Relevant bibliographies by topics / Firm-level innovation

Academic literature on the topic 'Firm-level innovation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Firm-level innovation"

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İzadi, Ali, Ferial Zarrabi, and Farinoosh Zarrabi. "Firm-Level Innovation Models." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 75 (April 2013): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.017.

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Demircioglu, Mehmet Akif, David B. Audretsch, and Timothy F. Slaper. "Sources of innovation and innovation type: firm-level evidence from the United States." Industrial and Corporate Change 28, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 1365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtz010.

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Abstract Only a handful of studies on innovation empirically analyze the links between firm innovation and the sources of that innovative activity of sources of innovation on types of innovation. To fill this gap in the literature, this study provides one of the first tests to identify how important sources of new information (suppliers, customers, other business people in the industry, workers, and university) are associated with types of innovations (product, process, and marketing). Data come from the 2014 National Survey of Business Competitiveness sponsored by the Economic Research Service at the United States Department of Agriculture (n = 10,952). The results show that innovation ideas emanating from customers, workers, and universities are positively associated with all types of innovations, suggesting that these sources are critical for developing different types of innovation. In particular, universities as a source of innovation activity are especially important. In contrast, other sources, such as suppliers and people in industry do not seem to be as important as a source of innovation.
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Tuan, Nham, Nguyen Nhan, Pham Giang, and Nguyen Ngoc. "The effects of innovation on firm performance of supporting industries in Hanoi, Vietnam." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 9, no. 2 (April 29, 2016): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/jiem.1564.

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Purpose: Innovation, including product, process, marketing, and organizational innovation within a firm, is considered as one of essential component for surviving and growing. These innovation activities create value and competitive advantages for successful organizations; therefore, understanding the organization’s overall innovation is the first and foremost to understand the role of innovation on firm performance. The objective of this research is to explore two parts: the impacts of innovation on the different aspect of innovation performance, then their effects to firm performance (production, market, and financial performance).Design/methodology/approach: This study uses primary data from questionnaire survey. The questionnaire involves 4 parts including general information, innovation activities; innovative performance, and firm performance. This research focuses on firms in supporting industries of mechanics, electronics, motorbike and automobile. These firms are in a list of companies (known as The Excellent Vietnamese Companies in Northern and Central Vietnam) established by JETRO and VCCI. There are 150 firms in this list. The questionnaire survey was administered to directors, CEO of those firms during April and May, 2014. Out of the 150 questionnaires sent out, 118 were valid, accounting for 78.7% of the true response rate. Analysis methodologies of reliability, factor analysis and regression are utilized in this paper.Findings: The result demonstrated there are positive effects of process, marketing, and organizational innovations on firm performance in supporting firms. More specifically, the higher the level of innovation activities is, the greater the innovative performance is, which means the larger level of Process, organization and marketing innovation activities are, the higher level of innovative performance are likely to be. Secondly, the higher level of Process, organization and marketing innovative performance, the better level of firm performances is likely to be. To sum up, in order to improve the innovative and firm performance, those firms in supporting industry should highly concentrate on process, marketing, and organizational innovation activities, rather than product innovation activities.Originality/value: Initially, this study applies successfully the model which supposing innovation is a process, then clarifying innovation definition through the impact of innovation activities on innovative performances. Secondly, this research confirmed the positive impact of innovative performances on firm performances. It provided one more empirical evidence of the relationship between innovation and firm performance. For practitioners, organizational innovation and process innovation are more important factors affecting innovative performance and firm performance than product and marketing innovation. Therefore, enterprises should focus and mobilize resources to create improvement in organizational structure and manufacturing processes.
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TORUGSA, NUTTANEEYA (ANN), and WAYNE O’DONOHUE. "MANAGING KNOWLEDGE-RELATED BARRIERS TO TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION THROUGH EXPLOITATIVE AND EXPLORATIVE ORGANISATIONAL STRATEGIES." International Journal of Innovation Management 23, no. 04 (May 2019): 1950035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s136391961950035x.

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This study uses data from a sample of 31,948 European innovating firms to examine the impact that knowledge-related barriers to technological innovation have on the link between the level of such innovation and firm performance, and, to investigate the role of “exploitative” and “explorative” organisational strategies in moderating such impact. Exploitative strategies are measured by the level of organisational innovations, and exploratory strategies are measured by the level of methods for fostering workplace creativity. Using moderated hierarchical regression, the results reveal a negative effect of the interaction between technological innovation and related knowledge constraints on firm performance. They also reveal that the negative interaction effect becomes positive at high levels of organisational innovations and creativity-fostering methods. The study findings thus indicate the need for managers of technologically innovative firms to implement both exploitative and explorative organisational strategies. Doing so could help minimise the negative effects of knowledge-related barriers to technological innovation, and in turn promote innovation-based competitiveness and business success.
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Wadho, Waqar, and Azam Chaudhry. "Innovation in the Textiles Sector: A Firm-Level Analysis of Technological and Nontechnological Innovation." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 21, Special Edition (September 1, 2016): 129–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2016.v21.isp.a6.

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In a knowledge-based economy, it has become increasingly important to better understand critical aspects of the innovation process such as innovation activities beyond R&D, the interaction among different actors in the market and the relevant knowledge flows. Using a sample of 431 textiles and apparel manufacturers, this paper explores the dynamics of firms’ innovation activities by analyzing their innovation behavior, the extent and types of innovation, the resources devoted to innovation, sources of knowledge spillovers, the factors hampering technological innovation and the returns to innovation for three years, 2013–15. Our results show that 56 percent of the surveyed firms introduced technological and/or nontechnological innovations, while 38 percent introduced new products, these innovations were generally incremental as the majority of innovations were new only to the firm. Furthermore, the innovation rate increases with firm size; large firms have an innovation rate of 83 percent, followed by medium firms (68 percent) and small firms (39 percent). Technologically innovative firms spent, on average, 10 percent of their turnover on innovation expenditure in 2015. Acquisition of machinery and equipment is the main innovation activity, accounting for 56 percent of innovation expenditures. Large firms consider foreign market sources (clients and suppliers) and small firms consider local market sources their key source of information and cooperation. 63 percent of technological innovators cite improving the quality of goods as their most important objective. Lack of available funds within the enterprise is the single most important cost factor hampering innovation, followed by the high cost of innovation. Our results show that 67 percent of the turnover among product innovators in 2015 resulted from product innovations that were either new to the market or new to the firm.
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Weerawardena, Jay. "Innovation in Queensland Firms: Implications for the Smart State." Queensland Review 10, no. 1 (May 2003): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600002543.

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The challenges in the business environment are forcing Australian firms to be innovative in all their efforts to serve customers. Reflecting this need there have been several innovation policy statements both at Federal and State government level aimed at encouraging innovation in Australian industry. In particular, the innovation policy statement launched by the Queensland government in the year 2000 primarily intends building a Smart State through innovation. During the last few decades the Australian government policy on innovation has emphasized support for industry R&D. However industry stakeholders demand a more firm-focused policy of innovation. Government efforts in this direction have been hindered by a lack of a consistent body of knowledge on innovation at the firm level. In particular the Australian literature focusing on firm level antecedents of innovation is limited and fragmented. This study examines the role of learning capabilities in innovation and competitive advantage. Based on a survey of manufacturing firms in Queensland the study finds that both technological and non-technological innovations lead to competitive advantage. The findings contribute to the theory competitive advantage and firm level antecedents of innovation. Implications for firm level innovation strategies and behaviour are discussed. In addition, the findings have important implications for Queensland government's current initiatives to build a Smart State through innovation.
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Zaibet, Lokman, Mazin Al Siyabi, Houcine Boughanmi, Ibtisam Al Abri, and Shaikha Al Akhzami. "Doing Business in the COMESA Region: The Role of Innovation and Trade Facilitation." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 21, no. 2 (September 9, 2022): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341623.

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Abstract Developing oil-dependent countries, like Oman, have growing potentials to broaden their export base aside from the hydrocarbon sector, thus enhancing economic growth. The article aims to identify factors to enhance Oman non-oil exports to the COMESA countries with a focus on innovations and trade facilitation. At the macro level, the article uses country trade data to explore the determinants of trade. At the firm level, the focus is on firm export behavior and innovation. Results show the key role of trade facilitation and firm-level innovations in particular at the commodity level. Innovation is significant and positive for commodities like vegetables, plastic, hides, stone, glass, and machinery. Government’s policies to boost exports and enhance economic growth should be geared to reducing market risks facing exporting firms as well as rewarding innovative companies through better innovation-targeted policies.
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Berhan, Eshetie, and Shimelis Tilahun. "Modelling Firm-level Innovation Value Chain." International Journal of Business Innovation and Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbir.2021.10044611.

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Sanchez, Carol M. "Environmental Regulation and Firm Level Innovation." Business & Society 36, no. 2 (June 1997): 140–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000765039703600203.

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Daniel, Elizabeth, and Neil Tomkin. "Firm-Level Benefits of Radical Innovation." Journal of General Management 24, no. 4 (June 1999): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030630709902400403.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Firm-level innovation"

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Abramovsky, L. F. "Empirical studies on firm-level innovation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1469463/.

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In this dissertation I exploit di erent sources of rich rm-level data to study how rms organise their innovation activities in a world characterised by increasing globalisation and rapid technological change. The empirical analysis presented in this thesis aims to contribute to a robust evidence base to inform public policy. Chapter 2 considers the impact that information and communication technology (ICT) has on observed rms choices over organisational form. It nds that rms that are more ICT-intensive tend to purchase a greater amount of services on the market and are more likely to purchase o shore. Chapter 3 investigates the relationship between the location of private sector R&D labs and university research departments in Great Britain across di erent industries. The strongest evidence for co-location is for foreign-owned pharmaceutical labs and frontier chemistry research departments consistent with multinationals sourcing technology internationally. Chapter 4 extends the analysis of the previous chapter by using continuous measures of spatial proximity for the analysis of co-location of R&D labs and universities and by considering rm-university interactions directly. Chapter 5 provides a set of novel facts about EU pharmaceutical patenting rms engaged in the use of foreign inventors for drug discovery activity. It explores dimensions of rm-level heterogeneity similar to the ones used to analyse trade patterns. These are also shown to be a key feature in the internationalisation of inventors. Chapter 6 provides evidence on how changes in the employment of high-skilled workers (inventors) in a foreign location a ect a rm's domestic employment of the same type of worker. It nds evidence consistent with the idea that foreign and domestic inventors are complementary in the production of knowledge.
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Hong, Shangqin (Maggie). "Innovation in New Zealand: A Firm-Level Analysis." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Economics and Finance, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7659.

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The overall aim of this thesis is to uncover the key determinants of innovation in New Zealand firms and consider some of their likely effects. In order to provide a broad perspective on New Zealand’s local innovation processes, a mixed method approach combining both quantitative and qualitative analysis was adopted to allow analysis of both empirical data and case study data. The quantitative part of analysis utilises the unique dataset developed by Statistics New Zealand, namely the prototype Longitudinal Business Database (LBD), and the qualitative analysis includes four in-depth company case studies which complement the regression analyses by uncovering the key patterns of innovation behaviour at the firm level. In summary, a number of conclusions have been drawn from the research. Firstly, firms experience considerably smaller positive size effect because of New Zealand’s unique firm demographics, and the small size has limited individual firm’s innovation opportunities. Secondly, firms’ ability to develop new technologies directly influences their innovative ability, which is highly dependent on the availability of funds and skills. Lastly, innovation in New Zealand has a very strong market focus, while technology suppliers such as universities and Crown Research Institutes only have a limited role in selected industries.
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Hohberger, Jan. "Individual-Level Collaboration and Firm-Level Innovation in the Biotechnology Industry." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9205.

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Malgrat el gran nombre de recerques sobre els acords col·laboratius i la innovació, són pocs els estudis que examinen la influència de la col·laboració individual entre els membres d'una mateixa organització i la seva repercussió en la innovació de l'empresa. Això resulta sorprenent, perquè bastants estudis destaquen el paper important que les persones poden acomplir en els processos d'aprenentatge i adquisició de coneixements (p. ex., la mobilitat dels enginyers i els científics, els investigadors estrella i "boundary spanners"). En conseqüència, aquesta tesi investiga l'impacte de les col·laboracions interorganitzatives dels científics -recollides per la coautoria dels seus papers de recerca- en les innovacions patentades de les empreses. Els resultats indiquen que, fins i tot després de controlar alguns factors que ja han estat identificats per la seva incidència en els resultats innovadors de l'empresa -com ara les aliances estratègiques de l'empresa, els científics estrella i els que no ho són, la capacitat científica individual i la inversió en R+D-, el grau en què els científics d'una empresa col·laboren externament en articles científics influeix positivament en el seu acompliment innovador. A més, les col·laboracions individuals entre els investigadors d'empresa i els investigadors universitaris són especialment útils, i els transvasaments regionals milloren l'impacte de les col·laboracions individuals. Avalant les prediccions derivades de l'economia evolutiva i de les teories de la conducta, les empreses amb un nombre més alt de col·laboracions individuals externes tenen més probabilitats de créixer més a prop de la frontera de la innovació emergent. En canvi, les empreses amb més aliances estratègiques i col·laboracions individuals internes probablement creixeran més allunyades de la frontera de la innovació i l'especialització tecnològica redueix l'alineació de les empreses amb la frontera innovadora. Així doncs, aquesta tesi aïlla i destaca el paper de la col·laboració individual en el procés d'innovació de l'empresa.
Pese al gran número de investigaciones sobre las colaboraciones y la innovación, solo unos pocos estudios examinan la influencia de la colaboración individual entre los miembros de una misma organización y su repercusión en la innovación de la empresa. Ello resulta sorprendente, puesto que bastantes estudios destacan el importante rol que las personas pueden desempeñar en los procesos de aprendizaje y adquisición de conocimientos (p. ej., la movilidad de los ingenieros y los científicos, los investigadores estrella y los "boundary spanners"). En consecuencia, esta tesis investiga el impacto de las colaboraciones interorganizativas de los científicos -recogidas por la coautoría de sus papers de investigación- en las innovaciones patentadas de las empresas. Los resultados indican que, incluso después de controlar algunos factores que ya han sido identificados por su incidencia en los resultados innovadores de la empresa -como son las alianzas estratégicas de la empresa, los científicos estrella y los que no lo son, la capacidad científica individual y la inversión en I+D-, el nivel en que los científicos de una empresa colaboran externamente en artículos científicos influye positivamente en su desempeño innovador. Además, las colaboraciones individuales entre los investigadores de empresa y los investigadores universitarios son especialmente útiles, y los trasvases regionales mejoran el impacto de las colaboraciones individuales. Avalando las predicciones derivadas de la economía evolutiva y las teorías conductuales, las empresas con mayor número de colaboraciones individuales externas tienen mayores probabilidades de crecer más próximas a la frontera de la innovación emergente. En cambio, las empresas con mayor número de alianzas estratégicas y colaboraciones individuales internas probablemente crecerán más alejadas de la frontera de la innovación y la especialización tecnológica reduce la alineación de las empresas con la frontera innovadora. Así pues, esta tesis aísla y destaca el rol de la colaboración individual en el proceso de innovación de la empresa.
Despite the vast amount of research on collaborative arrangements and innovation, only a few studies examine influence of individual collaboration of members within an organization and their influence on firm innovation. This is surprising since several studies illustrate the important role individuals can play in knowledge acquisition and learning (e.g. mobility of engineers and scientist, star researchers and boundary spanners). Therefore, this dissertation investigates the impact of inter-organizational collaborations of scientists - as captured by co-authorship of research papers - on the patented innovative of firms. The results indicate that even after controlling for factors that have been previously suggested to impact the innovative output of a firm - including the firm's strategic alliances, star and non-star scientists, individual-level scientific ability, and R&D investment - the extent to which a firm's scientists collaborate externally on scientific articles positively influences the firm's innovative performance. Furthermore, individual collaborations between firm researchers and university researchers are particularly useful and regional spillovers enhance the impact of individual collaborations. Supporting the predictions derived from evolutionary economics and behavioral theories, firms with greater numbers of external individual collaborations are likely to grow increasingly aligned to the frontier of emerging innovation. Firms with greater numbers of strategic alliances and internal individual collaborations are likely to grow more distant from the innovation frontier and technological specialization decreases the alignment of firms to the innovative frontier. Thus this dissertation isolates and highlights the role of individual level collaboration in the firm innovation process.
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4

Hohberger, Jan-Simon. "Individual-Level Collaboration and Firm-Level Innovation in the Biotechnology Industry." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9205.

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Abstract:
Malgrat el gran nombre de recerques sobre els acords col·laboratius i la innovació, són pocs els estudis que examinen la influència de la col·laboració individual entre els membres d'una mateixa organització i la seva repercussió en la innovació de l'empresa. Això resulta sorprenent, perquè bastants estudis destaquen el paper important que les persones poden acomplir en els processos d'aprenentatge i adquisició de coneixements (p. ex., la mobilitat dels enginyers i els científics, els investigadors estrella i "boundary spanners"). En conseqüència, aquesta tesi investiga l'impacte de les col·laboracions interorganitzatives dels científics -recollides per la coautoria dels seus papers de recerca- en les innovacions patentades de les empreses. Els resultats indiquen que, fins i tot després de controlar alguns factors que ja han estat identificats per la seva incidència en els resultats innovadors de l'empresa -com ara les aliances estratègiques de l'empresa, els científics estrella i els que no ho són, la capacitat científica individual i la inversió en R+D-, el grau en què els científics d'una empresa col·laboren externament en articles científics influeix positivament en el seu acompliment innovador. A més, les col·laboracions individuals entre els investigadors d'empresa i els investigadors universitaris són especialment útils, i els transvasaments regionals milloren l'impacte de les col·laboracions individuals. Avalant les prediccions derivades de l'economia evolutiva i de les teories de la conducta, les empreses amb un nombre més alt de col·laboracions individuals externes tenen més probabilitats de créixer més a prop de la frontera de la innovació emergent. En canvi, les empreses amb més aliances estratègiques i col·laboracions individuals internes probablement creixeran més allunyades de la frontera de la innovació i l'especialització tecnològica redueix l'alineació de les empreses amb la frontera innovadora. Així doncs, aquesta tesi aïlla i destaca el paper de la col·laboració individual en el procés d'innovació de l'empresa.
Pese al gran número de investigaciones sobre las colaboraciones y la innovación, solo unos pocos estudios examinan la influencia de la colaboración individual entre los miembros de una misma organización y su repercusión en la innovación de la empresa. Ello resulta sorprendente, puesto que bastantes estudios destacan el importante rol que las personas pueden desempeñar en los procesos de aprendizaje y adquisición de conocimientos (p. ej., la movilidad de los ingenieros y los científicos, los investigadores estrella y los "boundary spanners"). En consecuencia, esta tesis investiga el impacto de las colaboraciones interorganizativas de los científicos -recogidas por la coautoría de sus papers de investigación- en las innovaciones patentadas de las empresas. Los resultados indican que, incluso después de controlar algunos factores que ya han sido identificados por su incidencia en los resultados innovadores de la empresa -como son las alianzas estratégicas de la empresa, los científicos estrella y los que no lo son, la capacidad científica individual y la inversión en I+D-, el nivel en que los científicos de una empresa colaboran externamente en artículos científicos influye positivamente en su desempeño innovador. Además, las colaboraciones individuales entre los investigadores de empresa y los investigadores universitarios son especialmente útiles, y los trasvases regionales mejoran el impacto de las colaboraciones individuales. Avalando las predicciones derivadas de la economía evolutiva y las teorías conductuales, las empresas con mayor número de colaboraciones individuales externas tienen mayores probabilidades de crecer más próximas a la frontera de la innovación emergente. En cambio, las empresas con mayor número de alianzas estratégicas y colaboraciones individuales internas probablemente crecerán más alejadas de la frontera de la innovación y la especialización tecnológica reduce la alineación de las empresas con la frontera innovadora. Así pues, esta tesis aísla y destaca el rol de la colaboración individual en el proceso de innovación de la empresa.
Despite the vast amount of research on collaborative arrangements and innovation, only a few studies examine influence of individual collaboration of members within an organization and their influence on firm innovation. This is surprising since several studies illustrate the important role individuals can play in knowledge acquisition and learning (e.g. mobility of engineers and scientist, star researchers and boundary spanners). Therefore, this dissertation investigates the impact of inter-organizational collaborations of scientists - as captured by co-authorship of research papers - on the patented innovative of firms. The results indicate that even after controlling for factors that have been previously suggested to impact the innovative output of a firm - including the firm's strategic alliances, star and non-star scientists, individual-level scientific ability, and R&D investment - the extent to which a firm's scientists collaborate externally on scientific articles positively influences the firm's innovative performance. Furthermore, individual collaborations between firm researchers and university researchers are particularly useful and regional spillovers enhance the impact of individual collaborations. Supporting the predictions derived from evolutionary economics and behavioral theories, firms with greater numbers of external individual collaborations are likely to grow increasingly aligned to the frontier of emerging innovation. Firms with greater numbers of strategic alliances and internal individual collaborations are likely to grow more distant from the innovation frontier and technological specialization decreases the alignment of firms to the innovative frontier. Thus this dissertation isolates and highlights the role of individual level collaboration in the firm innovation process.
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Sun, Xiuli. "Firm-level human capital and innovation: evidence from China." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53969.

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This thesis examines firm innovation in China from firm-level human capital per- spective since resource-based theory and upper echelon theory reveal that the reason why firms vary in performance is that they differ in human capital. Two types of human capital are examined: general human capital measured by number of highly educated workers, and managerial human capital measured by characteristics (edu- cation and age) of general manager and management team. Besides human capital indicators, we also take R&D, firm size, market structure, firm age, ownership, city fixed effects, and industry fixed effects into account. Given the fact that innovations are made up of multifarious elements and hard to measure and define, this thesis examines firm innovation from three different aspects, patent applications, product innovation and total factor productivity.
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Zahinos, Ruiz Abel. "Responsible innovation at the firm-level : tracing in car industry." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385859.

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Innovation is an essential activity for the competitiveness of firms. It has also contributed positively to increasing the living standards of millions of people. However, it is widely recognized that innovation co-produces unintended impacts on socio- economic and ecological systems. Existing mechanisms of control and authorization, i.e. regulations, are inefficient in preventing the diffusion of innovations which give rise to ethical, social, economic and/or environmental concerns. The ineffiency of regulations and the increasing capability of science and technology to create long-lasting and far-reaching impacts have stressed the need of introducing responsibility issues through innovation processes. The aim is to foster the generation of ethically acceptable, socially desirable and sustainable innovation. But, how can firms generate innovation in a more responsible manner? The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the development of the Responsible Innovation (RI) approach. In particular, its aim is to propose and validate a framework for helping firms to innovate more responsibly. For achieving this aim, the thesis is organized around a two-stage research procedure. First, an extensive literature research on models and approaches of innovation is conducted to generate a theoretical framework explaining how to innovate more responsibly. The literature review reveals the shortcomings of the Linear and Interactive models, Innovation Systems models, Open Innovation model and the Sustainable Innovation approach, for helping firms to innovate responsibly. Therefore, the emerging approach of RI is explored. The literature review shows that three frameworks for RI have been proposed so far. The analysis of these frameworks leads to the adoption of one as the most suitable for addressing the research objective of this dissertation. The theoretical framework suggests that the generation of RI is contingent on ensuring care of certain values for sustainability through the innovation process. For ensuring care of values, the framework proposes five dimensions: Anticipation, Participation, Deliberation, Reflexivity and Responsiveness. As an evolving theory, the adopted framework shows two shortcomings that requires further research: 1) the framework does not suggest methods for deploying the dimensions at firm-level; and 2) it provides little empirical evidence supporting its validity. To overcome the first shortcoming, the five dimensions are further developed and a set of methods are proposed based on a literature review.The second stage of this thesis focuses on the empirical research part. This part aims to overcome the second shortcoming of the framework for RI, i.e. the little empirical evidence supporting its validity. Thereby, a multi-case study research strategy is adopted as the most suitable to test the validity of the framework. The research design involves the elaboration of a seven propositions. Then, three cases from the car industry are selected and analysed as potential instances of RI. The first case refers to an innovation process aimed to commercialize electric vehicles. The second case is an innovation process aimed at commecializing Advanced Driver Assistance Systems for enhancing the safety and competitiveness of certain vehicles. The last case is an innovation process that created a new safety system aimed at reducing the potential consequences of car accidents. The cross-analysis of the cases provides evidence which confirmes the seven propositions and therefore the validity of the framework for explaining how to generate RI. Conclusions and practical implications for firms attempting to innovate responsibly are drawn based on the case results. The main contribution of this research is a set of validated mechanisms which can be used at the firm level for fostering the generation of innovation outcomes which contribute to sustainability.
La innovación es una actividad esencial para la competitividad de las empresas. Asimismo, la innovación ha contribuido al incremento de los niveles de vida de millones de personas. Por otra parte, es ampliamente reconocido que la innovación co-produce efectos no deseados sobre los sistemas socioeconómicos y/o ecológicos. Los actuales mecanismos de control y autorización, e.g. las regulaciones, han demostrado ser ineficaces en la prevención de la difusión de innovaciones que dan lugar a importantes problemas sociales, económicos y/o ambientales. Esto, junto con la creciente capacidad de la la tecnología para generar nuevos riesgos, han contribuido al debate sobre la necesidad de introducir más responsabilidad en los procesos de innovación para fomentar la generación de innovaciones éticamente aceptable, socialmente deseable y sostenible. Pero, ¿cómo pueden las empresas generar innovación de una manera más responsable? La finalidad de esta tesis es contribuir al desarrollo del enfoque de Innovación responsable (IR). Su objetivo es proponer y validar un marco de trabajo para ayudar a las empresas a innovar de manera más responsable. Para lograr este objetivo, la tesis está estructurada en dos partes. En la primera, se lleva a cabo una extensa revisión bibliográfica sobre los modelos y enfoques de innovación con el objetivo de desarrollar un marco teórico que explique cómo innovar responsablemente. La revisión revela las deficiencias de los modelos lineales e interactivos, los de sistemas de innovación, el de innovación abierta y el enfoque de innovación sostenible, para ayudar a las empresas a innovar responsablemente. Esto lleva a explorar un nuevo enfoque: la IR. La revisión de la literatura muestra que se han propuesto tres marcos para IR hasta la fecha. El análisis de éstos lleva a la adopción de uno como el más adecuado para abordar el objetivo de esta investigación. El marco teórico sugiere que la IR depende de garantizar la atención de ciertos valores para sostenibilidad a través del proceso de innovación. Para lograr esto, el marco propone cinco dimensiones: Anticipación, Participación, Deliberación, Reflexividad y Capacidad de respuesta. Debido a que la teoría está aún en desarrollo, el marco adoptado muestra defciencias que requieren más investigación: 1) el marco no sugiere métodos para el despliegue de las dimensiones a nivel de empresa; y 2) proporciona pocas evidencias empíricas que apoyen su validez. Para superar la primera deficiencia, las cinco dimensiones se han desarrollaron y un conjunto de métodos se ha propuesto para su despliegue. La segunda etapa de esta investigación se centra en la parte de investigación empírica. Su objetivo es comprobar la validez del marco de trabajo. Para ello, se adopta una estrategia de investigación basada en multiples casos de estudio. El diseño de la investigación conduce a la elaboración de siete proposiciones. Posteriormente, tres casos procedentes del sector de automoción son evaluados. El análisis de los casos proporciona pruebas que confirman las siete proposiciones y, por lo tanto, validan el marco adoptado para explicar cómo innovar responsablemente. A partir de los resultados del caso, se describen las conclusiones y las implicaciones para las empresas que tratan de innovar responsablemente. La principal contribución de esta tesis es un conjunto de mecanismos validados que se pueden utilizar a nivel de empresa para fomentar la generación de innovaciones que contribuyan a la sostenibilidad.
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Frenz, Marion Sylvia. "The determinants of firm level innovation performance in the UK." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430875.

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Wood, William J. "Exploring Firm-Level Cloud Adoption and Diffusion." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7776.

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Cloud computing innovation adoption literature has primarily focused on individuals, small businesses, and nonprofit organizations. The functional linkage between cloud adoption and diffusion is instrumental toward understanding enterprise firm-level adoption. The purpose of this qualitative collective case study was to explore strategies used by information technology (IT) executives to make advantageous enterprise cloud adoption and diffusion decisions. This study was guided by an integrated diffusion of innovation and technology, organization, and environment conceptual framework to capture and model this complex, multifaceted problem. The study’s population consisted of IT executives with cloud-centric roles in 3 large (revenues greater than $5 billion) telecom-related companies with a headquarters in the United States. Data collection included semistructured, individual interviews (n = 19) and the analysis of publicly available financial documents (n = 50) and organizational technical documents (n = 41). Data triangulation and interviewee member checking were used to increase study findings validity. Inter- and intracase analyses, using open and axial coding as well as constant comparative methods, were leveraged to identify 5 key themes namely top management support, information source bias, organizational change management, governance at scale, and service selection. An implication of this study for positive social change is that IT telecom executives might be able to optimize diffusion decisions to benefit downstream consumers in need of services.
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Yadati, Narasimhulu Supriya. "Influence of Regional-Level Institutional Factors on Firm-Level Innovation in an Emerging Economy - India." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40613.

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This thesis examines how regional-level factors combined with firm-level factors influence innovation in an emerging economy – India. Past literature has shown that differences in both country contexts and firm-level factors influence innovation. The bulk of this literature tended to focus on developed economies. The handful of studies that have considered contextual differences have studied these at the country-level or within regional blocks such as regions of Europe or Africa. There is a paucity of research, which investigates how differences in state-level factors within a single country combined with firm-level factors influence innovation within firms. Therefore, it is an open question whether the findings derived from developed economies and country-level studies apply equally to emerging economies, particularly at the state level within a single country. Thus, there is a gap in the literature regarding our understanding of the impact of combined state- and firm-level factors on innovation within a single country. This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of how state and firm-level factors drive innovation in India, an emerging economy. India is selected because it is a fast-growing emerging economy that is increasingly being integrated into the globalized world economy and thus understanding how these factors influence innovation in an emerging economy would complement the literature that focuses on developed countries. Moreover, India is a huge country with substantial varieties in resources, capabilities, institutions (both formal and informal institutions) as well as ethnic, religious, and cultural varieties. Contextually, these state-level differences are quite different from regions in the developed world where institutional differences tend to be relatively consistent (less varieties). Thus, the insights generated from this study of the Indian context complement prior research by identifying the state and firm factors that combine to drive firm-level innovation. This study also extends the innovation literature by focussing on state-level differences within a single emerging economy, for which there is limited research. The findings could also have practical managerial and policy implications. From a policy perspective, policymakers in India can get a deeper understanding of the relevant factors that influence firm-level innovation so that they can direct policy and resources to promote innovation in their respective states. From a managerial perspective, managers can also get a better understanding of strategies and investments they should take to enhance innovation within their firms. This study is based on data gathered from various sources including the World Bank Enterprise Survey and several sources from within India (Indiastat.com, NCAER State Investment Potential Index, India Innovation Index). The World Bank Enterprise Survey provides firm-level data while state-level data were obtained from the other reputable sources in India. The data were analyzed using logistic regression and multi-level modeling, given that firms are nested within states, thus, we can simultaneously model the micro and macro levels to assess the relevance of the regional context. The results of this study show that regional factors such as regulatory quality, corruption, and rule of law barriers negatively influence innovation in firms that invest in internal R&D to promote innovation. The results also show that regions that devote a higher proportion of their gross domestic product to innovation achieve higher levels of innovation. Further, regions that have higher levels of human capital stock (more skilled workers) and export technology tend to be more innovative. At the firm level, investments in both internal and external R&D and those that have highly experienced managers are more innovative than their peers. These results suggest that governments and policymakers can increase innovative activities of firms by providing a highly skilled labor force, invest heavily in R&D, reduce corruption, regulatory quality, and the rule of law barriers. For firm-level managers, this study indicates that higher levels of managerial capability and greater investments in both internal and external R&D can enhance the technical and innovative capabilities (absorptive capacity) of their firms. This may result in a competitive advantage through increased innovation.
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Kleiner-Schäfer, Timo [Verfasser]. "Innovation in an emerging economy : firm-level evidence from Turkey / Timo Kleiner-Schäfer." Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1221270060/34.

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Books on the topic "Firm-level innovation"

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Wakelin, Katharine. Innovation and export behaviour at the firm level. London: National Institute of Economic and Social Research, 1996.

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Parvin Hosseini, Seyed Mehrshad, and Aydin Azizi. Big Data Approach to Firm Level Innovation in Manufacturing. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6300-3.

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Crépon, Bruno. Research, innovation, and productivity: An econometric analysis at the firm level. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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Eduardo, Chakarian, and Institute of Policy Studies (Singapore), eds. The state of innovation at firm level in Singapore: Findings, recommendations, and case studies. Singapore: SNP Reference for Institute of Policy Studies, 2008.

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Kremp, Elizabeth. Knowledge management, innovation and productivity: A firm level exploration based on French manufacturing CIS3 data. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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Kremp, Elizabeth. Knowledge management, innovation, and productivity: A firm level exploration based on French manufacturing cis3 data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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Almeida, Rita. Openness and technological innovations in developing countries: Evidence from firm-level surveys. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2006.

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Subodh, Kandamuthan. Market concentration, firm size and innovative activity: A firm-level economic analysis of selected Indian industries under economic liberalization. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2002.

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Skill-biased technological change: Evidence from a firm-level survey. Kalamazoo, Mich: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1999.

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Lefebvre, Elisabeth. SMEs, exports and job creation: A firm-level analysis. [Ottawa]: Industry Canada, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Firm-level innovation"

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Parvin Hosseini, Seyed Mehrshad, and Aydin Azizi. "Firm-Level Innovation: A Conceptual Model to Firm Level Innovation." In Big Data Approach to Firm Level Innovation in Manufacturing, 27–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6300-3_3.

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Parvin Hosseini, Seyed Mehrshad, and Aydin Azizi. "The Correlates of Firm-Level Innovation." In Big Data Approach to Firm Level Innovation in Manufacturing, 13–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6300-3_2.

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Caetano, Isabel. "Innovation, Evaluation and Measurement: Macro-Level and Firm-Level Perspectives." In The Quadruple Innovation Helix Nexus, 173–210. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55577-9_7.

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Vandewalle, Klaus. "R&D Activities at the Firm Level." In The National Innovation System of Belgium, 101–16. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57688-1_5.

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Phaal, Robert, Clare Farrukh, and David R. Probert. "Technology Management and Roadmapping at the Firm Level." In Technology Roadmapping for Strategy and Innovation, 13–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33923-3_2.

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Parvin Hosseini, Seyed Mehrshad, and Aydin Azizi. "Big Data and Innovation; A Case Study on Firm Level Innovation in Manufacturing." In Big Data Approach to Firm Level Innovation in Manufacturing, 53–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6300-3_5.

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Shahbaz, Muhammad, Muhammad Shujaat Mubarik, and Qaisar Abbas. "Human Capital, Technological Capabilities, and Productivity: Firm-level Evidence." In Human Capital, Innovation, and Disruptive Digital Technology, 111–31. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003195894-9.

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Parvin Hosseini, Seyed Mehrshad, and Aydin Azizi. "An Introduction on Models of Innovation and Analytical Frame Work." In Big Data Approach to Firm Level Innovation in Manufacturing, 1–11. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6300-3_1.

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Mitra, Arup, and Amit Kumar Jha. "Innovation and Employment: A Firm Level Study of Indian Industries." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 113–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1684-4_7.

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Parvin Hosseini, Seyed Mehrshad, and Aydin Azizi. "Machine Learning Approach to Identify Predictors in an Econometric Model of Innovation." In Big Data Approach to Firm Level Innovation in Manufacturing, 41–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6300-3_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Firm-level innovation"

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"Firm-level innovation in New Zealand." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.d3.oxley.

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He, Feng, and Rong Chen. "Innovation, Firm Efficiency and Firm Value: Firm-Level Evidence in Japanese Electricity Machinery Industry." In 2007 3rd International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking, and Mobile Computing - WiCOM '07. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2007.1040.

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"Petty corruption on firm level innovation of MSMEs: Evidence from emerging economies." In 23rd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2019). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2019.e5.wellalage.

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Jing, Pan, Wang Chen, and Huang Shu. "Analysis on Firm-level and Country-level Drivers of Multinational Corporations Internationalization in Developing Countries." In 2011 International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering (ICIII). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciii.2011.341.

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Kale, Dinar. "Co-evolution of policies and firm level technological capabilities in the Indian automobile industry." In 2011 Atlanta Conference on Science and Innovation Policy. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acsip.2011.6064474.

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Hillemane, Bala Subrahmanya Mungila. "External support and innovation performance of SMEs in Bangalore: Role of firm level factors." In 2012 International Conference on Innovation Management and Technology Research (ICIMTR). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icimtr.2012.6236362.

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Wang, Lan, Yuguang Guo, and Xiangming Zeng. "Green Procurement and Manufacturing, Innovation Orientation and Operational Performance: A Firm Level Panel Data Analysis." In 2021 IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems (ICCCS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccs52626.2021.9449166.

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Kosta, Brunilda, and Nertila Busho. "THE EFFECTS OF PROCESS INNOVATION’S DIMENSION INTO PRODUCT INNOVATION – A COMPARATIVE FIRM LEVEL ANALYSIS FROM EU AND NON-EU COUNTRIES." In 3rd International Scientific Conference on Economics and Management. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade; Faculty of Management Koper; Doba Business School - Maribor; Integrated Business Faculty - Skopje; Faculty of Management - Zajecar, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2019.441.

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ŠŪMAKARIS, Paulius, and Renata KORSAKIENĖ. "MAPPING THE FIELD OF ECO-INNOVATION STRATEGIES: A REVIEW." In International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.586.

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Purpose – the implementation of eco-innovation practices is observed in the micro-level of the company and the integration of these practices with the overall firm’s strategy is inevitable. We set forth to investigate at what level the field of eco-innovation strategies has been studied at the firm-level. Research methodology – a review of the most influential articles in the field of eco-innovation strategies was conducted. A total of 929 scientific publications included in Web of Science (WoS) (Clarivate Analytics) database between 1990 and 2020 were taken into consideration. Findings – the results of this study reveal the following: (1) the increasing trend of publications in the field of eco-in- novation strategies; (2) the most influential articles related to the topic; (3) the gaps of extant research and future research directions. Research limitations – this study uses citations as a measure of influence which might be deceptive due to the fact that some authors might be citing themselves and / or citing publications in a negative context. Practical implications – findings provide relevant insights about the input and the output of eco-innovation strategies and serves as a guide for researchers and practitioners exploring eco-innovation strategies. Originality/Value – this study enhances the body of knowledge on the field of eco-innovation strategies. This is the first study, which investigates the scientific publications related to firm-level eco-innovation strategies and develops an operative conceptual model for future studies.
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Lin, Lei. "The impact of service innovation on business performance: Evidence from firm-level data in Chinese tourism sector." In 2011 8th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2011.5959499.

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Reports on the topic "Firm-level innovation"

1

Branstetter, Lee, Jong-Rong Chen, Britta Glennon, and Nikolas Zolas. Does Offshoring Production Reduce Innovation: Firm-Level Evidence from Taiwan. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29117.

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Crespi, Gustavo, Charlotte Guillard, Mónica Salazar, and Fernando Vargas. Harmonized Latin American Innovation Surveys Database (LAIS): Firm-Level Microdata for the Study of Innovation. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004040.

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To create and promote comprehensive regional innovation policy, it is important to have valid, comparable, and standardized innovation survey data from different countries in Latin America. The Harmonized Latin American Innovation Surveys Database (LAIS) contains nearly 690 variables and 119,900 observations at the firm level. Data are from 30 national innovation surveys conducted between 2007 and 2017 in 10 Latin American countries. The dataset increases the number of countries of the region with publicly available microdata about innovation at the firm level. The corresponding IDB technical note describes how criteria were applied to identify and select variables, whose data measure the same underlying concept, from substantially diverse innovation survey methods and questionnaires used in different Latin American countries. The availability of these data will allow more scholars to research innovation in Latin American firms and address long-standing unanswered questions about the relative importance a variety of factors driving innovation decisions in Latin American firms.
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Crepon, Bruno, Emmanuel Duguet, and Jacques Mairesse. Research, Innovation, and Productivity: An Econometric Analysis at the Firm Level. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6696.

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Foronda, Carlos, and Javier Beverinotti. Effects of Innovation on Employment: An Analysis at the Firm Level in Bolivia. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003640.

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This study quantifies the impact of process and product innovation on employment growth in Bolivia by using microdata from a survey on innovation conducted in Bolivia in 2016. Following the model of Harrison, Jaumandreu, Mairesse, and Peters (2008) and the adaptations for Latin America of Crespi and Tacsir (2013) and Elejalde, Giuliodori, and Stucchi (2015), we demonstrate that employment growth is explained by product innovation. On the other hand, we find no evidence of a displacement effect due to process innovation. With respect to innovation and work composition, we observe that the reation of qualified employment is slightly favored over that of unqualified employment.
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Crespi, Gustavo, Charlotte Guillard, Mónica Salazar, and Fernando Vargas. Open configuration options Harmonized Latin American Innovation Surveys Database (LAIS): Firm-Level Microdata for the Study of Innovation. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004057.

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This paper provides the methods through which the first version of the harmonized Latin American Innovation Surveys database (LAIS) was built. LAIS, which is made freely available through the Inter-American Development Bank, contains nearly 690 variables and 119,900 observations at the firm level from 30 national innovation surveys conducted between 2007 and 2017 in 10 Latin American countries, increasing the number of countries of the region with publicly available microdata. This paper describes how, starting from significantly different survey methods and questionnaires between countries, criteria were applied to identify and select variables from different surveys measuring the same underlying concept. It also discusses and guides how differences in survey methodologies may affect comparisons even after the harmonization of variables. LAIS includes data on innovation activities expenditures, sources of information and collaborations for innovation, innovation obstacles, outputs and effects, protection of innovation results, and general firm characteristics. Since LAIS significantly decreases the cost of making data comparisons between countries, it will allow more scholars to research innovation in Latin American firms and to tackle long-standing unanswered questions about the importance of framework conditions in LAC for innovation decisions in firms.
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Aghion, Philippe, Antonin Bergeaud, Matthieu Lequien, and Marc Melitz. The Heterogeneous Impact of Market Size on Innovation: Evidence from French Firm-Level Exports. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24600.

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Tadesse, G., F. Gachango, and T. Gwatidzo. Firm-Level Innovation and Business Obstacles in Sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-country analysis. AKADEMIYA2063, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54067/awps.003.

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Crespi, Gustavo, and Rafael Castillo. Supply-side versus Demand-side Innovation Policies in Peru: The Impacts of Public Procurement of Innovation. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004683.

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This paper exploits new data on the participation of Peruvian firms on public tenders to shed light on the potential for public procurement to encourage innovation. Many industrialized countries have gradually enlarged their innovation policy mix to include demand-side interventions, among them the use of public procurement to stimulate innovation investment at the firm level. Latin America, though, exhibits an unbalanced policy mix with little deployment of policy interventions that tackle the conditions that affect the demand for innovation. Using nonexperimental impact evaluation techniques, this research not only assesses the impacts of participating in public procurement projects on firm-level innovation efforts and outcomes but also compares these impacts with traditional supply-side approaches. The findings suggest that public procurement has a significant impact on innovation outcomes, but the results only hold when public procurement requires the development of new solutions. Regular or noninnovative public procurement does not show any impact on firm-level innovation.
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Crespi, Gustavo, and Rafael Castillo. Supply-side versus Demand-side Innovation Policies: Exploring the Impacts of Public Procurement of Innovation in Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004348.

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This paper exploits new data on the participation of Peruvian firms on public tenders to shed light on the potential for public procurement to encourage innovation. Many industrialized countries have gradually enlarged their innovation policy mix to include demand-side interventions, among them the use of public procurement to stimulate innovation investment at the firm level. Latin America, though, exhibits an unbalanced policy mix with little deployment of policy interventions that tackle the conditions that affect the demand for innovation. Using nonexperimental impact evaluation techniques, this research not only assesses the impacts of participating in public procurement projects on firm-level innovation efforts and outcomes but also compares these impacts with traditional supply-side approaches. The findings suggest that public procurement has a significant impact on innovation outcomes, but the results only hold when public procurement requires the development of new solutions. Regular or noninnovative public procurement does not show any impact on firm-level innovation.
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Dohnert, Sylvia, Gustavo Crespi, and Alessandro Maffioli, eds. Exploring Firm-Level Innovation and Productivity in Developing Countries: The Perspective of Caribbean Small States. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000616.

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