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Journal articles on the topic 'Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Skřínský, Jan, Ján Vereš, and Karel Borovec. "Experimental Modelling of Autoignition Temperature for Alkyl/Alkenyl Products from Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." MATEC Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 07014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816807014.

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Interest in Fischer-Tropsch technology is increasing rapidly. Alkyl/alkenyl products from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are alternative, renewable, environmentally and economically attractive fuels and there are considered one of the most favorable fuels for conventional fossil-based fuels. The chemistry of this gas-to-liquid industry converts synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen to oxygenated hydrocarbons such as alcohols. The fire hazards associated with the use of these liquid hydrocarbons mixtures are obvious. This article aims to explore the fundamental fire and explosion characteristics for main products composition from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

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2

Luo, Mingsheng, Hussein Hamdeh, and Burtron H. Davis. "Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." Catalysis Today 140, no. 3-4 (February 2009): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.10.004.

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3

Gerlach, Deidra L., and Nicolai Lehnert. "Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry at Room Temperature?" Angewandte Chemie International Edition 50, no. 35 (July 14, 2011): 7984–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201102979.

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4

Zhang, Shuai, Kangzhou Wang, Fugui He, Xinhua Gao, Subing Fan, Qingxiang Ma, Tiansheng Zhao, and Jianli Zhang. "H2O Derivatives Mediate CO Activation in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: A Review." Molecules 28, no. 14 (July 19, 2023): 5521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145521.

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The process of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is commonly described as a series of reactions in which CO and H2 are dissociated and adsorbed on the metals and then rearranged to produce hydrocarbons and H2O. However, CO dissociation adsorption is regarded as the initial stage of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and an essential factor in the control of catalytic activity. Several pathways have been proposed to activate CO, namely direct CO dissociation, activation hydrogenation, and activation by insertion into growing chains. In addition, H2O is considered an important by-product of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis reactions and has been shown to play a key role in regulating the distribution of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis products. The presence of H2O may influence the reaction rate, the product distribution, and the deactivation rate. Focus on H2O molecules and H2O-derivatives (H*, OH* and O*) can assist CO activation hydrogenation on Fe- and Co-based catalysts. In this work, the intermediates (C*, O*, HCO*, COH*, COH*, CH*, etc.) and reaction pathways were analyzed, and the H2O and H2O derivatives (H*, OH* and O*) on Fe- and Co-based catalysts and their role in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis reaction process were reviewed.

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5

Li, Weizhen, Xuebing Zhang, Tao Wang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Linlin Wei, Quan Lin, Yijun Lv, and Zhuowu Men. "The Effect of Chlorine Modification of Precipitated Iron Catalysts on Their Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Properties." Catalysts 12, no. 8 (July 24, 2022): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12080812.

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Precipitated iron Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalysts impregnated with chlorine were prepared and their Fischer–Tropsch synthesis performances were tested in a 1 L stirred tank reactor. The results showed that the chlorine modification had a significant influence on the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis performance of the precipitated iron catalyst. Compared with the catalyst without the chlorine modification, the catalyst containing about 0.1 wt% chlorine was deactivated by about 40% and the catalyst containing about 1 wt% chlorine was deactivated by about 65%. The textural properties, phase, reduction properties, and chlorine adsorption state of the catalysts before and after the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis were characterized. The strong interaction between chlorine and iron in the catalyst hindered the reduction and carbonization of the catalyst, which was the reason for the deactivation of the catalyst caused by the chlorine modification.

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6

Fox, Joseph M. "Fischer-Tropsch reactor selection." Catalysis Letters 7, no. 1-4 (January 1990): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00764509.

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7

Filot, I. A. W., R. A. van Santen, and E. J. M. Hensen. "Quantum chemistry of the Fischer–Tropsch reaction catalysed by a stepped ruthenium surface." Catal. Sci. Technol. 4, no. 9 (2014): 3129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cy00483c.

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8

Mazurova, Kristina, Albina Miyassarova, Oleg Eliseev, Valentine Stytsenko, Aleksandr Glotov, and Anna Stavitskaya. "Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalysts for Selective Production of Diesel Fraction." Catalysts 13, no. 8 (August 16, 2023): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13081215.

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The Fischer–Tropsch process is considered one of the most promising eco-friendly routes for obtaining synthetic motor fuels. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is a heterogeneous catalytic process in which a synthesis gas (CO/H2) transforms into a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, mainly linear alkanes. Recently, an important direction has been to increase the selectivity of the process for the diesel fraction. Diesel fuel synthesized via the Fischer–Tropsch method has a number of advantages over conventional fuel, including the high cetane number, the low content of aromatic, and the practically absent sulfur and nitrogen impurities. One of the possible ways to obtain a high yield of diesel fuel via the Fischer–Tropsch process is the development of selective catalysts. In this review, the latest achievements in the field of production of diesel via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis using catalysts are reviewed for the first time. Catalytic systems based on Al2O3 and mesoporous silicates, such as MCM-41, SBA-15, and micro- and mesoporous zeolites, are observed. Together with catalytic systems, the main factors that influence diesel fuel selectivity such as temperature, pressure, CO:H2 ratio, active metal particle size, and carrier pore size are highlighted. The motivation behind this work is due to the increasing need for alternative processes in diesel fuel production with a low sulfur content and better exploitation characteristics.

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9

Kliger, G. A., O. A. Lesik, A. I. Mikaya, �. V. Marchevskaya, V. G. Zaikin, L. S. Glebov, and S. M. Loktev. "Piperidine-modified fischer-tropsch synthesis." Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science 40, no. 2 (February 1991): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00965446.

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10

Parkyns, N. D. "The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis." Fuel 65, no. 4 (April 1986): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(86)90058-x.

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11

Gerlach, Deidra L., and Nicolai Lehnert. "ChemInform Abstract: Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry at Room Temperature?" ChemInform 42, no. 51 (November 24, 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201151269.

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12

Tincul, Ioan, Jaco Smith, and Pieter van Zyl. "Multipolymers with Fischer-Tropsch olefins." Macromolecular Symposia 193, no. 1 (March 2003): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200390047.

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13

Almeida, L. C., F. J. Echave, O. Sanz, M. A. Centeno, G. Arzamendi, L. M. Gandía, E. F. Sousa-Aguiar, J. A. Odriozola, and M. Montes. "Fischer–Tropsch synthesis in microchannels." Chemical Engineering Journal 167, no. 2-3 (March 2011): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.09.091.

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14

Beaumont, S. K. "Recent developments in the application of nanomaterials to understanding molecular level processes in cobalt catalysed Fischer–Tropsch synthesis." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 11 (2014): 5034–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp55030c.

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This perspective offers an overview of using nanomaterials for improving our understanding of the underlying mechanism of cobalt catalysed Fischer–Tropsch chemistry. This is considered in terms of enabling the rational development of improved (more selective, efficient, longer lived) catalysts.

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15

Maitlis, Peter M. "Fischer–Tropsch, organometallics, and other friends." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 689, no. 24 (November 2004): 4366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.05.037.

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16

Hadnadjev-Kostic, Milica, Tatjana Vulic, Radmila Marinkovic-Neducin, Aleksandar Nikolic, and Branislav Jovic. "Mg-Fe-mixed oxides derived from layered double hydroxides: A study of the surface properties." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 76, no. 12 (2011): 1661–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc110429149h.

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The influence of surface properties on the selectivity of the synthesized catalysts was studied, considering that their selectivity towards particular hydrocarbons is crucial for their overall activity in the chosen Fischer- -Tropsch reaction. Magnesium- and iron-containing layered double hydroxides (LDH), with the general formula: [Mg1-xFex(OH)2](CO3)x/2?mH2O, x = = n(Fe)/(n(Mg)+n(Fe)), synthesized with different Mg/Fe ratio and their thermally derived mixed oxides were investigated. Magnesium was chosen because of its basic properties, whereas iron was selected due to its well-known high Fischer-Tropsch activity, redox properties and the ability to form specific active sites in the layered LDH structure required for catalytic application. The thermally less stable multiphase system (synthesized outside the optimal single LDH phase range with additional Fe-phase), having a lower content of surface acid and base active sites, a lower surface area and smaller fraction of smaller mesopores, showed higher selectivity in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. The results of this study imply that the metastability of derived multiphase oxides structure has a greater influence on the formation of specific catalyst surface sites than other investigated surface properties.

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17

Wu, Hua-Kun, Fan Zhang, Jing-Yu Li, Zi-Rong Tang, and Yi-Jun Xu. "Photo-driven Fischer–Tropsch synthesis." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 46 (2020): 24253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta09097b.

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Photo-driven Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) provides a attractive and sustainable alternative compared to traditional FTS. This minireview expatiates the recent advances of various metal-based catalysts for photo-driven FTS.

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18

Bungane, Ntombovuyo, Cathrin Welker, Eric van Steen, and Michael Claeys. "Fischer-Tropsch CO-Hydrogenation on SiO2-supported Osmium Complexes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 63, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 289–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2008-0311.

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The conversion of carbon monoxide with hydrogen was studied on a standard Os on SiO2 catalyst at different reaction temperatures, in the range between 200 and 300 °C. Additionally, supported di- and triatomic organometallic Os complexes were tested for their activity in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis at 220 °C. All compounds showed formation of hydrocarbons, indicating that the organoosmium complexes are indeed active for C─C bond formation. Osmium as Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, however, is approximately 100 times less active compared to ruthenium. Very high methane selectivities (> 90 C-%) were obtained as well as high olefin to paraffin ratios, in particular with the organometallic complexes tested.

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19

Chernavskii, P. A. "Preparation of Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts." Kinetics and Catalysis 46, no. 5 (September 2005): 634–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10975-005-0119-3.

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20

Ren, Jie, Ning Ai, and Yingzhe Yu. "Insight into the Fischer–Tropsch mechanism on hcp-Fe₇C₃ (211) by density functional theory: the roles of surface carbon and vacancies." RSC Advances 11, no. 55 (2021): 34533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra06396k.

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21

Han, Zhonghao, Weixin Qian, Hongfang Ma, Haitao Zhang, Qiwen Sun, and Weiyong Ying. "Effects of Sm on Fe–Mn catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis." RSC Advances 9, no. 55 (2019): 32240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05337a.

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22

Gu, Bang, Deizi V. Peron, Alan J. Barrios, Mounib Bahri, Ovidiu Ersen, Mykhailo Vorokhta, Břetislav Šmíd, et al. "Mobility and versatility of the liquid bismuth promoter in the working iron catalysts for light olefin synthesis from syngas." Chemical Science 11, no. 24 (2020): 6167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc01600d.

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23

James, Olusola O., Biswajit Chowdhury, M. Adediran Mesubi, and Sudip Maity. "Reflections on the chemistry of the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis." RSC Advances 2, no. 19 (2012): 7347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ra20519j.

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24

Dry, Mark E. "The Fischer–Tropsch process: 1950–2000." Catalysis Today 71, no. 3-4 (January 2002): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(01)00453-9.

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25

Kapteijn, Freek, Ronald M. de Deugd, and Jacob A. Moulijn. "Fischer–Tropsch synthesis using monolithic catalysts." Catalysis Today 105, no. 3-4 (August 2005): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2005.06.063.

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26

Han, Zhonghao, Weixin Qian, Hongfang Ma, Xian Wu, Haitao Zhang, Qiwen Sun, and Weiyong Ying. "Study of the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on nano-precipitated iron-based catalysts with different particle sizes." RSC Advances 10, no. 70 (2020): 42903–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra08469g.

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27

Solomonik, I. G., K. O. Gryaznov, V. F. Skok, and V. Z. Mordkovich. "Formation of surface cobalt structures in SiC-supported Fischer–Tropsch catalysts." RSC Advances 5, no. 96 (2015): 78586–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11853k.

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28

Gosteva, Alevtina N., Mayya V. Kulikova, Yulya P. Semushina, Mariya V. Chudakova, Nikita S. Tsvetov, and Vasilii V. Semushin. "Catalytic Activity of Thermolyzed [Co(NH3)6][Fe(CN)6] in CO Hydrogenation Reaction." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 3782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133782.

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Currently, the processes of obtaining synthetic liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates are very relevant. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is the most important step in these processes. The products of thermal destruction in argon of the mixture [Co(NH3)6][Fe(CN)6] and Al(OH)3 were used as catalysts for CO hydrogenation. The resulting compositions were studied using powder X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, SEM micrographs. The specific surface area, pore and particle size distributions were determined. It was determined that the DCS-based catalysts were active in the high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The effect of aluminum in the catalyst composition on the distribution of reaction products was revealed.

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29

Dlamini, Mbongiseni W., Neil J. Coville, and Michael S. Scurrell. "Microwave treatment: a facile method for the solid state modification of potassium-promoted iron on silica Fischer–Tropsch catalysts." RSC Advances 6, no. 27 (2016): 22222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra26628a.

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30

Xue, Yingying, Jiaqiang Sun, Mohamed Abbas, Zheng Chen, Pengfei Wang, Yilong Chen, and Jiangang Chen. "Substrate-induced hydrothermal synthesis of hematite superstructures and their Fischer–Tropsch synthesis performance." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 8 (2019): 3454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj05691a.

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31

Joubert, Dawie. "Ethylene copolymers with Fischer-Tropsch olefins." Macromolecular Symposia 178, no. 1 (February 2002): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200202)178:1<69::aid-masy69>3.0.co;2-s.

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32

Shareef, Muhammad Faizan, Muhammad Arslan, Naseem Iqbal, Nisar Ahmad, and Tayyaba Noor. "Development of Hydrotalcite Based Cobalt Catalyst by Hydrothermal and Co-precipitation Method for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 12, no. 3 (October 28, 2017): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.3.762.357-362.

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This paper presents the effect of a synthesis method for cobalt catalyst supported on hydrotalcite material for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The hydrotalcite supported cobalt (HT-Co) catalysts were synthesized by co-precipitation and hydrothermal method. The prepared catalysts were characterized by using various techniques like BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TGA (Thermal Gravimetric Analysis), XRD (X-ray diffraction spectroscopy), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Fixed bed micro reactor was used to test the catalytic activity of prepared catalysts. The catalytic testing results demonstrated the performance of hydrotalcite based cobalt catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with high selectivity for liquid products. The effect of synthesis method on the activity and selectivity of catalyst was also discussed. Copyright © 2017 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 3rd November 2016; Revised: 26th February 2017; Accepted: 9th March 2017; Available online: 27th October 2017; Published regularly: December 2017How to Cite: Sharif, M.S., Arslan, M., Iqbal, N., Ahmad, N., Noor, T. (2017). Development of Hydrotalcite Based Cobalt Catalyst by Hydrothermal and Co-precipitation Method for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 12(3): 357-363 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.12.3.762.357-363)

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33

Galarraga, C., E. Peluso, and H. de Lasa. "Eggshell catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis." Chemical Engineering Journal 82, no. 1-3 (March 2001): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1385-8947(00)00352-1.

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34

Safari, Masoud, Ali Haghtalab, and Farzaneh Arabpour Roghabadi. "A hollow void catalyst of Co@C(Z-d)@void@CeO₂ for enhancing the performance and stability of the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis." RSC Advances 13, no. 33 (2023): 23223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra04884e.

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35

Dry, Mark E. "Fischer–Tropsch reactions and the environment." Applied Catalysis A: General 189, no. 2 (December 1999): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(99)00275-6.

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36

Ming, Hui, Bruce G. Baker, and Marek Jasieniak. "Characterization of cobalt Fischer–Tropsch catalysts." Applied Catalysis A: General 381, no. 1-2 (June 2010): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2010.04.014.

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37

SACHTLER, W. "Promoter action in Fischer-Tropsch catalysis." Journal of Catalysis 92, no. 2 (April 1985): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9517(85)90278-7.

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38

Chalupka, Karolina A., Jacek Grams, Pawel Mierczynski, Malgorzata I. Szynkowska, Jacek Rynkowski, Thomas Onfroy, Sandra Casale, and Stanislaw Dzwigaj. "The Impact of Reduction Temperature and Nanoparticles Size on the Catalytic Activity of Cobalt-Containing BEA Zeolite in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050553.

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A goal of this work was to investigate the influence of the preparation procedure and activation conditions (reduction temperature and reducing medium: pure hydrogen (100% H2) or hydrogen-argon mixture (5% H2-95% Ar)) on the activity of Co-containing BEA zeolites in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Therefore, a series of CoBEA zeolites were obtained by a conventional wet impregnation (Co5.0AlBEA) and a two-step postsynthesis preparation procedure involving dealumination and impregnation steps (Co5.0SiBEA). Both types of zeolites were calcined in air at 500 °C for 3 h and then reduced at 500, 800 and 900 °C for 1 h in 100 % H2 and in 5% H2–95% Ar mixture flow. The obtained Red-C-Co5.0AlBEA and Red-C-Co5.0SiBEA catalysts with various physicochemical properties were tested in Fischer–Tropsch reaction. Among the studied catalysts, Red-C-Co5.0SiBEA reduced at 500 °C in pure hydrogen was the most active, presenting selectivity to liquid products of 91% containing mainly C7–C16 n-alkanes and isoalkanes as well as small amount of olefins, with CO conversion of about 11%. The Red-C-Co5.0AlBEA catalysts were not active in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. It showed that removal of aluminum from the BEA zeolite in the first step of postsynthesis preparation procedure played a key role in the preparation of efficient catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. An increase of the reduction temperature from 500 to 800 and 900 °C resulted in two times lower CO conversion and a drop of the selectivity towards liquid products (up to 62%–88%). The identified main liquid products were n-alkanes and isoalkanes. The higher activity of Red-C-Co5.0SiBEA catalysts can be assigned to good dispersion of cobalt nanoparticles and thus a smaller cobalt nanoparticles size than in the case of Red-C-Co5.0AlBEA catalyst.

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39

Wei, Liang, Jian Chen, Shuai Lyu, Chengchao Liu, Yanxi Zhao, Yuhua Zhang, Jing Yang, and Jinlin Li. "Isomorphic titanium-substituted mesoporous SBA-16 as support for cobalt Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalysts: balance between dispersion and reduction." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 31 (2021): 13956–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj04654j.

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The delicate balance between dispersion and reduction of the Co-based Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalyst is the golden key to enhancing catalytic performance, which highly depends on an optimized metal–support interaction.

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40

Ciufo, Ryan A., Sungmin Han, Michael E. Floto, Graeme Henkelman, and C. Buddie Mullins. "Low temperature dissociation of CO on manganese promoted cobalt(poly)." Chemical Communications 56, no. 19 (2020): 2865–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc07722g.

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41

Sibianu, Ioan Tudor, Daniela Berger, Cristian Matei, and Ioan Calinescu. "Microwave Assisted Fischer - Tropsch Synthesis at a Atmospheric Pressure." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 5 (June 15, 2017): 1040–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.5.5607.

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The purpose of this study was to test the efficiency of the microwave activation of a Fischer-Tropsch used catalyst under atmospheric pressure. Experiments were carried out on a cobalt, manganese, calcium catalyst on a 10:1:1 molar ratio that was impregnated on a AlSBA-15 support. The amount of metal impregnated was equivalent to 20% of the supports mass. Experiments were carried out both with conventional as well as microwave heating. In order to compare the efficiency of both types of heating, the product compositions were determined at 110, 140, 170, 190, 200, 225, 250 oC. At each temperature 4:1, 2:1, 1.25:1 H2:CO molar ratios were tested. The microwave assisted Fischer-Tropsch reaction allows the use of lower temperatures, as well as larger CO conversion values with better yields especially in methane.

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42

Wu, Jianghong, Li Qin, Conghui Wang, Baoliang Lv, Liancheng Wang, Jiangang Chen, and Yao Xu. "Ultrathin N-rich boron nitride nanosheets supported iron catalyst for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis." RSC Advances 6, no. 44 (2016): 38356–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra05517f.

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43

Heikkinen, Niko, Laura Keskiväli, Patrik Eskelinen, Matti Reinikainen, and Matti Putkonen. "The Effect of Atomic Layer Deposited Overcoat on Co-Pt-Si/γ-Al2O3 Fischer–Tropsch Catalyst." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060672.

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Atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to prepare a thin alumina layer on Fischer–Tropsch catalysts. Co-Pt-Si/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was overcoated with 15–40 cycles of Al2O3 deposited from trimethylaluminum (TMA) and water vapor, followed by thermal annealing. The resulting tailored Fischer–Tropsch catalyst with 35 cycle ALD overcoating had increased activity compared to unmodified catalyst. The increase in activity was achieved without significant loss of selectivity towards heavier hydrocarbons. Altered catalyst properties were assumed to result from cobalt particle stabilization by ALD alumina overcoating and nanoscale porosity of the overcoating. In addition to optimal thickness of the overcoat, thermal annealing was an essential part of preparing ALD overcoated catalyst.

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44

Marchese, Marco, Niko Heikkinen, Emanuele Giglio, Andrea Lanzini, Juha Lehtonen, and Matti Reinikainen. "Kinetic Study Based on the Carbide Mechanism of a Co-Pt/γ-Al2O3 Fischer–Tropsch Catalyst Tested in a Laboratory-Scale Tubular Reactor." Catalysts 9, no. 9 (August 26, 2019): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9090717.

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A Co-Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was manufactured and tested for Fischer–Tropsch applications. Catalyst kinetic experiments were performed using a tubular fixed-bed reactor system. The operative conditions were varied between 478 and 503 K, 15 and 30 bar, H2/CO molar ratio 1.06 and 2.11 at a carbon monoxide conversion level of about 10%. Several kinetic models were derived, and a carbide mechanism model was chosen, taking into account an increasing value of termination energy for α-olefins with increasing carbon numbers. In order to assess catalyst suitability for the determination of reaction kinetics and comparability to similar Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) applications, the catalyst was characterized with gas sorption analysis, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The kinetic model developed is capable of describing the intrinsic behavior of the catalyst correctly. It accounts for the main deviations from the typical Anderson-Schulz-Flory distribution for Fischer–Tropsch products, with calculated activation energies and adsorption enthalpies in line with values available from the literature. The model suitably predicts the formation rates of methane and ethylene, as well as of the other α-olefins. Furthermore, it properly estimates high molecular weight n-paraffin formation up to carbon number C80.

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45

Asefa, Tewodros. "Nanocrafting Iron-Cobalt for Fischer-Tropsch Catalysis." ChemCatChem 5, no. 7 (May 31, 2013): 1698–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201300243.

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46

de Klerk, Arno. "Thermal Cracking of Fischer−Tropsch Waxes." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 46, no. 17 (August 2007): 5516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie070155g.

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Güttel, R., U. Kunz, and T. Turek. "Reaktoren für die Fischer-Tropsch-Synthese." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 79, no. 5 (May 2007): 531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.200600160.

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Liu, Yan, Litao Jia, Bo Hou, and Debao Li. "Fischer–Tropsch synthesis over alumina-supported cobalt catalysts: effects of different spray temperature of aluminum slurry." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 94, no. 5 (May 2016): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2015-0499.

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Abstract:

Aluminum slurry was obtained by precipitating Al(NO3)3·9H2O and ammonium carbonate, and the slurry was dried by adopting spray means. The effects of different spray temperature on the as-synthesised aluminum precursors, calcined alumina, and the supported cobalt catalysts were investigated by the characterizations of SEM, XRD, TG-DTA, H2-TPD, H2-TPR, etc., and the activity and stability of the as-prepared catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis were also studied. It indicated that the aluminum precursor spray dried at 250 °C exhibited homogeneous microspheres, the calcined alumina exhibited single-particle size distribution and monomodal pore distribution, and the corresponding supported cobalt catalyst possessed proper cobalt particles (6.4 nm), which was benefitial for acquiring a high conversion rate (the turnover frequency is 17.2 × 10−3/s) and excellent stability (the deactivation rate is 0.31%) for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.

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SAXENA, S. C. "Bubble Column Reactors and Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." Catalysis Reviews 37, no. 2 (May 1995): 227–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01614949508007096.

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Zhuo, Ou, Lijun Yang, Fujie Gao, Bolian Xu, Qiang Wu, Yining Fan, Yu Zhang, et al. "Stabilizing the active phase of iron-based Fischer–Tropsch catalysts for lower olefins: mechanism and strategy." Chemical Science 10, no. 24 (2019): 6083–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc01210a.

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An iron carbonyl-mediated Ostwald-ripening-like growth mechanism of an Fe_xC_y active phase in Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is firstly revealed by in situ mass-spectrometric and theoretical analysis.

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