Academic literature on the topic 'First and second Iron Ages'
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Journal articles on the topic "First and second Iron Ages":
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Weli, Sardar M., Osama H. Shareef, and Syamand A. Qadir. "Determination of Level of Serum Iron among Routine Iron Supplemented Pregnant Women Attending Private Clinic in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan-Iraq." Polytechnic Journal 11, no. 1 (August 26, 2021): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25156/ptj.v11n1y2021.pp76-79.
Abstract:
Iron deficiency, with or without anemia, is common in pregnant women and more than half of the anemia’s in the world are due to the deficiency of iron in the serum. The aims of this study were to determine the percentage and level of serum iron among iron supplemented pregnant women in different trimesters and in different age groups among supplemented pregnant women in Sulaimani city. This study was carried out in the private clinic in the Sulaimani city-Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The pregnant women were participated and enrolled between the first of December 2018 and first of December 2019. Two hundred and seventy-five healthy and iron supplemented pregnant women were selected randomly and the questionnaire form, which contains information about age of mothers and their gestational age, was filled and serum iron level was measured by COBAS C111 analyzer. The results of this study found that the percentage of iron deficiency among participants was high 33%, 45%, and 52.6 % in the first trimester in different age groups <25, 25–35, and above 35 years old, respectively. However, in the third trimesters decreased to 12.5%, 7.1%, and 3.7% in <25, 25–35, and above 35 years old, respectively. Regarding serum iron levels, the present study found that there were significant differences between ages 25 and 35 with age <25 years. However, there was no significant difference between first, second, and third trimesters. This study concludes that the percentage of iron deficiency among supplemented pregnant women was high compared to other cities or other countries. Pregnant women who their ages <25 are at risk of serum iron deficiency. On the other hand, pregnancy trimesters had no effects on the serum iron level among supplemented pregnant women.
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Yan, Shuang, Renjie Zhou, He-Cai Niu, Yue-xing Feng, Ai Duc Nguyen, Zhen-hua Zhao, Wu-Bin Yang, Qian Dong, and Jian-xin Zhao. "LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of low-U garnets reveals multiple episodes of skarn formation in the volcanic-hosted iron mineralization system, Awulale belt, Central Asia." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 5-6 (October 14, 2019): 1031–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35214.1.
Abstract:
Abstract Volcanic-hosted iron deposits of the eastern Awulale metallogenetic belt in Central Asia possess a reserve of over 1.2 billion tons of iron ores and constitute one of the most important basements for high-grade iron resources in China. Skarns are widespread in these deposits and closely associated with iron mineralization. The ages of these skarns are unclear, and their genesis remains debated, preventing further investigation into their metallogenic processes. We focused on garnets in nine ore-bearing skarns from three large-scale iron deposits (Chagangnuoer, Dunde, and Beizhan) in the eastern Awulale belt. U-Pb dating was conducted on these garnets using our in-house reference material, the Taochong garnet (TC-13, Pb-Pb isochron age: 126.2 ± 2.3 Ma, initial 207Pb/206Pb ratio: 0.845 ± 0.022). Laser-ablation–multicollector–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) was employed in the garnet U-Pb dating, and high-precision U-Pb ages (0.3%–1.6%) were obtained, highlighting the advantages of LA-MC-ICP-MS in dating low-U minerals. The garnet U-Pb ages of the nine skarn samples fall into three groups, i.e., 329.0 ± 5.1–326 ± 3.3 Ma (two samples), 316.3 ± 2.9–311.2 ± 2.4 Ma (six samples), and 295.6 ± 1.0 Ma (one sample), implying three episodes of skarn alteration in the volcanic-hosted iron mineralization system. The first and second episodes of skarns formed as a result of contact metasomatism between coeval volcanic rocks and limestone, and they have economically important iron mineralization. The third was likely caused by a local postcollision granitic intrusion, but its metallogenic potential deserves further assessment.
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Craiovan, Bogdan Alin, and Octavian-Cristian Rogozea. "Cercetari arheologice de suprafata in hotarul administrativ al municipiului Timisoara si in zona periurbana (II). Repertoriul arheologic al comunei Sanmihaiu Roman (loc. Sanmihaiu Roman, loc. Utvin)." Banatica 1, no. 33 (2023): 189–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.56177/banatica.33.1.2023.art.10.
Abstract:
The archaeological surveys started in 2014 in the administrative boundary of the commune of Sânmihaiu Român, more precisely in the vicinity of Sânmihaiu Român and Utvin, revealed the existence of numerous human settlements. From the point of view of chronological classification, the first settlements can be dated to the Neolithic period. These are followed by Eneolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age sites. The Second Iron Age is also well represented with settlements from the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD. Medieval finds are also well represented, especially those dating to the middle and later Middle Ages.
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Larsson, Lars. "The Iron Age ritual building at Uppåkra, southern Sweden." Antiquity 81, no. 311 (March 1, 2007): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00094813.
Abstract:
Six years ago we reported the discovery of a central place at Uppåkra in southern Sweden which promised to be unusually rich and informative (Hårdh 2000). At 40ha it already stood out as the largest concentration of residual phosphate in the whole province of Scania, with surface finds of Roman and late Iron Age metalwork (second-tenth century AD). Following this thorough evaluation, the project moved into its excavation phase which has brought to light several buildings of the first millennium AD, among them one that has proved truly exceptional. Its tall structure and numerous ornamented finds suggest an elaborate timber cult house. This is the first Scandinavian building for which the term ‘temple’ can be justly claimed and it is already sign-posting new directions for the early middle ages in northern Europe.
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Häggström, Leif. "Öggestorps åkrar." In Situ Archaeologica 4 (December 31, 2002): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.58323/insi.v4.12745.
Abstract:
The Öggestorp area in south central Sweden has been subject to a fair amount of rescue archaeological excavations. It is one of the most excavated parishes in northern Småland. The remains are mostly from the Preroman and Roman Iron Ages. The distinguishing features are graves and agricultural remains. Agricultural remains are notoriously difficult to date in a convincing way. When recently carrying out a major excavation the dating of agricultural remains was one of the focuses. OSL dating of entrapped sediments was carried out with fairly convincing results. Two major phases can be identified in the use of the agricultural remains at Öggestorp. The first was the establishment and primary use in the Preroman and Roman Iron Ages. The second occurs in Medieval times and the Renaissance. A short discussion on the issue of conditions in rescue archaeology with special emphasis on methodological development is also carried out.
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de Vingo, Paolo. "Archaeology of the Landscape of Metalworking Sites in Italian Alpine Areas (Orobic Alps) between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era." Land 12, no. 5 (May 8, 2023): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12051031.
Abstract:
The article introduces features of iron-working in the north-western Italian Alpine region (specifically, the Valtellina side of the Bergamesque or Orobic Alps) during the Middle Ages by comparing historical data and archaeological sources. This will help shed light on the organisation of the production process, starting from iron ore mining, proceeding to examine the transformation phases and culminating in the conversion of the ore into ingots or bars to produce tools for agricultural or wood-cutting activities. The article follows two distinct paths, initially presenting the main stages of iron-working in Valtellina until the second half of the eighteenth century, followed by an analysis of the mining complex of Val Venina where an extremely important metal-working site is situated. Two separate mining zones were identified, the first deep underground and the second an opencast working site. Furthermore, a series of rooms made of dry-stone walling that provided accommodation for the miners have been brought to light, as well as mineral deposits and stables for the animals required to carry out the activities described by Melchiorre Gioia in his volume “Statistica del Dipartimento dell’Adda” and indicated in the land registers of the Lombardy-Veneto regions carried out in 1815 and 1863.
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Nesbitt, Mark, and G. D. Summers. "Some recent Discoveries of Millet (Panicum MiliaceumL. andSetaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.) at Excavations in Turkey and Iran." Anatolian Studies 38 (December 1988): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642844.
Abstract:
Although a relatively unimportant crop in the Near East, millet has an especially interesting history that may throw some light on the cultural relationships of the Middle–Late Bronze Ages and the Iron Age. Thus the prompt, separate, publication of a large deposit of foxtail millet (Setaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.), recently identified from an Iron Age level at Tille Höyük, seems justified. This is the first find of the cereal in such large quantities—definitely as a crop—from the Near East or Greece. The rest of the plant remains from this level will be published in conjunction with the rich samples that are expected to be found in the massive Late Bronze Age burnt level at Tille. The opportunity is also taken in this paper to present other previously unpublished millet samples, from second millennium B.C. levels at Haftavan Tepe, northwestern Iran, and from Hellenistic, Roman and Medieval levels at Aşvan Kale, eastern Turkey.A full discussion of these criteria will be included in the first author's forthcoming publication of the Aşvan plant remains. Knörzer (1971) has published a useful key to millet seeds. Three genera of millets (all belonging to the tribePaniceaeof the grass family) have grains of the relatively wide, large embryoed type discussed here.
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Widagdo, Dhuto, Hamam Hadi, and Wiryatun Lestariana. "Pengaruh suplementasi tablet Fe dengan supervisi suami pada ibu hamil terhadap umur kehamilan di Kabupaten Bantul." Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia 2, no. 1 (July 1, 2005): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.17350.
Abstract:
Background: The high prevalence of anemia pregnant women anemia in Indonesia reaches 50%–70%, and it is caused by many factors. First, it may be caused by low compliance of iron supplementation and second, it may be caused by bad distribution of iron supplementation. This prevalence results some effect: high maternal mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, anemia in infancy, and low productivity. One solution to overcome this prevalence is by giving iron supplementation to pregnant women with husband’s supervision.Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship between iron supplementation with compliance, Hb value, and average of age gestation under husband’s supervision.Methods: This was quasi experimental non-equivalent control group design. Subjects were pregnant women aged 20–28 weeks whose hemoglobin level 8 gr/dl to 15 gr/dl. Subject were taken from three sub-districts of Bantul District, Special Teritory of Yogyakarta. Subject were divided into two groups, the first group (n=55) received 60 mg iron supplementation with husband’s supervision and the second group (n=65) received 60 mg iron supplementation without husband’s supervision.Results: The compliance of first the group was higher than the second group (x2=19,48 p<0,01). In the first group, iron supplementation was effective to increase Hb level it was statistically insignificant (p>0,05). In the second group, iron supplementation was also effective to increase Hb level and it is statistically significant (p<0,05). The difference of Hb level between two groups was insignifi cant. After the predictor variable was controlled using multivariate regression test, it showed that iron supplementation with husband’s supervision was effective to increased Hb level 0,8 gr/dl and statistically signifi cant (p<0,05). The gestation average of two groups was similar, but after predictor variable was controlled using multivariate test, it showed that iron supplementation with husband’s supervision had one week gestation longer than those group without husband’s supervision.Conclusion: Iron supplementation with husband’s supervision are effective to lengthen one week age gestation.
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Rollefson, Gary, Katharina Schmidt, and Robert Schick. "One Hundred Years of Archaeological Research in Jordan." Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology 16, no. 3 (October 31, 2022): 255–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.54134/jjha.v16i3.662.
Abstract:
This three-part article presents the history of archaeological research in Jordan, especially in the last one hundred years and concentrating on methodological advances. The first part of the article by Gary Rollefson covers the prehistoric periods, first by presenting the achievements of the pioneers and then by concentrating on research developments in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods from 9,750 to 3,750 BC. The second part of the article by Katharina Schmidt covers the Bronze and Iron Ages and highlights trends in archaeological research over the past one hundred years. The third part of the article by Robert Schick presents archaeological research in the Hellenistic to Islamic Periods, focusing on the contribution of foreign researchers, and presenting developments by decade
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M., Suleymenov, and Ilyushin A. "FASTENING OF THE QUIVERFROM THE EARLY MEDIEVAL BURIALS IN THE KUZNETSK BASIN." Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy 34, no. 2 (2022): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2022)34(2).-08.
Abstract:
The article examines a collection of eight ironcollared hooksfrom early medieval burials of archers in the Kuznetsk basin. Theseitems were found on four funerary sites Sapogovo, Shestaki-II, Esaulka and Vaganovo, dated by researchers at different intervals within the 7th –10th centuries. The finds are subject to typological classification, typological-chronological and comparative analysis, as well as ethnocultural characterization. As a result of the classification, five types of products are identified. All of them belong to the archaeological and ethnographic complex of those buried according to the rite of cremation on the side and the Saratov archaeological culture at the first and second stages of development in the Kuznetsk basin. It was established that in the early Middle Ages, warriors only in special cases used iron bell hooks. A wide typological range of these products, refl ecting their design features, indicates the lack of stable traditions for their manufacture in the region, which allows us to conclude that they are borrowed from neighboring territories of Sayano-Altai. This is also evidenced by a comparative analysis that allows us to conclude that the use of iron hooks for fastening the quiver in the Kuznetsk basin reflects the general dynamics of the development of similar products in Central Asia and steppe Eurasia during the Middle Ages.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "First and second Iron Ages":
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Fumiko, Ohinata. "Archaeology of iron-using farming communities in Swaziland : pots, people and life during the first and second millennia AD." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391069.
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Millot-Richard, Clara. "Les économies du sel et du fer au Premier et Second Âges du fer entre la Lorraine et le Bade-Wurtemberg : marchés et modèles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2022. https://ecm.univ-paris1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/820a2482-79cf-4a23-b0c4-d751d367eca0.
Abstract:
Ce travail de doctorat se fonde sur une constatation faite lors des recherches que nous avons menées pour le mémoire de Master, à savoir : les archéologues éprouvent des difficultés à intégrer des approches économiques à leurs données. En effet, les sciences économiques ne font pas partie des ressources mobilisées par les archéologues qui se tournent habituellement vers les sciences sociales, l’ethnologie, ou la géographie. Les matières premières nous ont paru être un bon angle d’approche car elles permettent d’aborder les circuits économiques internes à un espace chrono-culturel. C’est pour cette raison que nous avons choisi d’étudier le sel et le fer dans une région qui englobe la Lorraine et le Bade-Wurtemberg aux premier et second âges du Fer (6e-1er siècles av. J.-C.). Le sel et le fer sont deux ressources cruciales, chacune à leur manière, avec des mécanismes d’offre et de demande précis débouchant sur des marchés déterminés. Nous avons cherché à savoir ce que les données sur la production et la consommation peuvent révéler des économies protohistoriquesThe subject of the present doctoral work is based on the observation made during the research we carried out for the Master’s degree, namely that archaeologists find it difficult to integrate economic approaches into their data. Indeed, they prefer to turn to social science, ethnography and geography than to economics which is not part of the resources they mobilise. Raw materials seemed to us to be a pertinent angle to start with because they make it possible to come to grips with the internal economic circuits of a chrono-cultural space. That is why we chose to study salt and iron in the geographical area encompassing Lorraine and Baden-Württemberg in the first and second Iron Ages (6th-1st centuries BC). Salt and iron are both crucial resources, each in their own way, with precise supply and demand mechanisms which lead to specific markets. We investigated what production and consumption data can reveal about protohistoric economies
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Furlong, Pierce James. "Aspects of ancient Near Eastern chronology (c. 1600-700 BC)." Melbourne, 2007. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/2096.
Abstract:
The chronology of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Near East is currently a topic of intense scholarly debate. The conventional/orthodox chronology for this period has been assembled over the past one-two centuries using information from King-lists, royal annals and administrative documents, primarily those from the Great Kingdoms of Egypt, Assyria and Babylonia. This major enterprise has resulted in what can best be described as an extremely complex but little understood jigsaw puzzle composed of a multiplicity of loosely connected data. I argue in my thesis that this conventional chronology is fundamentally wrong, and that Egyptian New Kingdom (Memphite) dates should be lowered by 200 years to match historical actuality. This chronological adjustment is achieved in two stages: first, the removal of precisely 85 years of absolute Assyrian chronology from between the reigns of Shalmaneser II and Ashur-dan II; and second, the downward displacement of Egyptian Memphite dates relative to LBA Assyrian chronology by a further 115 years. Moreover, I rely upon Kuhnian epistemology to structure this alternate chronology so as to make it methodologically superior to the conventional chronology in terms of historical accuracy, precision, consistency and testability.
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Ritz, Simon. "Senon-Amel (Meuse) : contribution d’une agglomération bipolaire à l’histoire du fait urbain dans le nord-est de la Gaule, du second âge du Fer au haut Moyen Âge." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0164.
Abstract:
Depuis une quinzaine d’années, l’agglomération antique de Senon-Amel fait l’objet de nouvelles recherches pluri¬disciplinaires associant des techniques d’investigation non destructives (prospections pédestres, aériennes, géophysiques, LiDAR) et des opérations de fouilles (préventives et programmées). Ces nouvelles données montrent que le site se déve¬loppe sous la forme de deux pôles de vestiges à caractère urbain, distants de 1,5 km et occupés simultanément pendant la majeure partie de l’Antiquité romaine, du milieu du Ier siècle apr. J.-C. au milieu du IVe siècle apr. J.-C. au moins. Cette configuration bipolaire présente un caractère exceptionnel dans l’urbanisme du nord de la Gaule romaine, qu’il faut ten¬ter d’expliquer. Son expression la plus frappante réside sans doute dans la duplication des édifices publics : chaque pôle urbain est équipé d’une panoplie monumentale complète, comprenant plusieurs temples, des thermes et un théâtre. Dès lors, l’étude des processus qui sont à l’origine de cette composition urbaine particulière, puis des modalités selon lesquelles elle a évolué jusqu’au début du Moyen Âge, s’est imposée comme la problématique structurante de l’enquête. Elle est abordée au travers d’une analyse détaillée des formes et des dynamiques d’occupation de chaque pôle urbain sur le temps long, cherchant à mettre en évidence d’éventuelles spécificités fonctionnelles et à caractériser la nature de leurs relations aux différentes étapes de leur histoire. L’agglomération est également replacée dans son environnement microrégional, entendu au double sens de paysage anthropique et naturel, en partant du principe que les relations qu’entretient la ville avec son « pays d’alentour » participent à la compréhension de l’un et l’autre de ces espaces. Cette approche fondée sur la caractérisation des différentes composantes du système de peuplement microrégional forme le socle de la discussion sur l’origine et l’évolution du schéma urbain bipolaire. Elle met notamment en exergue le rôle de l’intégration politique des cités gauloises au cadre administratif romain, ainsi que l’incidence de l’économie du culte dans la bipolarisation de l’urba¬nisme. La trajectoire très originale de Senon-Amel contribue à enrichir notre connaissance de la diversité des processus de formation et d’évolution du fait urbain dans le nord de Gaule. Cependant, l’intérêt du site va au-delà de l’étude d’une forme urbaine singulière et somme toute anecdotique : la juxtaposition des deux pôles urbains fait ressortir leurs spécificités mieux qu’ailleurs, parce qu’on a ici la possibilité de les comparer dans le détail, en minimisant l’incidence d’états documentaires différents ou de spécificités régionales, qui peuvent biaiser les comparaisons à plus large échelle. On voit ainsi apparaître deux trajectoires urbaines complètement différentes, opposant schématiquement un habitat groupé d’origine laténienne qui a prospéré à l’époque romaine grâce à une économie orientée vers des activités artisanales et commerciales diversifiées, et un grand sanctuaire, plus vraisemblablement fondé au début de l’Empire qu’à La Tène, dont l’attractivité économique n’a que tardivement agrégé un habitat groupé. Si le voisinage de ces deux entités urbaines est très inhabituel, les processus qui président à leur formation et à leur évolution sont sans doute à l’oeuvre dans beaucoup d’autres agglomérations, et peuvent à ce titre être de plus ample enseignement que la seule histoire de Senon-AmelInterdisciplinary investigations combining prospection techniques (field survey, aerial photography, geophysics, Li¬DAR) and excavations (preventive and university-led excavations) have been carried out for almost 15 years on the ar¬chaeological site of Senon-Amel. They have revealed the bipolarity of this roman town, which is split into two urban cen¬tres located 1.5 km apart, simultaneously inhabited during most of the Antiquity, from the middle of the 1st century A.D. to the middle of the 4th century at least. This urban layout is very unusual among the roman towns of northern Gaul and thus needs to be explained. Its most striking feature is the duplication of public monuments: both urban centres include temples, public baths and a theatre. This thesis discusses the origin and evolution of the bipolar frame. It highlights the role of the integration of Gallic civitates into the roman provincial administration, and the impact of a religious economy in the shap¬ing of the city. These processes obviously have an interest per se – they contribute to illustrate the varied origins of urban features in norther Gaul –, but they also have broader implications. Indeed, the closeness of the two urban centres allows us to study quite precisely their specific features and their origins, thanks to the consistency of the documentation. This comparison reveals two very different urban trajectories: broadly speaking, evidence suggests that Senon was preceded by an Iron Age settlement, which stayed occupied during the roman period and expanded thanks to the existence of a wide range of crafts and trade activities. On the other hand, Amel seems to have been created at the beginning of the Empire as a sanctuary, which only later aggregated dwelling houses and other private facilities. The juxtaposition of these two urban entities is very unusual, but the mechanisms that drove their setting-up and further evolution are certainly common to many other roman towns. As a result, the case study of Senon-Amel evidences processes that are of more general significance
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Draper, Karey Lee. "Wartime huts : the development, typology, and identification of temporary military buildings in Britain, 1914-1945." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270649.
Abstract:
The use of temporary, prefabricated buildings in Britain during the twentieth century arose from wartime need to provide better, and perhaps more importantly, portable shelter for troops and equipment. This thesis provides the first comprehensive list of hut designs for the First and Second World Wars. The full lists and descriptions of each hut are given in the appendices. These lists, 20 types for the First World War and 52 from the Second World War, show the huge range and scope of the huts used and is the major contribution of this thesis. The concentration here is on generic types. Some huts were designed as one-offs and there is no possible way to catalogue these. This thesis has focused instead on those designs or industrially-produced types, which were meant to be produced en-masse as generic solutions to the problem: the sort of hut that might justifiably be given a name (such as a ‘Tarran’, a ‘Seco’, etc.). This thesis provides essential information enabling historians to be able to identify these types. It uses primary and secondary sources to trace the development of these huts and the effect that wartime shortages had on their design. Beginning with the earliest examples of temporary military building, it then focuses on the huts of the First and Second World Wars followed by a study of huts grouped in chapters by material. This research shows that the wartime period pushed industry to make giant leaps forward with construction methods and materials in just a few short years, where otherwise it may have taken decades. This thesis aims to provide the first overview of this process and to enable future researchers to identify and understand the development of these important wartime structures, many of which survive to this day.
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RIU, EMMANUELE. "Dante, Pietro Lombardo e le "Sententiae". Un dibattito intorno a natura, peccato originale, grazia, libertà e predestinazione nella "Commedia"." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1006856.
Abstract:
La mia tesi di Dottorato mira a indagare i legami tra la Commedia di Dante, le Sententiae di Pietro Lombardo (il più celebre manuale di teologia del Basso Medioevo) e i commenti duecenteschi al testo del Magister sententiarum. Il primo capitolo raccoglie tutte le indicazioni che la critica dantesca e i commentari alle opere di Dante hanno offerto riguardo a quali argomenti del poema possano essere utilmente interpretati attraverso le Sententiae. Il secondo e il terzo capitolo prendono in esame alcuni argomenti specifici: da un lato, il tema del peccato originale, della natura umana prima della Caduta di Adamo ed Eva, e le dinamiche della Redenzione dell’uomo mediante l’Incarnazione di Cristo (Purg. xxvii-xxxiii e Par. vii); dall’altro, i complessi rapporti fra grazia e libertà nel poema, la possibilità (o meno) di salvezza per coloro che, per motivi geografici e/o cronologici, si situano fuori dal circolo della Rivelazione, e il dibattutissimo tema della predestinazione divina (Par. xix-xx e xxxii). Il ricorso alle Sententiae e ai relativi commenti permette sia, in alcuni casi, di rilevare possibili influenze dirette dell’opera teologica sul poema dantesca; sia, in altri, di ricostruire il background teoretico relativo alle questioni elencate, così da comprendere e apprezzare meglio la posizione di Dante in merito.
Books on the topic "First and second Iron Ages":
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Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium. (2nd 1987 İzmir, Turkey). Anatolian Iron Ages: The proceedings of the second Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at İzmir, 4-8 May 1987. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 1991.
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D'agostino, Anacleto, Valentina Orsi, and Giulia Torri, eds. Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-904-7.
Abstract:
This book contains studies on the symbolic significance of the landscape for the communities inhabiting the central Anatolian plateau and the Upper Euphrates and Tigris valleys in the 2nd-1st millennia BC. Some of the scholars who attended to the international conference Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians held in Florence in February 2014, present here contributions on the religious, symbolic and social landscapes of Anatolia between the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age. Archaeologists, hittitologists and historians highlight how the ancient populations perceived many elements of the environment, like mountains, rivers and rocks, but also atmospheric agents, and natural phenomena as essential part of their religious and ideological world. Analysing landscapes, architectures and topographies built by the Anatolian communities in the second and first millennia BC, the framework of a symbolic construction intended for specific actions and practices clearly emerges.
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Gemmell, Kathy. First French: Speaking French for the real beginner. London: Usborne Publishing, 1993.
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(Editor), Trevor Reynolds, Sarah Beach (Illustrator), and Paula DiSante (Illustrator), eds. First and Second Ages (Peter Roe Booklets). Tolkien Society, 1992.
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Reynolds, Trevor. First and Second Ages: Peter Roe Series III. Luna Press Publishing, 2020.
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Higham, Charles F. W. Farming, social change, and state formation in Southeast Asia. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.23.
Abstract:
Farming in Southeast Asia is dominated two major crops, rice and millet, and domestic pigs, cattle, water buffalo, chickens, and dogs. The domestication of these species took place in China, and the first farmers began to settle Southeast Asia in the early second millennium bc. They integrated with the indigenous hunter-gatherers, and were heavily reliant not only on their crops and domestic animals, but also on hunting, gathering, and fishing. An agricultural revolution took place during the Iron Age, involving plough agriculture in permanent fields. Ownership of improved land would have stimulated the rise of social elites and dependent craft specialists, factors underlying the rapid formation of early states.
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Costanzo, Beth. Dot Markers Activity Book! Kindergarten, First and Second Grade. Ages 5-9. The Adventures of Scuba Jack Publishers, 2021.
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Potts, Charlotte R. Religious Architecture in Latium and Etruria, c. 900-500 BC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722076.001.0001.
Abstract:
Religious Architecture in Latium and Etruria, c. 900-500 BC presents the first comprehensive treatment of cult buildings in western central Italy from the Iron Age to the Archaic Period. By analysing the archaeological evidence for the form of early religious buildings and their role in ancient communities, it reconstructs a detailed history of early Latial and Etruscan religious architecture that brings together the buildings and the people who used them. The first part of the study examines the processes by which religious buildings changed from huts and shrines to monumental temples, and explores apparent differences between these processes in Latium and Etruria. The second part analyses the broader architectural, religious, and topographical contexts of the first Etrusco-Italic temples alongside possible rationales for their introduction. The result is a new and extensive account of when, where, and why monumental cult buildings became features of early central Italic society.
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Pioske, Daniel. David on the Desert Fringe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190649852.003.0004.
Abstract:
This chapter’s investigation centers on two incidents related in the Book of Samuel about David’s days spent on the southern desert fringe of the Levant as an outlaw on the run from Saul: the first, surrounding David’s leadership over the Philistine outpost of Ziklag (1 Sam. 27:1–28:2); the second, of David’s distribution of gifts to the elders of Judah stationed at different Judahite sites in Hebron and to Hebron’s south (1 Sam. 30:26–31). In comparing these stories to the archaeological evidence we now possess about these locations, what results, it is argued, are insights into a past alloyed with references to different eras and geographies. Such entanglements of remembering arose, it is contended further, because the sources on which the biblical scribes relied were shaped by memories reflective of a changing landscape and varied political interests during the Iron Age period.
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Radner, Karen, Nadine Moeller, and D. T. Potts, eds. The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume II. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687571.001.0001.
Abstract:
Abstract This groundbreaking, five-volume series offers a comprehensive, fully illustrated history of Egypt and Western Asia (the Levant, Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Iran), from the emergence of complex states to the conquest of Alexander the Great. Written by a highly diverse, international team of leading scholars, the volumes in this series focus firmly on the political and social histories of the states and communities of the ancient Near East. The second volume covers broadly the first half of the second millennium BC or, in archaeological terms, the Middle Bronze Age. Eleven chapters present the history of the Near East from the end of the third millennium BC to the fall of Babylon and discuss the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom Egypt, the Mesopotamian kingdom of Ur under the rule of the so-called Third Dynasty of Ur and its successor states centered on the cities of Isin and Larsa. Also included are the subsequent mosaic of states of various sizes and complexity attested from the Eastern Mediterranean shore and the Anatolian highlands to the mountains of Iran, and finally the kingdom of Babylon. Key topics include the absolute chronology of the Middle Bronze Age, the formation, consolidation, and disintegration of complex states, the role of kingship, cult, and material culture in creating and managing social hierarchies, and the overland and maritime trade networks, and the political interactions that bridged deserts, oceans, and mountain ranges to bring together diverse people and polities in the vast area between Sub-Saharan Africa and Central Asia.
Book chapters on the topic "First and second Iron Ages":
1
Engelbogen, Franziska, Oliver Nakoinz, Daniel Knitter, Camilla Zeviani, Simon Stoddart, Steffen Strohm, Gerrit Günther, Victoria Alliata, and Ulrike Löptien. "Indicators of Transformation Processes: Change Profiles as a Method for Identifying Indicators." In Perspectives on Socio-environmental Transformations in Ancient Europe, 63–102. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53314-3_4.
Abstract:
AbstractThe sound interpretation and convincing detection of transformations require dense data from different domains. This chapter aims to develop some rather simple indicators that can be used to identify and characterise transformations using change profiles. This chapter concentrates on location-based indicators that are applied to case studies from the Iron Age in Central Italy and South-West Germany. We focus on rather well-known transformations characterising them with location-based parameters and validating those indicators with additional information, such as data on climate, technology, and society. The additional parameters also help to gain decent interpretations of the transformations. The requirement of the multi-proxy approach is satisfied on two levels. First, each domain is represented by different indicators, and second, different domains are considered for interpretation and evaluation. This chapter results in a set of simple location-based indicators, change profiles, and the description and interpretation of the Iron Age transformations from the case studies. Furthermore, with the case study of South-West Germany for instance, we revealed two interrelated transformation processes. The first process focuses on the formation of the elites, which supports and accelerates technical developments. That prepared the ground for the second process, which affects the whole society and includes a kind of social consolidation. After the Hallstatt-Latène transition, the intensity of the transformations seems to decrease.
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Garfinkel, Yosef, Igor Kreimerman, Michael G. Hasel, and Martin G. Klingbeil. "First impression on the urban layout of the last Canaanite city of Lachish: a view from the northeast corner of the site." In The Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Southern Canaan, edited by Aren M. Maeir, Itzhaq Shai, and Chris McKinny, 122–35. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110628371-006.
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Poulain, Michel, Dany Chambre, and Bernard Jeune. "Margaret Ann Harvey Neve – 110 Years Old in 1903. The First Documented Female Supercentenarian." In Demographic Research Monographs, 233–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_16.
Abstract:
AbstractMargaret Ann Harvey was born on 18 May 1792 in St Peter Port, which is the capital city of Guernsey, the second-largest of the Channel Islands; and died there on 4 April 1903 at the reported age of 110. In this contribution, her exceptional age is thoroughly validated. Considering the data collected on her parents and siblings, there is no possibility of an erroneous linkage, as the name of Margaret and Ann appears only once in the birth records, her family’s birth intervals were narrow, and the dates of death of her siblings have been checked. As she did not have children, her name was not found in civil registration records after her marriage in 1823 until her death in 1903. This lack of records might have made it difficult to prove that the person who died at age 110 in 1903 was the same person who married in 1823 at age 30. Fortunately, she was enumerated in six successive censuses from 1851 to 1901, and a comparison of the ages reported in these censuses and her exact ages shows only minor deviations. Moreover, numerous letters and her numerous diaries help us to follow her life during that long period. Upon reaching age 100, she became famous in Guernsey. Thus, there are many photos of her and press articles about her life. These data support the reliability of the reported chronology of her life events, and thus allow us to validate this exceptional case. Accordingly, we can state that Margaret Ann Harvey Neve is the first documented female supercentenarian. As in the case of recently deceased supercentenarian Emma Morano, her life spanned three successive centuries – albeit one century earlier.
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Wells, Peter S. "New Media in the Late Iron Age." In How Ancient Europeans Saw the World. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691143385.003.0010.
Abstract:
This chapter analyzes coins and writing in late prehistoric Europe. The development of coinage in temperate Europe and the first regular signs of writing are innovations that share some important features. Both were introduced from outside the region, specifically from the Mediterranean world, toward the end of the Middle Iron Age. Although both had existed in the Mediterranean world for centuries before their introduction and adoption in temperate Europe, both appear in temperate Europe at about the same time, during the third century BC and more abundantly during the second and first centuries. They were both adopted at a particular time in Europe's developmental trajectory, and under specific economic and political circumstances.
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McAuley, Alex. "Broken Eagles: The Iron Age of Imperial Roman Warfare in Post-9/11 Film." In Screening the Golden Ages of the Classical Tradition, 243–58. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474440844.003.0014.
Abstract:
In the second of three chapters that address Rome’s complicated legacy as an imperial state, McAuley contrasts the mid-twentieth century “golden old days” of ancient-world epics, which represented Roman soldiers as consummate professionals and warfare as neatly executed, with recent representations of the Roman army for post-9/11 audiences: a new “iron age” of betrayal, despair, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These films reflect a fundamental shift in the psychology of warfare and killing since Vietnam, which has created a vastly different and more ambiguous kind of conflict than the Cold-War binary of Spartacus (1960).McAuley examines the impact of this paradigm shift on contemporary depictions of the Roman army and its soldiers: first, by considering the “golden age” of Roman warfare in films from the 1950s and 1960s, in contrast with the dystopic view of Centurion(2010) and The Eagle (2011). He then traces the depiction of the individual Roman soldier in each era. Finally, he examines the broader contemporary context for post-9/11 depictions of antiquity: the growing body of films about the War on Terror, with which films like Centurion and The Eagle have far more in common than with their golden-age predecessors.
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Harding, D. W. "Identifying houses: principles and problems." In The Iron Age Round-house, 27–52. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199558575.003.0002.
Abstract:
Abstract Any study of later prehistoric round-houses in Britain and beyond should begin by deWning what is meant by ‘house’. To review all the various meanings that have been advanced in the archaeological or anthropological literature alone would take an entire volume in itself, so for present purposes attention will focus on two contrasting but complementary meanings. First, ‘house’ will be applied to structural remains of a building or building complex that may be regarded as having an occupational or domestic function, though this need not have been its role exclusively. Second, ‘house’, or more appropriately ‘household’, may refer to the social unit that used the building or buildings in question, that unit normally being deWned by kinship, but not necessarily exclusively so. Archaeological usage tends towards the former, being con- cerned Wrst with the Weld recovery of the structural data. Our objective, of course, should be the sustainable interpretation of that data in terms of the social units that occupied these sites and the cultural signiWcance of buildings to the communities that built and used them. The validity of our interpretation, however, will be in direct relationship to the standard of observation and recovery of the Weld data, which in turn will reXect the questions that underpin our research strategy.
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Metzner-Nebelsick, Carola. "Migration in Archaeological Discourse: Two Case Studies from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages." In Rethinking Migrations in Late Prehistoric Eurasia, 209–33. British Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197267356.003.0010.
Abstract:
After a brief introduction about the role of migration studies in the archaeological discourse since the late 20th century AD, this chapter presents criteria for differentiating between migration and various other forms of mobility. It addresses the chances and challenges of the ‘Third Science Revolution in Archaeology’ and argues in favour of a combination of two different ontologies in archaeological interpretation: the cultural historical approach and a scientific, often positivistic approach, which focuses on the physical traits of humans. The discussion is flanked by two case studies. The first is the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age pre-Scythian Mezőcsát group of mobile pastoralists in the eastern Carpathian Basin. Its presence has been associated with different models of migration and invasion and was seen in connection with the historic Cimmerians. The second case study introduces an interdisciplinary project aimed at detecting migration via isotope analysis with cremated individuals in the Alpine region.
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Harding, Dennis. "Social and ritual violence and death." In Death and Burial in Iron Age Britain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687565.003.0012.
Abstract:
In recent years the issue of violence in Iron Age society has become polarized between those who believe that it was endemic and those who believe that it has been exaggerated, particularly by conventional stereotypes of ‘warrior Celts’ based on classical and Irish literary sources. Currently, the ‘postprocessual consensus that dominates academic archaeology in the United Kingdom retains, as its default position, a more or less pacifist view of the prehistoric past’ (Armit, 2011: 503). The conventional interpretation of ‘war cemeteries’ and ‘massacre sites’ in hillforts especially may have been unduly simplistic, and it is these therefore that we shall consider first. The archetypal Iron Age war cemetery was that excavated by Wheeler (1943) in the eastern entrance at Maiden Castle, Dorset, where several skeletons bore traces of physical trauma compatible with the sack of the hillfort by Vespasian’s Second Augustan legion. An adult male in grave P7A had an iron arrow-head buried in his spine, and another adult male in grave P7 had a small, square perforation through the left temporal bone, consistent with a Roman ballista bolt. In some instances there were multiple injuries, notably skeleton P12 whose skull bore at least nine sword cuts, a measure of ‘overkill’ that reflected either the ferocity of the attack or systematic degradation after death. In reviewing the physical evidence for warfare in Iron Age Britain Knüsel (2005) divided instances of weapon trauma into three principal categories, those inflicted with a sharp-bladed weapon, such as a sword, those resulting from crushing from a blunt instrument, and wounds from a weapon or missile that penetrated the skeleton. The first two are essentially the same classification as those offered by Wheeler (1943: 351) for the Maiden Castle war cemetery. He too had raised the question whether the peri-mortem injuries apparent on some of the victims were the cause of death, or were inflicted after death.
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Harding, Dennis. "Inside and Outside of Hillforts." In Iron Age Hillforts in Britain and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695249.003.0008.
Abstract:
By the 1960s, a greater interest in the social and economic role of hillforts demanded more extensive excavation of their interiors. Whilst fieldwork was still dependent on volunteer labour and limited research funds, the expense of large-scale stripping by hand would have been prohibitive, and only with public funding of ‘rescue’ or ‘salvage’ excavation in advance of development was it practical to contemplate large-scale area excavation. Hillforts that were extensively excavated included Balksbury (Wainwright 1969; Wainwright and Davies 1995; Ellis and Rawlings 2001) and Winklebury (Smith 1977; Robertson-Mackay 1977; Fisher 1985) in Hampshire. Whilst large-scale examination of hillfort interiors is plainly essential to an understanding of their economic and social functions, there is a high probability that ephemeral features, the foundations of which did not penetrate into subsoil or bedrock, will be destroyed by mechanical stripping, if they have not already been damaged beyond retrieval by ploughing. So the question remains: how partial and therefore potentially misleading are the surviving plans of hillfort interiors thus exposed? Hillfort exteriors, arguably equally important to an understanding of the role of the enclosure as its interior, have been even more neglected, first because of an implicit assumption that the earthworks defined the area of the ‘site’, and second, because the logistical problems of excavating outside the limits of the ramparts increased exponentially with distance from the enclosure. The possibility, indeed probability, of activity contemporary with the occupation of the hillfort having extended beyond the limits of the rampart need not necessarily imply a social division between acropolis and polis on the eastern Mediterranean model. It simply requires a redefinition of the concept of what constituted the ‘site’ in which the enclosure earthworks are not the definitive criterion. The issue was identified more than thirty years ago (Harding 1979; Hingley 1980), and excavation and survey at Battlesbury Camp, Wiltshire (Ellis and Powell 2008) and Castle Hill, Little Wittenham (Allen et al. 2011), has shown its importance for future research. There are three principal, non-intrusive ways of investigating hillfort interiors and immediate exteriors. The first is by surface survey, not in itself as simple as may appear at first sight, since detecting and meaningfully depicting the highly fugitive traces of prehistoric occupation requires an experienced eye, sensitive to the residual surface signs of constructional activity.
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Harding, Dennis. "Focal and signal burials." In Death and Burial in Iron Age Britain. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687565.003.0010.
Abstract:
The term ‘focal’ burial refers to burials that appear from spatial distribution within a cemetery to have acted as a focus for subsequent burials. They may be distinguished by their larger size or by the fact that they contain more lavish grave-goods. The term was used by Fitzpatrick (1997) to highlight certain larger or better-equipped graves at Westhampnett, though there was no unequivocal spatial relationship between the supposed ‘focal’ burials and others. At King Harry Lane, Verulamium (Fig. 3.18), Stead and Rigby (1989: 83) had identified several larger graves of phase 1 with more notable assemblages as central to ‘family’ clusters defined by their enclosure. The concept of family groups was challenged by Millett (1993), who nevertheless saw these ‘focal’ graves, whether enclosed or unenclosed, as potential ‘founders’ graves’ in socially allied units. There is no doubt that graves 241, 299, and 325 of phase 1, and possibly grave 148 of phase 2 and grave 41 of phase 3, stand out as candidates for founders’ graves within their compounds, whilst graves 272, 309, and possibly grave 93 could have been focal to unenclosed groups, or groups where the enclosure has not survived. It has to be acknowledged, however, that there are other larger or better-provided graves that stand in relative isolation and do not appear to have attracted subsequent satellite burials, though this hardly invalidates the concept in principle, especially in what must have been a period of social and political instability. The notion of a focal burial seems equally applicable to the late pre-Roman Iron Age cemetery at Owslebury (Fig. 5.1; Collis, 1968, 1994), where the burials were principally grouped within two adjacent enclosures. The central burial of the earlier of the two (grave 39) was the largest, and contained an extended inhumation with full warrior panoply of sword, spear, and shield, dating around the first half of the first century BC. The focal burial of the second enclosure (grave 10) was a cremation in an urn with lid and six accessory vessels.
Conference papers on the topic "First and second Iron Ages":
1
P., SENOTRUSOVA. "BOWS OF THE POPULATION OF THE LOWER ANGARA REGION IN THE FINAL OF THE EARLY IRON AGE." In MODERN SOLUTIONS TO CURRENT PROBLEMS OF EURASIAN ARCHEOLOGY. Altai State Univercity, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/msapea.2023.3.40.
Abstract:
Seven end plates for a bow made of horn were found at the Pinchuga-6 burial ground. This necropolis is dated to the 3rd-4th centuries AD. This is the largest fully studied burial ground of the end of the Early Iron Age in the valley of the lower reaches of the Angara. All overlays were divided into two types. The first type is represented by flat overlays with a cutout for a bowstring, which were attached in pairs to the ends of the bow. The second type is rectangular plates with a deep groove into which a wooden backing bow was inserted. On the Angara, such plates began to be made as the Late Bronze Age and continued to be used throughout the Early Iron Age and the Middle Ages.
2
N., ZHOGOVA, BUSOVA V., and SEMENOV A. "HISTORY OF STUDY AND THE PRESENT STAGE RESEARCH INTO THE BRONZE - EARLY IRON AGE SITES OF TUVA." In MODERN SOLUTIONS TO CURRENT PROBLEMS OF EURASIAN ARCHEOLOGY. Altai State Univercity, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/msapea.2023.3.07.
Abstract:
The article considers the historiographical aspect of the study of settlements of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Ages of Tuva which can be divided into three stages. The initial stage (late 1920s - early 1960s) is associated with the works by S.A. Teploukhov and L.R. Kyzlasov who discovered the first dune sites in the basin of the Upper Yenisei river and Northern Tuva. At the second stage (mid-1950s - 1980s) excavations began at separate sites in the Todzha region on the shores of the lake Azas and the river Toora-Khem (S.I. Vainshtein, M.A. Devlet, S.V. Studzitskaya, Vl.A. Semenov). Vl.A. Semenov started excavations around and inside of the Sayan Canyon which will become a flooding part of the Sayan-Shushenskoye Reservoir. At the present, third stage (early 2000s till present) there is an increased interest in the study of ancient sites, targeted explorations and excavation of sites in various landscape and regions of the Republic of Tuva.
3
Цетлин, Ю. Б. "Shapes of Clay Vessels As a Subject of Study. Historical-and-Cultural Approach." In ФОРМЫ ГЛИНЯНЫХ СОСУДОВ КАК ОБЪЕКТ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ. Crossref, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2018.978-5-94375-254-4.
Abstract:
Сборник состоит из двух частей. Первая часть содержит статьи выдающегося советского и российского археолога-керамиста А.А. Бобринского, посвященные методам изучения форм глиняных сосудов и изданные в 1986–1999 гг., а также неопубликованную статью 1984 г. Вторая часть включает современные методические разработки анализа форм с позиций историко-культурного подхода и практические их приложения к материалам эпохи бронзы, раннего железа и раннего средневековья. Публикуемые материалы представляют интерес для всех археологов, изучающих формы глиняной посуды, а также для студентов исторических факультетов университетов. The collection consists of two parts. The first part contains articles written by famous Soviet and Russian archeoligist and expert in pottery A.A. Bobrinsky. These articles are devoted to techniques and procedures of vessel shapes study and include papers published in 1986–1999 and the unpublished manuscript written in 1984. The second part includes the current developments of procedures of vessels shapes analysis made from the perspective of cultural-historical approach and practical application of these procedures to archeological pottery of Bronze Age, Early Iron Age and Early Middle Age. The materials published in the collection are of interest for all archeologists who study vessel shapes as well as for students of university departments of history.
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Мокробородов, В. В. "POTTERY ASSEMBLAGES OF YAZ III TYPE FROM FOOTHILLS OF SOUTHWESTERN HISSAR." In Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2020.978-5-94375-324-4.184-202.
Abstract:
Предлагаемая статья посвящена двум керамическим комплексам из поселений эпохи раннего железа, расположенных в предгорьях юго-западного Гиссара (Бандыхан, Сурхандарьинская область Узбекистана), впервые в таком объеме вводимых в научный оборот. На основании анализа этих комплексов (археологически стерильных и типологически крайне близких, но не идентичных), автор статьи предпринимает попытку выявления и систематизации важных различий внутри среднеазиатских комплексов с керамикой типа Яз III (середина I тысячелетия до н. э.). На базе выделенных в анализируемых наборах керамики морфологических и технологических несоответствий, предлагается хронологическое расчленение комплексов «ахеменидского» периода (комплексы происходят с близко расположенных памятников, что исключает локальную вариабельность материалов). В отношении датировок автор считает, что комплекс Газимуллатепа (и соответствующие ему по основным параметрам комплексы близлежащих памятников) был характерен для времени вхождения Средней Азии в состав Ахеменидской державы и начального этапа господства над регионом правителей данной династии. Для комплекса Киндыктепа (Бандыхан II) и идентичных ему по характеристикам материалам предлагается датировка в пределах второй половины 5–4 вв. до н. э. The article is the first publication of two sets of pottery from settlements of the Early Iron Age located in the foothills of southwestern Hissar (Bandykhan, Surkhandarya Province of Uzbekistan). The author tries to identify and classify significant differences within the archaeological assemblages containing Yaz III pottery (middle of the first millennium B. C.). Judging from morphological and technological differences, the chronology of the complexes of the Achaemenid period is suggested (the examined assemblages come from the sites located in the same area, which excludes any local variability). The complex of Gazimullatepe is believed to be typical of the time when Central Asia became part of the Achaemenid Empire. The Kindyktepa complex (Bandykhan II) and similar materials can be dated to the second half of the fifth–fourth centuries B. C.
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Marsola, Guilherme Henrique, and Liliana Grubel Nogueira. "The Merchant and the Church in the Middle Ages." In II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-071.
Abstract:
Abstract Two realities are intertwined in the context of the Middle Ages: affirmation of the idea of Christianity and the Commercial Revolution. From the middle of the 11th century, the European West presents a process of fragmentation of political power with the rise of the feudal regime, in which local landowners have a higher power than the monarchic authorities (FRANCO JR, 2001), creating a vacuum of political unity and making the Church the only strong and centralized institution in the midst of fragmentation (FOSSIER, POLLY and VAUCHEZ, 2001It is in this context that Christianity takes command of medieval society and begins to dictate rules and conduct for various activities, seeking to link the principles of Jesus with earthly life (PERNOUD, 1997). Concurrently with the strengthening of the power of the Church, the merchants started to be notorious figures in the European West of the XIII century (LE GOFF, 1991), leading the phenomenon of Commercial Revolution, that is, new ways of practicing trade, such as the creation of trading companies, professionalization of the sedentary merchants, emergence of money, bills of exchange, navigation insurance and accounting techniques (LOPEZ, 1986). The emergence of merchants caught the attention of Church intellectuals (NOGUEIRA, 2019) and the new commercial agents were the target of a Christian moralization. The aim of this paper is to present two attempts to regulate commerce in the European West: the first described in the Decree of Gratian – elaborated in the 12th century by the monk and jurist Gratian - and the second in Question 77 of Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica.
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Dutta, Sujan, Parth Srivastava, Vaishnavi Solunke, Swaprava Nath, and Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh. "Disentangling Societal Inequality from Model Biases: Gender Inequality in Divorce Court Proceedings." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/661.
Abstract:
Divorce is the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court. Since this is usually an unpleasant outcome of a marital union, each party may have reasons to call the decision to quit which is generally documented in detail in the court proceedings. Via a substantial corpus of 17,306 court proceedings, this paper investigates gender inequality through the lens of divorce court proceedings. To our knowledge, this is the first-ever large-scale computational analysis of gender inequality in Indian divorce, a taboo-topic for ages. While emerging data sources (e.g., public court records made available on the web) on sensitive societal issues hold promise in aiding social science research, biases present in cutting-edge natural language processing (NLP) methods may interfere with or affect such studies. A thorough analysis of potential gaps and limitations present in extant NLP resources is thus of paramount importance. In this paper, on the methodological side, we demonstrate that existing NLP resources required several non-trivial modifications to quantify societal inequalities. On the substantive side, we find that while a large number of court cases perhaps suggest changing norms in India where women are increasingly challenging patriarchy, AI-powered analyses of these court proceedings indicate striking gender inequality with women often subjected to domestic violence.
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Fribus, A., and S. Grushin. "СЕРИЯ РАДИОУГЛЕРОДНЫХ ДАТ С РАЗНОВРЕМЕННОГО МОГИЛЬНИКА ЧУМЫШ-ПЕРЕКАТ В ЗАПАДНОМ ПРИСАЛАИРЬЕ." In Радиоуглерод в археологии и палеоэкологии: прошлое, настоящее, будущее. Материалы международной конференции, посвященной 80-летию старшего научного сотрудника ИИМК РАН, кандидата химических наук Ганны Ивановны Зайцевой. Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/978-5-91867-213-6-103-104.
Abstract:
The article presents an analysis of 6 radiocarbon dates from the Chumysh-Perekat Necropolis in the south of the Western Siberia. Neolithic burials dated from the VI – first half of the V Millennium BC. Ritual objects on the basis of radiocarbon dates are assigned to the second half of the I Millennium BC. Burials of the Early Middle Ages show a chronological range of the III–VII centuries AD by 2σ (95.4 %) and a narrower period of the V–VII centuries AD by 1σ (68.2 %).
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Wilkman, Göran, Matti Arpiainen, Riku Kiili, Tom Mattsson, Rod Cooper, and John T. Stubbs. "Icebreaking Ore Carrier Project for Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation." In SNAME 8th International Conference and Exhibition on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice. SNAME, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2008-112.
Abstract:
Baffinland Iron Mines Corporation is planning to utilize the iron deposits on the northern Baffin Island (Canada). The iron ore was discovered in the beginning of 1960ies. The mine is 100-142km from the sea shore (Milne Inlet or Steensby Inlet). The sea area from Milne Inlet and Steensby Inlet to North Atlantic is most of the year ice covered. Open water period may be only three months, from July to October. The operation is planned to be year-round. The amount of iron ore to be transported in the beginning of the production in 2014 is c. 18 million tonnes/year. The ore carriers are to be operated independently without icebreaker assistance. The ore carriers are assumed to operate at full draught both in loaded and ballast condition when operating in ice. The ship size was selected to be of main dimensions as a Dunkirkmax/Capesize vessel. There are two basic ore carrier alternative designs; The first alternative is conventional icebreaking vessel, which mainly operates by breaking ice with the bow. The second alternative is the so called Double Acting Ship (DAS). In the DAS concept the vessel is designed to operate bow first most of the time, in open water and in light ice conditions, but in severe ice conditions running astern. This paper describes the design process of the vessels including the basic requirements, operational conditions, transit simulations, model tests and the vessel designs.
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Rao, Haocong, Siqi Wang, Xiping Hu, Mingkui Tan, Huang Da, Jun Cheng, and Bin Hu. "Self-Supervised Gait Encoding with Locality-Aware Attention for Person Re-Identification." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/125.
Abstract:
Gait-based person re-identification (Re-ID) is valuable for safety-critical applications, and using only 3D skeleton data to extract discriminative gait features for person Re-ID is an emerging open topic. Existing methods either adopt hand-crafted features or learn gait features by traditional supervised learning paradigms. Unlike previous methods, we for the first time propose a generic gait encoding approach that can utilize unlabeled skeleton data to learn gait representations in a self-supervised manner. Specifically, we first propose to introduce self-supervision by learning to reconstruct input skeleton sequences in reverse order, which facilitates learning richer high-level semantics and better gait representations. Second, inspired by the fact that motion's continuity endows temporally adjacent skeletons with higher correlations (“locality”), we propose a locality-aware attention mechanism that encourages learning larger attention weights for temporally adjacent skeletons when reconstructing current skeleton, so as to learn locality when encoding gait. Finally, we propose Attention-based Gait Encodings (AGEs), which are built using context vectors learned by locality-aware attention, as final gait representations. AGEs are directly utilized to realize effective person Re-ID. Our approach typically improves existing skeleton-based methods by 10-20% Rank-1 accuracy, and it achieves comparable or even superior performance to multi-modal methods with extra RGB or depth information.
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Kodama, Tatsuya, Yumiko Nakamuro, Takayuki Mizuno, and Ryuji Yamamoto. "A Two-Step Thermochemical Water Splitting by Iron-Oxide on Stabilized Zirconia." In ASME 2004 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2004-65063.
Abstract:
The thermochemical two-step water splitting cycle was examined by using an iron oxide supported on yttrium-stabilized, cubic zirconia (YSZ) as the working material, for the purpose of directly converting solar high-temperature heat to clean hydrogen energy. In the first step of the cycle, the YSZ-supported Fe3O4 was thermally decomposed to the reduced phase at 1400 °C under an inert atmosphere. The reduced solid phase was oxidized back to the original phase (the YSZ-supported Fe3O4) with steam to generate hydrogen below 1000 °C. A new redox pair examined by others was found to serve as the working solid material on this YSZ-supported Fe3O4, as follows. The Fe3O4 reacted with YSZ to produce an Fe2+-containing ZrO2 phase by releasing oxygen molecules in the first step: the Fe2+ ions entered into cubic YSZ lattice. In the second step, the Fe2+-containing YSZ generated hydrogen via steam splitting to reproduce Fe3O4 on the cubic YSZ support. This cyclic reaction could be repeated with a good repeatability of the reaction below 1400 °C.
Reports on the topic "First and second Iron Ages":
1
Hepworth, M. T. Molten iron oxysulfide as a superior sulfur sorbent. First and second quarters progress report, September 1, 1989--March 1, 1990. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10174959.
2
Barham, Tania, Karen Macours, and John A. Maluccio. Boys' Cognitive Skill Formation and Physical Growth: Long-term Experimental Evidence on Critical Ages for Early Childhood Interventions. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011477.
Abstract:
The effects of early life circumstances on cognitive skill formation are important for later human capital development, labor market outcomes and well-being. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that the first 1,000 days are the critical window for both cognitive skill formation and physical development by exploiting a randomized conditional cash transfer (CCT) program in Nicaragua. We find that boys exposed in utero and during the first 2 years of life, have better cognitive, but not physical, outcomes when they are 10 years old compared to those also exposed, but in their second year of life or later. These results confirm that interventions that improve nutrition and/or health during the first 1,000 days of life can have lasting positive impacts on cognitive development for children. The finding that the results differ for cognitive functioning and anthropometrics highlights the importance of explicitly considering cognitive tests, in addition to anthropometrics, when analyzing impacts on early childhood development.
3
Horwitz, Benjamin A., and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Fungal Iron Acquisition, Oxidative Stress and Virulence in the Cochliobolus-maize Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7709885.bard.
Abstract:
Our project focused on genes for high affinity iron acquisition in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a necrotrophic pathogen of maize, and their intertwined relationship to oxidative stress status and virulence of the fungus on the host. An intriguing question was why mutants lacking the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene (NPS6) responsible for synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, coprogen, are sensitive to oxidative stress. Our overall objective was to understand the mechanistic connection between iron stress and oxidative stress as related to virulence of a plant pathogen to its host. The first objective was to examine the interface where small molecule peptide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanisms overlap. The second objective was to determine if the molecular explanation for common function is common signal transduction pathways. These pathways, built around sensor kinases, response regulators, and transcription factors may link sequestering of iron, production of antioxidants, resistance to oxidative stress, and virulence. We tested these hypotheses by genetic manipulation of the pathogen, virulence assays on the host plant, and by following the expression of key fungal genes. An addition to the original program, made in the first year, was to develop, for fungi, a genetically encoded indicator of redox state based on the commercially available Gfp-based probe pHyper, designed for animal cell biology. We implemented several tools including a genetically encoded indicator of redox state, a procedure to grow iron-depleted plants, and constructed a number of new mutants in regulatory genes. Lack of the major Fe acquisition pathways results in an almost completely avirulent phenotype, showing how critical Fe acquisition is for the pathogen to cause disease. Mutants in conserved signaling pathways have normal ability to regulate NPS6 in response to Fe levels, as do mutants in Lae1 and Vel1, two master regulators of gene expression. Vel1 mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and the reason may be underexpression of a catalase gene. In nps6 mutants, CAT3 is also underexpressed, perhaps explaining the sensitivity to oxidative stress. We constructed a deletion mutant for the Fe sensor-regulator SreA and found that it is required for down regulation of NPS6 under Fe-replete conditions. Lack of SreA, though, did not make the fungus over-sensitive to ROS, though the mutant had a slow growth rate. This suggests that overproduction of siderophore under Fe-replete conditions is not very damaging. On the other hand, increasing Fe levels protected nps6 mutants from inhibition by ROS, implying that Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions are not the main factor in its sensitivity to ROS. We have made some progress in understanding why siderophore mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and in doing so, defined some novel regulatory relationships. Catalase genes, which are not directly related to siderophore biosynthesis, are underexpressed in nps6 mutants, suggesting that the siderophore product (with or without bound Fe) may act as a signal. Siderophores, therefore, could be a target for intervention in the field, either by supplying an incorrect signal or blocking a signal normally provided during infection. We already know that nps6 mutants cause smaller lesions and have difficulty establishing invasive growth in the host. Lae1 and Vel1 are the first factors shown to regulate both super virulence conferred by T-toxin, and basic pathogenicity, due to unknown factors. The mutants are also altered in oxidative stress responses, key to success in the infection court, asexual and sexual development, essential for fungal dissemination in the field, aerial hyphal growth, and pigment biosynthesis, essential for survival in the field. Mutants in genes encoding NADPH oxidase (Nox) are compromised in development and virulence. Indeed the triple mutant, which should lack all Nox activity, was nearly avirulent. Again, gene expression experiments provided us with initial evidence that superoxide produced by the fungus may be most important as a signal. Blocking oxidant production by the pathogen may be a way to protect the plant host, in interactions with necrotrophs such as C. heterostrophus which seem to thrive in an oxidant environment.
4
Barham, Tania, Marco Stampini, Karen Macours, Teresa Molina-Millan, and John A. Maluccio. Long-term Impacts of Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America: Review of the Evidence. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011768.
Abstract:
We review the literature on the long-term impacts of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs in Latin America. Long-term impacts are defined as those that both: 1) are related to the accumulation of human capital, and; 2) are observed after beneficiary children have reached a later stage of the life-cycle. We focus on two life-cycle transitions. The first is children exposed to CCTs in utero or early childhood, who have then transitioned to school ages. The second is children exposed to CCTs during school ages, who have then transitioned to early adulthood. The evidence is inconclusive. The experimental literature finds consistent positive long-term effects on schooling, as well as some positive impacts on cognitive skills and learning, socioemotional skills and off-farm employment and income. However, many other estimates are not statistically different from zero and it is often not possible to discern whether this is due to lack of impact or to methodological shortcomings in theevaluation studies. Non-experimental evidence also is mixed. Developing further opportunities for analyses with rigorous identification strategies for the measurement of long-term impacts should be high on the research agenda. As original beneficiaries continue to age, this should also be increasingly possible.
5
Thornell, Travis, Charles Weiss, Sarah Williams, Jennifer Jefcoat, Zackery McClelland, Todd Rushing, and Robert Moser. Magnetorheological composite materials (MRCMs) for instant and adaptable structural control. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38721.
Abstract:
Magnetic responsive materials can be used in a variety of applications. For structural applications, the ability to create tunable moduli from relatively soft materials with applied electromagnetic stimuli can be advantageous for light-weight protection. This study investigated magnetorheological composite materials involving carbonyl iron particles (CIP) embedded into two different systems. The first material system was a model cementitious system of CIP and kaolinite clay dispersed in mineral oil. The magnetorheological behaviors were investigated by using parallel plates with an attached magnetic accessory to evaluate deformations up to 1 T. The yield stress of these slurries was measured by using rotational and oscillatory experiments and was found to be controllable based on CIP loading and magnetic field strength with yield stresses ranging from 10 to 104 Pa. The second material system utilized a polystyrene-butadiene rubber solvent-cast films with CIP embedded. The flexible matrix can stiffen and become rigid when an external field is applied. For CIP loadings of 8% and 17% vol %, the storage modulus response for each loading stiffened by 22% and 74%, respectively.
6
Yatsymirska, Mariya. Мова війни і «контрнаступальна» лексика у стислих медійних текстах. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2023.52-53.11742.
Abstract:
The article examines the language of the russian-ukrainian war of the 21st century based on the materials of compressed media texts; the role of political narratives and psychological-emotional markers in the creation of new lexemes is clarified; the verbal expression of forecasts of ukrainian and foreign analysts regarding the course of hostilities on the territory of Ukraine is shown. Compressed media texts reflect the main meanings of the language of the russian-ukrainian war in relation to the surrounding world. First of all, the media vocabulary was supplemented with neologisms – aggressive and sad: “rashism”, “denazification”, “katsapstan”, “orks”, “rusnia”, “kremlins”, “parebrik”, “in the swamps”, “nuclear dictator”, “putinism”, “two hundred” and others. Numerals acquired new expressive and evaluative meanings: “200s” (dead), “300s” (wounded), “400s” (russian military personnel who filed reports for termination of the contract), “500s” (hopelessly drunk russian soldiers, alcoholics who are unable to perform combat tasks). The language of war intensified the slogans of the struggle for state independence and people’s freedom. The scope of the greeting “Glory to Ukraine! – Glory to Heroes!”. New official holidays have appeared in the history of Ukraine since 2014: “Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred” Day (February 20), “Ukrainian Volunteer Day” (March 14), “Defenders and Defenders of Ukraine Day” (October 14), “Volunteer Day” (5 December). As you know, the professional holiday of the military is the Day of the Armed Forces of Ukraine” (December 6). A special style is characteristic of media texts on military topics: “Iron Force of Ukraine” (Iron Force of Ukraine), “digitize the Army” (for effective simulation of military operations); “grain corridor” (export of Ukrainian grain to African and European countries); “don’t let Ukraine lose” (the position of the Allies at the first stage of the war), “Ukraine must win!” (the position of the Allies in the second stage of the war); “in the Russian-Ukrainian war, the thinking of the 19th century collided with the thinking of the 21st century”, “a politician is a person who understands time” (Grigori Yavlinskyy, Russian oppositionist); “aggressive neutrality” (about Turkey’s position); “in Russia”, “there, in the swamps” (in Russia), “weak, inadequate evil” (about Russia), “behind the fence”; “a great reset of the world order”; “technology of military creativity”; “they are not Russian and not Ukrainian, they are Soviet”, “people without mentality”, “in Ukraine and without Ukraine” (Vitaly Portnikov about a separate category of Russian-speaking citizens in Ukraine); “information bed of Ukraine” (about combat operations on the front line; “when a descendant asks me what I did in those terrifying moments, I will know what to answer. At the very least, I did not stand aside” (opinion of a Ukrainian fighter). Compressed in media texts is implemented in the headline, note, infographic, chronicle, digest, help, caption for photos, blitz poll, interview, short articles, caricature, visual text, commercial, etc. Researchers add “nominative-representative text (business card text, titles of sections, pages, names of presenters, etc.) to concise media texts for a functional and pragmatic purpose.” accent text (quote, key idea); text-navigator (content, news feed, indication of movement or time); chronotope”. A specific linguistic phenomenon known as “language compression” is widespread in media texts. Language compression is the art of minimization; attention is focused on the main, the most essential, everything secondary is filtered out. Compression uses words succinctly and sparingly to convey the meaning as much as possible. For example, the headline “Racism. What is the essence of the new ideology of the Russian occupiers?”. The note briefly explains the meaning of this concept and explains the difference from “nazism” and “fascism”. Key words: compressed media text, language compression, language of war, emotional markers, expressive neologisms, political journalism.
7
Horwitz, Benjamin, and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Secondary Metabolites, Stress, and Signaling: Roles and Regulation of Peptides Produced by Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696522.bard.
Abstract:
Fungal pathogens of plants produce a diverse array of small molecules. Often referred to as secondary metabolites because they were thought to be dispensable for basic functions, they may indeed have central roles as signals for the fungal cell, and in interactions with the host. We have identified more than a dozen genes encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NPS) in Cochliobolusheterostrophus, the agent of southern corn leaf blight. The aim of this project was to identify roles of these genes in stress responses and signaling. The first objective was to test a complete collection of C. heterostrophus nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-encoding gene deletion mutant and wildtype (WT) strains for sensitivity to various agents of oxidative (ROS) and nitrosative (RNOS) stress, in vitro. The second objective and next step in this part of the project was to study the relevance of sensitivity to ROS and RNOS in the host pathogen interaction, by measuring the production of ROS and RNOS in planta, when plants are inoculated with wild type and mutant strains. A third objective was to study expression of any genes shown to be involved in sensitivity to ROS or RNOS, in vitro and in planta. Another objective was to determine if any of the genes involved in oxidative or nitrosative stress responses are regulated by components of signal transduction pathways (STP) that we have identified and to determine where mechanisms overlap. Study of the collection of nps mutants identified phenotypes relevant for virulence, development and oxidative stress resistance for two of the genes, NPS2 and NPS6. Mutants in genes related to RNOS stress have no virulence phenotypes, while some of those related to ROS stress have reduced virulence as well as developmental phenotypes, so we focused primarily on ROS stress pathways. Furthermore, the identification of NPS2 and NPS6 as encoding for NRPS responsible for siderophore biosynthesis lent a new focus to the project, regulation by Fe. We have not yet developed good methods to image ROS in planta and work in this direction is continuing. We found that NPS6 expression is repressed by Fe, responding over the physiological Fe concentration range. Studying our collection of mutants, we found that conserved MAPK and G protein signal transduction pathways are dispensable for Fe regulation of NPS6, and initiated work to identify other pathways. The transcription factor SreA is one candidate, and is responsible for part, but not all, of the control of NPS6 expression. The results of this project show that the pathogen contends with oxidative stress through several signaling pathways. Loss of the siderophore produced by Nps6 makes the fungus sensitive to oxidative stress, and decreases virulence, suggesting a central role of the ability to sequester and take up extracellular iron in the host-pathogen interaction. Siderophores, and manipulation of Fe levels, could be targets for new strategies to deal with fungal pathogens of maize and other plants.
8
HIV and partner violence: Implications for HIV voluntary counseling and testing. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2001.1006.
Abstract:
An important component of HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) programs is encouraging clients to inform partners of their serostatus, yet many clients do not do so. Studies have found that a serious barrier to disclosure for women is fear of a violent reaction by male partners and that HIV-infected women are at increased risk for partner violence. Building on previous research, this study explored the links between HIV infection, serostatus disclosure, and partner violence among women attending the Muhimbili Health Information Center (MHIC), a VCT clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. As noted in this summary, the study first collected qualitative data from women, men, and couples (n=67) who were MHIC clients. In the second phase, researchers enrolled 340 women after pre-test counseling and prior to collection of test results, and 245 women were interviewed three months after enrollment and testing. Nearly a third of the sample were HIV-positive, almost half were married, and 50 percent were between the ages of 18 and 29 and had less than seven years of education. The study followed WHO ethical and safety protocols for conducting research on violence against women.