Suja%20G_2018_Thesis_Pathological%20investigations%20of%20Crassostrea%20madrasensis%20%28Preston%29.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Edible oyster populations of the Indian coast are currently naive and
are not subjected to live introductions or trans-boundary movements. There
were no previous reports on edible oyster mortality due to disease out breaks in the country. Still, the major reported parasites in oysters over the
world have been observed in the present study within a low prevalence. The
two OIE listed pathogens, Bonamia ostrea and Marteilia refringens, the
protozoan, Perkinsus beihaiensis, the trematode, Bucephalus sp. and the
shell parasite Polydora sp. are those that have the potential to be a problem
for the future farming. Hence a comprehensive screening for pathogens in
other beds throughout the coastline is strongly recommended.
Presently oyster farming is getting popularized and is being extended
to more and more regions along the coast. At this stage, a good baseline data
on parasites and pathogens within natural environments is necessary for
proper disease management. The baseline data generated in this study will be
helpful for planning a health monitoring program in Crassostrea madrasensis
The farming site at Sathar Island was found to have the advantage of
producing oysters with high condition index and low incidence of parasites.
The duration of farming limiting to one year was found to be ideal since it
reduces the exposure period for parasite entry. But the presence of the major
protozoan parasites in the ecosystem should be considered while expanding
and intensifying oyster culture in future as the stressful condition can cause
parasitic proliferation in the ecosystem. A similar situation was observed in
mussel farming grounds along the west coast of India where a proliferation of
OIE listed protozoan, Perkinsus olseni was associated with intensification of
mussel culture. The nested primers developed for the major protozoan
parasites in this study can be used for screening the stocks for selecting brood
stock and for planning farming sites. As PCR screening using these primers is
more sensitive than the conventional methods, movement of infected stocks
to uninfected regions can be minimised based on this screening In conclusion, Crassostrea madrasensis stocks along the south
Indian coast (with respect to the stations studied) were found to be safe with
a low prevalence of pathogens. But, the comparatively higher burden of
parasites and pathological conditions observed in Tuticorin Bay indicates
the impact of contaminant exposure. Thus for maintaining the good health
status of oyster stocks, periodic surveillance and monitoring are necessary
and also the water quality should be regularly monitored for better control
over the chances of disease out breaks especially around the cultured areas.
21
Pramila, S. "Bacterial diseases and their Management in chosen marine Ornamental fishes." Thesis, 2002. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7127/1/TH-107.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Observations on the disease occurrence among marine
ornamental fish and monitoring of environmental parameters were carried out in the
marine aquarium, Vizhinjam Research Centre of C. M. F. R. I. It was noted that the
microbial load in the aquarium was not significantly affectEd by any individual
hydrological parameters. However, the combined effect of the various parameters
influenced the general health of the aquarium rea red fish. Three important factors
were derived based on the principal component analysis including water and
atmospheric temperature, nitrite. dissolved oxygen and pH, which significantly altered
the general water quality. The study indicated that sudden imbalances in nutrient
parameters following resetting of aquaria form the major reasons for mass mortality,
among all groups of fishes. The bacterial isolates from aquarium fish were identified
as Flavobacterium (27%). Vibrio (18%), Pseudomonas (16%). Alcaligenes (16%).
Acinetobacter (11 %) and members of Enterobactericeae fami ly (8%) . Serratia
marcescens was isolated for the first time, which was frequently involved in ulcerative
lesions of fish. This species was found to be highly proteolytic in nature, and in view
of the resu lts of preliminary studies, it was selected for invef tigating its ro le in
inducing pathogenicity in the experimental host, clown fish (Amphiprion sebae
Bleeker). The lethal infective dose of the live cells was found to be equivalent to
1 x1 05 cells per gram of fi sh. The extracellular products (ECPs) of Serratia
marcescens were highly toxic for the experimental host. The infective dose of the
ECPs was estimated as 2.67 ~g per gram body weight of fish. The heat labile nature
of the ECP proteins was established by the in vitro studies. The gelatinase and
caseinase activities were reduced on heat treatment at 50°C for 10 minutes. Based
on SDS-PAGE studies, it was estimated that major proteins responsible for pathology
had their molecular weights ranging from 11 kDa to 100 kDa and that most of the
proteins had molecular weights higher than 40 kDa. The antibiotic susceptibility
pattern of the important bacterial isolates showed that gentamicin, streptomycin,
tetracycline, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were capable of inhibiting rJrowth of more
than 90% of the isolates tested. The effectiveness of marine natural compounds,
antiseptics and autogenous vaccine in controll ing infection due to Serratia
marcescens was also investigated. The extracts of the sponges (Sigmodocea
carnosa, Callyspongia and an unidentified species), as well as those of two
seaweeds (Graci/aria corticata and Valanopsis pachyderma) had excellent inh ibitory
activity. Among antiseptics, formalin , acriflavin and malachite green were effective.
The efficacy of immunisation using Serratia marcescens bacterin was proved by the
100% Percentage Relative Protection (PRP) obtained after 351h and 50lh day of
administration of bacterin.
22
Binu, Varghese. "Nutritional studies on sebae Anemonefish, Amphiprion sebae Bleeker 1853, with special reference To protein and lipid requirements." Thesis, 2004. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7221/1/TH-126.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Anemonefishes or clownfishes command higher price than most other pomacentrids
in the marine aquarium fish trade. Commercial production of these reef fishes can
generate valuable foreign exchange for the country. The sebae anemonefisi1,
Amphiprion sebae Bleeker 1853, is one of the popular marine aquarium fish . At
present rearing of the fish relies heavily on live and fresh diets, and formulated diets
are seldom used due to inadequate knowledge of the nutritional needs of the different
life-history stages. The present study focuses on the nutrition of broodstock, larvae
and juvenile stages of the fish in captivity. In order to identify suitable diets for brood
fishes the efficacy of six natural and five formulated diets was determined. The
natural diets tested were deep sea shrimp, cuttlefish, squid, mature mussel, mussel
meat, and a mixed diet of polychaete worm and mussel meat (1 :1). Among the
natural diets cuttlefish meat gave significantly higher number of eggs per spawning
(1521±264 eggs; mean ± SO, n=9) followed by the deep sea shrimp (1300±445
eggs). Among Ihe five formulated semi-moist diets used, diet CBOs with about 50%
protein and 10% lipid, gave significantly higher number (2137±110) of eggs pHr
spawning followed by diet CB02 (1683±436 eggs) which had 40% protein and 20%
lipid. The number of eggs per spawning was found to decrease significantly when
broodfish were fed ad libitum once a day (416128 eggs) compared to those fed ad
libitum twice daily (885±55 eggs). Hatchery reared larvae weaned to a dry diet from
3rd week onwards matured and the broodfish spawned successfully in aquaria from
15th month (age of fish) onwards. Feeding experiments using exclusive or
combinations of rotifers, Artemia, and Moina showed better survival when the larvae
were reared with micro algae and fed rotifers and Artemia. Weaning studies revealed
that weaning from livefeed to a dry microbound particulate diet after 3 weeks (21dph)
did not Significantly affect survival, though the best age of weaning was found to be
30 days post hatching. Experiments with a purified and semi-purified diet having 50%
protein and 6% lipid showed semi-purified diets to be better than purified diets.
Analysis of data from protein requirement experiments using semi-purified isocaloric
diets showed 46.2% as protein requirement for maximum weight gain in juveniles and
44.9% in terms of SGR. Lipid requirement experiment on juveniles using five
isoproteic semi-purified diets showed 10.96% as lipid requirement for maximum
weight gain and 11 .05% in terms of SGR. The present study proved the effectiveness
of formulated diets in rearing larvae, juveniles and brood stock of the clownfish. The
results are significant with enormous application in commercial production of these
high value fishes and in promoting indigenous aquarium feed manufacture.
23
Ittoop, Gijo. "Hemolymph factors responsible for defense reactions against pollutants and bacteria, Vibrio alginolyticus, in the Indian edible oyster, Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston) (Th 133)." Thesis, 2004. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7249/1/TH-133.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The study of the defense mechanisms in invertebrates
started with marine animals. The first report on the cellular defense in
invertebrates was the observation of phagocytosis in starfish larvae and
Daphnia (Metchnikoff, 1884). It was suggested that phagocytes play a
significant role in the defense mechanisms of all evolutionary stages of
animals starting from unicellular animals to mammals. The study of
hemolysins in the horse-shoe crab by Noguchi (1903) was the first study
on the humoral immunity of invertebrates.
Since 1960, there was a renewed interest in the study
of defense mechanisms in invertebrates, which was suggested to be
because of two reasons: (1) to find out those mechanisms in invertebrates
that are also discovered in vertebrates and (2) the development of
intensive mariculture requires better knowledge of the factors that may
lead to mortality of the crustaceans and mollusc due to failure of their
defense systems. Marine invertebrates served as experimental materials
for phylogenetic study of defense mechanisms in Animal Kingdom from
late 191h century to the beginning of20lh century (Mori, 1990).
Among invertebrates, the defense systems of molluscs
and insects are being studied extensively in order to understand the basics
of invertebrate inullune system. During the past three decades, there has
evolved a considerable interest in how the molluscs defend themselves
against the invaders. Immunity of molluscs is comprised of cell-mediated
immunity and humoral mechanisms. The cell-mediated immunity is the
function of hemocytes, while humoral immunity is provided by the serum
factors. There are many evidences, which suggest that these two are
interrelated (Cheng, 1990).
Hemolymph in invertebrates is analogous to blood in
vertebrates. The blood of vertebrates consists of plasma and cells. The cells
are red blood corpuscles and white blood corpuscles.
24
Subin, C. S. "Stress responsive gene bioprospecting studies from extremophilic and extremotolerant microalgae: characterization and functional validation of genes involved in acid, salt and thermal stress." Thesis, 2015. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/14059/1/Thesis_2015_Subin%20C%20S.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Micro algae are diverse group of microscopic photo-autotrophic nonvascular
plants with photosynthesizing pigments. They are unicellular and
sometimes form extended chains with simple reproductive structures. These
unicellular primary producers are dispersed throughout the photic zones of the
ocean and accomplish major share of the primary production in the marine
environment and account half of the primary production in the earth. They
belong to both prokaryotes (Blue Green algae, Cyanobacteria) and eukaryotes
(True algae). The phylogeny of microalgae basically depends on the traditional
morphological identification. Morphological identification, based on the
structure and arrangement of cell organelles, has limited application when
environmental condition like salinity, pH, light, temperature, nutrient
condition can change the structure of the cell. Recently more research has been
carried out in the field of algal taxonomy, wherein many exciting molecular
and ultrastuctural evidences has emerged. Due to its diverse distribution, only
about 40,000 to 60,000 species of microalgae have been described. There are
many species yet to be described including the extremophiles (Norton et al.,
1996; Sastre and Posten, 2010).
25
Rehman, Saima. "Diet-induced inflammation in zebrafish and its alleviation by functional oligo- and polysaccharides." Thesis, 2023. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/17383/1/Thesis_2023_Saima%20Rehman_%28zebrafish%29.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
It is widely recognized that intestinal inflammation is a major health problem in humans. Certain dietary components can evoke an inflammatory status in the intestine due to their ability to disrupt the intestinal barrier. On the other hand, some natural bioactive compounds can prevent the development of intestinal inflammation.
This PhD project elucidated the molecular characteristics and extraintestinal effects of soybean meal-induced intestinal inflammation in zebrafish. The ability of dietary β-glucans (yeast and alga-derived) and alginate oligosaccharides to counter soybean meal-induced inflammation in zebrafish was also studied to reveal the efficacy of the bioactive compounds. Transcriptome and metabolome-based studies were employed to delineate the markers of inflammation. Furthermore, soybean meal-induced inflammation was associated with defects in development and locomotor activity of zebrafish. The interesting finding is that algal β-glucans and alginate oligosaccharides restored the expression of inflammation marker genes altered by soybean meal diet. The algal β-glucan prevented the developmental defects and normalized the soybean meal diet-induced changes in the locomotor behavior of zebrafish. The alginate oligosaccharides and algal beta-glucans could elevate the abundance of a short chain fatty acid and vitamin in the plasma of zebrafish, respectively.
The PhD project gave insights into diet-induced inflammatory features and distinct modes of action of β-glucan and alginate oligosaccharides to counteract inflammation and associated extraintestinal manifestations.
26
Ahamed, Ali S. "Studies on the evaluation of different sources of Proteins, carbohydrates and mineral requirements For juvenile penaeid prawn Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards (TH 131)." Thesis, 1988. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7230/1/TH-131.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Penaeid prawn farming is being practiced in the coastal water impounments in India to supplement the production of prawns from the capture fishery resources. Adequate seed and appropriate feed are the important requisites for the culture of prawns. For preparing balanced and low cost feeds, knowledge on the nutritional requirements of the candidate species and the evaluation of locally available raw-materials are essential. In this context, evaluation of different sources of proteins and carbohydrates and the requirement fo minerals in the diet of the prawn Penaeus indicus, an important species for culture along the entire Indian coast, has been undertaken in the present study. The data obtained are presented in four different chapters.
27
Vijayagopal, P. "Nutritional responses in Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus to varying protein: energy combinations in compounded artificial feeds." Thesis, 2003. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/7959/1/Thesis__Vijayagopal.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Nutrient interactions and interrelationships cannot be ignored in nutrition research. Among the macronutrient interaction mechanisms studied calorie protein
interaction is the first to be taken up in any animal either terrestrial or aquatic. Shrimp is no exception in this regard. Thus research in crustacean nutrition began
in the laboratories of Dr. Kanazawa and Dr. Provasoli in the 1960s in Japan (Kagoshima University) and United States (Yale University) respectively. Dr. Kanazawa focused on development of test diets by modifying his own diets
designed for silkworm, to study the absolute macronutrient requirements in Penaeus japonicus. His effort was 'with a vision to support the commercially successful shrimp mariculture in Japan then. Dr. Provasoli, motivated by his
success in defining the nutrient requirements in the culture media for freshwater and marine algae, extended his work to define the nutrient requirements of certain
crustaceans like Artemia and Moina, which consumed algae. Some of the first descriptions of macronutrient and micronutrient interactions came from him.
28
Phillips, Aaron M. "Investigation of peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization for diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3803.
Full text