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Journal articles on the topic 'Fiscal policy'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 July 2024

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1

Vdovychenko, Artem. "Fiscal Policy Reaction Function and Sustainability of Fiscal Policy in Ukraine." Visnyk of the National Bank of Ukraine, no. 240 (June 25, 2017): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26531/vnbu2017.240.022.

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This study analyzes the fiscal policy reaction function with switching regimes. We use Logistic Smooth Transition Regressions (LSTR) to show that fiscal policy in Ukraine during the study period remained largely in passive mode, switching to active mode during periods of a high output gap and elevated debt-to-GDP ratio. An important finding is that the fiscal policy reaction function is nonlinear. Specifically, the response of fiscal policy to the output gap is asymmetric: fiscal policy is pro-cyclical during periods of economic growth but neutral in recession.

2

Yunanto, Muhamad, and Henny Medyawati. "Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy: Sensitivity Analysis." International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 6, no. 2 (April 2015): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijtef.2015.v6.447.

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3

Utama, Zamrud Siswa, M. Khusaini, and Setyo Tri Wahyudi. "Kebijakan Fiskal di Persimpangan, Pro Growth atau Pro Poor?" Indonesian Treasury Review Jurnal Perbendaharaan Keuangan Negara dan Kebijakan Publik 2, no. 2 (September 7, 2017): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33105/itrev.v2i2.28.

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ABSTRACT Indonesian fiscal policy is designed as pro growth and pro poor. Fiscal space and inequality rapid growth become constraints for this policy. Beside that constraints, pro poor and pro growth fiscal policy was debatable. Okun’s Law, Kuznet Theory and inclusive growth concept were sources of this debate. This paper investigates the impact of fiscal policy on growth and inequality. Using Error Correction Model (ECM), this paper shows that between 1980 until 2015, fiscal policy become more pro growth than pro poor. ABSTRAK Kebijakan fiskal Indonesia dirancang dalam kerangka pro growth dan pro poor. Keterbatasan ruang fiskal dan tingginya kecepatan peningkatan ketimpangan menjadi kendala. Selain kendala tersebut, usaha untuk merancang kebijakan fiskal yang pro growth dan pro poor menjadi perdebatan. Teori Kuznet, Hukum Okun, dan konsep pertumbuhan inklusif menjadi pangkal perdebatan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat dampak kebijakan fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan dan ketimpangan. Menggunakan Error Correction Model (ECM), hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa selama periode 1980 sampai dengan 2015 kebijakan fiskal cenderung mendorong pertumbuhan dibanding pemerataan.

4

Franek, Sławomir. "Social Objectives in Polish Fiscal Policy – Spending vs Performance." Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe 24, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.170.

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5

Chugunov, Igor Yakovych, and Mykola Dmytrovych Pasichnyi. "FISCAL POLICY FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA 1, no. 1(13) (2018): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2018-1-1(13)-54-61.

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6

Ihori, Toshihiro, Takero Doi, and Hiroki Kondo. "Japanese fiscal reform: fiscal reconstruction and fiscal policy." Japan and the World Economy 13, no. 4 (December 2001): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0922-1425(00)00052-9.

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7

Sari, Fitri Mustika, Asti Astuti, Davia Zamanda, Fairuz Prama Restu, and Arif Fadilla. "Kebijakan Fiskal dan Dampaknya Terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia." Journal of Economics, Assets, and Evaluation 1, no. 4 (May 22, 2024): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47134/jeae.v1i4.231.

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Kebijakan fiskal merupakan salah satu instrumen utama yang digunakan oleh pemerintah untuk mengelola perekonomian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan fiskal terhadap perekonomian Indonesia, dengan fokus pada pertumbuhan ekonomi, stabilitas harga, dan distribusi pendapatan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka dengan mengumpulkan data sekunder dari berbagai sumber seperti jurnal, buku, artikel ilmiah, dan laporan resmi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan fiskal memiliki dampak signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, di mana pajak, belanja barang, dan subsidi memiliki korelasi positif, sementara utang luar negeri dan belanja pegawai memiliki korelasi negatif. Selain itu, kebijakan fiskal juga berperan dalam mengendalikan inflasi dan menjaga stabilitas harga melalui pengaturan belanja dan penerimaan negara. Distribusi pendapatan dan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat juga menjadi fokus penting dari kebijakan fiskal. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan yang komprehensif mengenai peran kebijakan fiskal dalam perekonomian Indonesia dan memberikan rekomendasi kebijakan yang dapat diimplementasikan untuk mencapai tujuan ekonomi yang diinginkan. Fiscal policy is one of the main instruments used by the government to manage the economy. This study aims to analyze the impact of fiscal policy on the Indonesian economy, focusing on economic growth, price stability, and income distribution. The research method used is a literature study by collecting secondary data from various sources such as journals, books, scientific articles, and official reports. The results show that fiscal policy has a significant impact on economic growth, where taxes, goods spending, and subsidies have a positive correlation, while foreign debt and employee spending have a negative correlation. Additionally, fiscal policy also plays a role in controlling inflation and maintaining price stability through the regulation of government spending and revenue. Income distribution and improving public welfare are also important focuses of fiscal policy. This study provides a comprehensive insight into the role of fiscal policy in the Indonesian economy and offers policy recommendations that can be implemented to achieve desired economic goals.

8

Sow, Moussé, and Ivohasina Razafimahefa. "Fiscal Decentralization and Fiscal Policy Performance." IMF Working Papers 17, no. 64 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475588606.001.

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9

Leith, C. "Fiscal Stabilization Policy and Fiscal Institutions." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 584–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/gri033.

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10

Buiter, Willem H., and Kenneth M. Kletzer. "Fiscal policy coordination as fiscal federalism." European Economic Review 36, no. 2-3 (April 1992): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(92)90123-e.

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11

Działo, Joanna. "Fiscal Rules and Effective Fiscal Policy." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 15, no. 2 (September 17, 2012): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-012-0010-1.

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This article examines and assesses the influence of political factors on the effectiveness of pursuing fiscal policy. These factors usually cause and maintain a high budget deficit and public debt. Moreover, the problems of influence of fiscal rules on increased effectiveness of the pursued fiscal policy have been discussed. The fiscal rules are to assure macroeconomic stability in economy and improve credibility of the pursued fiscal policy by reducing the deficit, government spending, and public debt. Examples of applicable fiscal rules in the EU and Poland are presented and an attempt is made to evaluate the effectiveness of these rules in the process of consolidation of public finances.

12

Ihori, Toshihiro, and Atsushi Nakamoto. "Japan's fiscal policy and fiscal reconstruction." International Economics and Economic Policy 2, no. 2-3 (November 2005): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10368-005-0031-3.

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13

Keen, Michael, A. J. Auerbach, and L. J. Kotlikoff. "Dynamic Fiscal Policy." Economica 56, no. 221 (February 1989): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2554504.

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14

Walker, Ian, Alan J. Auerbach, and Laurence J. Kotlikoff. "Dynamic Fiscal Policy." Economic Journal 98, no. 392 (September 1988): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2233935.

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15

Stokey, Nancy L. "Aggregative Fiscal Policy." Journal of Political Economy 125, no. 6 (December 2017): 1756–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/694639.

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16

Solow, R. M. "Rethinking Fiscal Policy." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 509–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/gri028.

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17

Perotti, Roberto, and Yianos Kontopoulos. "Fragmented fiscal policy." Journal of Public Economics 86, no. 2 (November 2002): 191–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(01)00146-3.

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18

Auerbach, Alan J., William G. Gale, and Benjamin H. Harris. "Activist Fiscal Policy." Journal of Economic Perspectives 24, no. 4 (November 1, 2010): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.4.141.

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During and after the “Great Recession” that began in December 2007 the U.S. federal government enacted several rounds of activist fiscal policy. In this paper, we review the recent evolution of thinking and evidence regarding the effectiveness of activist fiscal policy. Although fiscal interventions aimed at stimulating and stabilizing the economy have returned to common use, their efficacy remains controversial. We review the debate about the traditional types of fiscal policy interventions, such as broad-based tax cuts and spending increases, as well as more targeted policies. While there have been improvements in estimates of the effects of broad-based policies, much of what has been learned recently concerns how such multipliers might vary with respect to economic conditions, such as the credit market disruptions and very low interest rates that were central features of the Great Recession. The eclectic and innovative interventions by the Federal Reserve and other central banks during this period highlight the imprecise divisions between monetary and fiscal policy and the many channels through which fiscal policies can be implemented.

19

Michl, Thomas. "Rethinking Fiscal Policy." Challenge 51, no. 6 (November 2008): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/0577-5132510606.

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20

D’Acunto, Francesco, Daniel Hoang, and Michael Weber. "Unconventional Fiscal Policy." AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (May 1, 2018): 519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181061.

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Unconventional fiscal policy uses announcements of future increases in consumption taxes to generate inflation expectations and accelerate consumption expenditure. It is budget neutral and time consistent. We provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of such policies using changes in value-added tax (VAT) and household survey data for Poland. We find households increased their inflation expectations and willingness to purchase durables before the increase in VAT. Future research has to ensure income, wealth effects, or intratemporal substitution channels cannot explain these results and ideally exploit exogenous variation in VAT in a fixed nominal interest rate environment.

21

Fève, Patrick, and Mario Pietrunti. "Noisy fiscal policy." European Economic Review 85 (June 2016): 144–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.02.013.

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22

Lucas, Deborah. "Credit Policy as Fiscal Policy." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2016, no. 1 (2016): 1–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eca.2016.0012.

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23

Blumenthal, Michael, Harold Brown, Melvin Laird, Rudolph Penner, Peter Peterson, Alice Rivlin, Felix Rohatyn, et al. "Fiscal Policy and Foreign Policy." SAIS Review 9, no. 1 (1989): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sais.1989.0063.

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24

Arestis, Philip, and Giuseppe Fontana. "Special symposium of discretionary fiscal policy: fiscal policy is back!" Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 31, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 547–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pke0160-3477310401.

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25

Andersen, Torben M. "The Swedish fiscal policy framework and intermediate fiscal policy targets." Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics 149, no. 2 (April 2013): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03399391.

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26

Ologbenla, Patrick. "Determinants of fiscal policy behavior in Nigeria." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(2).2019.01.

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The study investigated the factors that determine fiscal behavior in Nigeria. The vulnerability of fiscal policy framework in Nigeria to different shocks and the attendant effects on the behavior of fiscal policy are parts of the reasons that prompted this research work. Annual data between 1980 and 2015 on core fiscal variables such as government revenue, government expenditure, fiscal balance, public debt, as well as other variables such as oil price, exchange rate, and inflation rate commodity price among others, are used. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag ARDL estimating technique is used to analyze both the long-run and short-run effects of these variables on fiscal behavior in Nigeria. Findings from the study show that fiscal policy in Nigeria is highly vulnerable to shocks from these variables mostly in the short run. Notwithstanding, variables like government revenue, government expenditure, regime of administration, oil price and commodity price volatilities all have sustained effects till the long-run periods. It was discovered that oil price movements is not the only external factor that has pronounced effects on fiscal behavior, but commodity prices volatility generally constitutes an important influential factor in determination of fiscal policy behavior in Nigeria.

27

Mochtar, Firman. "Fiscal and Monetary Policy Interaction : Evidences and Implication for Inflation Targeting in Indonesia." Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 7, no. 3 (May 20, 2005): 359–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v7i3.114.

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Paper ini menganalisa interaksi kebijakan fiskal dan moneter di Indonesia pada masa sebelum dan sesudah krisis, dengan melakukan estimasi atas quasy fiscal activity (QFA) Bank Indonesia dan mengurai interaksi antara kebijakan fiskal dan moneter. Penulis menemukan bahwa selama masa krisis, aktifitas ini (QFA) ada dan dilakukan oleh bank sentral Indonesia. Hal ini berbeda dengan masa sebelum krisis dimana QFA memiliki besaran yang netral. Dalam kaitan interaksi kebijakan fiskalmoneter, fakta ini menunjukkan dominasi kebijakan fiskal pada masa setelah krisis. Analisa interaksi antara kebijakan fiskal dan moneter ini membawa implikasi kebijakan di Indonesia yakni perlunya disiplin dalam kebijakan fiskal dan perlunya komitmen untuk mempertahankan sustainability kebijakan tersebut. Kegagalan mencapai kebijakan fiskal yang optimal akan mengurangi efektifitas kebijakan moneter dalam rangka mengontrol inflasi meski dalam kerangka inflation targeting yang secara parsial sudah diimplementasikan oleh Bank Indonesia.Keyword: Quasi Fiscal Activities, Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, Inflation TargetingJEL: E11, E31, E52, E62

28

Hernández, Fé Fernández, and Efraín Sánchez González. "Smoking, Health Market Equilibrium and Fiscal Policy." Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research 3, no. 3 (September 11, 2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2768-0487/036.

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Introduction: The application of and effective fiscal policy for the smoking control in the health context begins understanding the smoking impact over the health market equilibrium. Objective: To describe the basic relation between the health market equilibrium and the application of a fiscal policy for the appropriate smoking control. Materials and methods: Was made a descriptive research about the basic relation between the health market equilibrium and the application of a fiscal policy for the appropriate smoking control. As teoric methods were used the descriptive, the comparative and the historic – logic. As empiric method was used the bibliographic research. The graphs were designed by Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: Society would be better without smoking and fiscal authorities must acknowledge it and take decision agree to that fact. These authorities need induce to smokers to reduce the tobacco consumption. For that fiscal authorities need understand the main causes from the tobacco consumption beginning and keeping. Conclusion: Tobacco consumption intensity growing carries to increase the price equilibrium from this market and much patients leave from this market because of smoking impact. That’s why the fiscal authorities must use the fiscal policies carrying the population to a context with lowest smoking impact over the health services market.

29

Jevđović, Gordana, and Ivan Milenković. "MONETARY VERSUS FISCAL DOMINANCE IN EMERGING EUROPEAN ECONOMIES." Facta Universitatis, Series: Economics and Organization, no. 1 (September 26, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fueo1802125j.

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The conventional macroeconomic paradigm is that monetary policy provides the nominal anchor for inflation expectations and that fiscal policy is disciplined in implementing credible and timely revenue-expenditure measures when debt rises, in order to ensure sustainability. In this scenario monetary policy is active, whereas fiscal policy is passive, which is referred to as monetary dominance. However, the proponents of the Fiscal Theory of the Price Level emphasize that another regime may be possible - the one of fiscal dominance. In this setup, primary balance follows some arbitrary path, not necessary compatible with the evolution of government debt, and monetary policy is faced with limited room for manoeuvre as it has no option but to adjust to fiscal developments. Following these theoretical foundations, the aim of this paper is to empirically ascertain the prevailing policy regime (monetary versus fiscal dominance) in five emerging European economies (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Macedonia). In line with expectations, results overwhelmingly suggest that monetary policy may have been subordinated to fiscal policy over the period of analysis in all economies under scrutiny and that fiscally-led regime prevailed.

30

Guerguil, Martine, Pierre Mandon, and Rene Tapsoba. "Flexible Fiscal Rules and Countercyclical Fiscal Policy." IMF Working Papers 16, no. 08 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513581460.001.

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31

Larch *, Martin, and Matteo Salto. "Fiscal rules, inertia and discretionary fiscal policy." Applied Economics 37, no. 10 (June 10, 2005): 1135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840500109589.

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32

Davig, Troy, and Eric M. Leeper. "Monetary–fiscal policy interactions and fiscal stimulus." European Economic Review 55, no. 2 (February 2011): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2010.04.004.

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33

Weale, Martin. "COMMENTARY: FISCAL POLICY AND THE FISCAL POSITION." National Institute Economic Review 208, no. 1 (April 2009): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950109338641.

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34

Ihori, Toshihiro. "Fiscal policy and fiscal reconstruction in Japan." International Tax and Public Finance 13, no. 4 (August 2006): 489–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10797-006-9204-4.

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35

Guerguil, Martine, Pierre Mandon, and René Tapsoba. "Flexible fiscal rules and countercyclical fiscal policy." Journal of Macroeconomics 52 (June 2017): 189–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2017.04.007.

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36

Eromosele, Harrison Ogbeide, and David Umoru. "DO FISCAL AND MONETARY POLICIES COOPERATE OR CONFLICT WITH EACH OTHER IN NIGERIAN ECONOMY?" SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 3, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/sijdeb.v3i1.15-30.

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The determination for this study was to ascertain if fiscal and monetary policies are cooperating or rather conflicting with each other in Nigerian economy. Government disbursement and growth of money stock were used to denote fiscal and monetary policy variables. Two reduced form equations of monetary and fiscal policies were specified from underlying structural model. This yielded fourteen RF parameters in contrast to eleven structural parameters and so we had system of over-identification. These prompted use of IV estimators such as GMM and 3SLS. Estimates show similar findings for both estimators as we found evidence that fiscal policy does not respond favourably to monetary policy as monetary policy was found to have an insignificant effect on the fiscal policy. More so, fiscal policy does not respond to lag effect of monetary policy. Relatively, monetary policy responds favourably to fiscal policy. The lag effect of money supply was also found to have a significant impact on money supply. Empirical finding so upholds that Nigerian economy is fiscally overriding notwithstanding money being an integral part of all macroeconomic variables. Significance of lag effects of both fiscal and monetary policy is reflection that implementation process of both policies is excessively time overshadowing. Consequently, there is need for building well-organized units of fiscal and monetary authorities that can accelerate implementation process of these policies.

37

Nerlich, Carolin, and Wolf Heinrich Reuter. "Fiscal Rules, Fiscal Space, and the Procyclicality of Fiscal Policy." FinanzArchiv 72, no. 4 (2016): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/001522116x14785541072981.

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38

Caraballo, Maria A., and Carlos Usabiaga. "Microfoundations of fiscal policy effectiveness: monopolistic competition and fiscal policy multipliers." International Journal of Public Policy 1, no. 3 (2006): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijpp.2006.009803.

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39

Issever Grochová, Ladislava, Petr Rozmahel, and Marek Litzman. "The Effect of Fiscal Policy Asymmetries on Business Cycle Correlation in the EU." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 69, no. 3 (September 12, 2022): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2022-0022.

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This paper reviews the role of bilateral fiscal differences, fiscal indiscipline and their joint effects in particular in determining business cycle synchronicity in the European Union (EU). Panel data comprising 28 EU members from 1999–2019 are used in the analysis. The two-step Instrumental Variable–Generalized Method of Moments (IV–GMM) is employed to estimate the effects of examined fiscal measures on business cycle correlations. The study finds that fiscal indiscipline doubles the negative effect of increasing fiscal differences on business cycle correlation compared to fiscally disciplined country-pairs. The findings suggest reopening the debate on fiscal policy coordination across Europe.

40

Arestis, Philip. "Fiscal policy is still an effective instrument of macroeconomic policy." Panoeconomicus 58, no. 2 (2011): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1102143a.

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Recent developments in macroeconomics and macroeconomic policy, what has come to be known as ?New Consensus in Macroeconomics?, downgrades the role of fiscal policy and upgrades that of monetary policy. This contribution aims to consider this particular contention by focusing on fiscal policy. We consider fiscal policy within the current ?new consensus? theoretical framework, which views fiscal policy as ineffective, and argue that it deserves a great deal more attention paid to it than it has been recently. We review and appraise recent and not so recent theoretical and empirical developments on the fiscal policy front. The possibility of fiscal and monetary policy coordination is proposed and discussed to conclude that it deserves a great deal more attention and careful consideration than it has been given to in the past. Our overall conclusion is that discretionary application of fiscal and monetary policy in a coordinated and focused manner as a tool of macroeconomic policy deserves serious attention paid to it than hitherto.

41

Taylor, John B. "Reassessing Discretionary Fiscal Policy." Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.21.

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Recent changes in policy research and in policy-making call for a reassessment of countercyclical fiscal policy. Such a reassessment indicates that countercyclical fiscal policy should focus on automatic stabilizers rather than discretionary actions. Monetary policy has been reacting more systematically to output and inflation; long expansions in the 1980s and 1990s demonstrate policy effectiveness. It is unlikely that discretionary countercyclical fiscal policy could improve things, even with less uncertainty about fiscal impacts. A discretionary countercyclical fiscal policy could make monetary policy making more difficult. Discretionary fiscal policy should focus on long-run issues, such as tax reform and social security reform.

42

Mendoza, Enrique G., and Jonathan David Ostry. "International Evidenceon Fiscal Solvency: Is Fiscal Policy "Responsible"?" IMF Working Papers 07, no. 56 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451866209.001.

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43

Susantie, Firdhawati, and Ferizaldi Ferizaldi. "Fiscal Policy Analysis Bekasi District 2021 Fiscal Year." APLIKATIF: Journal of Research Trends in Social Sciences and Humanities 2, no. 2 (November 19, 2023): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.59110/aplikatif.v2i2.256.

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This study aims to analyze the fiscal policy implemented by the Bekasi Regency local government. The goal is to improve the financial structure by increasing regional financial capacity, which ultimately creates a positive fiscal gap as an indicator of policy success. This study used a qualitative literature review approach, where data was gathered through observations, literature study, and the examination of various secondary sources. The collected data was then analyzed using a descriptive model, which involves describing the data as it is without any alterations or modifications. The findings revealed that the Bekasi Regency Government has put in place various measures to achieve a positive fiscal gap. These include Extensification, which involves maximizing Regional Original Revenue (PAD), and Intensification, where the Tax Object Sale Value (NJOP) is adjusted to optimize the revenue from Fees for the Acquisition of Rights on Land/Building (BPHTB).

44

Ablaev, E. Yu, and T. R. Magzhanov. "Fiscal Rules and Countercyclical Fiscal Policy in Russia." Studies on Russian Economic Development 35, no. 3 (May 28, 2024): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s107570072403002x.

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45

Genser, Bernd, and Sijbren Cnossen. "Fiscal Policy in Action." FinanzArchiv 64, no. 4 (2008): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/001522108x397688.

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46

Piasecki, Ryszard, and Erico Wulf Betancourt. "Chile Fiscal Policy Management." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 16, no. 2 (August 17, 2013): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2013-0011.

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A budget surplus arises in a country when the total revenue earnings surpass expenditures in a particular financial year. Having a budget surplus is very important in the sense that it brings about a decrease in the net public debt, while the public debt is increased in the event of a budget deficit. Both budget deficits and budget surpluses also exert indirect influences on taxpayers. Normally, it is not essential on the part of the government to maintain a budget surplus, though it needs to be very careful when running a budget deficit to have the proper buffer.

47

Gaspar, Vitor, David Amaglobeli, Mercedes Garcia-Escribano, Delphine Prady, and Mauricio Soto. "Fiscal Policy and Development." Staff Discussion Notes 19, no. 03 (January 23, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484388914.006.

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