Journal articles on the topic 'First Parish (Groton, Mass.)'

Mass-Schooling and pre-industrialisation in Northern Sweden: Relations between Olofsfors Ironworks and Nordmaling parish in the organization of Elementary schools in the 19th century decentralized school system. From the mid-nineteenth century, Sweden went through a transformation from an agricultural to an industrial society which led to new demands on the parishes. With the First Elementary School Act in 1842, Sweden’s school system was formalised. The decentralised system formed by the First Elementary School Act, stated that every parish should establish at least one school in every parish. At this time, half of Sweden’s parishes already had some form of public schools, which were run by parishes, private organisations, donations, or pre-industrial companies, as for example Ironworks. Regardless of who ran the school, the parish was responsible and were the one who would report school results to the bishop’s office, so the relationship between the private actor and the parish was important. In this article we study how the relationship between Olofsfors Ironwork and the local parish, Nordmaling developed during the nineteenth century, and how these turbulent times affected the relationship. This is discussed in relation to earlier research and has been analysed through discourse analysis.

In this investigation, we have analyzed for the first time the essential oils (EOs) isolated by steam distillation of the leaves and flowers of Lippia dulcis Trevir., grown at three different locations in southern Ecuador: the Catacocha canton (Ca), the Vilcabamba parish (Vi), and the Chuquiribamba parish (Ch). Around 98.5% of the oils’ constituents were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) analysis using a DB-5ms capillary column. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were predominant in the EOs (79.77, 78.22, and 76.51%, respectively). The most representative constituents of the sample from the Ca canton were β-cedrene (16.75%), δ-selinene (11.04%), and β-cubebene (12.09%), while the sample from the Vi parish was characterized by the abundant presence of β-cedrene (17.9%), δ-selinene (12.52%), and bicyclogermacrene (11.34%). β-Cedrene (18.89%), δ-selinene (11.78%), and δ-cadinene (11.07%) were the main constituents of the essential oil (EO) from the Ch parish. The likely occurrence of low amounts of thermolabile hernandulcin in the volatile oils was indicated by the presence of the fragmentation products 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and 3-methyl-2-ciclohexen-1-one. In summary, the study gave us a clue to the variability of Lippia dulcis chemotypes depending on the collection sites.

At the tum of the 19,h and 20th centuries lots of religious communities were founded in the St John Baptist parish in Sokołów Małopolski. One of the most important was the Third Order of St Francis. Its foundation was preceded by many years of endeavours. The very idea was propagated by the inhabitant of Sokołów, Katarzyna Koziarz, who became the member of the secular family of Franciscan family in Rzeszów in 1890. Since then morę and morę people from Sokołów had joined the Tertiary.At the beginning of the 20“’ century those who took steps to popularize the Third Order were Katarzyna Koziarz in Sokołów, Maria Ożóg and Małgorzata Maksym in Wólka Sokołowska and Katarzyna Bąk in Trzebuska while the parish priests, Franciszek Stankiewicz and Leon Szado did little for this matter. The members of the Third Order got involved in lots of activities such as sup- porting the building of the church, providing necessary things for the church and making mass of- ferings.Serious steps to found the Third Order in Sokołów were taken by the parish priest Ludwik Bukała. He organized monthly meetings for the Third Order members. He also established contact with the Bemardine Father, Wiktor Biegus, who 27 April 1936 came to Sokołów and became ac- ąuainted with the tertiaries in the parish. The permission for the canonical establishment of tertiary congregation was granted 4 May 1936 by the ordinary of Przemyśl, Bishop Franciszek Bard.The official foundation of the congregation in Sokołów took place 24 May 1936. The local tertiaries chose St Ludwik as their patron. The congregation govemment was constituted at the first meeting. The parish priest became the director of the community and Katarzyna Koziarz was ap- pointed the superior. On the day of the foundation there were about 100 members. In the first three years of the existence of the Third Order there were 30 people who received the habits and 28 who were admitted to the profession.After the canonical establishment of the congregation, the tertiaries became morę active. They provided the church with sacred appurtenances and fumishings, as well as organising public adora- tion of the Holy Sacrament. They would also wash liturgical linens and adom altars. In 1937 they bought a chasuble with the image of St Francis, and in 1939 they donated a banner with the images of Mother of God and St Francis. In addition, the tertiaries founded their own library with religious books and magazines.The congregation gathered for meetings in the parish church every month. Besides, they had occasional private gatherings. In the first years of the existence of the congregation there were 19 meetings of the Counsel. There were also two visitations of the Sokołów congregation held by Father Cyryl from Rzeszów 11 July 1937 and 6 August 1939. The activities of the tertiaries were hindered by the outbreak of the Second World War.

In the decades following the Scottish Reformation, Scottish parliaments passed a series of penal laws against Catholics and expressions of Catholic religious practice. In an act of 1594 the death penalty was prescribed on the first offence for wilfully hearing Mass; but no Scot was ever executed for hearing Mass. The same law of 1594 encouraged local presbyteries to convert any suspected Catholic under their jurisdiction. As historians of the Scottish Reformation begin to appreciate the crucial role that kirk sessions played in suppressing Scottish Catholicism, this article adds to recent studies which seek to offer a corrective to much previous scholarship on the persecution of Scottish Catholics – which tended to focus almost exclusively on civil enforcement – and explores the impact of parish church courts on Scottish Catholicism, highlighting the effectiveness of public penance, shaming, and psychological pressure as the most useful tools for enforcing uniformity.

There is no end in sight to historical squabbles about the speed, impact and enduring cultural and ecclesiastical legacies of the English Reformation. The past two decades have witnessed a lively and stimulating debate about the reception and entrenchment of Protestant belief and practice in local contexts. Over the same period we have seen a series of heated and animated exchanges about the developments taking place within the early Stuart Church and the role they played in triggering the outbreak of hostilities between Charles I and Parliament in 1642. While the focus of the first controversy has been the relationship between zealous Protestantism and the vast mass of the ordinary people, the second has been conducted almost exclusively at the level of the learned polemical literature of the clerical elite. So far little attempt has been made to bridge and span the gap. This is hardly surprising – sensible scholars think twice before venturing into two historiographical minefields simultaneously. Nevertheless the problem of reconciling these parallel but largely discrete bodies of interpretation and evidence remains, and it is one which historians like myself, whose interests straddle the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century divide and the Catholic–Protestant confessional fence, can no longer afford to sidestep and ignore. This essay represents a set of tentative reflections and speculations on recent research, a cautious exploration of three clusters of inter-related issues and themes.

In communist Romania, building a church was an almost impossible undertaking, and building permits were rarely granted to anyone who wanted to build a church. The state law that stipulated that a new church could only be built if an existing one ceased to exist provided the opportunity taken by the Diocese of Timisoara to build the new church in Orsova. The state authorities allowed the new church to be constructed in Orsova because of the number of believers (there were Hungarian, German and Czech believers living in the town at the time) and because the construction costs were entirely financed from abroad. The construction of the new Roman Catholic parish church and the priest’s residence in Orsova was one of the greatest achievements of the administration of Konrád Kernweisz, Ordinary of the Diocese of Timisoara – and perhaps of Communist Romania. The speech published here for the first time in print is not a sermon but was certainly delivered at the end of the consecration mass of the church in Orsova. The interesting detail about this text is that it is the first time that the symbolism of the church in Orsova was mentioned.

The topic of the article “The Pedagogical and Religious Dimensions of the Rites of the Sacrament of Baptism for Children” deals with the sacraments in the Catholic Church, particularly baptism as the first of the seven sacraments. As signs, sacraments are also meant to instruct, and indeed they do, for the meaning and grace of baptism are made clear in the rites of its celebration Union with Christ leads to confession of faith in the One God: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. The profession of faith, closely related to baptism, is eminently Trinitarian. The Church baptises: “In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit” (Matt. 28,19), the Triune God to whom the Christian entrusts his life.The basis for analyzing the rites of baptism will be the Order of Baptism for Children during mass, which contains very important instructions that can be grouped into three points: (1) instructions about God the Father, (2) instructions about the essence of baptism and its importance for the parish and the baptized, (3) instructions about the duties of the baptized and their parents and godparents. In the sacraments God occupies the central place, and the sacrament of baptism, by instructing about God the Father, the first issue, brings closer three fundamental truths about God: (a) God’s initiative in the salvation for man, (b) God’s omnipotence (universal, loving and mysterious), and (c) God’s goodness. The second issue deals with: (a) the essence of baptism based on the terms given in the Rite of Receiving the Children (baptism, faith, the grace of Christ, admission to the Church, and eternal life); (b) the meaning of infant baptism for the parish community; and (c) the meaning of baptism for the child. Likewise, the third issue is also divided into two parts, with an instruction (a) on the duties of the baptized and (b) the duties of baptized children, parents and godparents.

Impurities in paint layers executed with green and blue copper pigments, although relatively common, have been studied only little to date. Yet, their proper identification is a powerful tool for classification of paintings, and, potentially, for future provenance studies. In this paper, we present analyses of copper pigments layers from wall paintings situated in the vicinity of copper ore deposits (the palace in Kielce, the palace in Ciechanowice, and the parish church in Chotków) located within the contemporary borders of Poland. We compare the results with the analyses of copper minerals from three deposits, two local, and one historically important for the supply of copper in Europe, i.e., Miedzianka in the Holy Cross Mountains, Miedzianka in the Sudetes, and, as a reference, Špania Dolina in the Slovakian Low Tatra. Optical (OM) and electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) have been used for a detailed investigation of the minute grains. Special attention has been devoted to antimony and nickel phases, as more unusual than the commonly described iron oxides. Analyses of minerals from the deposits helped to interpret the results obtained from the paint samples. For the first time, quantitative analyses of copper pigments’ impurities have been described.

In the first part of the proposed article, the information capabilities and methods of processing in electronic databases (EBD) of the first two groups of sources on local population migrations in Russia at the end of the XIX – XX centuries are analyzed and illustrated: 1) pre-revolutionary parish registers, Soviet statistics of registry offices for individual rural and urban settlements, materials of All-Russian censuses population and other census documents containing information about the movement of the population at the micro level of individual settlements; 2) replenished "author's" EBDS of student genealogies (48 information parameters; about 150 thousand personalities as of April 2022) and surveys of women who have completed prolific activities (40 information parameters; 11.5 thousand respondents as of April 2022) The scientific novelty of the proposed study of the information capabilities of the first two blocks of representative sources on local migrations of the Russian population of the history of the period under consideration is provided, first of all, by strict adherence to the principle of historicism, obliging to take what is being studied in motion, in the totality of all its aspects and as it was in the real past. The principle of historicism dictates, in turn, the methodology for creating EBDS of traditional and unique mass sources on social history. Records in metric books, materials of registry offices, population censuses, surveys of elderly women and student genealogies with a truly historical method of obtaining and processing data turn out to be necessary, mandatory and often irreplaceable sources of knowledge and tools for uncovering the mobile socio-natural synergy of domestic new and modern history on the longest and continuous rows of complex demographic and sociographic information. Local migrations are the most important, but part of this synergy.

The article analyzes the structure and information potential of the annual reports on the conditions of the Orenburg and Omsk dioceses to the Holy Synod, prepared science 1870 to 1917. It is emphasized that this set of paperwork is a unique source on the history of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire and reflects virtually all spheres of life and activities of the dioceses, their institutional and administrative-territorial development, processes of the deanery, church, parish, church and monastery construction. The information capabilities of the reports make it possible to reconstruct a whole range of social, economic, demographic, and migration processes that took place within the boundaries of a particular diocese. That is why the author assigns diocesan reports to the type of “mixed type” paperwork on the basis that they contain information of a normative, narrative and statistical nature. Analysis of reports on the state of the Orenburg and Omsk dioceses allow us to conclude that the 1880s the first decade of the 20th century began a period of active development in the Steppe Territory institutions, the administrative-territorial management system of the Russian Orthodox Church. This was largely due to a sharp increase in the number of Orthodox population in the region, mediated by mass peasant migration.

AbstractOn 31 May 1964, Dr Anne Bieżanek travelled from Wallasey to Westminster Cathedral to attend Mass and receive Holy Communion. She was flanked by hoards of reporters, who over the previous six months had fueled extensive media coverage of her establishment of one of the firstCatholicbirth control clinics in the world, alongside her intertwined personal story of the physical and emotional strain caused by ten pregnancies. Repeatedly refused the sacraments by her local parish priest in consequence of these activities, and unable to gain satisfaction from the Bishop of Shrewsbury, Dr Bieżanek wrote to the Archbishop of Westminster to announce her intention to ‘resolve the issue’ through an ethical adjudication at the Communion rails.As the first sustained exploration of this exceptional woman and her sensational life story, this article examines Dr Bieżanek’s private correspondence and public persona to illustrate the ways in which her idiosyncratic re-negotiation of spiritual and sexual politics was path breaking in articulating a ‘modern’ Catholic approach to love and sex and in anticipating the cacophony of such voices elicited by theHumanae Vitaeencyclical in 1968. As such, it illustrates the form and force of contrasting and modulating Catholic discourses about love, marriage, and contraception in the post-war period and demonstrates the continuing and critical interplay of religion, infused with the insights of sexology and psychology, when negotiating the sexual and spiritual revolutions of the sixties.

This research explores and answers the question: What is Bishop John Philip Saklil's contribution to developing the Indigenous Papuans of the Timika Diocese Catholic Church? The church’s workers will use the answer to the question in making pastoral programs in their parish and responding to the people’s doubts about the church’s ministry and its preference for indigenous Papuans. This research was also made to increase people’s awareness of the problems in Papua and how important it is for us to give priority to Indigenous Papuans. The method used in this study is an analysis of two books related to Bishop Saklil: "The Church and Human Tragedy in Timika Diocese, Collection of Statements of Attitudes and Voices in the Mass Media" and "Mgr. John Philip Saklil, Pr, Founder of the Timika Diocese". Apart from that, the researcher, as a diocesan priest in Timika, directly observed the Bishop’s life from 2012-2019. This observation enriches the analysis of the two books mentioned above. Bishop Saklil's contribution to the support of the Papuans in Timika Diocese is Bishop Saklil's preference towards his ‘flocks’ who are Indigenous Papuans (Ind: Orang Asli Papua). There are two ways in which Bishop Saklil manifests his alignment with the Indigenous Papuans: First, by continuing to speak out against the injustice and incivility experienced by everyone in the land of Papua, particularly the Indigenous Papuans. Second, working in silence and continuing to struggle to tear down the building system creates unjust situations.

The article considers the peculiarities of the relations between the Orthodox Church and the communist authorities in the 1920s and 1930s. in Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to highlighting the contradictions between government and the church in the period under study. The author notes the relevance of the topic, as it is rather weakly reflected in Ukrainian historiography. It is noted that when they came to power in 1917, the Bolsheviks began active legislative work to restrict the rights of the church. Thus, the decree of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on land of November 8, 1917 deprived the church and parish clergy of land ownership, and on December 4 (17) the nationalization of land was confirmed by a decree on land committees, which provided for the confiscation of church and monastery and agricultural lands without any compensation, the ministers of the religious cult were declared „servants of the bourgeoisie” and deprived of civil rights. Thus, as a result, the church was significantly limited in its economic activities and in the possibility of obtaining additional income. The militant mood of Soviet atheism in theory and ideology and in practice allows us to distinguish two stages of this process: the first – the 20s of the twentieth century – had mostly peaceful forms. In the second period – the late 20's – 30's of the twentieth century – changed the ideology, which was based on new information technologies that replaced the truth with lies and manipulated human consciousness. This stage with minor changes existed before the Second World War. Its apotheosis was mass repression against the clergy and the most active believers.

The article describes the history of emergence of «klirovye vedomosti» churches on the territory of Ukraine, finds out explores their information potential and peculiarities of using them in genealogical researches. «Klirovye vedomosti» are one the most important documentation types of parish record-keeping. Analyzing the archives materials and the published researches on the issue, the author investigates the process of formation and functioning of the clergy record-keeping. Along with legislative base of the emergence of «klirovye vedomosti», the special features of the realization of the law in daily life as well as the change of the form of the source since the XVIII century to the XIX century are retraced. «Klirovye vedomosti» were made up once a year in duplicate a church copy and a consistory one. Due to its systematic, regular keeping, mass character of coverage of the society they are an important source for reconstruction of pedigrees of the clergy. With their help it is possible to know out a family composition, the name, patronymic and surname (if it was designated), age of each member and relations inside the family. The lack of a large time gap allows with their help to determine the time of the marriage, the time of the death and also the quantity of born and deceased children during the period under study. The author considers that «klirovye vedomosti» must be applied first of all when there is not enough initial data to begin a genealogical research, that is exact dates of birth and names of the subject of the search are not know. This document is convenient to use in the case when the bloodline counts considerable number of representatives and has got numerous branching. The information potential of «klirovye vedomosti» gives an opportunity to research study pedigrees of representatives of the clergy.

This paper discusses the spiritual and educational activities of the Tatars in Kazakhs steppe in pre-revolutionary period. The Empress Catherine II let mass penetration of the Tatar mullahs into the steppe zone. They performed some of the functions of the tsar officials in addition to religious and educational activities. They completed parish registers and directed civil proceedings. The Tatar language became the main language of the clerical work in the steppe zone. After the Crimean and Caucasian war the attitude of imperial administration to the activities of Tatar preachers changed dramatically. Since that time, Islam and Muslim education in the Steppe zone started to be considered by officials as a threat to the Russian state. The Russian government limited the powers of the mullahs, subdued Muslim schools to the Ministry of Education and strictly regulated it, tried to introduce the Russian language into the mosques and madrasas. Minister of Internal Affairs through its secret messages made local administration offices translate clerical works from the Tatar language on Arab ligature to the missionary Kazakh language on Cyrillic alphabet. It was also strongly recommended to replace Tatar interpreters to Kazakh or Russian ones. Despite the internal policy of the Russian state had changed, the Tartars built powerful spiritual and educational infrastructure in the Steppe zone. At the beginning of the XX century it included the old and new madrasas, mosques, Muslim Library and publishing houses. In Muslim schools prominent people of Tatar and Kazakh culture were educated, first books and newspapers in both languages were issued in theses publishing houses. The spiritual and educational activity of the Tatars played a significant role in the formation of the Kazakh and Tatar intelligentsia and led to the rise of religious and political consciousness of both nations.

The article analyzes information about the parish life of Moscow and the Moscow region churches in the 1944–1946 contained in the reports of the Commissioner for Moscow and the Moscow region of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church made by A.A. Trushin according to the funds of the Central State Archive of the Moscow region. The paper provides data on the number of churches operating in the first post-war years, as well as on how many churches closed in the 1920s and 1930s were used for economic and cultural needs, which, according to the author, in most cases, contributed to their preservation until the period of mass transfer to the Church. To analyze the changes in the manifestations of popular religiosity in the mid-1940s, information on the attendance of Easter services is taken as a basis, participation in which is considered as an open manifestation by believers of their attitude to the Church. These materials record a steady increase in the number of parishioners during the period under review, not only in Moscow, but also in cit- ies near Moscow and rural parishes of remote areas – Taldomsky, Lukhovitsky, etc. The main reasons for the rise of popular religiosity, according to the author, were the victory in the Great Patriotic War, as well as the expectations of changes in anti-church policy on the part of the state in the USSR that appeared after the meeting of I.V. Stalin with the metropolitans of the Russian Orthodox Church in September 1943. The great interest in the array of documents under consideration is represented by the data on the percentage of young people in the total number of believers and military personnel in the temples

The periods of reforms of the 19th century, revolution, civil war and Soviet construction of the 1920s of the 20th century, unprecedented in the concentration of innovations in the Don enlightenment, are investigated. The author traces the formation of the legal statuses of the estate-Cossack and peasant schools of the Don region, the emergence of female and secondary education in the region. Changes in the educational space of the Region of the Don Army (RDA) are associated with the inclusion in 1878 of the Rostov region and the Taganrog city government in its composition. An analysis of various types of RDA schools showed that there were twice as many parish schools in military villages and farms as there were schools in peasant settlements. The primary school of the Synod, after growth in the 1880s, lost its position at the beginning of the twentieth century due to the low level of education. The peculiarities of secondary education in the region are the class-Cossack character of gymnasiums in the Cossack centers of the Department of Internal Affairs, the priority development of military Cossack educational institutions, the provision of benefits to specialists of Cossack origin. The establishment of the Don Polytechnic Institute in Novocherkassk meant that, in terms of the development of education, the RDA rose to a level comparable to the central regions of the country, at the same time, most school-age children did not have access to educational institutions. During the Civil War on the territory of the White Cossack quasi-state “The Great Army of the Don”, the learning process was not interrupted, and functioned according to the laws of the estate school. The Soviet Unified Labor School, separated from the church and representing equal rights to education for representatives of all social groups and nationalities, was formed after the end of the Civil War. The system-forming link was the state administration of education, acting in line with the decisions of the Communist Party. In the 1920s and the country made a leap from mass illiteracy of the population to the introduction of universal compulsory primary education, which stopped the constant reproduction of the illiterate when new generations entered life. Development of the Don regional educational space system in the 19th-20th centuries became a progressive civilizational process.

Office of the Dead, or officium defunctorum, or saļmes is a form of traditional Catholic music – a complex ritual consisting of several hours long prayers sung at home, dedicated to saving the souls which, in accordance with Catholic provisions, have entered purgatory after death. The main function of this ritual is to pray, basically through singing, for the soul of the deceased. The goal of the study is to research of the tradition’s historical development in Stirniene and monitor its current preservation efforts. Empirical materials from the field research – interviews with local informants, biographical narratives, audio and video recordings – as well as articles in local and regional mass media have been used in the research. The tradition in Latgale was introduced by Jesuits at the end of the 18th century. The first church in Stirniene parish was a Jesuit mission centre in the 18th century. It can be concluded that the primary purpose of the chant is to sing and pray for the soul of the deceased. It can be assumed that the Office of the Dead chanting tradition in Stirniene, just like in other parts of Latgale, could have begun at the end of the 18th century and thus may have existed for more than 200 years. The texts of Christian psalms and the original Gregorian chant have transformed and intertwined with folk singing practices; the ritual or its parts are traditionally transferred orally. Usually, saļmes are sung before and after funerals, on death anniversaries, specifically on November 1 and 2, as well as throughout November and in cases of supernatural occurrences at home. Through two centuries and to this day, Office of the Dead chants in Stirniene is a common religious practice, and almost every family has experienced it, as the chants are a crucial part of the funeral rites. In 2021, Saļmes Stērnīnē was included in the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Wizerunek Chrystusa Miłosiernego jest dzisiaj znany i propagowany w dwóch wersjach malarskich. Pierwsza, to obraz namalowany w Wilnie w 1934 przez Eugeniusza Kazimirowskiego pod kierunkiem św. Faustyny Kowalskiej, która udzielała malarzowi szczegółowych wskazówek odnośnie do wyglądu powstającego wizerunku Chrystusa. Druga, bardziej znana wersja, to obraz Jezusa Miłosiernego Adolfa Hyły, namalowany w 1944 r. do kaplicy Zgromadzenia Matki Bożej Miłosierdzia w Krakowie-Łagiewnikach. Procesowi kształtowania się kultu Miłosierdzia Bożego, zwłaszcza w jego początkach podczas II wojny światowej i bezpośrednio po niej, towarzyszyło wiele przedstawień Chrystusa Miłosiernego. Przedstawienia te bardzo często odbiegały od wzorcowego wizerunku opisanego przez św. siostrę Faustynę Kowalską i obrazu namalowanego według jej wskazówek przez Kazimirowskiego. W tym opracowaniu zostały zaprezentowane cztery wczesne przykłady ilustracji wizerunku Chrystusa Miłosiernego, związane z rodzącym się kultem Miłosierdzia Bożego i dokumentujące proces kształtowania się ikonografii tematu. Rysunek S. Kreduszyńskiego (il. 1) i akwarela Aleksandra Maja (il. 2) dokumentują kult wizerunku Jezusa Miłosiernego podczas II wojny światowej, a zwłaszcza w czasie Powstania Warszawskiego. Świadectwem popularności wizerunku Jezusa Miłosiernego w czasie wojny jest też fresk Felicjana Szczęsnego-Kowarskiego w kościele parafialnym w Hołubli z 1943 r. (il. 4, 5). Obraz krakowskiego malarza Henryka Uziembły z 1942 r., obecnie w kościele parafialnym w Lądzie (il. 6), jest pierwszym przedstawieniem Chrystusa Miłosiernego na tle pejzażu, wyraźnie odbiegającym od wizji siostry Faustyny zilustrowanej w obrazie Kazimirowskiego. Na obrazie Uziembły wzorował się Adolf Hyła malując w 1944 r. obraz dla sióstr w Krakowie-Łagiewnikach (il. 7). W 1952 r. malarz dokonał korekty obrazu, zamalowując pejzażowe tło. Obraz Jana Wałacha, namalowany w 1952 r. do kaplicy salezjańskiego nowicjatu w Czerwińsku, ukazuje Chrystusa Miłosiernego unoszącego się nad światem (il. 8). W takiej postaci obraz nawiązuje do wizji jaką św. siostra Faustyna otrzymała w 1935 r. podczas nabożeństwa przy Ostrej Bramie w Wilnie, gdy po raz pierwszy został publicznie ukazany obraz Chrystusa Miłosiernego. Four Early Effigies of Merciful Jesus: drawing by S. Kreduszyński, fresco by Felicjan Szczęsny Kowarski in Hołubla, painting by Henryk Uziembło in Ląd, and that by Jan Wałach in Czerwińsk. The effigy of Merciful Jesus, epitomizing Divine Mercy, is today known and promoted in two painterly versions. The first was that executed in Vilnius in 1934 by Eugeniusz Kazimirowski under the guidance of St Faustina Kowalska, who gave the painter detailed information on the appearance of the effigy while it was being created. The second, a more popular version, is the painting of Merciful Jesus by Adolf Hyła executed in 1944 for the chapel of the Congregation of the Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy at Cracow-Łagiewniki. The process of the formation of the cult of Divine Mercy, particularly at its early stage, during WW II and immediately afterwards, was accompanied by numerous effigies of Merciful Jesus, some of them often distanced from the model described by St Sister Faustina Kowalska and the work painted under her guidance by Kazimirowski. The study presents four early examples of the effigy of Merciful Jesus related to the emerging cult of Divine Mercy and documenting the process of the topic’s iconography formation. Kreduszyński’s drawing (Fig.1) and Maj’s water-colour (Fig. 2) are records of the cult of Divine Mercy during WW II, and particularly during the Warsaw Uprising. The popularity of the effigy of Merciful Jesus during the war is testified by Felicjan Szczęsny-Kowarski’s 1943 fresco in the Parish Church at Hołubla (Figs. 4,5). The 1942 work of the Cracow painter Henryk Uziembło, currently in the Ląd Parish Church (Fig. 6), is the first effigy of Merciful Jesus against landscape, clearly distant from the vision of Sister Faustina illustrated in Kazimirowski’s painting. It was Uziembło’s work that served as the model for Adolf Hyła who executed the effigy for the Cracow-Łagiewniki Sisters in 1944 (Fig. 7). Painting over the landscaped background, the artist corrected his work in 1952. In turn, Jan Wałach’s 1952 painting for the Salesian novitiate chapel in Czerwińsk shows Merciful Jesus rising above the world (Fig. 8). In this form, it echoes the vision St Sister Faustina had in 1935 during the Mass at the Vilnius Gate of Dawn when the effigy of Merciful Jesus was first presented to the public.

The article deals with the morbidity and mortality of smallpox in Western Europe and the Russian Empire from the 16th to the beginning of the 19th century. At that time smallpox was almost a childhood disease, because before the introduction of vaccination in the 18th century about 80% of its victims were children under the age of 10. Widespread was the theory that the pathogens are present in the human body from birth. Effective treatment for smallpox has never existed, but the main procedures were correspond to the general level of medicine (bloodletting, laxative, herbal treatment). The first thing that really could protect for the disease was variolation. It is an artificial infection of a healthy person with smallpox material from a sick person with the hope that it can cause a mild illness with a small rash. It spread in Europe in the first quarter of the 17th century, thanks to E. Timoni, J. Woodworth and Lady M. Montague. Vaccination was the inoculation of humans with cowpox material, which also gave immunity from smallpox. It was invented in 1796 by the English doctor E. Jenner. His experiment based on the common belief that milkmaids never get sick with smallpox, but only with the cowpox. Since 1800, this method has spread into the Europe, displacing variolation. In the Russian Empire in 1811 the decree about the spreading the cowpox vaccinations was officially issued. It include the point about origination of the provincial and county smallpox committees to promote vaccination. Imperial officials in the case of the introduction of mass vaccination were relied on a church organization. It allows us to track smallpox control measures in the local level. In particular, the documents about the fight against smallpox in Pyriatyn County are concentrated in the fund of the Pyriatyn Spiritual Board of the State Archives of Poltava region (F. 801). The first official appeal to the Pyriatyn Spiritual Board in the case of encourage the population to vaccinate cowpox took place in 1804. In 1806 in each church was send the book about the useful of cowpox vaccination and the practice of this procedure. In 1831 the Pyriatyn Spiritual Board, for appeal of the County doctor, was call for priests to practice the vaccination against smallpox himself in their parishes. Poltava spiritual consistory established a number of decrees that introduce the duty of parishes clire to sent the semi-annual reports. They‘s content was different in different decree, and include the number of birth, death and vaccine children. The first was issued in 1806, and the next were after the establishment of smallpox committee in 1812, 1824 and 1833. The last of them provided the fixation of the number of death of smallpox among the children for every 6 month, from the second half of 1832. There was preserved corresponding reports of parish priests for the period from the second half of 1832 to the end of 1841. The most completed they was in 1833. In this year the general number of smallpox victim in the whole county was about 985 person. The following reports show significantly smaller numbers of them - less than 20 deaths per year in 1835, 1837, 1840 and 1841. This issue needs further investigation. Key words: smallpox, vaccination, morbidity, mortality, children mortality.

AbstractThe article starts by taking stock of research into North and South Netherlandish professional embroidery in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Such embroidery, which was rarely or never signed, and much of which has been lost, has hitherto been studied largely on stylistic grounds and grouped around noted schools of painting. Classifications include 'circle of Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen', for instance, or 'Leiden school/influence of Lucas van Leyden'. The author advocates a more relative approach to such classification into schools. She suggests that only systematic archive research in each location can shed new light on the production of embroidery studios and that well-founded attributions hinge solely on such research. The embroidery produced in Utrecht between 1500 and 1580 is cited as an example. The invoices of Utrecht parish and collegiate churches from circa 1500 to the Reformation record not onlv commissions to painters, goldsmiths and sculptors but also many items referring to textiles, notably embroidery. Together they provide a clear and relatively complete picture of the activities of sixteenth-century Utrecht embroiderers, whose principal customers were the churches. The items in question moreover exemplify the craft of the North Netherlandish embroiderer in that period in general in terms of what was produced as well as of the method and position of these artistic craftsmen, who were less overshadowed by painters than is generally assumed. A brief introduction outlining the organization of professional Utrecht embroiderers, who became independent of the tailors' guild in 1610 and acquired their own warrant, is followed by the analysis of an order from the Buurkerk in Utrecht for crimson paraments in 1530: three copes, a chasuble and two dalmatics. The activities of all those involved in their production are recorded : the merchants who supplied the fabric, the tracers of the embroidery patterns, the embroiderer, the cutter, various silver-smiths and the maker of the chest in which the set of garments was kept. The embroiderer was the best-paid of all these specialists. It is interesting to note that some Utrecht guild-members worked free of charge on these paraments, and that the collection at the first mass at which they were worn was very generous. There were probably political reasons for this: some of the donators, Evert Zoudenbalch and Goerd van Voirde, had been mayors at the time of the guild rebellion in Utrecht, and the Buurkerk was the parish church where the guild altars stood. After this detailed example the author discusses Utrecht embroiderers known by name and their studios,comparing them with a list of major commissions carried out for churches in Utrecht (appendix I). It transpires that in each case one studio received the most important Utrecht orders. This is followed by the reconstruction of three leading figures' careers. First Jacob van Malborch, active till 1525; a contract (1510) with the Pieterskerk in Utrecht regarding blue velvet copes is cited (appendix 11). He is followed by the embroiderers Reyer Jacobs and Sebastiaen dc Laet. Among his other activities, the latter was responsible for repairing and altering the famous garments of Bishop David of Burgundy. Items on invoices arc then cited as evidence that the sleeves of two dalmatics now in the Catharijneconvent Museum, embroidered on both sides with aurifriezes donated by Bishop David, were made by Jacob van Malborch in 1504/1505. This shows that systematic scrutiny of invoices and the results of archive research concentrated on individual embroiderers in a single city, compared with preserved items of embroidery, yield information that can lead to exact attributions to an artist or a studio (figs.4a to c and 5a to c). The Catharijneconvent Museum also possesses a series of figures of saints embroidered by the same hand (fig. 14). Finally, the author points out that a group of embroidered work (previously mentioned by H. L. M. Defoer in the catalogue Schilderen met gouddraad en zyde (1987)) which historical data suggest was done in Utrecht and which was produced in the same period, are almost certain to have come from Jacob van Malborch's studio, despite the lack of archival evidence (figs. 6 to 13).

This study discusses the origin, and liturgical function, of a popular accessory of the Christmas celebrations, that is, the Bethlehem nativity scene. The events of the life of Jesus attracted much attention in the early period of Christianity, as a result of which the Holy Land was visited by flocks of pilgrims. Descriptions of the sentiments aroused by a pilgrimage to Bethlehem may be found in sources as early as the letters of Saint Jerome. Fragments of the Bethlehem manger were kept in the Santa Maria Maggiore Cathedral in Rome, so it is here that one of the first nativity scenes, a sculptural group by Arnolfo di Cambio, can be found (late 13th century). The work of Arnolfo was commissioned by the same Pope Nicholas IV who also sponsored the ornamentation of the Cathedral of San Rufino. One screen of the Giotto Assisi fresco cycle depicts Saint Francis’ Miracle of Greccio, in which the Holy Mass is celebrated over the manger and the Child comes to life. The Bethlehem nativity scene was the subject of numerous paintings and sculptures during the Renaissance and the Baroque era. From the sacrificial procession of the faithful in the liturgy evolved the genre of sacral drama, from which in turn mystery plays were developed, leaving the premises of the church. Nativity scenes incorporating elements of mystery plays, such as the presence of the shepherds, were intended primarily to make the miracle of embodiment a palpable reality for the believers. The presence of the Holy Family, the three Magi and the shepherds made the nativity scene realistic, always with a touch of the day and age. A tabernacle cabinet carried by angels was erected in 1589 over the Chapel of the Nativity in the Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica; commissioned, again, by a Franciscan Pope, Sixtus V. Caravaggio’s Adoration of the Shepherds altar paintings (the Museo Nazionale, Messina, and the San Lorenzo church, Palermo), represented a novel interpretation of the subject. In sculpture, Antonio Begarelli’s terracotta groups (1526-1527, Modena Cathedral), which resemble paintings, preceded baroque art. The nativity scene, as a genre in sculpture, started to flourish again in Hungary in the 17th century, a symbolic representative of which was the medieval Adoration of the Shepherds sculptural group found by Jesuits in the Town Hall of Lőcse (today Levoča, in Slovakia), a work executed by the master Pál Lőcsei (today in the Basilica of Saint James, Levoča). Three Magi altars are to be found in the churches of Saint Michael in both Sopron and Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca, in Romania), which presumably must have had their medieval antecedents. While the Adoration of the Three Magi sculptural group is a work of an immigrant Bavarian sculptor, Georg Schweitzer, in Sopron, it was Franz Anton Maulbertsch who painted a Three Magi altar screen in Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca). Maulbertsch also developed the theme of the Three Magi and the Adoration of the Shepherds in two separate fresco scenes in the parish church of Sümeg, deliberately associating with the great tradition leading to the Church of Nativity in Bethlehem, via the Santa Maria Maggiore Basilica in Rome.

Morphophysiological response of the rice root (Oryza sativa L.) variety SFL 11 in the seedbed phase to the application of the native strain of Trichoderma sp. and leached from bovine vermicompost Ecuador ocupa el lugar 26 a nivel mundial en la producción de arroz con un consumo percápita de 48 kilogramos anuales. En el país, Manabí es la tercera provincia, con 8 710 hectáreas sembradas y rendimiento promedio de 5,58 tha-1. El sistema radicular constituye la primera línea de defensa de las plantas, indispensable para la productividad de los cultivos. En la rizosfera se encuentran microorganismos benéficos, uno de ellos es el hongo Trichoderma, cosmopolita en suelos gracias a su gran plasticidad ecológica y caracterizado, entre otras funciones, por su efecto estimulador en el crecimiento vegetal al colonizar raíces aumentando los pelos radiculares y la extensión en profundidad de enraizamiento. Por otra parte, los bioestimulantes a base de sustancias húmicas promocionan el crecimiento radicular. El experimento se realizó para evaluar si hay inducción a repuestas morfofisiológicas en las raíces por una cepa nativa de Trichoderma sp. y el lixiviado de vermicompost bovino en el arroz (Oryza sativa L.) variedad SFL 11 en fase de semillero. La investigación se condujo en diseño de bloques completamente al azar con 8 tratamientos, seis con Trichoderma sp., uno con lixiviado de vermicompost bovino y el testigo con agua y se realizó en la parroquia Charapotó del cantón Sucre en la provincia de Manabí. A los 25 días después de la siembra fue determinado a las raíces la longitud (cm), volumen (mL) y masa seca (g) a un total de 20 plantas de las cuatro réplicas del experimento y los resultados sometidos a análisis de varianza simple y las medias comparadas mediante prueba de Duncan al 5%. El análisis estadístico demostró efecto benéfico significativo de los bioestimulantes Trichoderma sp., y el lixiviado de vermicompost bovino en la longitud y el volumen radicular, mientras que la biomasa seca demostró diferencias numéricas en crecimiento de las plantas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) variedad SFL 11 en fase de semillero en comparación al tratamiento testigo. Palabras clave: Microorganismos benéficos; Trichoderma; bioestimulantes; rizósfera. Abstract Ecuador occupies the 26th place worldwide in the production of rice with a per capita consumption of 48 kilograms per year. In the country, Manabí is the third province, with 8 710 hectares planted and an average of 5.58 tha-1. The root system constitutes the first line of defense of the plants, necessary for the productivity of the crops. In the rhizosphere are specifically functional microorganisms, one of them is the fungus Trichoderma, cosmopolitan in soils thanks to its great ecological plasticity and characterized, among other functions, by its stimulating effect on plant growth by colonizing roots, increasing the root hairs and extension in depth of rooting. On the other hand, biostimulants based on vermicompost leachate promotes root growth. The experiment was carried out to evaluate if there is induction to morphophysiological responses in the roots by a native strain of Trichoderma sp. and the leaching of bovine vermicompost in rice (Oryza sativa L) variety SFL 11 in the seedling stage. The investigation was conducted in completely randomized block design with 8 treatments, six with Trichoderma sp., one with leachate of bovine vermicompost and the control with water and was carried out in the Charapoto parish of the Sucre canton in the province of Manabí. At 25 days after sowing the length (cm), volume (mL) and dry mass (g) were determined to the roots at a total of 20 plants of the four replicates of the experiment and the results subjected to simple variance analysis and the means compared by 5% Duncan test. Statistical analysis showed a significant beneficial effect of Trichoderma sp. Biostimulants, and leaching of bovine vermicompost in root length and volume, while dry biomass showed numerical differences in the growth of rice plants (Oryza sativa L) variety SFL 11 in the seedbed compared to the control treatment. Keywords: Beneficial microorganisms; Trichoderma; biostimulants; rhizospher.

English : In the Church document Sacrosantum Concilium Art.29 also the ministers of the mass (altar boys), lectors, commentators and choir members actually carry out liturgical services. They should therefore discharge their duties devoutly, sincerely and thoroughly, as worthy of such a high ministry, and after what is properly required of them by the people of God. So it is necessary for them to be deeply infused with the spirit of the liturgy, each of which is only his ability, and be nurtured to carry out their roles appropriately and neatly. Coronavirus Disease 2019 is a new type of disease that has never been previously identified in humans. The virus that causes Covid-19 is called Sars-CoV-2. Corona virus is zoonotic (transmitted between animals and humans). Meanwhile, the animal that is the source of Covid-19 transmission is still unknown. Based on scientific evidence, Covid-19 can be transmitted from human to human through coughing/sneezing droplets (droplets). The people most at risk of contracting this disease are people who are in close contact with Covid-19 patients, including those who treat Covid-19 patients (Kemenkes RI, 2020). Common signs and symptoms of Covid-19 infection include symptoms of acute respiratory distress such as fever, cough, and shortness of breath. The average incubation period is 5 - 6 days with an incubation period of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, Covid-19 can cause pneumonia, The church greets people in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic is still rampant. Moments of social isolation have changed many aspects of church life. To deal with the Covid-19 pandemic, the Church needs to learn from history, one of which is the history of God's people after the exile from Babylon. In addition, there are several challenges that the Church needs to face as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, namely in the aspects of celebrating the Eucharist, ministry, and theology. In order to support the handling of Covid-19, the Church put forward several appeals to support the work of the government. The reality that happened is based on the author's interview with the head of the Stasi, the administrators and the people of the St. Petrus Sumberejo Blitar Station that with the Covid-19 pandemic like this, people were afraid, indecisive, came to church, and before the Covid-19 pandemic, at the St. clear division of liturgical duties, and all liturgical officers assigned to carry out their duties. With the passage of time due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the schedule that had been arranged did not go as expected. Because there are people or liturgical officers, who have just returned from out of town, so they have to carry out a quarantine process for 2 weeks, therefore the liturgical officers who have been arranged are hampered and the liturgical staff's schedule is not arranged properly. From the problems above, the researchers formulated the following problems: To what extent the participation of the people as liturgical officers during the Covid-19 pandemic at St. Petrus Sumberejo Blitar. From the formulation of the problem, the objectives to be achieved by the author in this study are:to knowthe participation of the people as liturgical officers during the Covid-19pandemic at the St. Petrus Sumberejo Station, Blitar. This research is a quantitative research, the research population is 93 people and a sample of 30 respondents as liturgical officers. the data collection method uses a closed questionnaire while the data collection method uses F Prosen and Scoring. Based on the results of the overall data processing with a scoring value of 2.59, it means that the participation of the people as liturgical officers during the Covid-19 pandemic at the St. Petrus Sumberejo Station, Blitar, Santa Maria Parish, Blitar, was carried out well. Thus, to support the implementation of people's participation as liturgical officers in the future, some appropriate steps can be taken. First for the people of the St. Petrus Sumberejo Blitar needs to be regenerated for worship leaders. The two parishes may be able to help the people to continue to carry out liturgical activities on a regular basis, including as officers in them, through policies or parish programs. Bahasa Indonesia Dalam dokumen Gereja Sakrosantum concilium Art..29” juga para pelayan misa (putera altar), para lektor, para komentator dan para anggota paduan suara benar-benar menjalankan pelayanan liturgis. Maka hendaknya mereka menunaikan tugas dengan saleh, tulus dan saksama, sebagaimana layak untuk pelayanan seluhur itu,dan sesudah semetinya dituntut dari mereka oleh umat Allah. Maka perlulah mereka secara mendalam diresapi semangat liturgi, masing-masing sekedar kemampuannya, dan dibina untuk membawakan peran mereka dengan tepat dan rapi. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) adalah penyakit jenis baru yang belum pernah diidentifikasi sebelumnya pada manusia. Virus penyebab Covid-19 ini dinamakan Sars-CoV-2. Virus corona adalah zoonosis (ditularkan antara hewan dan manusia). Adapun, hewan yang menjadi sumber penularan Covid-19 ini masih belum diketahui. Berdasarkan bukti ilmiah, Covid-19 dapat menular dari manusia ke manusia melalui percikan batuk/bersin (droplet), Orang yang paling berisiko tertular penyakit ini adalah orang yang kontak erat dengan pasien Covid-19 termasuk yang merawat pasien Covid-19 (Kemenkes RI, 2020). Tanda dan gejala umum infeksi covid-19 termasuk gejala gangguan pernapasan akut seperti demam, batuk, dan sesak napas. Masa inkubasi rata-rata adalah 5 - 6 hari dengan masa inkubasi demam, batuk, dan sesak napas. Pada kasus yang parah, covid-19 dapat menyebabkan pneumonia, sindrom pernapasan akut, gagal ginjal, dan bahkan kematian. Gereja menyapa umat di tengah pandemi Covid-19 Pandemi Covid-19 masih merajalela. Momen isolasi sosial telah mengubah banyak aspek dalam kehidupan bergereja. Untuk menghadapi pandemi Covid-19 ini, Gereja perlu belajar dari sejarah salah satunya, yaitu sejarah umat Tuhan pasca pembuangan dari Babel. Selain itu, ada beberapa tantangan yang perlu dihadapi Gereja sebagai akibat dari pendemi Covid-19 yaitu dalam aspek perayaan Ekaristi, pelayanan, dan teologi. Demi mendukung penanganan Covid-19, Gereja mengemukakan beberapa imbauan untuk mendukung kerja pemerintah. Realitas yang terjadi berdasarkan wawancara penulis kepada ketua Stasi, pengurus serta umat Stasi Santo Petrus Sumberejo Blitar bahwa dengan adanya pandemi Covid-19 seperi ini umat takut, bimbang, datang ke gereja, dan sebelum pandemi Covid-19, di Stasi Santo Petrus Sumberejo sudah ada pembagian tugas liturgi yang jelas, dan semua petugas liturgi yang diberikan tugas menjalankan tugasnya. dengan perjalanan waktu adanya pandemi Covid-19 ini , jadwal yang sudah tersusun tidak berjalan sesuai yang diharapkan. Karena ada umat atau petugas liturgi, yang baru pulang dari luar kota, sehingga ia harus menjalanakan proses karantina selama 2 minggu, oleh sebab petugas liturgi yang sudah tersusun terhambat dan jadwal petugas liturgi tidak tersusun dengan baik. Dari permasalahan diatas maka peneliti merumuskan permasalahan sebagai berikut: Sejauh mana partisipasi umat sebagai petugas liturgi selama masa pandemi Covid-19 di Stasi Santo Petrus Sumberejo Blitar. Dari rumusan masalah maka tujuan yang ingin dicapai oleh penulis dalam penelitian ini adalah Untuk mengetahui partisipasi umat sebagai petugas liturgi selama masa pandemi Covid-19 di Stasi Santo Petrus Sumberejo Blitar. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif, populasi penelitian adalah 93 jiwa dan sampel 30 responden sebagai petugas liturgi. metode pengumpulan data menggunakan angket tertutup sedangkan metode pengolahan data dengan menggunakan F Prosen dan Scoring. Berdasarkan hasil Dari hasil pengolahan data keseluruhan dengan dengan nilai scoring diperoleh hasil 2,59 artinya partisipasi umat sebagai petugas liturgi selama masa pandemi Covid-19 di Stasi Santo Petrus Sumberejo Blitar Paroki Santa Maria Blitar dilaksanakan dengan baik. Dengan demikian untuk menunjang terlaksananya partisipasi umat sebagai petugas liturgi di masa mendatang kiranya dapat diambil beberapa langkah yang tepat. Pertama Untuk umat Stasi Santo Petrus Sumberejo Blitar perlu diadakan regenerasi petugas pemimpin ibadat. Kedua Paroki kiranya dapat membantu umat agar tetap dapat melaksanakan kegiatan liturgi secara rutin termasuk sebagai petugas di dalamnya, melalui kebijakan atau program Paroki.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to describe the understanding of the Catholic Young People's group about the eucharist, the Catholic Youth's appreciation and the efforts that need to be made to increase the Catholic Young People's understanding and appreciation of the Eucharist. The type of research used is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out in three ways, namely: Observation, Interview and Documentation Study. In this study, the research actors and informants were selected by the authors using a purposive procedure, namely the determination of informants by selecting key people who match the criteria and research problems. The conclusion of this study consists of three parts. First: Young Catholics in the Parish of Santa Ursula Watutumou already understand quite well about the Eucharist as the source and peak of the Christian faith, where in the Eucharist a direct encounter with God occurs through the event of transubstantiation. Second: OMK in Santa Ursula Watutumou Parish is able to appreciate the meaning of the Eucharist as an important celebration in the Church, so that because of the basis of the Eucharist itself, OMK seeks to realize the Eucharist as a necessity, not just a meaningless routine, and tries to be actively involved by increasing the role of the Eucharist. and OMK in the celebration of the Eucharist. Third: Efforts that can be made to increase understanding and appreciation of OMK in Santa Ursula Watutumou Parish, among others by participating in worship, diligently attending Sunday Mass and daily Mass and being actively involved in them, following the example of parents who provide examples and motivation in interpreting the Eucharist, and participating in faith deepening activities such as socialization and catechesis on the Eucharist.

It is estimated that the Spanish flu pandemic, which affected the entire planet from 1918 to 1919, affected about five hundred million people, or one-third of the world's population at the time, and killed about fifty million people. The disease was noticed among Serbian soldiers in Corfu in April 1918, and in May among soldiers on the Salonika Front, but without fatal consequences. During the summer, fatalities were also reported, mainly due to lung compaction. Then the epidemic was reported in occupied Serbia as well. Just at the time of the breakthrough of Salonika Front on the 15th of September, a new wave of the epidemic started, this time fatal. Many soldiers remained lying and dying in military hospitals set up along the way. Some soldiers made it home but then passed away, and some found their homes empty. In occupied Serbia, mass dying began before liberation. In the region of Valjevo, the first deaths occurred in early October, but mass deaths started in late October. This lasted less than two months. Then, by the beginning of the spring of 1919, sporadic deaths due to "pneumonia" were seen as a common complication of Spanish flu, which does not necessarily mean that the epidemic had stopped, but that its end did not have any fatal consequences. In the lowlands of the Valjevo region, mortality was relatively low (in the parish of the church in Rabrovica - 0,44%), in the hilly area the mortality rate was slightly higher (in the parish of the church in Brankovina - 1,32%), and in the high mountain areas, it was very high. An analysis of the number of recorded deaths in the books of the church in Krčmar indicates that over these two months 141 people (4.47% of the population) died in seven villages that belong to the parish of this church. That number is almost equal to the number of deaths from all possible causes over a 33month period: throughout 1917, the first 9 months of 1918, and throughout 1919. The highest mortality rate , 9,38% of the population, was recorded in the village of Mratišić, and the lowest, 1,61% in the village of Gornji Lajkovac. A higher number of deaths were recorded among the female population, but this can be attributed to the decrease in the number of males due to previous years of war.

AbstractA catastrophic rock planar slide occurred in the parish of Palmeira de Faro, Esposende (N Portugal), on November 23, 2022, in the middle of the night, killing two people while they were asleep in the first floor of a building close to the affected cut slope. The collapsed slope presented a maximum height of about 23 m, and was excavated in a granitic rock mass strongly weathered, in some areas by mechanical means and, locally, with the support of blasting. The displaced material, with an estimated volume of 2000 m3, described an oblique trajectory with respect to the dip direction of the slope with a maximum length of about 44.6 m. The direction of the trajectory could be explained by the strong structural control of the instability trough three discontinuity sets which delimit the slid rock mass causing multiple damage on the above-mentioned building. Although further detailed studies are necessary to elucidate the causes of the landslide, the unfavorable geological conditions, the anomalous accumulated rainfall during the previous two months (more than double than in the historic records), and some excavations apparently performed on the cut slope could be related to this instability. Therefore, this recent landslide highlights the important influence of the rock mass structure on the development of rock planar slides.

Introduction Australia has embraced Barbie since the doll was launched at the Toy Fair in Melbourne in 1964, with Mattel Australia established in Melbourne in 1969. Barbie was initially sold in Australia with two different hairstyles and 36 separately boxed outfits. As in the US, the initial launch range was soon followed by a constant stream of additional outfits as well as Barbie’s boyfriend Ken and little sister Skipper, pets, and accessories including her dreamhouse and vehicles. Also released were variously themed Barbies (including those representing different careers and nationalities) and a seemingly ever-expanding group of friends (Gerber; Lord, Forever). These product releases were accompanied by marketing, promotion, and prominent placement in toy, department, and other stores that kept the Barbie line in clear sight of Australian consumers (Hosany) and in the forefront of toy sales for many decades (Burnett). This article focusses on a thread of subversion operating alongside the purchase of these Barbie dolls in Australia, when the phenomenon of handmade ‘do-it-yourself’ intersected with the dolls in the second half of the 1960s. Do-It-Yourself ‘Do-it-yourself’ (often expressed as DIY) has been defined as “anything that people did for themselves” (Gelber 283). The history of DIY has been researched in academic disciplines including sociology, cultural studies, musicology, architecture, marketing, and popular culture. This literature charts DIY practice across such domestic production as making clothes, furniture, and toys, growing food, and home improvements including renovating and even building entire houses (Carter; Fletcher) to more externally facing cultural production including music, art, and publications (Spencer). While DIY behaviour can be motivated by such factors as economic necessity or financial benefit, a lack of product availability or its perceived poor quality, and/or a desire for customisation, it can also be linked to the development of personal identity (Wolf and McQuitty; Williams, “A Lifestyle”; Williams, “Re-thinking”). While some mid-century considerations of DIY as a phenomenon were male-focussed (“Do-It”), women and girls were certainly also active at this time in home renovation, house building, and other projects (‘Arona’), as well as more traditionally gendered handicraft activities such as sewing and knitting. Fig. 1: Australian Home Beautiful magazine cover, November 1958, showing a woman physically engaged in home renovation activities. Australia has a long tradition of women crafting (by sewing, knitting, and crocheting, for instance) items of clothing for themselves and their families, as well as homewares such as waggas (utilitarian quilts made of salvaged or other inexpensive materials such as old blankets and grain sacks) and other quilts (Burke; Gero; Kingston; Thomas). This making was also prompted by a range of reasons, including economic or other necessity and/or the pursuit of creative pleasure, personal wellbeing, or political activism (Fletcher; Green; Lord, Vintage). It is unsurprising, then, that many have also turned their hands to making dolls’ clothes from scraps of fabrics, yarns, ribbons, and other domestic materials, as well as creating entire dolls’ houses complete with furniture and other domestic items (Benson). In the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many Australian dolls themselves were handmade, with settlers and migrants importing European traditions of doll-making and clothing with them (Cramer). In the early twentieth century, mass-produced dolls and clothing became more available and accessible, however handmade dolls’ clothes continued to be made and circulated within families (Elvin and Elvin, The Art; Elvin and Elvin, The Australian). An article in the Weekly in 1933 contained instructions for making both cloth dolls and clothes for them (“Home-Made”), with many such articles to follow. While the 1960s saw increased consumer spending in Australia, this research reveals that this handmade, DIY ethos (at least in relation to dolls) continued through this decade, and afterwards (Carter; Wilson). This making is documented in artefacts in museum and private collections and instructions in women’s magazines, newspapers, and other printed materials including commercially produced patterns and kits. The investigation scans bestselling women’s magazine The Australian Women’s Weekly (the Weekly) and other Australian print media from the 1960s that are digitised in the National Library of Australia’s Trove database for evidence of interest in this practice. Do-It-Yourself Barbie Doll Patterns for Barbie clothes appeared in Australian women’s magazines almost immediately after the doll was for sale in Australia, including in the Weekly from 1965. The first feature included patterns for a series of quite elaborate outfits: a casual knitted jumpsuit with hooded jacket, a knitted three-piece suit of skirt, roll-necked jumper and jacket, a crocheted afternoon dress, tied with a ribbon belt and accessorised with a knitted coat and beret, and a crocheted full length evening gown and opera coat (“Glamorous”). A sense of providing the Weekly’s trusted guidance but also a reliance on makers’ individuality was prominent in this article. Although detailed instructions were provided in the feature above, for example, readers were also encouraged to experiment with yarns and decorative elements. Fig. 2: Crocheted and knitted ‘afternoon ensemble’ in “Glamorous Clothes for Teenage Dolls” feature in the Weekly, 1965. Another richly illustrated article published in 1965 focussed on creating high fashion wigs for Barbie at home. The text and photographs guided readers through the process of crafting five differently styled wigs from one synthetic hair piece: a “romantic, dreamy” Jean Shrimpton-style coiffure, deep-fringed Sassoon hairdo, layered urchin cut, low set evening bun, and pair of pigtails (Irvine, “How”). Again, makers were encouraged to express their creativity and individuality in decorating these hairstyles, with suggestions (but not directions) to personalise these styles using ribbons, tiny bows and artificial flowers, coloured pins, seed pearls, and other objects that might be to hand. Fig. 3: Detailed instructions for creating one of the wigs. Three Barbie dolls (identified as ‘teen dolls’ rather than by the brand) were featured on the cover of the Weekly on 5 January 1966, for a story about making dolls’ outfits from handkerchiefs (Irvine, “New”). This was framed as a “novel” way to use the excess of fancy hankies often received at Christmas, promising that the three ensembles could thriftily and cleverly be made from three handkerchiefs in a few hours. The instructions detail how to make a casual two-piece summer outfit accessorised with a headscarf, a smart town ensemble highlighted with flower motifs cut from broderie anglaise, and a lavish evening gown. Readers were assured this would be an engaging, “marvellous fun” as well as creative activity, as each maker needed to individually design each garment in terms of working with the individual features of the handkerchiefs they had, incorporating such elements as floral or other borders, lace edging, and overall patterns such as spots or checks (Irvine, “New”). The long-sleeved evening gown was quite an ambitious project. The gown was not only fashioned from a fine Irish linen, lace-bordered hankie, meaning some of the cutting and sewing required considerable finesse, but the neckline and hemline were then hand-beaded, as were a circlet of tiny pearls to be worn around the doll’s hair. Such delicacy was required for all outfits, with armholes and necklines for Barbie dolls very small, requiring considerable dexterity in cutting, sewing, and finishing. Fig. 4: Cover of The Australian Women’s Weekly of 5 January 1966 featuring three Barbie dolls. Only two issues later, the magazine ran another Barbie-focussed feature, this time about using oddments found around the home to make accessories for Barbie dolls. Again, the activity is promoted as thrifty and creative: “make teen doll outfits and accessories economically—all you need is imagination and a variety of household oddments” (“Turn”). Included in the full coloured article is a ‘hula’ costume made from a short length of green silk fringe and little artificial flowers sewn together, hats fashioned from a bottle top and silk flower decorated with scraps of lace and ribbon, a cardboard surfboard, aluminium foil and ice cream stick skis, and miniature ribbon-wound coat hangers. This article ended with an announcement commonly associated with calls for readers’ recipes: “what clever ideas have you got? … we will award £5 for every idea used” (“Turn”). This was a considerable prize, representing one-third of the average minimum weekly wage for full-time female workers in Australia in 1966 (ABS 320). Fig. 5: Brightly coloured illustrations making the Weekly’s “Turn Oddments into Gay Accessories”, 1966, a joyful read. This story was reinforced with a short ‘behind the scenes’ piece, which revealed the care and energy that went into its production. This reported that, when posing the ‘hulagirl’ on a fountain in Sydney’s Hyde Park, the doll fell in. While her skirt was rescued by drying in front of a fan, the dye from her lei ran and had to be scrubbed off the doll with abrasive sandsoap and the resulting stain then covered up with make-up. After the photographer built the set (inside this time), the shoot was finally completed (“The Doll”). A week later, the Weekly advertised a needlework kit for three new outfits: a beach ensemble of yellow bikini and sundress, red suit with checked blouse, and blue strapless evening gown. The garment components, with indicated gathering, seam, stitching, and cutting lines, were stamped onto a piece of fine cotton. The kit also included directions “simple enough for the young beginner seamstress” (“Teenage Doll’s”). Priced at 8/6 (85¢ in the new decimal currency introduced that year) including postage, this was a considerable saving when compared to the individual Mattel-branded clothing sets which were sold for sums ranging from 13/6 to 33/6 in 1964 (Burnett). Reader demand for these kits was so high that the supplier was overwhelmed and the magazine had to print an apology regarding delays in dispatching orders (“The Weekly”). Fig. 6: Cotton printed with garments to cut out and sew together and resulting outfits from the Weekly’s “Teenage Doll’s Wardrobe” feature, 1966. This was followed by another kit offer later in the year, this time explicitly promoted to both adult and “little girl” needleworkers. Comprising “cut out, ready to sew [material pieces] … and easy-to-follow step-by-step instructions”, this kit made an embroidered white party dress with matching slip and briefs, checked shorts and top set, and long lace and net trimmed taffeta bridesmaid dress and underclothes (“Three”). Again, at $1.60 for the kit (including postage), this was much more economical (and creative) than purchasing such outfits ready-made. Fig. 7: Party dress from “Three Lovely Outfits for Teenage Dolls” article in the Weekly, 1966. Making dolls’ clothes was an educationally sanctioned activity for girls in Australia, with needlecraft and other home economics subjects commonly taught in schools as a means of learning domestic and professionally transferable skills until the curriculum reforms of the 1970s onwards (Campbell; Cramer; Issacs). In Australia in the 1960s, Barbie dolls (and their clothing and furniture) were recommended for girls aged nine-years-old and older (Dyson), while older girls obviously also continued to interact with the dolls. A 1968 article in the Weekly, for example, praised a 13-year-old girl’s efforts in reinterpreting an adult dress pattern that had appeared in the magazine and sewing this for her Barbie (Dunstan; Forde). It was also suggested that the dolls could be used by girls who designed their own clothes but did not have a full-sized dressmaker’s model, with the advice to use a Barbie model to test a miniature of the design before making up a full-sized garment (“Buy”). Making Things for Barbie Dolls By 9 February 1966, the ‘using oddments’ contest had closed and the Weekly filled two pages with readers’ “resourceful” ideas (“Prizewinning”). These used such domestic bits and pieces as string, wire, cord, cotton reels, egg cartons, old socks, toothpicks, dried leaves, and sticky tape to create a range of Barbie accessories including a mob cap from a doily, hair rollers from cut drinking straws and rubber bands, and a suitcase from a plastic soap container with gold foil locks. A party dress and coat were fashioned from an out-of-date man’s tie and a piece of elastic. There was even a pipe cleaner dog and cardboard guitar. A month later, fifty more winning entries were published in a glossy, eight-page colour insert booklet. This included a range of clothing, accessories, and furniture which celebrated that “imagination and ingenuity, rather than dollars and cents” could equip a teen doll “for any occasion” (“50 Things”, 1). Alongside day, casual, and evening outfits, rainwear, underwear, jewellery, hats, sunglasses, footwear, a beauty case, hat boxes, and a shopping trolley and bags, readers submitted a skilfully fashioned record player with records in a stand as well as a barbeque crafted from tiny concrete blocks, sun lounge, and deckchairs. Miniature accessories included a hairdryer and lace tissue holder with tiny tissues and a skindiving set comprising mask, snorkel, and flippers. The wide variety of negligible-cost materials utilised and how these were fashioned for high effect is as interesting as the results are charming. Fig. 8: Cover of insert booklet of the entries of the 50 winners of the Weekly’s making things for Barbie from oddments competition, 1966. That women were eager to learn to make these miniature fashions and other items is evidenced by some Country Women’s Association groups holding handicraft classes on making clothes and accessories for Barbie dolls (“CWA”). That they were also eager to share the results with others is revealed in how competitions to dress teenage dolls in handmade outfits rapidly also became prominent features of Australian fetes, fairs, agricultural shows, club events, and other community fundraising activities in the 1960s (“Best”; “Bourke”; “Convent”; “Fierce”; “Frolic”; “Gala”; “Guide”; “Measles”; “Parish”; “Personal”; “Pet”; “Present”, “Purim”; “Successful”; “School Fair”; “School Fair Outstanding”; “School Fete”; “Weather”; Yennora”). Dressing Barbie joined other traditional categories such as those to dress baby, bride, national, and bed dolls (the last those dolls dressed in elaborate costumes designed as furniture decorations rather than toys). The teenage doll category at one primary school fete in rural New South Wales in 1967 was so popular that it attracted 50 entries, with many entries in this and other such competitions submitted by children (“Primary”). As the dolls became more prominent, the categories using them became more imaginative, with prizes for Barbie doll tea parties (“From”), for example. The category of dressing Barbie also became segmented with separate prizes for Barbie bride dolls, both sewn and knitted outfits (“Hobby and Pet”) and day, evening, and sports clothes (“Church”). There is no evidence from the sources surveyed that any of this making concentrated on producing career-focussed outfits for Barbie. Do-It-Yourself Ethos A do-it-yourself ethos was evident across the making discussed above. This refers to the possession of attitudes or philosophies that encourage undertaking activities or projects that involve relying on one’s own skills and resources rather than consuming mass-produced goods or using hired professionals or their services. This draws on, and develops, a sense of self-reliance and independence, and uses and enhances problem-solving skills. Creativity is central in terms of experimentation with new ideas, repurposing materials, or finding unconventional solutions to challenges. While DIY projects are often pursued independently and customised to personal preferences, makers also often collaboratively draw on, and share, expertise and resources (Wilson). It is important to note that the Weekly articles discussed above were not disguised advertorials for Barbie dolls or other Mattel products with, throughout the 1960s, the Barbies illustrated in the magazine referred to as ‘teen dolls’ or ‘teenage dolls’. However, despite this and the clear DIY ethos at work, women in Australia could, and did, make such Barbie-related items as commercial ventures. This included local artisanal dressmaking businesses that swiftly added made-to-measure Barbie doll clothes to their ranges (“Arcade”). Some enterprising women sold outfits and accessories they had made through various non-store venues including at home-based parties (“Hobbies”), in the same way as Tupperware products had been sold in Australia since 1961 (Truu). Other women sought sewing, knitting, or crocheting work specifically for Barbie doll clothes in the ‘Work wanted’ classified advertisements at this time (‘Dolls’). Conclusion This investigation has shown that the introduction of the Barbie doll unleashed more than consumer spending in Australia. Alongside purchases of the branded doll, clothes, and associated merchandise, Australians (mostly, but not exclusively, women and girls) utilised (and developed) their skills in sewing, knitting, crochet, and other crafts to make clothes for Barbie. They also displayed significant creativity and ingenuity in using domestic oddments and scraps to craft fashion accessories ranging from hats and bags to sunglasses as well as furniture and many of the other accoutrements of daily life in the second half of the 1960s in Australia. This making appears to have been prompted by a range of motivations including thrift and the real pleasures gained in crafting these miniature garments and objects. While the reception of these outfits and other items is not recorded in the publications sourced during this research, this scan of the Weekly and other publications revealed that children did love these dolls and value their wardrobes. In a description of the effects of a sudden, severe flood which affected her home south of Cairns in North Queensland, for instance, one woman described how amid the drama and terror, one little girl she knew packed up only “her teenage doll and its clothes” to take with her (Johnstone 9). The emotional connection felt to these dolls and handcrafted clothes and other objects is a rich area for research which is outside the scope of this article. Whether adult production was all ultimately intended to be gifted (or purchased) for children, or whether some was the work of early adult Barbie collectors, is also outside the scope of the research conducted for this project. As most of the evidence for this article was sourced from The Australian Women’s Weekly, a similarly close study of other magazines during the 1960s, and of whether any DIY clothing for Barbie also included career-focussed outfits, would add more information and nuance to these findings. This investigation has also concentrated on what happened in Australia during the second half of the 1960s, rather than in following decades. It has also not examined the DIY phenomenon of salvaging and refurbishing damaged Barbie dolls or otherwise altering and customising their appearance in the Australian context. These topics, as well as a full exploration of how women used Barbie dolls in their own commercial ventures, are all rich fields for further research both in terms of practice in Australia and how they were represented in popular and other media. Alongside the global outpouring of admiration for Barbie as a global icon and the success of the recent live action Barbie movie (Aguirre; Derrick), significant scholarship and other commentary have long criticised what Barbie has presented, and continues to present, to the world in terms of her body shape, race, activities, and career choices (Tulinski), as well as the pollution generated by the production and disposal of these dolls (“Feminist”; Pears). An additional line of what can be identified as resistance to the consumer-focussed commercialism of Barbie, in terms of making her clothes and accessories, seems to be connected to do-it-yourself culture. The exploration of handmade Barbie doll clothes and accessories in this article reveals, however, that what may at first appear to reflect a simple anti-commercial, frugal, ‘make do’ approach is more complex in terms of how it intersects with real people and their activities. 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Over the past century, many books for general readers have styled sharks as “monsters of the deep” (Steele). In recent decades, however, at least some writers have also turned to representing how sharks are seriously threatened by human activities. At a time when media coverage of shark sightings seems ever increasing in Australia, scholarship has begun to consider people’s attitudes to sharks and how these are formed, investigating the representation of sharks (Peschak; Ostrovski et al.) in films (Le Busque and Litchfield; Neff; Schwanebeck), newspaper reports (Muter et al.), and social media (Le Busque et al., “An Analysis”). My own research into representations of surfing and sharks in Australian writing (Brien) has, however, revealed that, although reporting of shark sightings and human-shark interactions are prominent in the news, and sharks function as vivid and commanding images and metaphors in art and writing (Ellis; Westbrook et al.), little scholarship has investigated their representation in Australian books published for a general readership. While recognising representations of sharks in other book-length narrative forms in Australia, including Australian fiction, poetry, and film (Ryan and Ellison), this enquiry is focussed on non-fiction books for general readers, to provide an initial review. Sampling holdings of non-fiction books in the National Library of Australia, crosschecked with Google Books, in early 2021, this investigation identified 50 Australian books for general readers that are principally about sharks, or that feature attitudes to them, published from 1911 to 2021. Although not seeking to capture all Australian non-fiction books for general readers that feature sharks, the sampling attempted to locate a wide range of representations and genres across the time frame from the earliest identified text until the time of the survey. The books located include works of natural and popular history, travel writing, memoir, biography, humour, and other long-form non-fiction for adult and younger readers, including hybrid works. A thematic analysis (Guest et al.) of the representation of sharks in these texts identified five themes that moved from understanding sharks as fishes to seeing them as monsters, then prey, and finally to endangered species needing conservation. Many books contained more than one theme, and not all examples identified have been quoted in the discussion of the themes below. Sharks as Part of the Natural Environment Drawing on oral histories passed through generations, two memoirs (Bradley et al.; Fossa) narrate Indigenous stories in which sharks play a central role. These reveal that sharks are part of both the world and a wider cosmology for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (Clua and Guiart). In these representations, sharks are integrated with, and integral to, Indigenous life, with one writer suggesting they are “creator beings, ancestors, totems. Their lifecycles reflect the seasons, the landscape and sea country. They are seen in the movement of the stars” (Allam). A series of natural history narratives focus on zoological studies of Australian sharks, describing shark species and their anatomy and physiology, as well as discussing shark genetics, behaviour, habitats, and distribution. A foundational and relatively early Australian example is Gilbert P. Whitley’s The Fishes of Australia: The Sharks, Rays, Devil-fish, and Other Primitive Fishes of Australia and New Zealand, published in 1940. Ichthyologist at the Australian Museum in Sydney from the early 1920s to 1964, Whitley authored several books which furthered scientific thought on sharks. Four editions of his Australian Sharks were published between 1983 and 1991 in English, and the book is still held in many libraries and other collections worldwide. In this text, Whitley described a wide variety of sharks, noting shared as well as individual features. Beautiful drawings contribute information on shape, colouring, markings, and other recognisable features to assist with correct identification. Although a scientist and a Fellow and then President of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Whitley recognised it was important to communicate with general readers and his books are accessible, the prose crisp and clear. Books published after this text (Aiken; Ayling; Last and Stevens; Tricas and Carwardine) share Whitley’s regard for the diversity of sharks as well as his desire to educate a general readership. By 2002, the CSIRO’s Field Guide to Australian Sharks & Rays (Daley et al.) also featured numerous striking photographs of these creatures. Titles such as Australia’s Amazing Sharks (Australian Geographic) emphasise sharks’ unique qualities, including their agility and speed in the water, sensitive sight and smell, and ability to detect changes in water pressure around them, heal rapidly, and replace their teeth. These books also emphasise the central role that sharks play in the marine ecosystem. There are also such field guides to sharks in specific parts of Australia (Allen). This attention to disseminating accurate zoological information about sharks is also evident in books written for younger readers including very young children (Berkes; Kear; Parker and Parker). In these and other similar books, sharks are imaged as a central and vital component of the ocean environment, and the narratives focus on their features and qualities as wondrous rather than monstrous. Sharks as Predatory Monsters A number of books for general readers do, however, image sharks as monsters. In 1911, in his travel narrative Peeps at Many Lands: Australia, Frank Fox describes sharks as “the most dangerous foes of man in Australia” (23) and many books have reinforced this view over the following century. This can be seen in titles that refer to sharks as dangerous predatory killers (Fox and Ruhen; Goadby; Reid; Riley; Sharpe; Taylor and Taylor). The covers of a large proportion of such books feature sharks emerging from the water, jaws wide open in explicit homage to the imaging of the monster shark in the film Jaws (Spielberg). Shark!: Killer Tales from the Dangerous Depths (Reid) is characteristic of books that portray encounters with sharks as terrifying and dramatic, using emotive language and stories that describe sharks as “the world’s most feared sea creature” (47) because they are such “highly efficient killing machines” (iv, see also 127, 129). This representation of sharks is also common in several books for younger readers (Moriarty; Rohr). Although the risk of being injured by an unprovoked shark is extremely low (Chapman; Fletcher et al.), fear of sharks is prevalent and real (Le Busque et al., “People’s Fear”) and described in a number of these texts. Several of the memoirs located describe surfers’ fear of sharks (Muirhead; Orgias), as do those of swimmers, divers, and other frequent users of the sea (Denness; de Gelder; McAloon), even if the author has never encountered a shark in the wild. In these texts, this fear of sharks is often traced to viewing Jaws, and especially to how the film’s huge, bloodthirsty great white shark persistently and determinedly attacks its human hunters. Pioneer Australian shark expert Valerie Taylor describes such great white sharks as “very big, powerful … and amazingly beautiful” but accurately notes that “revenge is not part of their thought process” (Kindle version). Two books explicitly seek to map and explain Australians’ fear of sharks. In Sharks: A History of Fear in Australia, Callum Denness charts this fear across time, beginning with his own “shark story”: a panicked, terror-filled evacuation from the sea, following the sighting of a shadow which turned out not to be a shark. Blake Chapman’s Shark Attacks: Myths, Misunderstandings and Human Fears explains commonly held fearful perceptions of sharks. Acknowledging that sharks are a “highly emotive topic”, the author of this text does not deny “the terror [that] they invoke in our psyche” but makes a case that this is “only a minor characteristic of what makes them such intriguing animals” (ix). In Death by Coconut: 50 Things More Dangerous than a Shark and Why You Shouldn’t Be Afraid of the Ocean, Ruby Ashby Orr utilises humour to educate younger readers about the real risk humans face from sharks and, as per the book’s title, why they should not be feared, listing champagne corks and falling coconuts among the many everyday activities more likely to lead to injury and death in Australia than encountering a shark. Taylor goes further in her memoir – not only describing her wonder at swimming with these creatures, but also her calm acceptance of the possibility of being injured by a shark: "if we are to be bitten, then we are to be bitten … . One must choose a life of adventure, and of mystery and discovery, but with that choice, one must also choose the attendant risks" (2019: Kindle version). Such an attitude is very rare in the books located, with even some of the most positive about these sea creatures still quite sensibly fearful of potentially dangerous encounters with them. Sharks as Prey There is a long history of sharks being fished in Australia (Clark). The killing of sharks for sport is detailed in An American Angler in Australia, which describes popular adventure writer Zane Grey’s visit to Australia and New Zealand in the 1930s to fish ‘big game’. This text includes many bloody accounts of killing sharks, which are justified with explanations about how sharks are dangerous. It is also illustrated with gruesome pictures of dead sharks. Australian fisher Alf Dean’s biography describes him as the “World’s Greatest Shark Hunter” (Thiele), this text similarly illustrated with photographs of some of the gigantic sharks he caught and killed in the second half of the twentieth century. Apart from being killed during pleasure and sport fishing, sharks are also hunted by spearfishers. Valerie Taylor and her late husband, Ron Taylor, are well known in Australia and internationally as shark experts, but they began their careers as spearfishers and shark hunters (Taylor, Ron Taylor’s), with the documentary Shark Hunters gruesomely detailing their killing of many sharks. The couple have produced several books that recount their close encounters with sharks (Taylor; Taylor, Taylor and Goadby; Taylor and Taylor), charting their movement from killers to conservationists as they learned more about the ocean and its inhabitants. Now a passionate campaigner against the past butchery she participated in, Taylor’s memoir describes her shift to a more respectful relationship with sharks, driven by her desire to understand and protect them. In Australia, the culling of sharks is supposedly carried out to ensure human safety in the ocean, although this practice has long been questioned. In 1983, for instance, Whitley noted the “indiscriminate” killing of grey nurse sharks, despite this species largely being very docile and of little threat to people (Australian Sharks, 10). This is repeated by Tony Ayling twenty-five years later who adds the information that the generally harmless grey nurse sharks have been killed to the point of extinction, as it was wrongly believed they preyed on surfers and swimmers. Shark researcher and conservationist Riley Elliott, author of Shark Man: One Kiwi Man’s Mission to Save Our Most Feared and Misunderstood Predator (2014), includes an extremely critical chapter on Western Australian shark ‘management’ through culling, summing up the problems associated with this approach: it seems to me that this cull involved no science or logic, just waste and politics. It’s sickening that the people behind this cull were the Fisheries department, which prior to this was the very department responsible for setting up the world’s best acoustic tagging system for sharks. (Kindle version, Chapter 7) Describing sharks as “misunderstood creatures”, Orr is also clear in her opposition to killing sharks to ‘protect’ swimmers noting that “each year only around 10 people are killed in shark attacks worldwide, while around 73 million sharks are killed by humans”. She adds the question and answer, “sounds unfair? Of course it is, but when an attack is all over the news and the people are baying for shark blood, it’s easy to lose perspective. But culling them? Seriously?” (back cover). The condemnation of culling is also evident in David Brooks’s recent essay on the topic in his collection of essays about animal welfare, conservation and the relationship between humans and other species, Animal Dreams. This disapproval is also evident in narratives by those who have been injured by sharks. Navy diver Paul de Gelder and surfer Glen Orgias were both bitten by sharks in Sydney in 2009 and both their memoirs detail their fear of sharks and the pain they suffered from these interactions and their lengthy recoveries. However, despite their undoubted suffering – both men lost limbs due to these encounters – they also attest to their ongoing respect for these creatures and specify a shared desire not to see them culled. Orgias, instead, charts the life story of the shark who bit him alongside his own story in his memoir, musing at the end of the book, not about himself or his injury, but about the fate of the shark he had encountered: great whites are portrayed … as pathological creatures, and as malevolent. That’s rubbish … they are graceful, mighty beasts. I respect them, and fear them … [but] the thought of them fighting, dying, in a net upsets me. I hope this great white shark doesn’t end up like that. (271–271) Several of the more recent books identified in this study acknowledge that, despite growing understanding of sharks, the popular press and many policy makers continue to advocate for shark culls, these calls especially vocal after a shark-related human death or injury (Peppin-Neff). The damage to shark species involved caused by their killing – either directly by fishing, spearing, finning, or otherwise hunting them, or inadvertently as they become caught in nets or affected by human pollution of the ocean – is discussed in many of the more recent books identified in this study. Sharks as Endangered Alongside fishing, finning, and hunting, human actions and their effects such as beach netting, pollution and habitat change are killing many sharks, to the point where many shark species are threatened. Several recent books follow Orr in noting that an estimated 100 million sharks are now killed annually across the globe and that this, as well as changes to their habitats, are driving many shark species to the status of vulnerable, threatened or towards extinction (Dulvy et al.). This is detailed in texts about biodiversity and climate change in Australia (Steffen et al.) as well as in many of the zoologically focussed books discussed above under the theme of “Sharks as part of the natural environment”. The CSIRO’s Field Guide to Australian Sharks & Rays (Daley et al.), for example, emphasises not only that several shark species are under threat (and protected) (8–9) but also that sharks are, as individuals, themselves very fragile creatures. Their skeletons are made from flexible, soft cartilage rather than bone, meaning that although they are “often thought of as being incredibly tough; in reality, they need to be handled carefully to maximise their chance of survival following capture” (9). Material on this theme is included in books for younger readers on Australia’s endangered animals (Bourke; Roc and Hawke). Shark Conservation By 1991, shark conservation in Australia and overseas was a topic of serious discussion in Sydney, with an international workshop on the subject held at Taronga Zoo and the proceedings published (Pepperell et al.). Since then, the movement to protect sharks has grown, with marine scientists, high-profile figures and other writers promoting shark conservation, especially through attempts to educate the general public about sharks. De Gelder’s memoir, for instance, describes how he now champions sharks, promoting shark conservation in his work as a public speaker. Peter Benchley, who (with Carl Gottlieb) recast his novel Jaws for the film’s screenplay, later attested to regretting his portrayal of sharks as aggressive and became a prominent spokesperson for shark conservation. In explaining his change of heart, he stated that when he wrote the novel, he was reflecting the general belief that sharks would both seek out human prey and attack boats, but he later discovered this to be untrue (Benchley, “Without Malice”). Many recent books about sharks for younger readers convey a conservation message, underscoring how, instead of fearing or killing sharks, or doing nothing, humans need to actively assist these vulnerable creatures to survive. In the children’s book series featuring Bindi Irwin and her “wildlife adventures”, there is a volume where Bindi and a friend are on a diving holiday when they find a dead shark whose fin has been removed. The book not only describes how shark finning is illegal, but also how Bindi and friend are “determined to bring the culprits to justice” (Browne). This narrative, like the other books in this series, has a dual focus; highlighting the beauty of wildlife and its value, but also how the creatures described need protection and assistance. Concluding Discussion This study was prompted by the understanding that the Earth is currently in the epoch known as the Anthropocene, a time in which humans have significantly altered, and continue to alter, the Earth by our activities (Myers), resulting in numerous species becoming threatened, endangered, or extinct. It acknowledges the pressing need for not only natural science research on these actions and their effects, but also for such scientists to publish their findings in more accessible ways (see, Paulin and Green). It specifically responds to demands for scholarship outside the relevant areas of science and conservation to encourage widespread thinking and action (Mascia et al.; Bennett et al.). As understanding public perceptions and overcoming widely held fear of sharks can facilitate their conservation (Panoch and Pearson), the way sharks are imaged is integral to their survival. The five themes identified in this study reveal vastly different ways of viewing and writing about sharks. These range from seeing sharks as nothing more than large fishes to be killed for pleasure, to viewing them as terrifying monsters, to finally understanding that they are amazing creatures who play an important role in the world’s environment and are in urgent need of conservation. This range of representation is important, for if sharks are understood as demon monsters which hunt humans, then it is much more ‘reasonable’ to not care about their future than if they are understood to be fascinating and fragile creatures suffering from their interactions with humans and our effect on the environment. Further research could conduct a textual analysis of these books. In this context, it is interesting to note that, although in 1949 C. Bede Maxwell suggested describing human deaths and injuries from sharks as “accidents” (182) and in 2013 Christopher Neff and Robert Hueter proposed using “sightings, encounters, bites, and the rare cases of fatal bites” (70) to accurately represent “the true risk posed by sharks” to humans (70), the majority of the books in this study, like mass media reports, continue to use the ubiquitous and more dramatic terminology of “shark attack”. The books identified in this analysis could also be compared with international texts to reveal and investigate global similarities and differences. While the focus of this discussion has been on non-fiction texts, a companion analysis of representation of sharks in Australian fiction, poetry, films, and other narratives could also be undertaken, in the hope that such investigations contribute to more nuanced understandings of these majestic sea creatures. 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