Relevant bibliographies by topics / First order indices

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'First order indices'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "First order indices"

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Sakhnovich, L. A. "The deficiency indices of a system of first-order differential equations." Siberian Mathematical Journal 38, no. 6 (December 1997): 1182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02675944.

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Saint-Geours, N., S. Tarantola, V. Kopustinskas, and R. Bolado-Lavin. "Computing first-order sensitivity indices with contribution to the sample mean plot." Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 85, no. 7 (June 27, 2014): 1334–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2014.932358.

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Tarantola, Stefano, and Masato Koda. "Improving Random Balance Designs For The Estimation Of First Order Sensitivity Indices." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2, no. 6 (2010): 7753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.212.

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Tarantola, S., D. Gatelli, and T. A. Mara. "Random balance designs for the estimation of first order global sensitivity indices." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 91, no. 6 (June 2006): 717–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2005.06.003.

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Yan, Yong Hong, and Bruce Felmingham. "First and second order instability of the Shanghai and Shenzhen share price indices." Applied Economics Letters 13, no. 9 (July 15, 2006): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504850500424918.

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Rasheed, Razia, and Abdul Ahad Buhroo. "Updated checklist and diversity of predatory insect fauna with one first report from Kashmir, India." Polish Journal of Entomology 89, no. 3 - Ahead of print (September 30, 2020): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4008.

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The diversity of predatory insect fauna in nine districts of Kashmir was assessed. Collection was done in agroecosystem with the help of different collecting nets and handpicking methods. As a result of two-year study, a total of 50 species belonging to 14 families and 7 orders were identified. Hierodula patellifera Serville, 1839 of the order Mantodea was reported for the first time from the Kashmir valley. Also, different diversity indices used during the present study revealed the existence of considerable number of predatory species distributed evenly throughout the study area. Diversity of different study sites was correlated by Hutcheson’s t- test. Highest values of diversity indices were observed in the order Coleoptera.
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Kupchik, Eugene J. "Structure-Molar Refraction Relationships of Alkylsilanes Using Empirically-Modified First Order Molecular Connectivity Indices." Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 5, no. 3 (1986): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qsar.19860050304.

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Permanyer, Iñaki, and M. Azhar Hussain. "First Order Dominance Techniques and Multidimensional Poverty Indices: An Empirical Comparison of Different Approaches." Social Indicators Research 137, no. 3 (April 26, 2017): 867–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1637-x.

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Krüger, Frank, Antje Nuthmann, and Elke van der Meer. "Pupillometric indices of temporal order representation in semantic memory." Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 209, no. 4 (October 2001): 402–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0044-3409.209.4.402.

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Summary. The present study used the technique of pupillometry to study whether pupillary changes are sensitive to variations in the processing of temporal order information in semantic memory. By employing two recognition tasks the temporal orientation (chronological vs. reverse) between pre-information and target was manipulated. The first experiment examined frequently occurring sequences of everyday events (e.g., cut - bleed - bandage) with the same strength of temporal relatedness for preceding and succeeding events. The second experiment investigated event-feature pairs (e.g., melt, solid - fluid) with temporal connectives (before, after). In addition to the psychological indicators reaction times and error rates two further psychophysiological indicators - maximum pupil diameters and dilatation times - were raised to validate the behavioral data. The results show that time’s arrow is not restricted to sequences of events, but also embedded in the mental representation of individual events. In both experiments psychophysiological indicators coincide with the psychological indicators. The pupillometric results provide additional new information: They indicate that the processing of temporal orientation towards future time does not only consume less time and produces less errors, but also that the processing is making less demands on mental resources. The presented study demonstrates that task-evoked pupillary response is a reliable and sensitive indicator for the experimental study of cognitive load.
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Wang, Wenxuan, Hangshan Gao, Pengfei Wei, and Changcong Zhou. "Extending first-passage method to reliability sensitivity analysis of motion mechanisms." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 231, no. 5 (July 10, 2017): 573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006x17717614.

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Identifying the parameters that substantially affect the time-dependent reliability is critical for reliability-based design of motion mechanism. The time-dependent local reliability sensitivity and global reliability sensitivity are the two effective techniques for this type of analysis. This work extends the first-passage method and PHI2 method, which are commonly used for estimating the time-dependent reliability, for efficiently estimating the time-dependent local reliability sensitivity and global reliability sensitivity indices of the motion mechanism. Both the local reliability sensitivity and global reliability sensitivity indices are analytically derived based on the Poisson assumption–based first-passage method and the first-order Taylor’s expansion of the motion error function. Compared with the current envelope function method for estimating the time-dependent local reliability sensitivity and global reliability sensitivity indices, the developed method does not need to estimate the second-order derivatives of motion error function, thus is more applicable. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated by a numerical example and a satellite antenna, the direction of which is controlled by a four-bar function generator mechanism.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "First order indices"

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GIOIA, PAOLA. "Towards more accurate measures of global sensitivity analysis. Investigation of first and total order indices." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/45695.

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A new technique for estimating variance–based total sensitivity indices from given data is developed. It is also develped a new approach for the estimation of the first order effects given a specific sample design. This method adopts the RBD approach published by Tarantola et al., (2007) for the computation of first order sensitivity indices in association to Quasi–Random numbers.
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Roach, Paul David. "Evolutionary theory and birth order effects on Big Five personality traits among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador : the first cross-cultural test /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=null&did=1126776721&SrchMode=5&Fmt=2&retrieveGroup=0&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1166486945&clientId=11238.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-178). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Lin, Yi-sin, and 林怡欣. "A STUDY OF PROCESS CAPABILITY INDICES FOR FIRST-AND SECOND-ORDER AUTOREGRESSIVE PROCESSES." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12586148375051263014.

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碩士
雲林科技大學
工業工程與管理研究所碩士班
97
Process Capability Indices is an important tool for quality control. In chemical industry, its process data may be autocorrelated, and this is different from the independent assumption in calculating process capability indices. Based on the finding of Vermaat et al. in 2008 which proposed that first-and second-order autoregressive process models can cover the analysis of the auto-correlated process data, this research studies the mean, standard deviation, process capability indices Cp, Cpk, Cpm, and Cpmk of the non autocorrelated, AR (1) model and AR (2) model. The results show that random sampling will have best estimation to the actual manufacturing process, the standard deviation and four process capability indices will not be affected by sample number n in the non autocorrelated model and will be affected by its autocorrelation parameters in the AR (1) model and AR (2) model.
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Books on the topic "First order indices"

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Krishnamurti, V. G. From J. Krishnamurti to the Upanishads: World order for the 21st century : an Indian vision. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1990.

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The testing grounds of modern empire: The making of colonial racial order in the American Ohio country and the South African Eastern Cape, 1770s-1850s. New York: Peter Lang, 2008.

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Examining S. 797: The Tribal Law and Order Act of 2009 : hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, June 25, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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Tribal Law and Order Act one year later: Have we improved public safety and justice throughout Indian country? : hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session, September 22, 2011. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.

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Tribal Law and Order Act of 2009: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, on H.R. 1924, December 10, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.

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Cowell, Frank. Inequality and Poverty Measures. Edited by Matthew D. Adler and Marc Fleurbaey. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199325818.013.4.

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The theory of inequality measurement can be founded on a few very simple principles concerning the comparison of income distributions. This chapter discusses the standard principles and the types of inequality indices that follow from them. It shows how these principles and indices can be related to conventional approaches to social-welfare analysis. Adjusting a few pieces within this same framework enables one to derive alternative, novel types of inequality indices and lays the basis for commonly-used types of poverty indices. The chapter also covers other general approaches to distributional comparisons including first-order and second-order dominance and their interpretation in terms of inequality and poverty.
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Moodie, Deonnie. Sacred Space Becomes Public Space. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190885267.003.0004.

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At the turn of the twenty-first century, middle-class men and women formed non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and filed public interest litigation suits (PILs) in order to expand temple space, knock down buildings that block views of Kālīghāṭ’s façade, and remove undesirable materials and populations from its environs. Employing the language of cleanliness and order, they worked (and continue to work) to make Kālīghāṭ a “must-see” tourist attraction. Scholarship has shown that India’s new middle classes—those produced through India’s economic liberalization policies in the 1990s—desire highly visible forms demonstrating their modernity as well as their uniqueness on the international stage of urban space. The example of Kālīghāṭ indicates how India’s new middle classes build on the work of the old middle classes to deploy the temple as emblematic of both their modernity and their Indian-ness. In so doing, they read the idioms of public space onto sacred space.
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El Karoui, Noureddine. Algebraic geometry and matrix models. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.29.

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This article discusses the connection between the matrix models and algebraic geometry. In particular, it considers three specific applications of matrix models to algebraic geometry, namely: the Kontsevich matrix model that describes intersection indices on moduli spaces of curves with marked points; the Hermitian matrix model free energy at the leading expansion order as the prepotential of the Seiberg-Witten-Whitham-Krichever hierarchy; and the other orders of free energy and resolvent expansions as symplectic invariants and possibly amplitudes of open/closed strings. The article first describes the moduli space of algebraic curves and its parameterization via the Jenkins-Strebel differentials before analysing the relation between the so-called formal matrix models (solutions of the loop equation) and algebraic hierarchies of Dijkgraaf-Witten-Whitham-Krichever type. It also presents the WDVV (Witten-Dijkgraaf-Verlinde-Verlinde) equations, along with higher expansion terms and symplectic invariants.
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Silvey, Le Anne E. Ordinal Position and Role Development of the Firstborn American Indian Daughter Within Her Family of Origin (Native American Studies). Edwin Mellen Press, 2004.

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Kenny, Paul D. India’s Turn to Populism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807872.003.0006.

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This chapter shows how the fragmentation of political authority precipitated a crisis of legitimacy of the old order. Using a mix of qualitative and quantitative data, it first shows how Indira Gandhi attempted to restore central control through intervention in India’s states. Failing to reestablish control over India’s fragmented patronage network, she then made a populist turn, mobilizing the masses across India through the media and mass rallies in her conflict with her opponents. This chapter argues that this strategy was a consequence of the breakdown of the Congress system, rather than its cause. Mrs Gandhi’s attempt to recentralize power met with substantial resistance in the states. Her government eroded the rule of law and the undermined the formal institutions of intermediation between state and society. The authoritarian emergency that followed from 1975 to 1977 was not an aberration of this populist program, but its logical fulfillment.
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Book chapters on the topic "First order indices"

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Kersani, Abdelkader, and Nicolas Peltier. "Completeness and Decidability Results for First-Order Clauses with Indices." In Automated Deduction – CADE-24, 58–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38574-2_4.

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Carpita, Maurizio, and Rodolfo Metulini. "Modelling the spatio-temporal dynamic of traffic flows with gravity models and mobile phone data." In Proceedings e report, 99–104. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-461-8.19.

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The analysis of origin-destination traffic flows may be useful in many contexts of application (e.g., urban planning, tourism economics) and have been commonly studied through the gravity model, which states that flows are proportional to ''masses" of both origin and destination, and inversely proportional to distance between them. Using data on the flow of mobile phone SIM among different aree di censimento, recorded hourly basis for several months and provided by FasterNet in the context of MoSoRe project, in this work we characterize and model the dynamic of such flows over the time in the strongly urbanized and flood-prone area of the Mandolossa (western outskirts of Brescia, northern Italy), with the aim of predicting the traffic flow during flood episodes. Whereas a traditional ”static” mass explanatory variable is represented by residential population (Pop), or by gross domestic product (GDP), here we propose to use a most accurate set of explanatory variables in order to better account for the dynamic over the time. First, we employ a time-varying mass variable represented by the number of city-users by area and by time period, which has been estimated from mobile phone data (provided by TIM) using functional data approach and already adopted to derive crowding maps for flood exposure. Secondly, we include in the model a proper set of factors such as areal and time dummies, and a novel set of indices related to (e.g.) the number and the type of streets, the number of offices, restaurants or cinemas, which may be retrieved from OpenStreetMap. The joint use of these two novel sets of explanatory variables should allow us to obtain a better linear fitting of the gravity model and a better traffic flow prediction for the flood risk evaluation.
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Milani, Raquel. "16. Opening an Exercise." In Landscapes of Investigation, 257–72. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0316.16.

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This text presents two possibilities for transforming exercises of the school mathematics tradition into investigative activities related to landscapes of investigation located in the context of critical mathematics education (CME). This process of transformation was based on what Skovsmose calls “opening an exercise”. In order to open an exercise with reference to pure mathematics, one can explore the theme proposed in the exercise by going in different directions. In order to open an exercise with reference to semi-reality and reality, I have proposed the exploration of comments produced by students as they work through the exercise. A task related to such transformation was developed for prospective mathematics teachers in order to reflect on mathemacy, help students to make mathematical discoveries, and potentially cause changes in traditional teaching practices. The result of the transformation process carried out by the prospective teachers in the course indicates that the investigative activity should have a strong appeal to reality and semi-reality, besides mobilising other actions that are not developed when one solves an exercise. Due to the characteristics of the task, a new reference emerged: an imagined reality. The task and reflections represent the first step in the process of these prospective teachers entering CME.
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Haugan, Gørill. "Nurse-Patient Interaction: A Vital Salutogenic Resource in Nursing Home Care." In Health Promotion in Health Care – Vital Theories and Research, 117–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63135-2_10.

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AbstractWe are now witnessing a major change in the world’s population. Many people globally grow very old: 80, 90, and 100 years. Increased age is followed by an increased incidence of functional and chronic comorbidities and diverse disabilities, which for many leads to the need for long-term care in a nursing home. Quality of life and health promotive initiatives for older persons living in nursing homes will become ever more important in the years to come. Therefore, this chapter focuses on health promotion among older adults living in nursing homes. First, this chapter clarifies the concepts of health, salutogenesis, and pathogenesis, followed by knowledge about health promotion. Then insight and knowledge about the nursing home population is provided; what promotes health and well-being in nursing home residents?Health promotion in the health services should be based on integrated knowledge of salutogenesis and pathogenesis. The salutogenic understanding of health is holistic and considers man as a wholeness including physical, mental, social, and spiritual/existential dimensions. Research indicates that various health-promoting interventions, specifically the nurse–patient interaction, influence on older adults in nursing homes as a wholeness of body–soul–spirit, affecting the whole being. Hence, dimensions such as pain, fatigue, dyspnea, nausea, loneliness, anxiety, and depressive symptoms will be influenced through health-promoting approaches. Therefore, two separate studies on the health-promoting influences of nurse–patient interaction in nursing home residents were conducted. In total, nine hypotheses of directional influence of the nurse–patient interaction were tested, all of which finding support.Along with competence in pain and symptom management, health-promoting nurse–patient interaction based on awareness and attentional skills is essential in nursing home care. Thus, health care workers should be given the opportunity to further develop their knowledge and relational skills, in order to “refine” their way of being present together with residents in nursing homes. Health professionals’ competence involves the “being in the doing”; that is, both the doing and the way of being are essential in health and nursing care.
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"Appendix. First-Order Logic with Fleeing Indices." In The Birth of Model Theory, 207–26. Princeton University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400826186.207.

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Ali, Saleem H. "Empires and Edens." In Earthly Order, 189–203. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197640272.003.0009.

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This first chapter in this section on political order starts off with a discussion of Francis Fukuyama’s work on how nation states organize themselves. The role of democratic institutions in developing functional order is considered through a deep-dive comparison of India and China. The role of special interest groups in potentially subverting democratic order is considered within electoral cycles and economic theory going back to the work of Mancur Olson. Next, the concept of “resource nationalism” is discussed using the J curve concept developed by Ian Bremmer. Economic assemblages of countries such as the G20, as well as political and regional assemblages of political order, provide a backdrop for a final discussion of global indices such as the World Happiness Index, which attempt to link political order to social indicators.
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Sahu, Nitin Kumar, Atul Kumar Sahu, and Anoop Kumar Sahu. "Fuzzy-AHP." In Theoretical and Practical Advancements for Fuzzy System Integration, 97–125. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1848-8.ch005.

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Logistics activities are performed in order to balance the operational chains of firms. The selection of the Third Party Logistics (3PL) is a challenging task for each organization, which involves various factors and attributes. The presented methodology acts as a boon and aids the decision makers for effectively choosing the appropriate Third Party Logistics (3PL) network. In the revealed work, the authors explored fuzzy sets theory and presented a fuzzy AHP model to facilitate the managers of organizations to deal with the Third Party Logistics (3PL) decision making problems. The overall performance of defined Third Party Logistics (3PL) Service Providers are greatly influenced by many significant parameters: quality, reliability, service assurance, shipment cost, customer relationship, etc. The authors have considered various significant parameters: service level, financial security capabilities, location, global presence, relationship management, and client fulfillment representing first level indices. These parameters have chain of various sub-parameters, represented as second level indices, whose importance is affecting the judgment of the decision makers. Various researches have constraint their work up to first level indices and have not considered the second level indices, which is a crucial part of today's practical decision making process. The authors have considered this issue as research gap and transformed this research gap into research agenda. The authors applied an AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) accompanied with fuzzy set theory in order to solve industrial Logistics problems. The objective of chapter is to propose a fuzzy based AHP method towards solve benchmarking (preference orders of defined alternatives under criteria) problems. The presented method facilitates the managers of firms to make the verdict towards choosing the best Third Party Logistics (3PL) service provider. A numerical illustration is provided to validate the method application upon module.
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Selviah, David R., and Janti Shawash. "Generalized Correlation Higher Order Neural Networks for Financial Time Series Prediction." In Artificial Higher Order Neural Networks for Economics and Business, 212–49. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-897-0.ch010.

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Generalized correlation higher order neural network designs are developed. Their performance is compared with that of first order networks, conventional higher order neural network designs, and higher order linear regression networks for financial time series prediction. The correlation higher order neural network design is shown to give the highest accuracy for prediction of stock market share prices and share indices. The simulations compare the performance for three different training algorithms, stationary versus non-stationary input data, different numbers of neurons in the hidden layer and several generalized correlation higher order neural network designs. Generalized correlation higher order linear regression networks are also introduced and two designs are shown by simulation to give good correct direction prediction and higher prediction accuracies, particularly for long-term predictions, than other linear regression networks for the prediction of inter-bank lending risk Libor and Swap interest rate yield curves. The simulations compare the performance for different input data sample lag lengths.
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Ahamer, Gilbert, and Karl A. Kumpfmüller. "Education and Literature for Development in Responsibility." In Handbook of Research on Transnational Higher Education, 526–84. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4458-8.ch027.

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In order to propose quality assurance for cutting-edge transnational higher education management, this chapter first analyzes data on academic developmental journals while making use of the three widely known literature databases ISI Thomson, Scopus, and Google Scholar; the latter analyzed by the software Publish or Perish (PoP). Time series of data for documents and their citations provide indices; this chapter provides as most helpful indices the ISI impact factor, Scopus SNIP, and PoP AW index. A dozen of the most influential developmental journals are heuristically ranked by taking into account all available indices from all three literature databases. The series of historic bibliometric data since the 1950s shows the dynamics of the global emergence of developmental journals and developmental thought. Secondly, and as a possible template for similar initiatives in global higher education management, this chapter presents the recently established “Global Studies” (GS) Master’s curriculum at Graz University, Austria. Details on this novel curriculum’s targets, modules, courses, and practicals are given. GS embraces six modules and courses from different schools at university. Emphasis is placed on dialogic interdisciplinary understanding and interparadigmatic integration of multiple disciplines and perspectives, when managing education for the purpose of responsibly hedging and managing globalization and socio-economic global change in responsible partnership.
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Bekő, Jani, and Darja Boršič. "ARE THE MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES WITH TOURISM PRICE INDICES IN THE PURCHASING POWER PARITY ZONE?" In 5th International Thematic Monograph: Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in Present Era, 107–30. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans; Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Ohrid, North Macedonia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2020.107.

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This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the validity of PPP for a cluster of 15 Mediterranean countries. The research has four original contributions. First, it uses two price indicators: a consumer price index for all items and a consumer price index for hotels and restaurants including catering and accommodation services. Second, it tests the exchange rate theory regarding two numeraire currencies. Third, due to the cyclicality of the tourism sector the study examines the significance of PPP by considering the impact of the Great Recession. Fourth, in order to test the mean reversion hypothesis, it uses a comprehensive set of panel unit root tests. The authors provide ample estimates in favour of PPP proposition. The evidence of mean reversion of real exchange rates is stronger (1) with price indices for hotels and restaurants, (2) in cases when the calculations are performed for EUR rates, and (3) for the post-Great Recession period.
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Conference papers on the topic "First order indices"

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Guo, X. J., F. Q. Chang, and S. J. Zhu. "Acceleration and Dexterity Performance Indices for 6-DOF and Lower-Mobility Parallel Mechanism." In ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57093.

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On the basis of first-order and second-order kinematic influence coefficient matrices, dynamics characteristics indices for robot manipulator are presented in the paper. Different from indices before, these indices include not only the first-order kinematics influence coefficient matrix G, but also the second-order kinematic influence coefficient matrix H. Then with the global index, these indices can be used to guide the dynamics design.
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Hwang, K. H., and G. J. Park. "Development of a Robust Design Process Using a New Robustness Index." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84555.

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In product design and manufacturing, robust design leads to a product that has good quality. Robust design is reviewed in two categories: one is the process and the other is the robustness index. The process means efficient manipulation of the mean response and the variance. The robustness index indicates a measure of insensitiveness with respect to the variation. To improve existing methods, a three-step robust design (TRD) is proposed. The first step is “reduce the variance,” the second is “find multiple candidate designs,” and the third is “select the optimum robust design by using the robustness index,” Furthermore, a new robustness index is introduced in order to accommodate the characteristics of the probability of success in axiomatic design and the Taguchi’s loss function. The new robustness indices are compared with the existing ones. The developed robust design process is verified by examples and the results using the robustness index are compared with those of other indices.
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McCaughan, L., and K. Songwatana. "Asymmetric intersecting waveguides: analysis and design for passive optical crossovers." In Integrated Photonics Research. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ipr.1991.tha5.

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We calculate to first order the coupling coefficient between a pair of nonidentical (unequal widths and/or refractive indices) intersecting waveguides (see Fig. 1). This approach is similar to the method used in Refs. 1 and 2. From this first-order coupling coefficient, a simple graphical representation together with a set of parametric curves are derived. These tools allow us to design zero-cross-talk optical crossovers for both the case of a single wavelength and two wavelengths.
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Torres González, Edgar Vicente, Raúl Lugo Leyte, Martín Salazar Pereyra, Helen Denise Lugo Méndez, Miguel Toledo Velázquez, and Juan José Ambriz García. "Performance Analysis of a Combined Cycle Power Plant Through Exergetic and Environmental Indices." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-65027.

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In this paper is carried out a comparison between a gas turbine power plant and a combined cycle power plant through exergetic and environmental indices in order to determine performance and sustainability aspects of a gas turbine and combined cycle plant. First of all, an exergetic analysis of the gas turbine and the combined is carried out then the exergetic and environmental indices are calculated for the gas turbine (case A) and the combined cycle (case B). The exergetic indices are exergetic efficiency, waste exergy ratio, exergy destruction factor, recoverable exergy ratio, environmental effect factor and exergetic sustainability. Besides, the environmental indices are global warming, smog formation and acid rain indices. In the case A, the two gas turbines generate 278.4 MW; whereas 415.19 MW of electricity power is generated by the combined cycle (case B). The results show that exergetic sustainability index for cases A and B are 0.02888 and 0.1058 respectively. The steam turbine cycle improves the overall efficiency, as well as, the reviewed exergetic indexes. Besides, the environmental indices of the gas turbines (case A) are lower than the combined cycle environmental indices (case B), since the combustion gases are only generated in the combustion chamber.
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Jadidirendi, Kazem, Jabbar Ali Zakeri, and Hualiang (Harry) Teng. "Field Investigation for Identifying the Effects of Dynamic Track Stabilizing Operation on Track Geometrical Indices." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5602.

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At the construction stage of the track or during the operation period, in order to adjust the geometrical alignment of railway superstructure, a mechanized maintenance train (MDZ) track maintenance machines including tamping, ballast regulating, and dynamic track stabilizing (DTS) machines are used. Due to the uncertain effects of DTS machines on track geometry, one section of railway line around Tehran which was under almost heavy commute and freight traffic was selected and the influence of DTS on the track’s geometrical indices was investigated. For this purpose, considering the longitudinal profile of the track, the entire track which was 15 km (almost 9.5 miles) were divided into similar sections and each section was marked, each direct and curved line was divided to exactly 2 sections and in first section both tamping and stabilizing applied while in the second section just tamping machine worked without any stabilizing to fulfill both stabilizing and tamping operations on the selected sections and solely tamping operation on the other sections. Following these tasks, track recording machine, EM120, measured the geometrical parameters of the track within 1, 3, 6 and 8 month intervals. In order to determine the variation of TGI and J indices, the geometrical index of the track were analyzed. The present paper is elaborated on the analyzed results.
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Ohsuga, Mieko, and Hidenori Boutani. "Detection of a Decrease in Concentration Using Indices Derived from Heart Rate and Respiration Toward Affective Human-Robot Interaction." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100641.

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The present paper refers the method to detect the degraded concentration of human who is engaged in computer work or watching television in order to find the appropriate timing for robot’s interrupt. The heart rate and respiratory measures were confirmed to change depending on the degree of concentration by an experiment. Principle component analysis was applied and two measure components were selected and rotated by the varimax method. The first principle component represented large low frequency component of heart rate variability (HRV), low respiratory frequency and large respiratory irregularity, while the second component represented high heart rate, small high frequency component of HRV. It was suggested that the first principle component can be used to discriminate between concentrated and degraded concentrated sates of human.
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Carniglia, Charles K. "Comparison of various shortwave-pass filter designs." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.fe6.

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The simplest shortwave-pass filter design consists of repetitions of the basic period of the form L/2 H L/2, where L and H refer to quarterwaves of low- and high-index materials at a particular wavelength. Such a filter has a passband limited by the first- and third-order rejection bands. The width of the passband can be extended to shorter wavelengths by further subdividing the basic period using materials of intermediate indices. One such class of design, due to Baumeister,1 involves intermediate layers of equal optical thickness, except that the layer of lowest index has twice the optical thickness of the other layers. An alternate design with all layers having equal optical thickness requires that the log of the indices of the layers follows a sinusoidal profile between the lowest and highest indices. To provide the best performance over the transmission band, the Herpin-equivalent index of the coating should be close to the index required for an antireflection coating. Various designs are compared for nondispersive indices ranging from 1.38 to 2.25 on a 1.52 index substrate.
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Clarke, G., B. T. Sullivan, T. Akiyama, N. Osborne, M. Ranger, J. A. Dobrowolski, L. Howe, A. Matsumoto, Y. Song, and K. Kikuchi. "New high-rate automated deposition system for the manufacture of complex multilayer coatings - II. Process control." In Optical Interference Coatings. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.1998.mc.3.

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In a companion paper, a new fully automated, high rate, deposition system for the fabrication of complex optical coatings was described. In order for this system to accurately deposit complex filters, several conditions have to be met. First, it is important that the deposited films exhibit low absorption and low scatter and have bulk-like reproducible refractive indices. Second, for the accurate optical monitoring of the layer thicknesses, it is critical that the deposited films are homogeneous, have well-defined interfaces and that the refractive indices of the thin film materials are accurately known. In this paper, we will discuss various process control techniques that are necessary to ensure the deposition of high quality SiO2 and Nb2O5 films so that complex filters based on these materials can be accurately fabricated.
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Khajavirad, Aida, and Jeremy J. Michalek. "An Extension of the Commonality Index for Product Family Optimization." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35605.

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One critical aim of product family design is to offer distinct variants that attract a variety of market segments while maximizing the number of common parts to reduce manufacturing cost. Several indices have been developed for measuring the degree of commonality in existing product lines to compare product families or assess improvement of a redesign. In the product family optimization literature, commonality metrics are used to define the multi-objective tradeoff between commonality and individual variant performance. These metrics for optimization differ from indices in the first group: While the optimization metrics provide desirable computational properties, they generally lack the desirable properties of indices intended to act as appropriate proxies for the benefits of commonality, such as reduced tooling and supply chain costs. In this paper, we propose a method for computing the commonality index introduced by Martin and Ishii using the available input data for any product family without predefined configuration. The proposed method for computing the commonality index, which was originally defined for binary formulations (common / not common), is relaxed to the continuous space in order to solve the discrete problem with a series of continuous relaxations, and the effect of relaxation on the metric behavior is investigated. Several relaxation formulations are examined, and a new function with desirable properties is introduced and compared with prior formulations. The new properties of the proposed metric enable development of an efficient and robust single-stage gradient-based optimization of the joint product family platform selection and design problem, which is examined in a companion paper.
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del Toro, Rau´l M., Michael C. Schmittdiel, Rodolfo E. Haber-Guerra, and Rodolfo Haber-Haber. "System Identification of the High Performance Drilling Process for Network-Based Control." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34307.

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A simple, fast, network-based experimental procedure for identifying the dynamics of the high-performance drilling (HPD) process is proposed and successfully applied. This identification technique utilizes a single-input (feed rate), single-output (resultant force) system with a dual step input function. The model contains the delays of both the network architecture (a PROFIBUS type network) and the dead time related with the plant dynamic itself. Classical identification techniques are used to obtain first order, second order, and third order models on the basis of the recorded input/output data. The developed models relate the dynamic behavior of resultant force versus commanded feed rate in HPD. Model validation is performed through error-based performance indices and correlation analyses. Experimental verification is performed using two different work piece materials. The models match perfectly with real-time force behavior in drilling operations and are easily integrated with many control strategies. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that the HPD process is somewhat non-linear with a remarkable difference in gain due to work piece material; however, the dynamic behavior does not change significantly.
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Reports on the topic "First order indices"

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Соловйов, Володимир Миколайович, V. Saptsin, and D. Chabanenko. Markov chains applications to the financial-economic time series predictions. Transport and Telecommunication Institute, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1189.

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In this research the technology of complex Markov chains is applied to predict financial time series. The main distinction of complex or high-order Markov Chains and simple first-order ones is the existing of after-effect or memory. The technology proposes prediction with the hierarchy of time discretization intervals and splicing procedure for the prediction results at the different frequency levels to the single prediction output time series. The hierarchy of time discretizations gives a possibility to use fractal properties of the given time series to make prediction on the different frequencies of the series. The prediction results for world’s stock market indices are presented.
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Kaisler, Raphaela, and Thomas Palfinger. Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE): Funding, facilitating and evaluating participatory research approaches in Austria. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.551.

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The LBG OIS Center established a new Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) Implementation program aiming at ‘active involving’ public members in research across different phases of the research cycle – from setting the agenda to disseminating results – and its governance. The program offers funding and facilitation of these PPIE activities. The first PPIE pilot call was launched in Autumn 2020. It supports researchers in Austria with up to EUR 60.000 in order to implement their PPIE activities. In addition, the program offers support in the form of consultation, training, knowledge exchange and networking opportunities. One important characteristic of the selection process is the composition of the expert panel, bringing together transdisciplinary expertise from different areas (scientific experts, patients, and students). The expert panel recommended 11 out of 25 PPIE projects for funding (success rate 44%). 45% of the applicants participated in the support offers prior to the call and 52% in the continuing support offer after the call had been closed. Based on our online surveys, overall, participants were very satisfied with the support offers. Learnings of the first call address the eligibility of applicants. In the selection meeting, we found that different understandings of ‘active involvement’ were negotiated among experts. However, this was not a problem due to the open and collaborative atmosphere and mutual learning opportunity for experts. The panel suggested opening the call to non-research bodies, which indicates small changes in the application format – e.g. video and text-based applications in German and English. Despite of small adaptions in the second PPIE Pilot Call 2021, it seems that the funding instrument was appropriate and reflects a low-threshold offering for researchers introducing public involvement activities in their work.
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Regan, Jack, and Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of the Thermal Conditions and Smoke Obscuration of Live Fire Training Fuel Packages. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/karu4002.

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Firefighters routinely conduct live fire training in an effort to prepare themselves for the challenges of the fire ground. While conducting realistic live fire training is important, it also carries inherent risks. This is highlighted by several live fire training incidents in which an inappropriate fuel load contributed to the death of participants. NFPA 1403: Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions was first established in response to a live fire training incident in which several firefighters died. Among the stipulations in NFPA 1403 is that the fuel load shall be composed of wood-based fuels. The challenge of balancing safety with fidelity has led instructors to explore a variety of different methods to create more realistic training conditions. A series of experiments was conducted in order to characterize common training fuels, compare these training fuels to furnishings, and examine the performance of these training fuels in a metal container prop. Heat release rate (HRR) characterization of training fuels indicated that wood-based training fuels had a constant effective heat of combustion. Depending on the method used, this value was between 13.6 and 13.9 MJ/kg. This indicates that, even in engineered wood products, wood is the primary material responsible for combustion. In order to further explore the conclusions from the HRR testing, additional experiments were conducted in an L-shaped metal training prop. The results of these experiments highlighted a number of considerations for firefighter training. Thermal conditions consistent with “realistic fires” could be produced using NFPA 1403 compliant fuels, and in fact the thermal conditions produced by larger wood-based fuel packages were more severe than those produced by fuel packages with a small amount of synthetic fuel. The fuel package used in training evolutions should reflect the training prop or building being used, the available ventilation, and the intended lesson. Fuel load weight and orientation are both important considerations when designing a fuel package. The training considerations drawn from this report will help to increase firefighters’ understanding of fire dynamics, and help instructors better understand fuel packages and the fire dynamics that they produce.
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Shiihi, Solomon, U. G. Okafor, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Improving the Outcome of GMP Inspections by Improving Proficiency of Inspectors through Consistent GMP Trainings. Purdue University, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317433.

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Approximately 90% of the pharmaceutical inspectors in a pharmacy practice regulatory agency in West Africa have not updated their training on Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) inspection in at least eight years. However, in the last two years the inspectors relied on learning-on-the job skills. During this time, the agency introduced about 17% of its inspectors to hands-on GMP trainings. GMP is the part of quality assurance that ensures the production or manufacture of medicinal products is consistent in order to control the quality standards appropriate for their intended use as required by the specification of the product. Inspection reports on the Agency’s GMP inspection format in-between 2013 to 2019 across the six geopolitical zones in the country were reviewed retrospectively for gap analysis. Sampling was done in two phases. During the first phase sampling of reports was done by random selection, using a stratified sampling method. In the second phase, inspectors from the Regulatory Agency from different regions were contacted on phone to send in four reports each by email. For those that forwarded four reports, two, were selected. However for those who forwarded one or two, all were considered. Also, the Agency’s inspection format/checklist was compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) GMP checklist and the GMP practice observed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reporting skills and the ability of inspectors to interpret findings vis-à-vis their proficiency in inspection activities hence the efficiency of the system. Secondly, the study seeks to establish shortfalls or adequacies of the Agency’s checklist with the aim of reviewing and improving in-line with best global practices. It was observed that different inspectors have different styles and methods of writing reports from the same check-list/inspection format, leading to non-conformances. Interpretations of findings were found to be subjective. However, it was also observed that inspection reports from the few inspectors with the hands-on training in the last two year were more coherent. This indicates that pharmaceutical inspectors need to be trained regularly to increase their knowledge and skills in order to be kept on the same pace. It was also observed that there is a slight deviation in placing sub indicators under the GMP components in the Agency’s GMP inspection format, as compared to the WHO checklist.
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Friedman, Shmuel, Jon Wraith, and Dani Or. Geometrical Considerations and Interfacial Processes Affecting Electromagnetic Measurement of Soil Water Content by TDR and Remote Sensing Methods. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580679.bard.

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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and other in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods for determining the soil water content had become standard in both research and practice in the last two decades. Limitations of existing dielectric methods in some soils, and introduction of new agricultural measurement devices or approaches based on soil dielectric properties mandate improved understanding of the relationship between the measured effective permittivity (dielectric constant) and the soil water content. Mounting evidence indicates that consideration must be given not only to the volume fractions of soil constituents, as most mixing models assume, but also to soil attributes and ambient temperature in order to reduce errors in interpreting measured effective permittivities. The major objective of the present research project was to investigate the effects of the soil geometrical attributes and interfacial processes (bound water) on the effective permittivity of the soil, and to develop a theoretical frame for improved, soil-specific effective permittivity- water content calibration curves, which are based on easily attainable soil properties. After initializing the experimental investigation of the effective permittivity - water content relationship, we realized that the first step for water content determination by the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method, namely, the TDR measurement of the soil effective permittivity still requires standardization and improvement, and we also made more efforts than originally planned towards this objective. The findings of the BARD project, related to these two consequential steps involved in TDR measurement of the soil water content, are expected to improve the accuracy of soil water content determination by existing in-situ and remote sensing dielectric methods and to help evaluate new water content sensors based on soil electrical properties. A more precise water content determination is expected to result in reduced irrigation levels, a matter which is beneficial first to American and Israeli farmers, and also to hydrologists and environmentalists dealing with production and assessment of contamination hazards of this progressively more precious natural resource. The improved understanding of the way the soil geometrical attributes affect its effective permittivity is expected to contribute to our understanding and predicting capability of other, related soil transport properties such as electrical and thermal conductivity, and diffusion coefficients of solutes and gas molecules. In addition, to the originally planned research activities we also investigated other related problems and made many contributions of short and longer terms benefits. These efforts include: Developing a method and a special TDR probe for using TDR systems to determine also the soil's matric potential; Developing a methodology for utilizing the thermodielectric effect, namely, the variation of the soil's effective permittivity with temperature, to evaluate its specific surface area; Developing a simple method for characterizing particle shape by measuring the repose angle of a granular material avalanching in water; Measurements and characterization of the pore scale, saturation degree - dependent anisotropy factor for electrical and hydraulic conductivities; Studying the dielectric properties of cereal grains towards improved determination of their water content. A reliable evaluation of the soil textural attributes (e.g. the specific surface area mentioned above) and its water content is essential for intensive irrigation and fertilization processes and within extensive precision agriculture management. The findings of the present research project are expected to improve the determination of cereal grain water content by on-line dielectric methods. A precise evaluation of grain water content is essential for pricing and evaluation of drying-before-storage requirements, issues involving energy savings and commercial aspects of major economic importance to the American agriculture. The results and methodologies developed within the above mentioned side studies are expected to be beneficial to also other industrial and environmental practices requiring the water content determination and characterization of granular materials.
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Breiman, Adina, Jan Dvorak, Abraham Korol, and Eduard Akhunov. Population Genomics and Association Mapping of Disease Resistance Genes in Israeli Populations of Wild Relatives of Wheat, Triticum dicoccoides and Aegilops speltoides. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697121.bard.

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Wheat is the most widely grown crop on earth, together with rice it is second to maize in total global tonnage. One of the emerging threats to wheat is stripe (yellow) rust, especially in North Africa, West and Central Asia and North America. The most efficient way to control plant diseases is to introduce disease resistant genes. However, the pathogens can overcome rapidly the effectiveness of these genes when they are wildly used. Therefore, there is a constant need to find new resistance genes to replace the non-effective genes. The resistance gene pool in the cultivated wheat is depleted and there is a need to find new genes in the wild relative of wheat. Wild emmer (Triticum dicoccoides) the progenitor of the cultivated wheat can serve as valuable gene pool for breeding for disease resistance. Transferring of novel genes into elite cultivars is highly facilitated by the availability of information of their chromosomal location. Therefore, our goals in this study was to find stripe rust resistant and susceptible genotypes in Israeli T. dicoccoides population, genotype them using state of the art genotyping methods and to find association between genetic markers and stripe rust resistance. We have screened 129 accessions from our collection of wild emmer wheat for resistance to three isolates of stripe rust. About 30% of the accessions were resistant to one or more isolates, 50% susceptible, and the rest displayed intermediate response. The accessions were genotyped with Illumina'sInfinium assay which consists of 9K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. About 13% (1179) of the SNPs were polymorphic in the wild emmer population. Cluster analysis based on SNP diversity has shown that there are two main groups in the wild population. A big cluster probably belongs to the Horanum ssp. and a small cluster of the Judaicum ssp. In order to avoid population structure bias, the Judaicum spp. was removed from the association analysis. In the remaining group of genotypes, linkage disequilibrium (LD) measured along the chromosomes decayed rapidly within one centimorgan. This is the first time when such analysis is conducted on a genome wide level in wild emmer. Such a rapid decay in LD level, quite unexpected for a selfer, was not observed in cultivated wheat collection. It indicates that wild emmer populations are highly suitable for association studies yielding a better resolution than association studies in cultivated wheat or genetic mapping in bi-parental populations. Significant association was found between an SNP marker located in the distal region of chromosome arm 1BL and resistance to one of the isolates. This region is not known in the literature to bear a stripe rust resistance gene. Therefore, there may be a new stripe rust resistance gene in this locus. With the current fast increase of wheat genome sequence data, genome wide association analysis becomes a feasible task and efficient strategy for searching novel genes in wild emmer wheat. In this study, we have shown that the wild emmer gene pool is a valuable source for new stripe rust resistance genes that can protect the cultivated wheat.
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Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.

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The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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