Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'First half of the 14th century'
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Gregory, Jennifer Sue. "Irish travelling musicians of the first half of the nineteenth century." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60378.pdf.
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Mortenson, Terence J. "British scriptural geologists in the first half of the nineteenth century." Thesis, Coventry University, 1996. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/c2ca3d9b-4617-006a-3cba-cba9e86062f0/1.
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During the first half of the nineteenth century (particularly 1820-1845) in Britain a number of laymen and clergymen tenaciously fought against new geological theories. These men became known as the "Scriptural geologists." They held the traditional Christian view that Genesis provided a realiable, historical account of the creation of the universe and the early history of the earth. In particular, they believed that the Noachian deluge was a unique global catastrophe, which produced most of the geological record, and that the earth was roughly 6,000 years old. From this position they responded with equal vigour to the old-earth theories of the uniformitarian and the catastrophist geologists. They also rejected, as misinterpretations of Scripture, the "gap theory", the "day-age theory", the "tranquil flood theory" and the "local flood theory." These writers have received limited scholarly analysis. Gillispie, Millhauser and Yule have given them some attention and are the historians regularly cited by others. Much current research addresses the issue of religion and science in the nineteenth century but none has focused on the Scriptural geologists. They deserve more study because they were "an important irritant and a serious disturbing factor in the scientific geologists' campaign to establish and maintain their own public image as a source of reliable and authoritative knowledge" (Martin Rudwick, 'The Greate Devonian Controversy', 1985, p.43). Also, this thesis demonstrates that they have been seriously misrepresented both by many of the contemporaries and by nearly all later hisotrians. By way of introduction, a brief analysis is given of 1) the intellectual, religious and cultural background leading up the nineteenth century, 2) the history of the interpretation of fossils, sedimentary rocks, and the Genesis account of creation and the flood, 3) a description of the nineteenth century milieu and 4) what constituted geological competence in the early nineteenth century. The central portion of the thesis analyzes the Biblical and geological arguments presented by thirteen representative Scriptural geologists. In the final section, generalizations and conclusions are made about the Scriptural geologists as a group and the nature of the debate with those they opposed.
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Luce, Gregory R. "British viola repertoire of the first half of the twentieth century." Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3725814.
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The aim of this dissertation performance project has been to obtain a familiarity with the sound and emotional palette of the British viola repertoire of 1900-1950. The music of this time and place has a uniquely soulful, pensive, and internally wrought emotional quality which translates perfectly into the character of the viola.
The first recital consisted of music written for the world’s then-preeminent viola virtuoso, Lionel Tertis (1876-1975). This program included Vaughan Williams’ Romance for Viola and Piano, Frank Bridge’s Two Pieces for Viola and Piano (Pensiero and Allegro Appassionato), Arnold Bax’s Sonata for Viola and Piano, and finally York Bowen’s thrilling Sonata No. 1 in C Minor.
The second recital contained the chronologically ordered complete works for viola and piano of Rebecca Clarke (1886-1979). Thanks to the monumental sonata of 1919, Rebecca Clarke is thought of by many as a composer, but she was most certainly a remarkable violist as well, making her one of the last performer-composers to continue the legacy of the great composer-virtuosi of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Clarke was at the very forefront of a time when female composers were beginning to be accepted socially. She is removed by only fifty or so years from the time of Clara Schumann, another great female artist, but is perhaps more remarkable in that her instrument of choice was not as widely accepted as a solo instrument at that time.
The final recital consisted of several works chosen to showcase the viola’s unique relationship with British composers over time. The first half of the recital featured three under-celebrated works by Arnold Bax: Concert Piece, Trio in One Movement, and Legend. The second half of this program reached back into the late Renaissance with a pair of pieces by John Dowland arranged for violin and viola, then finishing with Benjamin Britten’s Lachrymae of 1950, which was inspired by these two works.
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Plucknett, Theodore Frank Thomas. "Statutes and their interpretation in the first half of the fourteenth century /." Holmes Beach (Fla.) : Wm. W. Gaunt and sons, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37375013v.
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Carmo, Maria Helena do. "The Portuguese interests in Macau in the first half of the 18th century." Thesis, University of Macau, 1998. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1871696.
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CANDIANI, STEFANO. "IL MAESTRO DEL 'PANTHEON' E LA SUA BOTTEGA A MILANO NELLA CULTURA FIGURATIVA LOMBARDA DELLA PRIMA META' DEL XIV SECOLO." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/119345.
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La tesi è articolata in quattro capitoli. Nel primo si è ripercorso lo status questionis e la fortuna critica del Maestro del "Pantheon" e della sua bottega: tale artista, infatti, è noto agli studi già da un secolo. Si sono pertanto enumerati i diversi interventi degli studiosi, soffermandosi sui principali, esponendoli criticarmene e provvedendo a sfrondare le ipotesi oggigiorno meno praticabili. Nel secondo capitolo si è data voce ad un’analisi del codice Lat. 4895 (Parigi, Bibliothèque nationale de France), mostrando le specificità sia del miniatore bolognese, attivo nei primi fogli, sia del Maestro del "Pantheon", attivo nella restante parte delle carte. Nel terzo capitolo si sono analizzati i codici attribuibili alla bottega del Maestro del "Pantheon", collocati cronologicamente nel quarto decennio del XIV secolo, nonché sono stati presi in considerazione i volumi commissionati da Bruzio Visconti, il quale fu prolifico mecenate di manoscritti miniati tra quarto e quinto decennio del XIV secolo. Nel quarto capitolo, infine, si sono voluti mostrare i collegamenti fra il Maestro del "Pantheon" e la cultura figurativa lombarda della prima metà del secolo; facendo anche emergere la figura di Giovami Visconti, arcivescovo di Milano, quale committente e possessore di codici.The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first traces the status questionis and the critical fortune of the Master of the "Pantheon" and of his workshop: this artist, in fact, has been known for a century. Therefore, the various interventions of the scholars have been enumerated, focusing on the main ones, exposing them, criticize them and removing the hypotheses that are less probable today. In the second chapter, was provided an analysis of the ms. Lat. 4895 (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France), showing the specific characteristics firstly of the Bolognese illuminator, active in the first leaves, and secondly of the Master of the "Pantheon", active in the remaining leaves. The third chapter analyzes the codes attributable to the workshop of the Master of the "Pantheon", placed chronologically in the fourth decade of the fourteenth century, as well as the volumes commissioned by Bruzio Visconti, who was a prolific patron of illuminated manuscripts between the fourth and fifth decade of the fourteenth century. Finally, in the fourth chapter, is showed the connections between the Master of the "Pantheon" and the Lombard figurative culture of the first half of the century; also bringing out the figure of Giovami Visconti, archbishop of Milan, as patron and owner of manuscripts.
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Komarower, Patricia 1950. "The development of vertebrate palaeontology in China during the first half of the twentieth century." Monash University, School of Geosciences, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9337.
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Gard, Raymond. "Treatment in the open : community penalties in the first half of the twentieth century." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420862.
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Sexton, R. D. "Travelling people in the United Kingdom in the first half of the twentieth century." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234178.
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Fuentes, Vásquez María José. "The rise of mass education in Colombia in the first half of the twentieth century." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670661.
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Las diferencias económicas regionales en Colombia han persistido en el
tiempo. El presente trabajo busca contribuir al debate sobre las diferencias
territoriales y la persistencia de la pobreza a partir de la identificación de
patrones de baja cobertura educativa entre 1904 y 1958, tanto en la educación
primaria como secundaria. Para ello, esta investigación ha utilizado fuentes inéditas en
escalas subnacionales para construir un panorama nacional, ya que la evolución de los resultados educativos no ha sido homogénea en todo el país. El primer capítulo de esta tesis nos ayuda a contextualizar el caso colombiano desde una perspectiva comparada. Asimismo, se adaptaron los datos del sistema educativo colombiano a la Clasificación Internacional Normalizada de Educación (CINE) de 2011 y se muestran los principales patrones que siguió la escolarización a nivel regional. En el Capítulo 2 se analizó la cobertura educativa de Colombia desde la perspectiva de la oferta y relaciona el modelo de descentralización financiera de la educación adoptado a principios del siglo XX. En el Capítulo 3 se discutió el impacto del boom cafetero en las tasas de escolarización en el corto plazo. Y finalmente, el Capítulo 4 estudia el impacto de las reformas legales liberales sobre la condición económica y social de las mujeres en la reducción de la brecha de género en la educación.Regional economic differences in Colombia have persisted over time. The present study seeks to contribute to the debate on the territorial differences of the country through the identification of patterns of low coverage in both primary and secondary education between 1904 and 1958. For this purpose, this research has used unpublished sources at sub-national scales to build a national picture, since the evolution of educational outcomes has not been homogeneous throughout the country. On the contrary, educational outcomes have been conditioned by the geographical, economic and institutional features of each region. The first chapter of this thesis helps us to contextualize the Colombian case from a comparative perspective. Likewise, it was adapted data on the Colombian education system to the International Normalized Classification of Education (ISCED) of 2011 and the main patterns that schooling followed at the regional level are shown. In Chapter 2 it was analysed Colombia’s educational coverage from the supply perspective and relate the model of the financial decentralization of education adopted at the beginning of the twentieth century. In Chapter 3 was discussed the impact of the coffee boom on school enrolment rates in the short term. And finally, Chapter 4 studies the impact of liberal legal reforms to the economic and social condition of women in reducing the gender gap in education.
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Guzzetta, Giorgio. "British modernism in Italy : nation and narration in the first half of the twentieth century." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403471.
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Cherry, Peter. "Still life and genre painting in Spain during the first half of the seventeenth century." Thesis, Courtauld Institute of Art (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309498.
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FONSECA, LETICIA PEDRUCE. "THE VISUAL CONSTRUCTION OF JORNAL DO BRASIL ON THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11855@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOA presente dissertação é uma pesquisa sobre a construção visual dos jornais impressos brasileiros no período anterior à sistematização do ensino de design no país e sua legitimação como uma área de conhecimento. Para tanto foi eleito como objeto de estudo o Jornal do Brasil, fundado em 1891 e até hoje em circulação. Alguns estudos já foram realizados acerca da importante e conhecida reformulação gráfica pela qual passou no final da década de 1950, porém não há investigações sobre sua construção visual no período anterior, assim, ficou definido como recorte temporal desta pesquisa a primeira metade do século XX. O primeiro capítulo relata a trajetória do Jornal do Brasil durante o período estudado e como os diversos acontecimentos que influenciaram a empresa e o país alteraram a apresentação visual de suas páginas. No segundo capítulo são tratados os principais avanços tecnológicos ocorridos no século XIX, a tecnologia utilizada pelo Jornal do Brasil e como a modernização de seu parque gráfico possibilitou inovações. O conteúdo do jornal é abordado no terceiro capítulo, são descritas quais seções eram publicadas e suas peculiaridades; quais ilustradores trabalharam no Jornal do Brasil. O quarto capítulo apresenta um panorama do comportamento dos principais jornais diários brasileiros no início do século XX, que serve de comparação ao Jornal do Brasil. São investigadas a trajetória e a apresentação visual dos seguintes periódicos: Jornal do Comércio, Gazeta de Notícias, O País, Correio da Manhã e O Estado de São Paulo.
The current dissertation is a research about the visual constructio n of print Brazilian newspapers in the period previous to the systematization of design teaching in the country and its legitimization as a field of knowledge. For the stated purpose it has been chosen as a focus of study the daily newspaper Jornal do Brasil, which was founded in 1891, still in circulation nowadays. Some studies have been done about the so important and well known graphic reformulation which it went through at the end of the 1950´s, however there is no investigation about the visual construction in the previous period; therefore it has been defined as time line the first half of the 20th Century. The first chapter reports the trajectory of Jornal do Brasil during the studied period, and how the innumerous events that influenced the company and the country altered the visual presentation of its pages. The second chapter mentions technological advances, the type of technology used by Jornal do Brasil, and how modernization of its graphic park made innovation possible. Its content is approached in the third chapter, where it is described which sections were published and their peculiarities. The fourth chapter presents an overview of the behavior of the main daily Brazilian newspapers at the beginning of the 20th Century, which serves as an object of comparison to Jornal do Brasil. The current work investigates the trajectory and visual presentation of the following newspapers : Jornal do Comércio, Gazeta de Notícias, O País, Correio da Manhã e O Estado de São Paulo.
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Engellau-Gullander, Cecilia Adler Nancy. "Jan II van Coninxlo : a Brussels master of the first half of the 16th Century /." Stockholm : University of Stockholm, Department of Art History, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35549435p.
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Mann, Michael. "British rule on Indian soil : North India in the first half of the Nineteenth Century /." New Delhi : Manohar, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40239466n.
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Freedman, Richard. "Music, musicians and the house of Lorraine during the first half of the sixteenth century /." Ann Arbor (Mich.) : UMI, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400634356.
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Harding, B. L. "Changing Faces of the Alps: Austrian Alpine art in the first half of the Twentieth Century." Thesis, University of Essex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486178.
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The Austrian Alps form a vital symbolic pa,rt in Austria's defining of its national identity. In the first half of the twentieth century this geological formation underwent changing aesthetic conceptions, appropriations and exploitations. We may notice a dichotomy between holding onto an idealistic view of an Alpine idyll and embracing or acknowledging modernity SUbject to economic, political and ideological developments. This thesis follows the evolution of the country from the fin-de-siecle to the First World War and subsequently from the early inter-war years to the era of National Socialism, concluding with the end of the Second World War. In order to make sense of this process of evolution, the thesis undertakes first a cultural, historical and chronological overview of the period in question, examining political and religious beliefs, social customs and folklore as well as economic necessities. Thereafter it examines how these beliefs, customs and necessities were expressed visually by devoting independent chapters to architecture, painting, photography and film as well as including comparisons with writings, philosophical inquiries and musical compositions. This approach brings to light many common strands linking these different visual media.
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Pacheco-Rodriguez, E. J. "Utility and rights : The science of morals in Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234307.
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Shilliam, Nicola J. "Foreign influences on and innovation in English tomb sculpture in the first half of the sixteenth century." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1986. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/34806/.
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This study is an investigation of stylistic and iconographic innovation in English tomb sculpture from the accession of King Henry VIII through the first half of the sixteenth century, a period during which Tudor society and Tudor art were in transition as a result of greater interaction with continental Europe. The form of the tomb was moulded by contemporary cultural, temporal and spiritual innovations, as well as by the force of artistic personalities and the directives of patrons. Conversely, tomb sculpture is an inherently conservative art, and old traditions and practices were resistant to innovation. The early chapters examine different means of change as illustrated by a particular group of tombs. The most direct innovations were introduced by the royal tombs by Pietro Torrigiano in Westminster Abbey. The function of Italian merchants in England as intermediaries between Italian artists and English patrons is considered. Italian artists also introduced terracotta to England. A group of terracotta tombs in East Anglia, previously attributed by tradition to Italian artists, is re-examined. A less direct initiation of iconographic and stylistic innovation occurred through English artists' use of foreign patterns. The synthesis of such two-dimensional imagery by English sculptors is examined in certain tombs in Hampshire and Sussex. The influence of the Florentine royal tombs on English tomb sculpture in the latter half of the period is illustrated by alabaster tombs from an English workshop and by three other important tombs. The abandoned Italian project for the tomb of Henry VIII is studied in the context of the religious, political and economic changes that contributed to the breakdown of a supportive environment for Italian artists in England. Finally, the relevance of religious Injunctions and iconoclasm to the evolution of English tomb sculpture by the middle of the century is considered.
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Wiley, Elizabeth Otterson. "Playing the Yankee visitors, natives and the state of Maine in the first half of the twentieth century /." View this thesis online, 2005. http://libraries.maine.edu/gateway/oroauth.asp?file=orono/etheses/37803141.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Washington University, 2005.Title from PDF title page. Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 279-308) . Also issued in print.
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Sweeny, Margaret Isabel. "Stars: The configuration and trajectory of women in Chinese cinema during the first half of the Twentieth Century." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32394.
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Abstract In this thesis I will explore the figure and configuration of women in twentieth century Chinese cinema. I begin my investigation by establishing a more general understanding of how the cinema, as a structure of modernity, functions in relation to the formation of modern subjectivity, sensibility, and everyday life. I then narrow my investigation to the evolution of the cinema in the specific context of twentieth century China. In so doing, I establish how the evolution of the cinema and the figure and configuration of women developed in relation to the forging a new national identity. Through a discussion of the 1920s nüxiapian subgenre, New Woman (1935), and Song of Youth (1959), I trace the development of the figure of women in the cinema through major periods in modern Chinese history, thus, exposing the ideological investment in specific representations. My investigation reveals the political, and not merely sexually political, implications of the representation and circulation of the figure of the woman in modern Chinese culture.Résumé Dans la présente thèse, j'explore le sujet de l'image et de la composition des femmes dans le cinéma chinois du vingtième siècle. J'ai commencé cette étude en expliquant de façon plus générale la manière dont le cinéma fonctionne, en tant que structure de la modernité, relativement à la formation de la subjectivité, de la sensibilité et de la vie quotidienne modernes. J'ai ensuite restreint mon champ d'étude à l'évolution du cinéma dans le contexte particulier de la Chine du vingtième siècle. Ainsi, je montre comment l'évolution du cinéma et de l'image et de la composition des femmes s'est développée par rapport à la formation d'une nouvelle identité nationale. Par l'analyse du sous-genre nüxiapian des années 1920, de New Woman (1935), et de Song of Youth (1959), j'ai pu suivre l'évolution de l'image des femmes au cinéma au cours des périodes importantes de l'histoire moderne de la Chine et, par conséquent, découvrir l'investissement idéologique dans des représentations spécifiques. Mon étude dévoile les implications politiques, et pas seulement politico sexuelles, de la représentation et de la diffusion de l'image de la femme dans la culture chinoise moderne.
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Kountouris, Garyfallia. "The Interpretation of New Testament Apocalyptic in Greek Orthodox Christianity During the First Half of the 17th Century." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521995.
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Kostka, Magdalena. "Sonatas for violin and basso continuo written by British composers in the first half of the eighteenth century." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/67440/.
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The sonata for violin and basso continuo was one of the most popular instrumental genres in early eighteenth-century Europe, as is clearly evident from the numerous works by Italian, German and French composers of the period, whose contributions are widely known and documented. Violin sonatas by British-born composers of the period, on the other hand, have largely been neglected by scholars and performers and no systematic examination of this repertoire has thus far been conducted. The present thesis attempts to contextualise this rich and fascinating repertoire and view it holistically. It aims to contribute substantially to knowledge about the British violin sonata during the period and enhance our understanding of its function, content, dissemination and performance. Fifteen collections of sonatas for violin and continuo written by British-born composers in the first half of the eighteenth century have been selected for detailed analysis. These works have been examined from two different perspectives: as social phenomena and as aesthetic objects. Following relevant introductory materials contextualising the research, the first part of this thesis presents biographical accounts of the selected composers, their careers and musical environment, and the circumstances surrounding the publication and distribution of their sonatas. In Part II the sonatas under scrutiny are analysed in terms of their external designs and internal forms, tonal scope, and harmonic and melodic vocabulary, as well as their technical demands. Technical discussion focuses on issues such as range requirements, position-work and shifting, fingering, bowing, articulation, embellishment, dynamics, and chordal playing.
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Petrova, Galina. "Ludwig Maurer and the reception of Beethoven in St. Petersburg in the first half of the 19th century." Musikgeschichte in Mittel- und Osteuropa ; 5 (1999), S. 62-71, 1999. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15624.
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In this article I would like to attract attention to the personality of Ludwig Wilhelm Maurer. As a brilliant virtuoso violinist, known in
Russia since 1817, conductor of the French theatre in St. Petersburg
since 1835, inspector of all Emperor theatres since 1841 and conductor
of the Philharmonic and Concert societies, Ludwig Maurer was an advocate of the classic inheritance.
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Brooks, Colleen. "Cabaret Songs by Classical Composers During the First Half of the 20th Century: Satie, Schoenberg, Weill, and Britten." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1281990477.
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Petrova, Galina. "Ludwig Maurer and the reception of Beethoven in St. Petersburg in the first half of the 19th century." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-224571.
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In this article I would like to attract attention to the personality of Ludwig Wilhelm Maurer. As a brilliant virtuoso violinist, known in
Russia since 1817, conductor of the French theatre in St. Petersburg
since 1835, inspector of all Emperor theatres since 1841 and conductor
of the Philharmonic and Concert societies, Ludwig Maurer was an advocate of the classic inheritance.
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Gellera, Giovanni. "Natural philosophy in the graduation theses of the Scottish universities in the first half of the seventeenth century." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3285/.
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The graduation theses of the Scottish universities in the first half of the seventeenth century are at the crossroads of philosophical and historical events of fundamental importance: Renaissance and Humanist philosophy, Scholastic and modern philosophy, Reformation and Counterreformation, the rise of modern science. The struggle among these tendencies shaped the culture of the seventeenth century. Graduation theses are a product of the Scholasticism of the modern age, which survived the Reformation in Scotland and decisively influenced Scottish philosophy in the seventeenth century, including the reception of early modern philosophy. We can therefore speak of a ‘Scottish Scholasticism’, characterised by an original reception and interpretation of the long traditions of Scholastic philosophy and Aristotelianism. The aim of the thesis is the analysis of the general physics of the graduation theses: the two central theories are prime matter and movement. Natural philosophy is a particularly interesting case, and the main features of the graduation theses are the reception of Scholasticism alongside innovation within Scholasticism. Graduation theses adhere to the Scholastic tradition, especially Scotism, while being innovative in their opposition to Catholic forms of Scholasticism. Scottish Scholasticism can be then further qualified as an example of ‘Reformed Scholasticism’.
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Halladay, Laurel (Laurel Marjorie) Carleton University Dissertation Canadian Studies. "'We'll see you next year': maternity homes in southern Saskatchewan in the first half of the twentieth century." Ottawa, 1996.
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Pledger, Trew Richard Stretton. "The social significance of passenger-carrying paddle steamer operations in Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century." Thesis, Open University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525839.
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This thesis is an exploration and analytical discussion of the socio-economic response of British society to the introduction of a revolutionary means of travel, made possible by the innovative technology of the passenger-carrying steamboat. In order to establish the technological and societal contexts, the study first sets out an abbreviated account of the technical history of steam navigation, and of the characteristics of the societies of England and Scotland. Presentation of the leading features of British society introduces one of the most significant questions raised throughout the study, which asks to what extent application of the new technology may have been associated with a social widening of opportunities to travel, in a society characterized by extremes of social differentiation. The historical account is set out so as to explain the beginning and consequential development of steam navigation in Scotland; the profitable exploitation of the technology in rapidly growing operations on the Thames; the uniquely British passion for the seaside holiday and the associated role of the steamboat; and finally the different characteristics of coastal operations. One of the most significant findings of the study, however, comes from examination of early steamer operations in the north Midlands. Contrary to accepted views of technology transfer, it has been found that, after initial applications in Scotland, the first users to put steamers into regular passenger service were not entrepreneurs in London, but businessmen at the inland port of Gainsborough. Investigation of operations there, and its significantly improved communication with Hull, has also opened up new and fruitful examination of the role of the steamboat on inland waterways linked with Northern industry, as well as new reasoning about the improvements in service and accommodation that accompanied the introduction of steam navigation.
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Schlote, Karl-Heinz, and Martina Schneider. "Mathematics meets physics: A contribution to their interaction in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century." Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Harri Deutsch, 2011. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15838.
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Es gibt wohl kaum Wissenschaftsgebiete, in denen die wechselseitige Beeinflussung stärker ist als zwischen Mathematik und Physik. Eine wichtige Frage ist dabei die nach der konkreten Ausgestaltung dieser Wechselbeziehungen, etwa an einer Universität, oder die nach prägenden Merkmalen in der Entwicklung dieser Beziehungen in einem historischen Zeitabschnitt.
Im Rahmen eines mehrjährigen Akademieprojekts wurden diese Beziehungen an den Universitäten in Leipzig, Halle und Jena für den Zeitraum vom Beginn des 19. bis zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts untersucht und in fünf Bänden dargestellt. Der erste dieser Bände erschien in den Abhandlungen der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, die nachfolgenden als eigenständige Reihe unter dem Titel “Studien zur Entwicklung von Mathematik und Physik in ihren Wechselwirkungen“. Ein weiterer und abschließender Band dieser Reihe (der vorliegende) beinhaltet die Beiträge einer wissenschaftshistorischen Fachtagung im Jahr 2010, die das Thema in einem internationalen Kontext einbettet.
Der vorliegende Band enthält die Beiträge der Tagung “Mathematics meets physics. A contribution to their interaction in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century”, die vom 22. bis 25. März 2010 in Leipzig stattfand. Die Konferenzbeiträge bestätigen die große Variabilität in der Gestaltung der Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Mathematik und Physik. In ihnen werden u.a. verschiedene Entwicklungsprozesse im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (zur elektromagnetischen Feldtheorie, zur Quantenmechanik, zur Quantenfeldtheorie, zur Relativitätstheorie) aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven analysiert. Weitere Beiträge stellen allgemeinere Fragestellungen der Entwicklung der Wechselbeziehungen in den Mittelpunkt und tragen zur Frage einer möglichen Unterscheidung unterschiedlicher Entwicklungsstufen im den Wechselverhältnis von Mathematik und Physik bei. Insgesamt ist einzuschätzen: Zum einen dokumentieren die in den Beiträgen vorgelegten Ergebnisse den Wert und die Notwendigkeit von Detailuntersuchungen, um die Entwicklung der Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Mathematik und Physik in ihrer Vielfalt und mit der nötigen Präzision zu erfassen, zum anderen lassen sie in ihrer Gesamtheit noch zu beantwortende Forschungsfragen erkennen.:Vorwort
Karl-Heinz Schlote, Martina Schneider: Introduction
Jesper Lützen: Examples and Reflections on the Interplay between Mathematics and Physics in the 19th and 20th Century
Juraj Šebesta: Mathematics as one of the basic Pillars of physical Theory: a historical and epistemological Survey
Karl-Heinz Schlote, Martina Schneider: The Interrelation between Mathematics and Physics at the Universities Jena, Halle-Wittenberg and Leipzig – a Comparison
Karin Reich: Der erste Professor für Theoretische Physik an der Universität Hamburg: Wilhelm Lenz
Jim Ritter: Geometry as Physics: Oswald Veblen and the Princeton School
Erhard Scholz: Mathematische Physik bei Hermann Weyl – zwischen „Hegelscher Physik“ und „symbolischer Konstruktion der Wirklichkeit“
Scott Walter: Henri Poincaré, theoretical Physics, and Relativity Theory in Paris
Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze: Indeterminismus vor der Quantenmechanik: Richard von Mises’ wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischer Purismus in der Theorie physikalischer Prozesse
Christoph Lehner: Mathematical Foundations and physical Visions: Pascual Jordan and the Field Theory Program
Jan Lacki: From Matrices to Hilbert Spaces: The Interplay of Physics and Mathematics in the Rise of Quantum Mechanics
Helge Kragh: Mathematics, Relativity, and Quantum Wave Equations
Klaus-Heinrich Peters: Mathematische und phänomenologische Strenge: Distributionen in der Quantenmechanik und -feldtheorie
Arianna Borrelli: Angular Momentum between Physics and Mathematics
Friedrich Steinle: Die Entstehung der Feldtheorie: ein ungewöhnlicher Fall der Wechselwirkung von Physik und Mathematik?
Vortragsprogramm
Liste der Autoren
Personenverzeichnis
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Richardson, Fiona J. "A theological study of books printed abroad in English in the first half of the sixteenth century (1525-1548)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13723.
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The English reformation, unlike that in Germany and Switzerland, evolved over a fairly long span of time. At first Luther's works were sold unchecked by English booksellers, being first prohibited in 1520. Over the next few years the advance of reforming ideas was considered so serious as to merit the further attention of the English Crown. By 1524 it was found necessary to enforce a law prohibiting the importation of theological texts into England, and efforts were made to suppress the further spread of the Protestant heresy throughout the realm. However, despite the Act of Parliament and a wave of persecutions the church was unable to stop the influx of prohibited books, which came off the printing presses of Germany and the Low Countries. With the aid of the revised version of the S.T.C. and additional catalogues of early printed writings, it has been possible to compile a list of foreign publications, all of which were intended for the English reader. These texts printed in the vernacular were written and commissioned by English writers forced into exile for their own safety, but also determined to establish Protestant Ideas In their own country. It is difficult to determine the exact numbers of Protestant books entering the country, but some Indication of their appeal can be found from the lists of prohibited books issued by the Ecclesiastical authorities. A detailed examination of these publications yields a clear picture of the theological teaching of Englands earliest Protestants. By carefully comparing these ideas with those of earlier heretics and contemporary reformers, it has been possible to assess the extent to which outside ideas has influenced the minds of these men. Further analysis has revealed the original and subtle genius of men who combined the ideas of the Continental reformers with those native to the English tradition, in order to produce a reformed theology which appealed to the unique situation in their own country.
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Kim, Sarm. "Works for violin from distinct European compositional traditions in the first half of the 20th century nationalism, impressionism, and neo-classicism /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3190.
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Llorca, Manuel. "British textile exports to the southern cone during the first half of the nineteen century : growth, structure and the marketing chain." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9936.
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The historiography of economic relationships between Britain and the Southern Cone during the first half of the nineteenth century largely ignores trade. Yet, neither British direct, nor portfolio, investment was important during this period, when the main gains arose from trade, and directly associated invisible earnings: credits, shipping freights and insurance. British exports have long been taken for granted to the extent that there are no specific considerations of textile exports to Latin America. Between 1815 and 1859, textiles comprised over 80 per cent of British exports to the Southern Cone. This thesis considers in detail the process by which textiles were transferred from British manufacturers to local wholesalers. The various relationships between manufacturers, merchants, ship-brokers, underwriters and mercantile houses are assessed and analysed. New light is thrown on the relative roles of the consignment system and own account operations, advances against consignments, marine insurances, return remittances, commissions and fees, shipping strategies, packing, and on the use and management of samples and pattern books. Along with a lack of awareness of how British textiles were exported, little was known about the actual growth of Britain’s exports to this region. The picture painted by the historiography, which lacked robust data, was that early exports glutted the markets. It has been maintained that, thereafter, the small, low-income and scattered rural population of the Southern Cone had little to offer in exchange. Furthermore, it has also been put forward that high internal transport costs made this former backwater of the Spanish Empire nothing but a marginal market. This view considers the Southern Cone solely ‘responsible’ for the supposedly low volume of British exports. Post-1860s developments – railways and European migration on a sizeable scale – are regarded as being responsible for the growth of exports. This simplistic yet well-rooted approach is challenged. There was nothing exceptional in the development of the value of British exports to this market. When measured by volume, textiles exported by Britain to the Southern Cone expanded continuously throughout the 1820s, 1830s and 1840s and at very high rates, in particular, if per capita consumption is considered. Apart from the factors considered in the historiography, an explanation of the Southern Cone’s increasing absorption of British manufactures from the 1820s requires an examination of other local conditions as well as the changing situation in Britain, namely: improvements in packing of textiles; falling costs of productions in Britain; falling ocean freight rates; falling marine insurances; introduction of free trade in Britain; dramatic improvements in communications; falling import duties on the spot; better port facilities; struggle of local craft industries; and the establishment of a more stable political system on the spot.
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Siedina, Giovanna. "The Reception of Horace in the Courses of Poetics at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy: 17th-First Half of the 18th Century." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13065007.
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For the first time, the reception of the poetic legacy of the Latin poet Horace (65 B.C.-8 B.C.) in the poetics courses taught at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy (17th-first half of the 18th century) has become the subject of a wide-ranging research project presented in this dissertation. Quotations from Horace and references to his oeuvre have been divided according to the function they perform in the poetics manuals, the aim of which was to teach pupils how to compose Latin poetry. Three main aspects have been identified: the first consists of theoretical recommendations useful to the would-be poets, which are taken mainly from Horace's Ars poetica. The second aspect is the use of Horace's poetry as a model of word usage, tropes, rhetorical figures, and metrical schemes. Finally, the last important aspect of the reception of Horace is how his works could be imitated and his words or dicta borrowed in the composition of poetry, in which students were expected to exercise as part of the poetics course.
The research draws the conclusion that Horace's legacy was of paramount importance in the manuals analyzed: on the one hand the Mohylanian poetics teachers' tendency (after Renaissance literary theorists and critics) to consider poetry within rhetorical categories rendered Horace's Ars Poetica extremely congenial to them. On the other, Horace's ideas were extrapolated from their original context and at times modified to serve a moralistic and "utilitarian" conception of poetry, which considered the latter as an instrumental science that served the ends of moral philosophy. With its metrical virtuosity and brilliant verbal craftsmanship, Horace's poetry provided an excellent model for the introduction of Christian content.
The analysis of the way pagan authors (Horace first and foremost) were elaborated in a Christian key in the poetry composed by Mohylanian teachers and pupils indicates that education (and with it the assimilation of the Classics) at the KMA was not extraneous to the integration of ancient learning in Christian thinking as it took place in the different confessional schools of contemporary Western Europe.Slavic Languages and Literatures
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Charlton-Stevens, Uther E. "Decolonising Anglo-Indians : strategies for a mixed-race community in late colonial India during the first half of the 20th century." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:254b43ad-a0d6-4416-b451-c1ebff58ecce.
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Anglo-Indians, a designation acquired in the 1911 Indian Census, had previously been known as Eurasians, East Indians, Indo-Britons and half-castes. ‘Anglo-Indian’ had previously denoted, and among some scholars continues to denote, Britons long resident in India. We will define Anglo-Indians as a particular mixed race Indo-European population arising out of the European trading and imperial presence in India, and one of several constructed categories by which transient Britons sought to demarcate racial difference within the Raj’s socio-racial hierarchy. Anglo-Indians were placed in an intermediary (and differentially remunerated) position between Indians and Domiciled Europeans (another category excluded from fully ‘white’ status), who in turn were placed below imported British superiors. The domiciled community (of Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans, treated as a single socio-economic class by Britons) were relied upon as loyal buttressing agents of British rule who could be deployed to help run the Raj’s strategically sensitive transport and communication infrastructure, and who were made as a term of their service to serve in auxiliary military forces which could help to ensure the internal security of the Raj and respond to strikes, civil disobedience or crises arising from international conflict. The thesis reveals how calls for Indianisation of state and railway employment by Indian nationalists in the assemblies inaugurated by the 1919 Government of India Act threatened, through opening up their reserved intermediary positions to competitive entry and examination by Indians, to undermine the economic base of domiciled employment. Anglo-Indian leaders responded with varying strategies. Foremost was the definition of Anglo-Indians as an Indian minority community which demanded political representation through successive phases of constitutional change and statutory safeguards for their existing employment. This study explores various strategies including: deployment of multiple identities; widespread racial passing by individuals and families; agricultural colonisation schemes; and calls for individual, familial or collective migration.
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Corgatelli, Pietro. "Tapes and testimony : making the local history of Italians in the Western Cape in the first half of the 20th century." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17177.
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Bibliography: pages 258-271.The history of long distance immigrant communities, particularly those with few or no written documentary records, is often cited as an obvious example for oral historical enquiry. Such groupings would be represented by the Greek, Portuguese and Jewish as well as the Italian population in South Africa, and by similar settler communities in Great Britain and the USA. The advantages of an orally-derived community history is surely shown by the potential richness of information found in interviews where people's history is offered in their own words, in which migrants consider the life they have lived as basically their own formations. The Italian community was selected because there are only very thin and fragmentary records of its local history and because of the author's own origins. Through interviews, one has been able to expand on the existing sparse historical picture and to gather fresh material concerning a range of active individuals who, through their business lives and practices, established successful new industries and other local economic enterprises. Sample interviews have been transcribed and edited, to illustrate the range of oral testimony. Through them one hears something of the history of men such as Oreste Nannucci who started a laundry business, Giuseppe Rubbi, who was one of the most prominent builders in Cape Town before the Second World War, and Amedeo Traverso who, with his partners, developed the sea front in Sea Point, among many other speculative ventures. Through the examples of Mrs Ida Peroni's and Antonio Introna's testimony we move away from the historical voice of male petty entrepreneurs to obtain a new insight into the fortunes of the Sicilian fishing community. Wherever possible, attempts have been made to check the information generated by oral testimony by consulting census reports, migration figures, consular and parliamentary reports, books, documents, newspapers and personal correspondence both in South Africa and Italy. Written documentary sources are utilised in relevant chapters. By piecing together this disparate range of source material, the present study shows the dimensions of Italian migrant economic and social experience not simply as generalities but as something to be glimpsed in the uniqueness inherent in every life history.
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Pinheiro, Ligia Ravenna. "YES, VIRGINIA, ANOTHER BALLO TRAGICO: THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF PORTUGAL'S BALLET D'ACTION LIBRETTI FROM THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429443828.
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AZEVEDO, MARIA CRISTINA NEVES DE. "SACRED ART AND SOCIAL DISTINCTION: ARTIST JOAQUIM JOSÉ DA NATIVIDADE IN SOUTHERN MINAS GERAIS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25091@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
A atuação do artista Joaquim José da Natividade, na Comarca do Rio das Mortes entre a segunda metade do século XVIII e as primeiras décadas do século XIX, permitiram a reflexão acerca das possíveis relações entre os processos de construção e decoração de capelas e igrejas com as representações de distinção e hierarquia(s) entre moradores. Ao disponibilizar recursos para a ornamentação dos templos, os financiadores das obras – proprietários de terras e escravos ligados à produção e comercialização de gêneros alimentícios – esperavam que a qualidade artística fosse compatível aos valores mobilizados. Dessa maneira, os fatores prestígio para o artista e fortuna para o contratante se mostraram pertinentes para a análise de parcela das obras atribuídas ao artista, por carregarem o significado do privilégio social expressos nos processos artísticos e sociais inerentes à sua execução.
References to the significant role of the artist Joaquim José Nativity - in the County of Rio das Mortes between the second half of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth century - allowed the reflection on the possible relationships between the processes of construction and decoration of chapels and churches with the distinction of representantions and hierarchy(s) between dwellers. To provide resources for the ornamentation of the temples, the funders of the work - Landowners and slaves related to production and marketing of foodstuffs - expected that the artistic quality was compatible with raised values. Thus, the prestige and fortune for the artist to the contractor factors were relevant to the examination of a portion of the works attributed to the artist, because they carry the meaning of social privilege expressed in artistic and social processes involved in their implementation.
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Probert, William Bernard Charles. "The humanitarian, technical and political response to shipwreck in the first half of the nineteenth century : the 1836 inquiry and its aftermath." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/43764/.
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Shipwreck in the first half of the nineteenth century had been an on-going national tragedy. It was not officially quantified until the 185O's when it was found that 1025 ships a year on average were lost, the consequent destruction of life averaged 830 persons a year, with an annual loss to the country representing some 1.5m. There had been a devastating loss to the maritime strength of Britain since the close of the Napoleonic Wars. The response to this on-going national disaster was slow but eventually emerged principally in three areas: humanitarian, technical and political. The humanitarian driven reform came from amongst other sources by way of incentives to inventors from the Royal Humane Society, the formation and establishment of a lifeboat service and a general up-swelling of opinion by exposure to pamphlets and newspapers against the evils of shipwreck. The technical response came as inventors and builders sought to find new forms of construction in ships, lifeboats, life-saving equipment and safety equipment amongst others. Politically, the increasing use of the select committee to bring facts before the public and parliament served as the basis of much reform in nineteenth century England, the 1836 Inquiry into the causes of shipwreck, the 1839 Inquiry into the losses of timber-laden ships and the 1843 Inquiry into the causes of shipwreck being the major exposers of malpractice. The object of this thesis and the major research question is to assess the principal strengths and directions of these responses as the climate of opinion changed and reforms albeit piecemeal came about. The work begins with an outline of the situation as it affected different parts of the coast and some of the localised responses to shipwreck. Using the 1836 Inquiry as the basis for establishing the causes of the problems, itself a new datum point in maritime history as it was the instigating basis for change, the nature of shipwreck and course of reform is traced through the following two decades up until the unifying 'great' Merchant Shipping Act of 1854.
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KATO, Kumiko. "Tributes and Corvée Imposed by Moeng Cheng Hung of Sipsongpanna in the First Half of the 20th Century : Analyses from a Tai Manuscript." School of Letters, Nagoya University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16785.
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Lewis, Bridget. "Charitable provision for the rural poor : a case study of policies and attitudes in Northamptonshire in the first half of the nineteenth century." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2003. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2796/.
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This thesis examines the role of private charity in the ‘mixed economy of welfare’ available to the rural poor in Northamptonshire in the first half of the nineteenth century. It is the first major study of this kind, as hitherto, historians of welfare have largely concentrated on the public charity of poor relief. It covers the basic needs of the poor, food, money, clothing, housing and access to land for fuel and cultivation and examines the various sources of private charity that addressed those needs. These were the endowed charities, the benevolence of individuals, mainly the major landowners and the clergy, and the establishment of the self-help charitable initiatives of allotment schemes, clothing societies and coal clubs. For each source, this thesis explores the key questions of how valuable the resource was to the poor, who were the main recipients and what factors affected the choice of recipients. Thus, it examines the gender, the stage in the life cycle and the respectability of the recipients. It also analyses the importance of residency in an ‘open’ or a ‘close’ parish in terms of the amount and quality of assistance given to the poor. This thesis also examines the extent of changes in national attitudes to private charitable provision with an emphasis on self-help and on more discrimination in the choice of recipients, mirroring the changes in poor relief in the period. Although these changes were in their infancy in the early decades of the nineteenth century, they became prominent in rural parishes in the second half. Thus this thesis shows that the years up to 1850 were critical in that the changes in charitable provision which arose out of the pressures encountered by rural society in that period came to be widely adopted by the end of the century
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Sakun, A. V., T. I. Kadlubovych, and F. M. Prodanyuk. "Main stages of the implementation of the Magdeburg law on the territory of Ukraine in the XIII – first half of the XVIII century." Thesis, Izdevnieciba "Baltija Publishing", 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14854.
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Bird, Samantha Louise. "Stepney from the outbreak of the First World War to the Festival of Britain, 1914-1951 : a profile of a London borough during the first half of the 20th century." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507079.
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The motto for Stepney was a magnis ad maiora (from great things to greater) and this thesis attempts to assess how far the area achieved such improvements, and against what odds, during the first half of the 20th Century. The First World War is the starting point of this thesis as it was to have long-term implications for Stepney. Arthur Foley Winnington-Ingram, Bishop of London, in his Easter sermon of 1918 first used the slogan 'They Shall Not Pass'. For Stepney, this was to become a significant slogan during the Battle of Cable Street, eighteen years later, in 1936. Another event in the First World War, which was to have an affect on the country's preparations for the Second World War, was the death of 18 schoolchildren when Upper North Street School was directly struck during a zeppelin raid. This event was one of the main reasons, according to Philip Ziegler, for the later evacuation of schoolchildren from cities across the country. The overall theme for this thesis is the politics of the labour movement during the first half of the 201h Century. What makes Stepney distinctive during this period is its political diversity with the rise of the Labour, Communist and Fascist parties. The politics of the labour movement are addressed through relevant local issues such as housing and ethnicity. Stepney also had a diverse community. During the First and Second World War tensions were heightened within the area due to the internment of military aged 'alien' males. However in the inter-war years there was the significance of the integration of the Jewish community, in particular, into the politics of the labour movement. For Stepney, housing was also an ever-present issue. Poor quality housing characterised Stepney. Throughout the period covered by this thesis, housing was a persistent issue on the borough council. Both the First and Second World War saw a halt to building work, and the subsequent post-war periods saw election campaigns promising that the housing issue would be effectively addressed. A test of the promises in the 1945 election campaign was the Live Architectural Exhibition for the Festival of Britain, which saw the Lansbury estate presented as a pioneering example of modern architecture. This thesis aims to address two further issues which have generally been overlooked by other historians. The first is the tendency of historians to try and encompass the entire East End, which is often undefined, or vague, in their work. This thesis is focused on a s9ecific study of the Stepney area. Secondly historians have often concentrated on the late 19 Century up to the outbreak of the First World War. This research begins with the First World War and climaxes with the Festival of Britain thus aiming to add to our collective knowledge.
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Dawood, Rasha Ahmed Khairy Hafez. "Critical discourse within European plays in the first half of the twentieth century and the manifestations of a similar phenomenon in modern Egyptian drama." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/15359.
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This thesis closely examines the utilisation of dramatic characters’ comments on matters of literary and theatrical criticism. This phenomenon shaped a trend in European theatre during the first half of the twentieth century, and Egyptian theatre in the second half of the century. My main hypotheses are, firstly, that dramatic characters’ comments on literary and theatrical matters of criticism respond to specific problems that challenge theatre practice. Thus, my reading of literary and theatrical criticism within the dramatic texts studied in my thesis focuses on this criticism’s reformative function to rectify the crisis that faces theatre practice in general, rather than playwrights’ individual motives, such as responding to their critics. Secondly, socio-political, economic, and cultural aspects shape historical circumstances, which influence the current state of the theatre industry. Therefore, although Egyptian plays are noticeably influenced by European metatheatre, Egyptian playwrights utilise these borrowed techniques to highlight specific problems of Egyptian theatre such as the corrupt administration of governmental theatre and censorship. Finally, while Egyptian plays exploit European metatheatrical techniques, Egyptian playwrights claimed their works as a revival of intrinsically anti-illusionist traditional forms of entertainment such as the shadow play and Karagöz. This claim reflected increasing calls for pure Egyptian theatre, as part of the anti-Western jingoistic discourse of the political regime of the 1950s. In order to examine these assumptions, my theoretical approach draws from the fields of metatheatrical studies; literary and performance studies of parody and intertextuality; the history of European and Egyptian theatre; sociological, political and cultural studies; theories of modern criticism, and critical reviews. My contribution to the field of metatheatrical studies is in highlighting the reformative function of literary and theatrical criticism, whether as a discourse or a metatheatrical device, within a group of European plays that belong to different movements of the avant-garde during the first half of the twentieth century. More significantly, my study investigates the same phenomenon in Egyptian plays that, since the 1980s, have gradually been marginalised as fringe theatre and neglected by academic studies.
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Berg, Lovisa Ulrika. "Creating a man, a mouse or a monster? : masculinity as formulated by Syrian female novelists through the second half of the 20th century." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22952.
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This literary study examines the formulation of masculinity in Syrian novels authored by women. The thesis covers the period between 1959 and 2000, corresponding to both the development of the female-authored novel in Syria and the creation of the modern Syrian state. This research engages with studies of masculinity in general and literary masculinity studies in particular. Drawing on the seminal work of Raewyn Connell as well as engaging with studies on masculinity and feminine narratology in Swedish, English and Arabic, the thesis analyses the formulation of literary masculinity through the fictional societies’ ideal masculinity on the one hand, and the female characters’ views and reactions to masculinity on the other. From a general survey of the field, 34 novels undertaking the formulation of gendered relations were identified and chosen for this study. From this selection, five themes emerged, forming the foundation of this thesis’ main chapters. The five themes explore, in turn, how stereotypes are utilised to critique gender roles, ways in which male and female characters collaborate to formulate gender norms, how female characters capitalise on patriarchy in order to enhance their lives, male characters as symbols for social and political change and finally, the difficulties included in the performance of masculinity. Each theme is exemplified through one novel, which is analysed in detail. Throughout the five chapters, the main novel chosen for analysis is put into conversation with other novels with similar themes but from different decades. This allows for an examination of changing ideals of masculinity in addition to the theme itself. The first theme, how stereotypes are utilised to critique gender roles, is studied through a close reading of al-Ẓahr al-‘ārī (The Naked back) by Hanrīyit ‘Abbūdī. The analysis illustrates how the expected normative behaviour of men and women is utilised in order to comment on the formulation of gender roles. The chapter further demonstrates ways in which what is seen as gender specific behaviour can be appropriated by the opposite gender. This is further developed through the examination of female writers taking over the male voice through a first person male narrator. The second theme, ways in which male and female characters collaborate to formulate gender norms, is discussed through a close reading of the novel Khaṭawāt fī al-ḍabāb (Steps in the fog) by Malāḥa al-Khānī. This chapter illustrates the similar expectations that both male and female characters have on their sons and fellow male characters. This includes taking on the role of provider and protector, even in the cases where the female characters are able to look after themselves. The third theme, how female characters capitalise on patriarchy in order to enhance their lives, is elaborated through a close reading of Ayyām ma‘ahu (Days with him) by Kūlīt Khūrī. This theme demonstrates how the female character constructs herself and her world around the idea of a perfect male, whom she thinks will save her. The analysis examines what is seen as ideal traits in a man. It further discusses the change of the female character and how her initial utilisation of patriarchal structure transforms into a critique of the same structure. The fourth theme, male characters as symbols for social and political change, is seen through a close reading of Dimashq yā basmat al-ḥuzn (Damascus, o smile of sadness) by Ulfat al-Idlibī. The chapter connects between changing social ideals and ideal masculinity. Through Bayrūt 75 (Beirut 75) by Ghāda al-Sammān, the fifth theme, the difficulties included in the performance of masculinity, is studied. The problematic masculinity presented is then put in contrast with what appears to be a suggestion that a performance of femininity could be an alternative to unsuccessful masculinity. Whereas the novels differ in their presentation of masculinity and the utilisation of ideal masculinity, they agree on a set of core traits summarised in a hegemonic ideal of masculinity as an ability to provide and protect. The ways in which this should be performed is however closely connected to the female characters’ ideas of emancipation and women’s rights. The female writers’ formulation of masculinity can hence be said to mirror the development of the female characters and their awareness of women’s rights. The thesis hopes that its original contribution to knowledge is the identification and examination of constructed masculinities in Syrian female-authored fiction. Moreover, this thesis studies a body of Syrian fiction previously largely unstudied in Western academia, and in a framework of Swedish, English and Arabic secondary sources.
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GONDAR, ANELISE FREITAS PEREIRA. "FLOATING DESTINIES, IMAGINED FUTURES: MAKING THE CASE FOR A GLOBAL HISTORY OF GERMAN WOMEN S COLONIAL EDUCATION DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=36290@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
O chamado Novo Imperialismo e os processos colonizatórios levados a cabo pelas grandes potências europeias nos séculos XIX e XX não apenas tiveram um papel fortemente constitutivo nas disciplinas da História, Sociologia, Antropologia e Relações Internacionais como também definiram em grande medida a geopolítica do sistema internacional contemporâneo. Apagado pela sequência de acontecimentos que fizeram do século XX um dos mais conturbados da História Ocidental, o colonialismo alemão tem passado nas últimas décadas por uma revisão profunda do ponto de vista historiográfico. O presente trabalho apresenta os marcos da inserção da mulher durante o Kaiserreich questionando as narrativas que a apresentam como questão. Uma das soluções à Frauenfrage será a criação das escolas coloniais femininas de Witzenhausen, Bad Weilbach e Rendsburg, temática retomada aqui a partir das lentes epistemológicas da História Global. A partir não apenas da história da experiência de formação colonial feminina, mas também de achados documentais que atestam uma troca de cartas entre as egressas da escola por mais de 20 anos, a pesquisa é guiada pelas seguintes perguntas: onde estão, ou estiveram, as mulheres no projeto de formação colonial? (Enloe, 2014) E o que disseram sobre o mundo ao seu redor? As percepções da realidade política e social partilhadas nas Rundbriefe - correspondências que circularam entre a narrativa pública e privada entre os anos o de 1938 e 1960 - desvelam um outro mapa de relações transnacionais: uma cartografia em que mulheres reescreveram os destinos traçados pelo modelo de formação colonial e política populacional da Alemanha imperial definidos no início do século passado, escreveram a partir de novos lugares materiais e sociais e, por fim, construíram narrativas da geopolítica do decorrer do século XX com efeitos até os dias de hoje.
During the XIX and XX centuries, what was known as New Imperialism and the wave of colonization fuelled by major European powers played a leading role in structuring studies of History, Sociology, Anthropology and International Relations, while also defining the international framework of contemporary geopolitics, to a great extent. Eclipsed by the string of events that made the XX century one of the most turbulent in Western History, German colonialism has undergone a sweeping review during the past few decades from the historiographic standpoint. This analysis explores the roles of women during the Kaiserreich, examining narratives presenting them as a question. One of the solutions to Frauenfrage was to set up colonial girls schools at Witzenhausen, Bad Weilbach and Rendsburg, exploring this topic here through the epistemological lenses of Global History. Based not only on the track-record of colonial schooling for women, but also documentary findings reflecting exchanges of letters between school friends for more than twenty years, this research project is steered by the following questions; where are (or were) the women addressed by the colonial schooling project? (Enloe, 2014) What did they say about the world around them? Perceptions of the political and social realities are shared in these Rundbriefe that move seamlessly between public and private narratives between 1938 and 1960, disclosing very different depictions of transnational relationships. In this personal cartography, women rewrote the fates shaped for them by the colonial education model and population policies of Imperial Germany defined at the start of the past century. Described from unsuspected locations both in material and social terms, they built up geopolitical narratives that streamed through the XX century, with effects that extend through today.
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Richards, Christopher Paul. "The idea of the sequel : a theoretically oriented study of literary sequels with special emphasis on three examples from the first half of the eighteenth century." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329741.
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Roy, Richard B. "A reappraisal of Wesleyan Methodist mission in the first half of the nineteenth century, as viewed through the ministry of the Rev John Smithies (1802-1872)." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2006. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/96.
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The dissertation reappraises Wesleyan Methodist (WM) mission in the first half of the nineteenth century on the basis of its mission statement (`to reform the nation, particularly the Church; and to spread scriptural holiness over the land' ) and a primary WM characteristic, religious experience. The mission statement shapes the outline for the first main section of the dissertation (3.0) utilising the three divisions of the statement only in reverse order, specifically, (1) the spread of scriptural holiness, (2) reform of the church and (3) reform of the land (nation). The second main section (4.0) examines religious experience in the core areas, (1) personal spirituality, (2) conversion and sanctification, and (3) revival.
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Roy, Richard B. "A reappraisal of Wesleyan Methodist mission in the first half of the nineteenth century, as viewed through the ministry of the Rev John Smithies (1802-1872)." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://portal.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2007.0028.html.
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Pacheco, Roberto. "“¡Pobres Negros!” The Social Representations and Commemorations of Blacks in the River Plate from the Mid-Nineteenth Century to the First Half of the Twentieth (and Beyond)." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2184.
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To counter regnant arguments in the historiography about the putative historical “forgetting” of Afro-Platines in their nations, “‘¡Pobres negros!’” explores the various social representations and commemorations devoted to blacks in the River Plate over the period from the mid-1800s to the 1930s. While never uniformly or consistently positive, over the nineteenth century these social remembrances nevertheless experienced a radical transformation. Early intellectual nation builders among the Generation of 1837 associated blacks with the forces of social, political, and cultural “barbarism.” These representations remained a part of the national memory until well into the late 1800s in liberal and progressive circles. For these thinkers, European immigration was the solution to all of Argentina’s ills.
However, starting in the middle of the nineteenth century, blacks in Argentina and Uruguay became the objects of more favorable remembrances, especially among nationalists. Blacks were now often depicted and historically remembered (and reimagined) as Platine Creoles and national heroes. Their white compatriots remembered that Afro-Platines, for instance, fought for and died defending their nations, and often lamented the fate of the “Poor blacks!” By dying for the cause of national sovereignty, blacks were seen as having vanished from the national scene and became the convenient objects of Creole nostalgia. National leaders like Bartolomé Mitre, the founder of the modern Argentine state and its historiography, nostalgically recalled and reimagined them as loyal patriots and heroes. Especially in Argentina, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, this nostalgia was further encouraged by the social and political problems often blamed on foreigners, Jews, and radicals (i.e., non-Argentines). In this socio-political climate, therefore, Afro-Platines were fondly depicted in sites of social memory as loyal sons of the nation, as opposed to foreign anti-patriots and subversives. Even if incorporated as inferiors into the national imaginary, Afro-Platines were nonetheless variously commemorated by Creole elites at the turn of the nineteenth century (and, indeed, beyond).