Journal articles on the topic 'Fiscal policy Australia'
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1
Gruen, D. "The Evolution of Fiscal Policy in Australia." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 618–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/gri035.
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Makin, Anthony J., and Paresh Kumar Narayan. "How Potent is Fiscal Policy in Australia?" Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 30, no. 3 (August 19, 2011): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.2011.00120.x.
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Antioch, Gerard. "Fiscal policy dynamics in Australia and New Zealand." Applied Economics Letters 5, no. 9 (September 1998): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/758529495.
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Tsokhas, Kosmas. "Dedominionization: the Anglo-Australian experience, 1939–1945." Historical Journal 37, no. 4 (December 1994): 861–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00015120.
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ABSTRACTThe role of decolonization in the decline of the British empire has received a great deal of attention. In comparison there has been little research or analysis of the process of dedominionization affecting Australia and the other dominions. During the Second World War economic ties were seriously weakened and there were substantial conflicts over economic policy between the British and Australian governments. Australia refused to reduce imports in order to conserve foreign exchange, thus contributing to the United Kingdom's debt burden. The Australian government insisted that the British guarantee Australia's sterling balances and refused to adopt the stringent fiscal policies requested by the Bank of England and the British treasury. Australia also took the opportunity to expand domestic manufacturing industry at the expense of British manufacturers. Economic separation and conflict were complemented by political and strategic differences. In particular, the Australian government realized that British military priorities made it impossible for the United Kingdom to defend Australia. This led the Australians towards a policy of cooperating with the British embargo on Japan, only to the extent that this would be unlikely to provoke Japanese military retaliation. In general, the Australians preferred a policy of compromise in the Far East to one of deterrence preferred by the British.
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McDonald, Ian M. "Fiscal Policy in Australia and Southeast Asia: An Overview." Australian Economic Review 31, no. 1 (March 1998): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00051.
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HSING, Yu. "Is Expansionary Fiscal and Monetary Policy Effective in Australia?" Journal of Business Economics and Environmental Studies 9, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13106/jbees.2019.vol9.no3.5.
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Brittle, Shane. "Ricardian Equivalence and the Efficacy of Fiscal Policy in Australia." Australian Economic Review 43, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 254–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2010.00597.x.
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Stewart, Jenny. "Fiscal dependence, policy autonomy: Some problems in intergovernmental relations in Australia." Australian Journal of Political Science 26, no. 3 (November 1991): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00323269108402166.
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Haffert, Lukas. "Permanent budget surpluses as a fiscal regime." Socio-Economic Review 17, no. 4 (November 3, 2017): 1043–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx050.
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Abstract This article challenges the focus on budget deficits that permeates the literature on the comparative political economy of fiscal policy. It analyzes countries running budget surpluses and asks why some preserved these surpluses while others did not. Whereas several OECD members recorded surpluses for just a few years, balanced budgets became the norm in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, New Zealand and Sweden in the late 1990s. The article compares both types of countries. Focusing on Canada and Sweden, it argues that a path-dependent shift in the balance of power among competing fiscal policy coalitions explains why surpluses persisted in one group of countries but not in the other. This reconfiguration of fiscal conflict was triggered by a deep fiscal crisis and an ensuing expenditure-led consolidation. It can be interpreted as creating a ‘surplus regime,’ in which fiscal policy became structured around the goals of balancing the budget and cutting taxes.
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Gupta, Adyya, Caroline Miller, Jane Harford, Lisa G. Smithers, and Annette Braunack-Mayer. "Australia’s sugar tale." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 14 (May 23, 2019): 2682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019001228.
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AbstractObjective:To establish high intake of free sugars and its related disease burden as a significant public health challenge in Australia.Design:We discuss five key actions to reduce intake of free sugars tailored to the Australian context. These strategies are informed by reviewing the global scientific evidence on the effectiveness of a range of policy responses to reduce intake of free sugars at the population level.Setting:Australia.Participants:Australian population.Results:The five key actions to reduce population levels for intake of free sugars tailored to the Australian context include prioritising health in trade agreements and policy; introducing a fiscal policy supporting health and promoting food reformulation; regulating advertising and improving labelling; strengthening the current dietary guidelines; and encouraging healthy choices.Conclusions:The adoption and implementation of the strategies discussed in the current commentary would aid in tackling the rising health burden from the intake of free sugars in Australia.
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O'Reilly, James, Clare Pope, and Amy Lomas. "Development of the clean hydrogen industry in Australia – a regulatory and fiscal roadmap for the fuel of the future." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20190.
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As Australia moves toward decarbonisation across all of its sectors, the production and use of clean hydrogen have emerged as a clear alternative. It is versatile, storable, transportable and, ultimately, a fuel source that is carbon free. Funding and policy announcements across State and Federal Governments for the hydrogen industry have built momentum in recent years, with projects already underway to address new uses for hydrogen, which are looking to improve the economics of production to meet the expected future demand not only here in Australia but also internationally. So, how can Australia lead the global shift to hydrogen and what is the regulatory and fiscal infrastructure needed to drive the development of the hydrogen industry in Australia? The key issues to be considered include the following: The need for government funding for development of the future uses of hydrogen to help build confidence and stimulate investment across the supply chain to enable commercialisation; Establishing an attractive investment environment for projects in Australia – not only the production of hydrogen but also for the supply chain infrastructure; Development of a certification scheme and Australia’s role in setting regional and/or international standards and Policy settings, including the necessary regulatory and fiscal reforms, relevant to support the period of transition to green hydrogen.
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SPIES-BUTCHER, BEN, and ADAM STEBBING. "Mobilising alternative futures: generational accounting and the fiscal politics of ageing in Australia." Ageing and Society 39, no. 7 (March 13, 2018): 1409–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18000028.
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ABSTRACTEconomists typically argue population ageing generates fiscal pressures by restricting the tax base while increasing demands for social spending. Alongside other economic pressures associated with neoliberalism, this dynamic contributes to a politics of ‘enduring austerity’ that limits governments’ fiscal discretion. The politics of population ageing reflects modelling techniques, such as generational accounting (GA), which, anticipating future deficits, create demands for policy action today to address projected intergenerational inequalities. Taking Australia as a case study, this paper explores the politics of GA in public budgetary processes. While existing critiques reject GA by arguing it relies on ‘apocalyptic’ or unreliable demography, we focus on a different kind of contestation, which applies the techniques and even the categories of GA to frame different problems and promote different solutions. We identify three sites of partisan contest that refocus fiscal modelling: including the tax side of the budget equation; comparing the cost of public provision to public subsidies for private programmes; and including the costs of environmental damage. At each site, the future-orientated logic of GA is mobilised to contest the policy implications of austerity. This complicates analysis that financialisation and neoliberalism necessarily ‘de-politicise’ policy by removing state discretion. Instead, we identify an increasingly important, if technocratic, form of political contestation that offers the possibility to promote more egalitarian responses to population ageing.
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Maritz, Alex, Bronwyn Eager, and Saskia De Klerk. "Entrepreneurship and self-employment for mature-aged people." Australian Journal of Career Development 30, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1038416220978971.
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Not only do Australian mature-aged entrepreneurs contribute $11.9 billion per annum to the Australian economy in over 379,000 businesses, they launch approximately 14,000 new businesses each year and actively contribute to fiscal, social, health, and active ageing outcomes in their communities. Thirty-four per cent of all young businesses in Australia are now led by mature-aged entrepreneurs, identifying mature-aged entrepreneurship as the fastest growing sector of entrepreneurship. This study is the first of its kind to examine mature-aged entrepreneurship in Australia using five pragmatic and embedded case-study examples. Aligning to Cartensen's sociomotional selection theory, we adopted an interpretivist philosphical framework of emergent enquiry action research. The paper includes benefits and challenges associated with mature-aged entrepreneurship, including contextual and theoretical foundations. We provide policy and research recommendations to enhance the development of a dedicated entrepreneurial ecosystem for mature-aged people.
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P Marchildon, Gregory. "Canadian health system reforms: lessons for Australia?" Australian Health Review 29, no. 1 (2005): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah050105.
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This paper analyses recent health reform agenda in Canada. From 1988 until 1997, the first phase of reforms focused on service integration through regionalisation and a rebalancing of services from illness care to prevention and wellness. The second phase, which has been layered onto the ongoing first phase, is concerned with fiscal sustainability from a provincial perspective, and the fundamental nature of the system from a national perspective. Despite numerous commissions and studies, some questions remain concerning the future direction of the public system. The Canadian reform experience is compared with recent Australian health reform initiatives in terms of service integration through regionalisation, primary care reform, Aboriginal health, the public?private debate, intergovernmental relations and the role of the federal government.
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Fenna, Alan. "Governing in Good Times: Fiscal Policy and Tax Reform in Australia 1996–2006." Australian Journal of Political Science 42, no. 2 (June 2007): 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10361140701320059.
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Nevile, J. W. "Structural Deficits and Fiscal Policy Stance in Australia, 1966–67 to 1988–89." Australian Economic Review 23, no. 4 (October 1990): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.1990.tb00368.x.
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McKay, Jennifer. "Water institutional reforms in Australia." Water Policy 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0003.
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With a brief description of the physical setting and institutional history of the Australian water sector, this paper reviews the water institutional reforms in Australia focusing especially on the nature and extent of reforms initiated since 1995 and provides a few case studies to highlight the issues and challenges in effecting changes in some key reform components. The reforms initiated in 1995 are notable for their comprehensiveness, fiscal incentives and clear and time-bound targets to be achieved. Although water institutions in Australia have undergone remarkable changes, thanks to the reforms, there are still issues and challenges inherent in reforming maturing water institutions. Regional diversity in legal systems and quality standards as well as conflicts between private interest and public welfare are still serious to constraining market-based water allocation and management. While Australia still needs further reforms, its recent reform experience provides considerable insights into the understanding of both the theory and the practice of water institutional reforms.
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Hsing, Yu. "Does the Mundell-Fleming Model Apply to Australia’s Economy?" Journal of Economics, Trade and Marketing Management 1, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jetmm.v1n1p1.
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<p><em>Applying an extended Mundell-Fleming Model to Australia, this paper finds that expansionary fiscal policy does not affect output whereas expansionary monetary policy raises output. In addition, a higher real stock price, a lower real oil price or a lower expected inflation rate would increase output. Hence, the predictions of the Mundell-Fleming model works for Australia’s economy. </em></p>
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STEBBING, ADAM, and BEN SPIES-BUTCHER. "Universal Welfare by ‘Other Means’? Social Tax Expenditures and the Australian Dual Welfare State." Journal of Social Policy 39, no. 4 (April 23, 2010): 585–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279410000267.
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AbstractInternational debates about the comparative institutional structures of welfare states have focused on social expenditure and the inclusiveness of social policy. However, these debates have not accounted for the significant rise of fiscal welfare and, in particular, social tax expenditures (STEs) in our understanding of welfare regimes. The growth of STEs has been particularly significant in Australia. While there has been recognition that STEs contribute to a second tier of welfare provision in some policy domains, there has been no systematic attempt to account for them within the institutional structure of the Australian welfare state. In this article, we chart the rise of STEs, the reasons for their growth in the Australian political economy and conceive of them as forming a second institutional layer of a dual welfare state. We conclude by suggesting that this analysis has broader implications for other, particularly liberal, welfare regimes.
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Monadjemi, Mehdi S. "Fiscal policy and private investment expenditure: a study of Australia and the United States." Applied Economics 25, no. 2 (February 1993): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036849300000018.
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Spies-Butcher, Ben, and Adam Stebbing. "Population Ageing and Tax Reform in a Dual Welfare State." Economic and Labour Relations Review 22, no. 3 (November 2011): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530461102200304.
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Traditionally, older people have been the key targets of Australia's targeted welfare state. Flat rate pensions and widespread home ownership have ensured relative equality in older life. However, in response to perceived fiscal pressures generated by population ageing, Australia has increasingly shifted its policy settings, encouraging private savings over public risk pooling. Private savings are increasingly supported by public subsidy through tax policy. This has led to overlapping policy priorities, as public subsidies are used both as incentives to promote savings and as social policy instruments to promote adequate living standards in retirement. This conflict is evident in recent policy reviews of taxation, public spending and pension policy. This article explores the development of this conflict and how it manifests in proposals for reform. We argue that the conflation of welfare and taxation goals increasingly creates a dual welfare state that promotes private provision at the expense of both equity and efficiency. We suggest that more explicit identification of the roles of tax policy, and the welfare implications of tax changes, would help to improve policy design.
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Tan, Verity, Pablo R. Dias, Nathan Chang, and Rong Deng. "Estimating the Lifetime of Solar Photovoltaic Modules in Australia." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 5336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095336.
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Determining the lifetime of solar photovoltaic modules is integral to planning future installations and ensuring effective end-of-life management. The lifetime of photovoltaic modules is most commonly considered to be 25 years based on performance guarantees of 80% power output after 25 years of operation; however, influences including climatic conditions, social behaviour, fiscal policy, and technological improvements have the potential to prompt early replacement. Therefore, this work aims to estimate the operating lifetime of photovoltaic panels more accurately in Australia by considering a variety of technical, economic, and social reasons for decommissioning. Based on a range of sources including government organisations, other policymakers, regulators and advisors, energy suppliers, researchers, recyclers, and manufacturers, three lifetime models—power decrease, damage and technical failures, and economic motivation—were developed and then weighted in three scenarios to form overall views of panel lifetime in Australia. In addition, it was concluded that the module lifetime will vary considerably between countries due to differences in market factors. Therefore, these results specifically address Australia as most of the input data were sourced from Australian industry reports and Australian photovoltaic systems and interpreted within the context of the Australian photovoltaic market. However, the methodology of estimating lifetime based on both technical and non-technical factors can be applied to other scenarios by using country-specific data. With the popularity of photovoltaic technology beginning in the early 2010s and given the practical lifetimes of 15–20 years found in this work, Australia will need to act swiftly within the next three years to responsibly manage the looming solar panel waste.
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Wang, Justine, Alla Koblyakova, Piyush Tiwari, and John S. Croucher. "Is the Australian housing market in a bubble?" International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 13, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-03-2017-0026.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore principal drivers affecting prices in the Australian housing market, aiming to detect the presence of housing bubbles within it. The data set analyzed covers the past two decades, thereby including the period of the most recent housing boom between 2012 and 2015. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes the application of combined enhanced rigorous econometric frameworks, such as ordinary least square (OLS), Granger causality and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) framework, to provide an in-depth understanding of house price dynamics and bubbles in Australia. Findings The empirical results presented reveal that Australian house prices are driven primarily by four key factors: mortgage interest rates, consumer sentiment, the Australian S&P/ASX 200 stock market index and unemployment rates. It finds that these four key drivers have long-term equilibrium in relation to house prices, and any short-term disequilibrium always self-corrects over the long term because of economic forces. The existence of long-term equilibrium in the housing market suggests it is unlikely to be in a bubble (Diba and Grossman, 1988; Flood and Hodrick, 1986). Originality/value The foremost contribution of this paper is that it is the first rigorous study of housing bubbles in Australia at the national level. Additionally, the data set renders the study of particular interest because it incorporates an analysis of the most recent housing boom (2012-2015). The policy implications from the study arise from the discussion of how best to balance monetary policy, fiscal policy and macroeconomic policy to optimize the steady and stable growth of the Australian housing market, and from its reconsideration of affordability schemes and related policies designed to incentivize construction and the involvement of complementary industries associated with property.
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Kudrna, George, Chung Tran, and Alan Woodland. "FACING DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGES: PENSION CUTS OR TAX HIKES?" Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 2 (February 21, 2018): 625–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100516001292.
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A challenge that faces many advanced economies is how to finance age-related spending programs as the population ages. In this paper, we investigate two policy options–pension cuts and tax hikes–to mitigate fiscal pressure arising in the special context of Australia, whose population is ageing fast while growing substantially in size due to immigration. Using a computable overlapping generations model, we find that while both policy reforms can achieve a similar fiscal goal, they lead to different distributional and welfare effects across income groups over time. Future generations prefer pension cuts, whereas current generations prefer tax hikes to finance government spending commitments. Moreover, within the tax hike option, taxing income or consumption results in opposing macroeconomic and welfare effects. Indeed, our opposing intra- and inter-temporal welfare outcomes highlight some political complexity when devising a more sustainable tax-transfer system.
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Kay, Adrian, Gillian Bristow, Mark McGovern, and David Pickernell. "Fair Division or Fair Dinkum? Australian Lessons for Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in the United Kingdom." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 23, no. 2 (April 2005): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c38m.
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Current arguments in Australia concerning horizontal fiscal equalisation may help inform the debate in the United Kingdom concerning possible changes to the Barnett formula and the establishment of financial relations with any regional governments in England. Although Australia is a long-established federation, with mature institutions for managing the financial aspects of intergovernmental relations, the most populous states are now pushing for a per-capita-based system to replace the existing formula—based on needs and costs—overseen by the independent Commonwealth Grants Commission. This has important implications for the United Kingdom, where the Barnett formula—a per capita system for deciding annual changes in the funding for the devolved administrations—has been increasingly challenged. In particular, the Barnett system has been vulnerable to nontransparent ‘formula-bypass’ agreements. We argue that the status quo in the United Kingdom appears secure as long as England remains a single entity and the UK Treasury sees the financial implications of larger per capita expenditure in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland as relatively small. However, we speculate that regionalisation of government in England would be likely to increase the pressure: to abandon the Barnett system; to look more systematically at need and cost, rather than population, as criteria for allocating funds between governments; and to move towards an Australian-type system. However, the recent experience of Australia also shows that larger states prefer a per-capita-based system allied to more political, less transparent, arrangements to deal with ‘special circumstances’. It may be that a Barnett-type formula would suit the new ‘dominant states’ in a fully federalised United Kingdom which would, ironically, create an alliance of interests between Scotland and London.
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Lewis, Meron, and Amanda Lee. "Costing ‘healthy’ food baskets in Australia – a systematic review of food price and affordability monitoring tools, protocols and methods." Public Health Nutrition 19, no. 16 (September 9, 2016): 2872–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980016002160.
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AbstractObjectiveTo undertake a systematic review to determine similarities and differences in metrics and results between recently and/or currently used tools, protocols and methods for monitoring Australian healthy food prices and affordability.DesignElectronic databases of peer-reviewed literature and online grey literature were systematically searched using the PRISMA approach for articles and reports relating to healthy food and diet price assessment tools, protocols, methods and results that utilised retail pricing.SettingNational, state, regional and local areas of Australia from 1995 to 2015.SubjectsAssessment tools, protocols and methods to measure the price of ‘healthy’ foods and diets.ResultsThe search identified fifty-nine discrete surveys of ‘healthy’ food pricing incorporating six major food pricing tools (those used in multiple areas and time periods) and five minor food pricing tools (those used in a single survey area or time period). Analysis demonstrated methodological differences regarding: included foods; reference households; use of availability and/or quality measures; household income sources; store sampling methods; data collection protocols; analysis methods; and results.Conclusions‘Healthy’ food price assessment methods used in Australia lack comparability across all metrics and most do not fully align with a ‘healthy’ diet as recommended by the current Australian Dietary Guidelines. None have been applied nationally. Assessment of the price, price differential and affordability of healthy (recommended) and current (unhealthy) diets would provide more robust and meaningful data to inform health and fiscal policy in Australia. The INFORMAS ‘optimal’ approach provides a potential framework for development of these methods.
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Kendig, Hal, Anne-Marie Elias, Peter Matwijiw, and Kaarin Anstey. "Developing Age-Friendly Cities and Communities in Australia." Journal of Aging and Health 26, no. 8 (December 2014): 1390–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264314532687.
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Objective: The aim of the study is to present case studies and assess the impact of political, policy, consultative, and research processes used to implement Age Friendly Cities (AFC) initiatives in Australia. Method: A review and interpretation was conducted based on public documents, community consultations, survey analyses, and participant observation. Results: Governments in Australia have drawn on World Health Organization (WHO) concepts to establish AFC initiatives. In Melbourne, state political leadership established Positive Ageing plans that have reinforced local government actions. In Canberra, a baseline survey and an Older Persons Assembly were followed by modest positive ageing plans. In Sydney, a State Ageing Strategy developed a whole-of-government plan that has yet to be incorporated into budget processes. Discussion: AFC initiatives in Australia have had promising and varied starts with some aims to benefit disadvantaged older people. Notwithstanding the potential benefits, AFC influence on mainstream actions of government has been limited by uncertain political commitment and growing fiscal austerity.
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Kyriacou, Andreas P., Leonel Muinelo-Gallo, and Oriol Roca-Sagalés. "Redistributive efficiency in 28 developed economies." Journal of European Social Policy 28, no. 4 (December 28, 2017): 370–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928717739245.
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This article analyses the redistributive efficiency of social transfers and direct taxation in a panel of 28 developed economies during the period 1995–2010. In order to explore how redistribution is achieved through these fiscal policies, a two-stage approach is applied. First, we evaluate their redistributive efficiency – the degree of redistribution attained for a given level of transfers and taxes – using data envelopment analysis (DEA). We find lower redistributive efficiency in Southern Europe and the United States and higher efficiency levels in the Nordic and Central European countries and Australia. Second, we use panel regression analysis to identify the determinants of efficiency differences and reveal the crucial role of government quality as well as factors affecting the redistributive profile of fiscal policies.
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Winter, I., and T. Brooke. "Urban Planning and the Entrepreneurial State: The View from Victoria, Australia." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 3 (September 1993): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110263.
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It is argued that the state in Victoria, Australia, has pursued five key trends in urban planning throughout the 1980s: Privatisation, liberalisation, subsidisation, commercialisation, and elitism. These trends are a response to conditions wrought by global economic restructuring, the dominance of economic fundamentalism as a political discourse in Australia, the institutional structure of federal–State government financial relations, and a resultant perception of fiscal crisis. These developments in urban planning have resulted in financial costs and a loss of democratic accountability to the Victorian community.
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Inchauspe, Julian. "Fiscal policy dynamics under a consolidation constraint: evidence from a sign-restricted SVAR with orthogonalized business cycle and monetary policy for Australia." Applied Economics 53, no. 34 (March 10, 2021): 3992–4016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2021.1893894.
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SCHWARTZ, HERMAN M. "The Danish “Miracle”." Comparative Political Studies 34, no. 2 (March 2001): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414001034002001.
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The 1980s and 1990s saw employment “miracles” in Denmark, Australia, and the Netherlands. This article analyzes the dynamics and substance of Danish policy responses to poor export, employment, and fiscal performance to see whether remediation should be attributed to pluck (intentional, strategic remediation of dysfunctional institutions to make them conform with the external environment), luck (environmental change that makes formerly dysfunctional institutions suddenly functional), or just being stuck (endogenous, not entirely strategic change that leaves institutions in conformity with the environment). It addresses these issues to remedy biases in the literature toward Sweden-as-model, toward pessimism about the welfare state's survivability, and toward privileging intentional action. The analysis finds that stuck (endogenous dynamics) probably explains as much as pluck (strategic choice), suggesting only limited transferability for policy lessons from the miracles.
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Soldatic, Karen. "Policy Mobilities of Exclusion: Implications of Australian Disability Pension Retraction for Indigenous Australians." Social Policy and Society 17, no. 1 (October 26, 2017): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746417000355.
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There is growing concern surrounding the retraction of disability social provisioning measures across the western world, with state fiscal policy trends foregrounding austerity as a central principle of welfare provisioning. This is occurring within many of the nation-states that have ratified and legislated rights enshrined by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). This article undertakes a critical analysis of disability income retraction in Australia since the early 2000s and examines these changes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians living with disability by focusing on Article 20 of the CRPD, the right to personal mobility, a core right for people with disabilities and Indigenous peoples. Beyond economic inequality, the article illustrates that the various administrative processes attached to welfare retraction have implications for the realisation of mobility practices that are critical for individual cultural identity and wellbeing. Disability austerity has resulted in a new form of Indigenous containment, fixing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with disabilities in a cyclical motion of poverty management.
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Schess, Jaclyn, Sandra Diminic, Emily Hielscher, Meredith G. Harris, Yong Yi Lee, Jan Kealton, and Harvey A. Whiteford. "Investment in Australian mental health carer services: how much and does it reflect evidence of effectiveness?" Australian Health Review 44, no. 1 (2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah18065.
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Objective The aims of this study were to quantify Australian federal and state government expenditure on mental health carer services for 2014–15, map the types of services being provided and explore how funded service types compare with the evidence base for the outcomes of these carer services. Methods Web searches were conducted to identify in-scope mental health carer services in Australia funded by federal and state and territory governments. Funding estimates were confirmed where possible with available government and carer organisation contacts. A literature search was conducted for reviews of studies investigating mental health carer service outcomes. Results In 2014–15, the estimated Australian national, state and territory government expenditure on mental health carer services was approximately A$90.6million. This comprised A$65.6million in federal expenditure and A$25.0million in state and territory expenditure. Most funding streams provided respite and psychoeducation. The literature showed positive carer outcomes for psychoeducation and intensive family interventions. Evidence was lacking for the effectiveness of respite services. Conclusions These findings suggest a mismatch between what is known about the extent to which different service types deliver positive carer outcomes and the current allocation of funds across Australia’s mental health system. This study also highlights the fragmentation of the mental health carer services system, supporting the need to streamline access. What is known about this topic? Informal carers of people with mental disorders provide a critical role to the significant number of individuals with mental illness in Australia, and provide an unpaid workforce to the Australian mental health system. This role comes with significant physical, emotional and financial burden, which government-funded services can assist with to allow mental health carers to continue to serve in their caring role while improving their quality of life. What does this paper add? Using both published data and communication with health and non-government officials, we have estimated federal and state expenditure on mental health carer services at A$90.6million in 2014–15 fiscal year and have provided a mapping of the services this expenditure funds. In addition, through analysis of the literature on outcomes of carer services provided, we have seen a mismatch of expenditure and the evidence base. What are the implications for practitioners? There is a necessity for both more research into service outcomes aimed particularly at mental health carers and thinking critically about whether the current prioritisation of funds can be increased and/or reallocated to create better outcomes for mental health carers.
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Yates, J. "Equalisation and Cash Limits: A View from Down Under." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 5, no. 2 (June 1987): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c050137.
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In this paper, the similarities in and differences between the UK and Australian systems of allocating central government grants to local government are used to evaluate the equalisation methodologies employed in each country. In the analytical framework used, fiscal disability is measured vis-à-vis the most advantaged authority. The extent of the horizontal equalisation which occurs is shown to depend on whether this most advantaged authority receives a positive, zero, or negative per capita grant. It is concluded that in the United Kingdom, under the post 1981 unitary block-grant system, a deficiency principle or sequential approach to equalisation has been continued. In Australia, if the recommendations of the 1985 national inquiry are implemented by the local government grants commissions, the equalisation methodology employed by them will imitate the UK approach. It will thus ensure that maximum support is provided to the most disadvantaged authorities, given the constraints imposed on total funds available for equalisation.
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JEFFERSON, THERESE, SIOBHAN AUSTEN, RACHEL ONG, MARIETTA E. A. HAFFNER, and GAVIN A. WOOD. "Housing Equity Withdrawal: Perceptions of Obstacles among Older Australian Home Owners and associated Service Providers." Journal of Social Policy 46, no. 3 (February 20, 2017): 623–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279417000058.
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AbstractHousing wealth dominates the asset portfolios of the older population in Australia and many other countries. Given the anticipated spike in fiscal costs associated with population ageing, there is growing policy interest in housing equity withdrawal (HEW) to finance living needs in retirement. This paper sheds light on homeowners’ perceptions of the obstacles associated with two forms of HEW: mortgage equity withdrawal (where thein situhome owner increases his/her housing-related debt) and downsizing (where housing equity is released by moving to a lower-valued property). We uncover a series of age-specific barriers impeding older Australians’ use of these forms of HEW through qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with home owners and professional service providers in related areas of policy and practice. To that end, we recommend the development of a range of safeguards that will minimise the risk exposure and other obstacles associated with HEW for older home owners.
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Young, D., R. Brockett, and J. Smart. "AUSTRALIA—SOVEREIGN RISK AND THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 45, no. 1 (2005): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj04017.
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Australia has rejoiced in its reputation for having low sovereign risk and corresponding rating, for decades. This reputation was bruised in the first decade after the High Court introduced Native Title into Australian law by the legislative response of the then Government, but has since recovered, and enjoys the world’s lowest country risk rating, and shares the worlds best sovereign risk rating with the USA. A number of government precipitated occurrences in recent times, however, raise the question: for how long can this continue?This paper tracks the long history of occasional broken resource commitments—for both petroleum and mining interests—by governments at both State and Federal level, and the policies which have driven these breaches. It also discusses the notorious recent cancellation of a resource lease by the Queensland Government, first by purporting to cancel the bauxite lease and, after legal action had commenced, by a special Act of Parliament to repeal a State Agreement Act. This has raised concerns in boardrooms around the world of the security of assets held in Australia on a retention, or care and maintenance basis.The paper also looks at the cancellation of the offshore prospecting rights held by WMC, with no compensation. This was a result of the concept that rights extinguished by the Commonwealth, with no gain to the Commonwealth or any other party do not constitute an acquisition of property, thereby denying access to the constitutional guarantee of ’just terms’ supposedly enshrined in the Australian Constitution where an acquisition has occurred.Some other examples are the prohibition on exploration in Queensland national parks last November. This cost some companies with existing tenures a lot of money as exploration permits were granted, but then permission to do seismic exploration refused (Victoria). Several losses of rights occurred as a result of the new Queensland Petroleum and Other Acts Amendment Act after investments have been made.Changes in fiscal policy can also impact on project viability, and some instances of this are considered.This paper also explores ways these risks can be minimised, and how and when compensation might be recovered.
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Postuła, Marta. "Spending reviews as tools in the public sector." Journal of Management and Financial Sciences, no. 34 (July 27, 2019): 77–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/jmfs.2018.34.4.
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Worsening performance of public finance reported by a number of countries as a result of the global financial crisis enhanced interest in advanced and innovative methods of fiscal consolidation and stabilisation. Spending reviews are amongst the most comprehensive and advanced methods of this type. In the post-2008 age, spending reviews have been carried out by countries that had used the tool in earlier periods (the Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, the UK or Australia) as well as by those who started using them for the first time (Ireland, Canada and France). Spending reviews are used in countries that are well advanced economically and whose public management systems are sufficiently mature.European Union Member States exhibit diverse interest in applying spending reviews which are not mandatory and have not been formalised in international legislation. The EU legislation contains general recommendations for the application of the rational fiscal policy enshrined first in the Treaty provisions, further developed by in the Stability and Growth Pact and detailed in 2011. The paper analyses the up-to-date experiences in using spending reviews in selected countries and draws conclusions from the process.
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Eschachasthi, Realita. "Modelling the Impact of a Rise in Global Equity Risk Premium: The G-Cubed Simulation." Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Statistik Indonesia 2, no. 3 (December 23, 2022): 270–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jesi.02.03.04.
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The global disruptions—the Covid-19 pandemic, financial crisis, trade tension, and geopolitical issues—led to uncertainty across the world economies. The impact either on individual emerging or advanced countries, however, remains unclear. To this end, this study is simulating a shock of a one percent increase in equity risk premium permanently in all sectors in all countries, and focusing on exploring its impact on the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), Australia, China, Indonesia, and India. The results reveal that no countries are immune from the short-lived synchronised nuisance. Investment plummeted massively following the profound drop in interest rate, while unemployment suddenly soars, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contracted dramatically. In the long run, all economies reverse and converge to the initial condition. Nevertheless, there would be persistent GDP loss and sluggish investment in all economies. Therefore, policy responses should be designed based on strong international cooperation, focusing on fiscal policy to limit the impact of global losing confidence.
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Béland, Daniel, and André Lecours. "Fiscal federalism and American exceptionalism: why is there no federal equalisation system in the United States?" Journal of Public Policy 34, no. 2 (February 14, 2014): 303–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x14000038.
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AbstractThis article addresses the absence of a federal equalisation programme in the United States, which is a significant aspect of “American exceptionalism”. Comparing the United States with Australia and Canada, we argue that three factors are relevant when accounting for this absence. On one hand, we turn to two societal factors to explain why there was never much political appetite for the creation of a stand-alone equalisation programme in the United States, namely the lack of a direct threat to the territorial integrity of the United States after 1865 and the comparative weakness of the idea of social citizenship in that country. On the other hand, our analysis shows that key institutional features of American political institutions, particularly strong bicameralism combined with the absence of formal party discipline, help illuminate why it would have been difficult to create an equalisation programme even if there had been some societal pressures to do so.
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Freeman, Toby, Fran Baum, Angela Lawless, Sara Javanparast, Gwyn Jolley, Ronald Labonté, Michael Bentley, John Boffa, and David Sanders. "Revisiting the ability of Australian primary healthcare services to respond to health inequity." Australian Journal of Primary Health 22, no. 4 (2016): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py14180.
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Equity of access and reducing health inequities are key objectives of comprehensive primary health care. However, the supports required to target equity are fragile and vulnerable to changes in the fiscal and political environment. Six Australian primary healthcare services, five in South Australia and one in the Northern Territory, were followed over 5 years (2009–2013) of considerable change. Fifty-five interviews were conducted with service managers, staff, regional health executives and health department representatives in 2013 to examine how the changes had affected their practice regarding equity of access and responding to health inequity. At the four state government services, seven of 10 previously identified strategies for equity of access and services’ scope to facilitate access to other health services and to act on the social determinants of health inequity were now compromised or reduced in some way as a result of the changing policy environment. There was a mix of positive and negative changes at the non-government organisation. The community-controlled service increased their breadth of strategies used to address health equity. These different trajectories suggest the value of community governance, and highlight the need to monitor equity performance and advocate for the importance of health equity.
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O’Hare, Janelle. "The role of the tax system in a greener future." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19103.
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Ahead of the commencement of action against climate change in 2020 under the Paris Agreement, COP24 saw nations come together to design the rule book for global emissions reductions. Australia also reinforced its commitment to the Paris Agreement and its emission reduction targets. Critical to this is the design of the rules for international trade in emissions permits or credits, which were due to be agreed in Madrid as part of the COP25 in December 2019. However, the participants failed to come to any consensus, getting caught up in technical issues such as the rules for carbon market mechanisms. Instead we wait for an intersessional meeting in Bonn in June 2020 and COP26 in Glasgow in November 2020. The tax policy approach and framework adopted in relation to the energy transition, including for example the introduction and tax treatment of any carbon price or emissions trading scheme, has the potential to either support or distort the ultimate objectives of the transition. So, what does the transition to a greener future mean for the tax mix and how it will it impact the revenues of government? What role does tax play in the energy transition? What are the current rules in Australia and how do they compare to other fiscal regimes globally? How can existing rules in Australia be adapted to best support the effective design of carbon pricing policies? What reforms are necessary?
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Bosch, Núria, Marta Espasa, and Pilar Sorribas. "The Redistributive, Stabilising, and Insurance Effects at the Territorial Level of ‘Federal’ Government Budgets." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 21, no. 4 (August 2003): 597–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0234.
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The authors' aim is to estimate the redistributive, stabilising, and insurance effects of the ‘federal’ budgets of Australia, Spain, the USA, and the European Union, at the territorial level. This analysis was carried out for the budget as a whole through regional fiscal balances, and separately for revenues and expenditures. The methodology used was a panel data econometric model. The authors' main conclusion is that in all the cases considered the expenditures have higher effects—redistributive, and combined stabilising and insurance—than the revenues, and that the size of the whole European Union budget should be increased in order to enable the development of redistributive policies.
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Borgen, William, Natasha Caverley, Sharon Robertson, and Pamela Patterson. "Making the Case for Counsellor Education Accreditation in Canada: A Cross-Jurisdictional Review of Emerging Trends in the Pre-Service Training of Counsellors and Related Mental Health Professionals." Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy 55, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 74–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47634/cjcp.v55i1.70427.
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The Council for Accreditation of Counsellor Education Programs recognizes quality assurance of master’s-level counselling programs in Canada. Accreditation is important to the pre-service training of counsellors and psychotherapists who are preparing to enter into practice after graduation. This article identifies trends in counsellor education accreditation from a national perspective—ranging from changes in the regulatory landscape in Canada to the integration of social justice and diversity practices into programs of study while fostering innovative program design in times of fiscal restraint within Canadian post-secondary institutions. From an international perspective, this article highlights trends for counsellor education accreditation programs in the United States, Britain, and Australia. Overall, it is important to inform counsellor educators and personnel running counselling programs in Canada on counsellor education program development, with the goal of supporting quality standards for accrediting counselling programs in Canada while acknowledging professional mental health service regulations and public policy.
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HAKOVIRTA, MIA, CHRISTINE SKINNER, HEIKKI HIILAMO, and MERITA JOKELA. "Child Poverty, Child Maintenance and Interactions with Social Assistance Benefits Among Lone Parent Families: a Comparative Analysis." Journal of Social Policy 49, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000151.
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AbstractIn many developed countries lone parent families face high rates of child poverty. Among those lone parents who do get child maintenance there is a hidden problem. States may retain all, or a proportion, of the maintenance that is paid in order to offset other fiscal costs. Thus, the potential of child maintenance to alleviate poverty among lone parent families may not be fully realized, especially if the families are also in receipt of social assistance benefits. This paper provides an original comparative analysis exploring the effectiveness of child maintenance to reduce child poverty among lone parent families in receipt of social assistance. It addresses the question of whether effectiveness is compromised once interaction effects (such as the operation of a child maintenance disregard) are taken into account in four countries Australia, Finland, Germany and the UK using the LIS dataset (2013). It raises important policy considerations and provides evidence to show that if policy makers are serious about reducing child poverty, they must understand how hidden mechanisms within interactions between child maintenance and social security systems can work as effective cost recovery tools for the state, but have no poverty reduction impact.
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Ye, Liping, and Xinping Zhang. "Nonlinear Granger Causality between Health Care Expenditure and Economic Growth in the OECD and Major Developing Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 1953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091953.
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Differing from previous studies ignoring the nonlinear features, this study employs both the linear and nonlinear Granger causality tests to examine the complex causal relationship between health care expenditure and economic growth among 15 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and 5 major developing countries. Some interesting findings can be obtained as follows: (1) For Australia, Austria, and UK, linear and nonlinear Granger causality does not exist between them. A unidirectional linear or nonlinear causality running from economic growth to health care expenditure can be found for Ireland, Korea, Portugal, and India. For these seven countries, health or fiscal policy related to health spending will not have an impact on economic growth; (2) For Belgium, Norway, and Mexico, only a unidirectional linear causality runs from health care expenditure to economic growth, while bidirectional linear causality can be found for Canada, Finland, Iceland, New Zealand, Spain, Brazil, and South Africa. Especially for the US, China, and Japan, a unidirectional nonlinear causality exists from health spending to economic growth. To improve the quality of national health, life quality and happiness, these 13 countries should actively look to optimise policy related to health care expenditure, such as by enhancing the efficiency of health costs to promote sustainable economic development.
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Ryan, Brendan. "Revising the Agenda for a Democratic Curriculum." Australian Journal of Education 30, no. 1 (April 1986): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494418603000104.
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This article argues that current socio-educational theorizing licenses a further restriction of opportunities for socially significant educational interventions. Recent major reports on education in South Australia identify technological change as decisive. Moreover, their emphasis upon its supposedly abstract character leads to a narrowly technocratic assessment of its ‘increasing complexities’ and ‘more pervasive influence’. This leads to a push to re-centralize curricular control, notably in those high-status areas nominated as necessary for national scientific and economic development. My analysis also reveals that this official sponsorship of tighter central (i.e. departmental) controls has a strong politico-economic basis because ‘necessary efficiencies' are emphasized at this time of increasing fiscal difficulties. Furthermore, I document the existence of a more narrowly technical emphasis in teacher education, and contend that this will increasingly foster a ‘silent’ acceptance of departmental control of the curriculum by teachers-to-be. I cite recent empirical evidence on teaching practices and attitudes in Australian schools to indicate that the re-centralization of curricular control would formalize—and, of course, extend—what is already the case. Furthermore, I demonstrate the general significance of these basic assumptions about the curriculum and its practices through an analysis of their probable impact upon typical conditions of teaching and upon ‘progressive’ policy initiatives (notably the Victorian Ministerial Papers). I examine at length the broader socio-cultural implications of centralist and technicist curricular assumptions. I conclude by outlining oppositional strategies: these are characterized by broadly based socio-educational interventions and an alternative formulation of what constitutes ‘really useful knowledge’ in ‘an advanced technological society’.
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Podger, Andrew. "Federalism and Australia’s National Health and Health Insurance System." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2016): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v11i3.151.
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While health reform in Australia has been marked by piecemeal, incremental changes, the overall trend to increasing Commonwealth involvement has not been accidental or driven by power-hungry centralists: it has been shaped by broader national and international developments including technological change and the maturing of our nation and its place internationally, and by a widespread desire for a national universal health insurance system. In many respects the Australianhealth system performs well, but the emerging challenges demand a more integrated, patient-oriented system. This is likely to require a further shift towards the Commonwealth in terms of financial responsibility, as the national insurer. But it also requires close cooperation with the States, who could play a firmer role in service delivery and in supporting regional planning and coordination. The likelihood of sharing overall responsibility for the health system also suggests thereis a need to involve the States more fully in processes for setting national policies.
This article draws heavily on a lecture presented at the Australian National University in October 2015. It includes an overview of Australia’s evolving federal arrangements and the context within which the current Federalism Review is being conducted. It suggests Australia will not return to ‘coordinate federalism’ with clearly distinct responsibilities, and that greater priority should be given to improving how we manage shared responsibilities.
There is a long history of Commonwealth involvement in health, and future reform should build on that rather than try to reverse direction. While critical of the proposals from the Commission of Audit and in the 2014 Budget, the lecture welcomed the more pragmatic approaches that seemed to be emerging from the Federalism Review discussion papers and contributions from some Premiers which could promote more sensible measures to improve both the effectiveness and the financial sustainability of Australia’s health and health insurance system.
The Commonwealth’s new political leadership in 2015 seemed interested in such measures and in moving away from the Abbott Government’s approach. But the legacy of that approach severely damaged the Turnbull Government in the 2016 federal election as it gave traction to Labor’s ‘Mediscare’ campaign. In addition to resetting the federalism debate as it affects health, the Turnbull Government now needs to articulate the principles of Medicare and to clarify the role of the private sector, including private health insurance, in Australia’s universal health insurance system. Labor also needs to address more honestly the role of the private sector and develop a more coherent policy itself.
Abbreviations: COAG – Council of Australian Governments; NHHRC – National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission; PHI – Private Health Insurance; VFI – Vertical Fiscal Imbalance.
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Robinson, Marc. "Accrual accounting and Australian fiscal policy." Fiscal Studies 23, no. 2 (February 2, 2005): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.2002.tb00062.x.
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Stevanović, Suzana, and Ivan Milenković. "Comparative Analysis of the Implementation of the Inflation Targeting Monetary Strategy in Canada and New Zealand." Economic Themes 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ethemes-2020-0023.
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Abstract Since the 1990s there have been major changes in the way monetary policy is conducted. Since other monetary strategies did not result in the desired outcome, the first concept of inflation targeting was presented in New Zealand (1990), then in Canada (1991), England (1992), Sweden and Finland (1993), Australia and Spain (1994), Israel, Chile, Brasil, the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Serbia and other countries. Thus, the application of this monetary regime has spread from economically developed to developing countries. This article examines the adoption, the formal framework for inflation targeting and the experience of the two countries that were leaders in the adoption of this modern strategy, New Zealand and Canada. At the time of the announcement of the inflation targets, inflation in both countries was around 6%. However, there are differences regarding the time frame. So, in New Zealand in a shorter period of time, credibility should have been achieved regarding the imbalance of monetary and fiscal policy. While, on the other hand, a longer time frame is envisaged for the Central Bank of Canada regarding achieving greater flexibility to mitigate price shocks. After all the above, it can be concluded that both observed countries (Canada and New Zealand) during the period 2008-2017, achieved positive effects from inflation targeting. In this sense inflation rates in the target range of 1-3% were achieved, except for a few years after the financial crisis (2008-2011), but after certain revisions of the formal framework, both countries successfully fought for greater economic growth and financial stability. The inflation targeting regime proved to be very successful in achieving the set targets, so both Central Banks continued to constantly update the formal and informal inflation targeting frameworks, in order to continuously achieve the expected effects.
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Wee, Kenneth. "Encouraging traditional owner participation in onshore unconventional projects." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14073.
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Australia has significant unconventional energy resources that can be tapped to bolster energy security needs and increase contributions to the global energy supply mix—fuelling both domestic and international economic growth. A key factor underpinning the success of developing onshore unconventional resources is the security of land and tenure access, which allows project proponents to sustainably engage in the exploration, appraisal and development of unconventional gas deposits spread across extensive geographical areas. These activities occur in areas that are vested in traditional landowners and indigenous native title holders, and have the potential to significantly impact their cultural heritage and their quality and way of life. It is, therefore, critical, on a number of levels, for project proponents to have the support of this key stakeholder group in ensuring the long-term viability of developing onshore gas resources. Alignment between the project’s proponents and the diverse range of traditional/indigenous landowners who influence—and are influenced by—their operations, however, is not easy to achieve due to competing interests and motivations. This extended abstract explores: alternative participation models for traditional land owners in onshore unconventional gas projects, including production payment and equity-based ownership models; examples of co-existence arrangements between project proponents and traditional owners; the impact of fiscal policy on the economic viability of alternative traditional owner participation and co-existence models; and, the role of state and federal governments in giving incentives to and fostering greater collaboration between project proponents and traditional owner groups.