Journal articles: 'Firewood'

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Henderson. "Firewood." Fourth Genre: Explorations in Nonfiction 19, no. 2 (2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/fourthgenre.19.2.0123.

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Feinstein, Sandy. "Firewood." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 23, no. 3 (August 30, 2015): 626–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/isv064.

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Kärhä, K., and A. Jouhiaho. "Producing chopped firewood with firewood processors." Biomass and Bioenergy 33, no. 9 (September 2009): 1300–1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.05.019.

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Jacobi, W. R., B. A. Goodrich, and C. M. Cleaver. "Firewood Transport by National and State Park Campers: A Risk for Native or Exotic Tree Pest Movement." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2011.017.

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Untreated firewood has the potential to harbor insects or pathogens lethal to trees in urban and natural forest ecosystems. Campers at 15 campgrounds in seven Colorado, U.S., State Parks and 30 campgrounds in 13 National Parks in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming were surveyed in 2007-09 to determine camper home states, firewood presence, firewood state origins and risks of firewood harboring pests. Sixty-six percent of Colorado State Park campers had firewood but only 4% had firewood brought from out-of-state origins. Sixty percent of National Park campers had firewood and 39% had firewood from out of state, equating to 329,919 campers potentially bringing out-of-state firewood in one year to surveyed parks. Forty-one percent of out-of-state firewood was brought by campers from nonneighboring states, indicating long distance transport of firewood occurs. Of all firewood present in National Parks, 32% was purchased inside the park, 25% was purchased outside the park and 17% was from camper residences. Fifty-three percent of firewood had evidence of previous insect presence and 39% had fungal infestation. Camper movement of untreated firewood has the potential to be a high risk pathway for distribution of live tree pests throughout North America, and educational and mitigation actions should be implemented.

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Howard, Ben. "Firewood and Ashes." Sewanee Review 120, no. 1 (2012): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sew.2012.0005.

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Lynser, Marvellous B., Ksanbok Makdoh, and Batriti Nongbri. "Firewood consumption and extraction from community forests in East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya: Its impact on woody species diversity and population structure." Tropical Plant Research 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpr.2020.v7.i3.084.

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Firewood serves as the principal source of energy for cooking and heating, for many rural communities, but the impact of firewood extraction on the forest is often undermined. The present study was undertaken to assess the firewood consumption pattern by households living near community forests of East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya and the impact of such activity on species diversity and population structure on such forests. Data on firewood consumption and preferred firewood species, and impacts of firewood harvesting on species diversity and population structure were collected through household surveys and phytosociological studies respectively. The surveyed households showed high dependency on firewood and the consumption pattern varies with the family size. The preferred firewood species are those of hardwood trees such as Quercus spp., Lithocarpus spp., Castanopsis spp. and Myrica spp. Firewood extraction have negative impact on forests, resulting in decrease in species diversity and population of the preferred firewood species. Statistical analysis revealed that species richness and diversity and density differ significantly in protected and unprotected forests. Despite low per capita consumption of firewood and precautionary measures like regulated harvesting in the study area, firewood harvesting cannot be ignored as an important cause of forest degradation and biodiversity loss. More research into local ecological and cultural contexts and perceptions concerning costs and benefits can help devise sustainable management options, including alternative sources of fuel.

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Haack, Robert A., and Toby R. Petrice. "Public transport of firewood across the Mackinac Bridge in Michigan, United States of America: origin, destination, woody taxa, and reasons for transporting firewood." Canadian Entomologist 153, no. 5 (June 29, 2021): 586–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2021.27.

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AbstractTransporting firewood can spread plant pests such as the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), which was discovered in Lower Michigan, United States of America in 2002. In 2005, Michigan banned the transport of hardwood firewood northwards across the Mackinac Bridge, which connects Lower and Upper Michigan. In 2005–2011, 479 drivers of 11 commercial vehicles and 468 private vehicles were interviewed. Firewood was collected in every month of the year, with most firewood collected in June–September. Of the 468 private vehicles surveyed, 400 carried firewood originating from Michigan, 64 carried it from 19 other American states, and four carried it from three Canadian provinces. Most vehicles (93%) were bound for Upper Michigan, 4% were bound for eight other American states, and 3% were bound for four Canadian provinces. Drivers transported 1–275 pieces of firewood, with 33% of drivers having 1–10 pieces and 87% having up to 50 pieces. Surrendered firewood represented 19 tree genera – 18 hardwood genera and one conifer. Of 59 vehicles carrying ash (Fraxinus) firewood, 15 had firewood with A. planipennis signs. Firewood was transported mainly for camping (76%), for weight (15%), and to be used at cottages (5%).

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Syaufina, Lailan, and Eduardo Fernando Martins De Carvalho. "Persepsi dan Aktivitas Masyarakat dalam Penggunaan Kayu Bakar di Kota Dili, Timor Leste." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 11, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.11.1.1-10.

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Firewood as traditional energy source are used by community in rural area. Firewood problems need serious attention and it is necessary to do the research about firewood. because 80% of the rural area in Timor Leste still using firewood as an energy sources. This research was conducted in May-June 2014 at Becora village, Lahane Oriental village, and Comoro village as targetted villages. The objectives of the study were to identify prespectives of community of Dili city on firewood consumption and activities of community in Dili city using firewood as priority energy. This study were using interview method and questionaire’s filling to respondents on the three targetted villages. Results of this study showed that community at Becora village, Lahane Oriental village, and Comoro village use firewood as an energy sources priority for household consumption. Firewood which utilizes by community were taken from natural forests in Timor Leste, and the precentage of common used species Ampupu woods 80%, Asam woods 5%, Kesambi woods 5%, Bakau woods 5%, and Lamtoro woods 5%. Key words : traditional knowledge, firewood, household, Dili City, precautionary attitude

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Pérez, Guadalupe, Jorge M. Islas-Samperio, Genice K. Grande-Acosta, and Fabio Manzini. "Socioeconomic and Environmental Aspects of Traditional Firewood for Cooking on the Example of Rural and Peri-Urban Mexican Households." Energies 15, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 4904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134904.

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Firewood is a solid biofuel that is widely used for cooking in Mexico’s residential sector. This study seeks to identify relevant factors in firewood consumption patterns, and their implications for climate change, gender, and health, and for energy poverty in Mexico, by climate region and socioeconomic level. For this purpose, a statistical analysis was conducted of recently published official information. We estimate that a total of 31.3 million Mexicans—26% of the total population—use firewood, and we have identified three main types of users: (i) exclusive firewood users (30%); (ii) mixed firewood users using firewood as their primary fuel (18%) and (iii) mixed firewood users using firewood as their secondary fuel source (52%). Total consumption of firewood was estimated at 116.6 PJ, while estimated greenhouse gas emissions were 8.1 million tCO2e. Out of all the households studied, 53% were in the tropical climate region; 59% were categorized as being in the “low” socioeconomic level; and 75% were in population centers comprising fewer than 2500 inhabitants. Some 68% of households do not pay for the acquisition of firewood, and for those households that do pay for the resource, estimated transactions total USD 286.9 million. Expenditures on firewood for energy represent up to 10% of household income. Finally, it was estimated that 15.7 million direct users of firewood are women who use the resource in three-stone fires, in which they expose themselves to health risks in doing so. In conclusion, main universal findings, the study’s limitations, and future research are presented.

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Tika Ram, Pokharel, and Rijal Hom Bahadur. "Hourly Firewood Consumption Patterns and CO2 Emission Patterns in Rural Households of Nepal." Designs 4, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs4040046.

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Nepal has low per-capita energy use and a majority of its rural residents use firewood as their primary energy source. Excessive use of firewood in improperly ventilated buildings degrades the indoor environment and health condition of the inhabitants. This study aims to assess the influence of hourly firewood consumption patterns on CO2 emissions and resulting concentrations in rural households in Nepal. A field survey was conducted for 24 h in 16 households during winter. The results suggest that most of the households tend to use more firewood during the morning and evening hours. Family size and number of animals reared by the households were positively correlated with firewood consumption, whereas family size was negatively correlated with per-capita firewood consumption. Per-capita firewood consumption was found to be 1.8 kg/(capita·day). Household firewood consumption and CO2 emissions were 12 kg/(family·day) and 14.26 kg CO2 e/(household·day), respectively. The larger households spent more time for cooking, while their consumption rate was similar (1.3 kg/h) to that of smaller households. High indoor CO2 emissions in the morning and evening hours due to high firewood consumption may pose severe health risks to the inhabitants. Therefore, intensive awareness programs and pollution control programs are suggested for improving indoor air quality and health condition of the rural population.

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Crawford, Kristina. "The cost of firewood." Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.31.

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Firewood management is a key component of hunter-gatherer subsistence. the costs of time and labour required to gather firewood can affect labour allocation, social organisation, foodways and settlement patterns. An important factor in understanding the costs of fuel gathering is the availability of wood, the most common source of fuel, on the landscape. this study uses survey and time trials to quantify fuel availability and gathering time of a single day’s firewood in an unexploited environment in a northern California blue oak grassland. the study found that the available wood fuel in a central place territory would be consumed in under a year. this suggests that changes in the lifeways of prehistoric California hunter-gatherers may have in part been influenced by the need for fuel management.

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Martinez, Dionisio D. "Rivers, Horses and Firewood." Iowa Review 15, no. 3 (October 1985): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.3262.

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Brown, Scott. "Firewood by the Cord." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 17, no. 7 (March 2012): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mathteacmiddscho.17.7.0448.

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Donald P. Gasser and Bruce R. Hartsough. "Firewood Transport with Chutes." Transactions of the ASAE 31, no. 5 (1988): 1361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30871.

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Ross, Celia Mary. "Epigenetics, traffic and firewood." Schizophrenia Research 109, no. 1-3 (April 2009): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.01.007.

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Sudhakar Reddy, B. "Energetics of firewood plantations." Energy Conversion and Management 29, no. 3 (January 1989): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-8904(89)90005-8.

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LATHAM, JULIA EVELYN, SUSANNAH MARY SALLU, ROBIN LOVERIDGE, and ANDREW ROBERT MARSHALL. "Examining the impact of forest protection status on firewood sufficiency in rural Africa." Environmental Conservation 44, no. 3 (March 13, 2017): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000066.

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SUMMARYMillions of people living in poverty depend on non-timber forest products (NTFPs), yet forest protection causes displacement, replacement or reduction of NTFP extraction activities, with implications for human welfare. Here, we assess the impact of forest protection on a novel measure of wellbeing that incorporates both objective and subjective components of people's lives. In five villages near forests with mixed protection status in Tanzania, household perceived need for firewood is compared with actual consumption in order to provide a simple metric of firewood sufficiency. Firewood sufficiency varied with forest protection status, with non-compliance inferred by household ability to meet firewood needs despite forest access restrictions. Fuel-efficient stove ownership improved the perceived ability to meet firewood needs; however, actual consumption remained unchanged. Firewood sufficiency was significantly lower for those sourcing firewood outside forests, and increased household awareness of the management authority significantly reduced firewood consumption. In a forest landscape of mixed protection status, pressure will likely be displaced to the forest with the least active management authority, affecting their efficiency as non-extractive reserves. Our findings reinforce the need for a landscape approach to forest management planning that accounts for local needs, to avoid leakage to other less well-protected forests and detriment to household welfare.

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Nzabona, Abel, Richard Tuyiragize, John Bosco Asiimwe, Christian Kakuba, and Peter Kisaakye. "Urban Household Energy Use: Analyzing Correlates of Charcoal and Firewood Consumption in Kampala City, Uganda." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2021 (April 8, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5904201.

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Charcoal and firewood contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in rural and urban areas. Although there is information about energy types used for cooking in Kampala urban environment, less is known about the correlates of charcoal and firewood consumption. This study investigated the predictors of charcoal and firewood use for cooking using the 2014 Uganda Census data set. Analysis was conducted on 41,250 households in Kampala City. Multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to predict charcoal and firewood use. Findings indicate that older household heads were more likely to use firewood than their younger counterparts. Charcoal and firewood were more likely to be used in households whose household heads were females, married and formerly married, and lived in dwelling units with two and more rooms. Conversely, chances of using charcoal and firewood decreased with the level of education, living in detached house and flat, and residing in shelter with cement screed or tile/concrete. The findings have several implications including long-term planning for improving formal education conditions, strengthening female empowerment, and upgrading dwelling conditions of the households in Kampala City.

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Romanach, Lygia, and Elisha Frederiks. "Understanding the Key Determinants of Residential Firewood Consumption in Australia: A Nationwide Household Survey." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 18, 2021): 6777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206777.

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A range of energy sources are used by households across the globe, including electricity, gas, solar, and wood. While there is a large body of international research aimed at understanding household energy use in general, very few studies have focused on the specific topic of residential firewood consumption. In Australia, empirical research to investigate and quantify residential firewood consumption is scarce and outdated, despite the importance of such research for better understanding overall household energy costs and carbon emissions. Unlike other power sources, such as electricity, gas and solar, firewood consumption is not systematically monitored or measured in an objective way, thereby making it difficult to obtain accurate data on the amount of firewood consumed in the residential sector. To address this data gap, the current study used survey data from a sample of 4844 households (including 1168 firewood users) to explore what socio-demographic, dwelling-related and behavioural factors were important for predicting the amount of firewood consumed by Australian households. The results revealed that a range of variables—including geographical location, dwelling type, the number of wood-fired appliances per household, and behavioural factors such as the purpose, timing, frequency, and duration of firewood use—were key determinants of residential firewood consumption in Australia, as self-reported by households. Together, these findings underscore the value of measuring not only geographical and location-based factors in household surveys, but also a range of socio-demographic, dwelling-related, and behavioural variables. By doing so, self-report data collected through surveys is likely to better predict the amount of residential firewood consumption reported (or estimated) by households. Overall, this study makes an important and timely contribution to the literature by demonstrating how social science methods such as household surveys can help improve current estimates of residential firewood consumption used to inform government policy, planning, and decision-making for the future.

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Itunnu, Wole-alo Felicia, Alokan Agnes Olubunmi, and Ogundele Esther Kemisola. "Perception of the Effects of Fire Wood Usage on Rural Women’s Health in Ogun State Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 26, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v26i1.6s.

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The study assessed the effects of firewood usage on rural women health in Ogun State. Samples of 128 respondents were randomly selected from four local government areas of Ogun State. Data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire. Percentages were used for data analysis. Majority of the respondents were married (91%) with a mean age of 50 years. Most of the respondents (86.7%) used firewood for cooking, the preference of the utilization of firewood over other alternatives was due to non-availability of other sources (40%) and availability of firewood (33%). Some perceived health effects on the respondents were discomfort caused by the smoke from the firewood (𝑥 ̅= 2.81) and eyes irritation (= 2.53). The study recommended alternative energy sources that are with lesser health hazards be made readily available at subsidized rate in the rural areas since this was the major attractive driving force for the use of firewood.

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Vallejo, María, and Maribel Caicedo. "Economics of deforestation: Poverty, inequality and socio-environmental impacts of the consumption of firewood in Ecuador." Panoeconomicus 67, no. 3 (2020): 405–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan2003405v.

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We take the concept of the economics of deforestation to analyse the consumption of firewood in Ecuador during 2018. We identify poor rural populations as being at risk, since the incomplete burning of firewood generates emissions of CO2 that can reach levels that are harmful to their health. We calculate that 95% of the impacts associated with the consumption of firewood are concentrated in rural areas, most of them in poverty conditions: the deforestation of 5,935 hectares, the emission of 1,317.38 Gg of CO2 and 94.58 Gg of CO due to the consumption of 782.08 Gg of firewood. We suggest an energy policy based on solidarity to reduce health risks for these communities, which in turn will enable other impacts to be mitigated. However, it will be necessary to include specific policies for commercial, industrial and productive uses of firewood, where about 65% of firewood consumption and its impacts are concentrated.

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Wole-alo, Felicia Itunnu, Agnes Olubunmi Alokan, and Esther Kemisola Ogundele. "Perception of the effects of firewood usage on rural women’s health in Ogun State Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 26, no. 2 (May 19, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v26i2.6s.

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The study assessed the effects of firewood usage on rural women health in Ogun State. Samples of 128 respondents were randomly selected from four local government areas of Ogun State. Data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire. Percentages were used for data analysis. Majority of the respondents were married (91%) with a mean age of 50 years. Most of the respondents (86.7%) used firewood for cooking, the preference of the utilization of firewood over other alternatives was due to non-availability of other sources (40%) and availability of firewood (33%). Some perceived health effects on the respondents were discomfort caused by the smoke from the firewood (𝑥 ̅ = 2.81) and eyes irritation (= 2.53). The study recommended alternative energy sources that are with lesser health hazards be made readily available at subsidized rate in the rural areas since this was the major attractive driving force for the use of firewood.

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Cavalli, Raffaele, Stefano Grigolato, and Andrea Sgarbossa. "Productivity and quality performance of an innovative firewood processor." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 45, no. 1 (June 20, 2014): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2014.228.

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The growing interest about wood as fuel regards not only wood chips and pellets but also firewood, especially in mountain and rural areas where domestic heating plants are widely used. Due to the increased demand for firewood, harvesting activities have extended on broadleaved high forests as well as coppice. As a consequence, the diameter of logs has increased requiring larger and larger splitting machines; nowadays it is not uncommon to find on the market splitters able to process logs with diameter up to 50-60 cm. In order to increase the productivity, the effort of machine producers is directed to obtain the complete splitting of the log into firewood in only one step using multiple ways splitting knives. This technical solution may cause some drawbacks especially when the splitting knives are not properly adapted to the log diameter; it happens that the size of firewood is not homogeneous and splinters are produced, which requires using screens to separate them from the main product. In order to evaluate the work quality of a firewood processor, equipped with multiple ways splitting knives, an experimental test has been carried out using a machine in which the log diameter is automatically detected through a laser device; according to the log diameter the multiple ways splitting knives (formed by fixed and mobile knives, the latter hydraulically operated) is properly set up to obtain regularly sized firewood. Furthermore the log is automatically centred on the splitting knife set-up. The results of the experimental test showed that the firewood processor is able to produce firewood with homogeneous size and with a low production of splinters, regardless of log diameter.

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Chapagain, Prem Sagar. "Tourism Development and Energy Consumption Pattern in Langtang Valley of Nepal Himalayas." Journal of Development and Administrative Studies 23, no. 1-2 (August 11, 2016): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jodas.v23i1-2.15449.

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Langtang is one of the three major trekking destinations in Nepal. Tourism development in Langtang was started since after the establishment of Langtang National Park in 1976. Langtang is the nearest mountain trekking route from Kathmandu. About 12000 tourists visit annually in Langtang Valley. The Langtang valley from Syabrubesi to Kyanjing has rich physical, biological and cultural diversity which has been the center of tourism activities in Langtang region. This paper aims to trace out the tourism development trend and energy consumption pattern by hotels and lodges of the region. There are three major tourist destinations i.e. Lamahotel, Langtang, and Kyanjing in the Langtang valley where there are 49 hotels altogether. Initially, by 2000, hotels were concentrated at Lamahotel, then to Langtang village and finally to Kyanjing. Many tourist hubs in mountain including the Langtang valley use firewood as a major source of energy. The per bed/day firewood consumption is slightly varied in different altitude in the valley. The amount of firewood consumption decreases with increasing altitude and the distance from the source of firewood collection places. The annual firewood consumption is the highest in Lama hotel that is 457 kilogram/bed followed by Langtang with 460 kilogram and Kyanjing (400kg). It is important that the Bhattis consume more firewood. Hotels with less than 20 beds consume more firewood compared to big hotels suggests firewood energy threshold in the mountain tourism hub. LP gas and cow dung cake are other energy sources. The big hotels having more than 20 beds use more LG gas compared to smaller hotels.The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies (JODAS)Vol. 23(1-2), pp. 69-83

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Sufiyan, Ibrahim, Muhammad K.D, and Umar Musa U. "APPRAISAL OF PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF CHARCOAL AND FIREWOOD AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES FOR DOMESTIC USAGE IN KEFFI NASARAWA STATE NIGERIA." JOURNAL OF WASTES AND BIOMASS MANAGEMENT 3, no. 1 (November 17, 2020): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.01.2021.22.26.

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The simple way to utilized forest resources is to make use of their by-products (firewood and charcoal) in our households. Africa suffered a great deal of energy supply. Nigeria has limited electricity supply in recent years. Gas, kerosene and LNG are exorbitant that poor people cannot afford. The rate of poverty increases especially in a mostly rural community in Nigeria as well as Africa due to bad leadership that common people have no resources to depend on except forest resources where women and children go to bushes. This study assesses the per capita consumption of both the firewood and charcoal daily, weekly, monthly and annually. The rates of consumption determine the usage of fuelwood. The regression analyses were employed to statistically verify the rate of fuelwood consumption. The result indicates that there are high rates of consumption per capita per day (charcoal 0.20kg, firewood 0.09kg), per capita per week charcoal 9.9kg, firewood 4.48kg), per capita per month ( charcoal 181.9kg; firewood 82.5kg) and charcoal 26,937kg firewood 12,042kg). This indicates that people are highly destroying forest daily and alter the natural system of the environment for the sake of fuelwood consumption.

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Lev-Yadun, Simcha. "Abandoned Agave sisalana fiber crop plantation in the Negev Desert, Israel as source of firewood for local Bedouins." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 62, no. 1-2 (May 18, 2015): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2014.957015.

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Firewood is a vital energy source for cooking and heating in traditional societies worldwide. During the past century, increasing human populations have depleted many previously available resources, resulting in severe shortages of firewood in many regions, especially in arid zones. Here, I describe the use as a source of firewood for a local semi-nomadic Bedouin village of several dozen families and the fate of a 0.3 km2 abandoned fiber-crop plantation of Agave sisalana Perr. which is more than 50 years old in the Negev Desert, Israel. The amount of firewood extracted in the last decade equals several thousand local wild shrubs, which, in the current vegetation density, grow in a radius of several square kilometers. Harvesting the plantation for about 20 years almost fully exploited the plantation. Because the Bedouins do not replant plants used only for firewood, this source is not sustainable despite its biological potential to be so. However, because Agave are CAM (Crassulacean acid metabolism) plants, they can grow under very arid conditions, and because they are well defended from grazing by thorns and poisons, they may be planted as a source of firewood in various arid regions where other plants will not sustain.

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Vaughan, Adam. "Energy crisis sparks firewood rush." New Scientist 255, no. 3403 (September 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(22)01604-9.

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Yi, Traditional of the Yunnan, and Mark Bender. "Cutting the New Year's Firewood." Chicago Review 39, no. 3/4 (1993): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25305768.

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Preece, P. G. "FIREWOOD FROM THE OXFORDSHIRE CHILTERNS." Arboricultural Journal 11, no. 3 (August 1987): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071375.1987.9756351.

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Reyes, René, Harry Nelson, and Hisham Zerriffi. "Firewood: Cause or consequence? Underlying drivers of firewood production in the South of Chile." Energy for Sustainable Development 42 (February 2018): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2017.10.006.

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Iriarte-Goñi, Iñaki, and Juan Infante-Amate. "Continuity, change, and geographical differences in Spain’s firewood consumption: a new estimation (1860-2010)." Historia Agraria. Revista de agricultura e historia rural, no. 77 (November 30, 2018): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26882/histagrar.077e01i.

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Although firewood was the main energy source until recently in most parts of the world, our understanding of its consumption levels is still quite limited, even in regard to recent periods. The powerful impact of fossil energy carriers and their major effects on global ecology, economy and society have led us to underestimate the role firewood has continued to play during the energy transition. This article offers a new reconstruction of long-term firewood consumption in Spain, taking into consideration variables related to supply and demand, which are then used to reconstruct the production, appropriation and energy uses of firewood biomass. This new series distinguishes also between the origins (forest or crop firewood), and between different regional behaviors. The main findings indicate that total and per-inhabitant consumption has been greater than traditionally assumed; that there was major regional divergence, with consumption varying significantly from one area to another; that the decline in firewood consumption was gradual and later than previously thought; and that it increased or declined over time in a non-linear fashion. Moreover, the traditionally neglected estimation of the role of woody crops was found to be very significant in this process, as it represented between 20% and 70% of total consumption for the whole data series.

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Svihra, Pavel. "Suitability of Elm Firewood to Bark Beetle Attack Stored Under Polyethylene Sheeting." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 13, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1987.035.

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Six mil clear polyethylene sheeting, resistant to ultraviolet rays, was used as a seal to prevent the colonization of elm firewood by Scolytus multistrlatus, the vector of the Dutch elm disease fungus. In California, elm firewood sealed and aged under polyethylene sheeting for up to three months maintained a similar attractiveness to the bark beetle as did freshly cut firewood, after wood was exposed. When wood was aged for four to six months under sheeting and then exposed, the beetles, not only delayed their attacks but also colonized fewer bolts, and in lower densities, than on freshly cut bolts. When firewood was sealed and aged for seven or more months under sheeting before exposure, it was no longer attractive to S. multistriatus.

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NEPAL, MANI, APSARA NEPAL, and KRISTINE GRIMSRUD. "Unbelievable but improved cookstoves are not helpful in reducing firewood demand in Nepal." Environment and Development Economics 16, no. 1 (October 26, 2010): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x10000409.

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ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the effect of different types of cookstoves on firewood demand at the household level. Using nationally representative household survey data from Nepal, we find that stove type significantly affects the firewood demand for household uses. Traditional mud-stove user households seem to use less firewood than the open-fire stove users. Surprisingly, households with the so-called ‘improved’ stoves seem to use more firewood than the households with mud stoves. Thus, converting traditional open-fire stoves to mud stoves may be a better conservation strategy in the short term rather than installing improved stoves, unless the technology improves. However, in the long run, making cleaner fuel more accessible to rural households is desirable to reduce indoor air pollution.

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Díez, Hernán E., and Juan F. Pérez. "Physicochemical Characterization of Representative Firewood Species Used for Cooking in Some Colombian Regions." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4531686.

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Socioeconomic conditions and the main firewood species used for cooking in three Colombian regions are studied in this work. The species collected were Cordia alliodora, Guazuma ulmifolia, Eucalyptus grandis, and Pinus patula. The used patterns of biomass and socioeconomic conditions of the selected regions were defined by means of secondary information. Firewood was physicochemically characterized and the species are compared with fossil fuels with regard to emissions of CO2, energy density, and costs. The studied regions require solutions to use firewood in eco-efficient systems, since in these rural regions people use biomass as an energy source. Studied firewood species are suitable to be gasified in fixed bed reactors due to their high volatile matter content (>80%) and low ash content (<1.8%). Pinus patula is the one with the highest fuel value index, mainly due to its low ash content (0.4%). The firewood consumption in advanced stoves has environmental advantages resulting from its low CO2 emissions: a cubic meter of Eucalyptus could replace 113 liters of kerosene or 120 m3 of natural gas for cooking applications.

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Palmieri, Nadia, Alessandro Suardi, and Luigi Pari. "Italian Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Eucalyptus Firewood." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072629.

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Eucalyptus trees cover about 20 million hectares globally and are used to produce pulp, paper and firewood for domestic uses. From an environmental perspective, these trees have fewer impacts than other crops. In Italy, plantations of eucalyptus can provide a large amount of biomass to satisfy part of the country’s internal demand. However, eucalyptus cultivation is less profitable than cultivation of traditional crops due to the low market prices of wood. This study aims both to analyze the willingness of a sample of Italian consumers to pay for eucalyptus firewood and to investigate the main factors that may affect this willingness. Data are collected from a sample of 231 consumers using a web-based survey. The double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation model is then applied. The findings show that information, the energetic density of firewood, consumers’ interest in environment issues, and the age of respondents are aspects that are positively associated with respondents’ willingness to pay for eucalyptus firewood. Conversely, interest in both firewood species and packaging are factors that reduce consumer willingness to pay for eucalyptus firewood. Even though these results cannot be generalized to the whole Italian population, the findings may indicate new opportunities for eucalyptus, while growing demand for eucalyptus could offer an interesting opportunity for firms to enter the sector and develop marketing strategies targeted towards specific market niches.

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Semenya, Khomotso, and Fannie Machete. "Influence of kitchen structures on household exposure to firewood-induced volatile organic compounds in Senwabarwana villages." Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 13, no. 10 (July 16, 2020): 1193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00872-0.

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Abstract This paper presents the extent to which kitchen structures influence household exposure to firewood-induced volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The sample consisted of 69 firewood users who were conveniently sampled from Senwabarwana Villages. An Integrated Environmental Health Risk Assessment framework (IEHRA) was adopted as the research methods of the current study. The VOC samples were collected from selected priority firewood species used in the study area, namely mushu (Umbrella thorn), mohwelere (red bushwillow), moretshe (Sickle bush), motswiri (Leadwood) and mokgwa (Black monkey thorn). Four VOCs, namely benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were analysed from each of the selected plant species. Available literature shows that these VOCs are associated with the kind of common firewood used in the study area. The outcomes of this study reveal that mushu emits the highest concentration of the four selected VOCs, followed by moretshe, mohwelere, mokgwa and motswiri, respectively. The influence of kitchen structural factors such as number and positioning of windows, fireplace or stove type, roofing material and designs, among others on the concentration and indoor dispersion of VOCs was also investigated. Behavioural practices of households during fire making such as opening or closing of doors and windows during cooking, water heating and space heating were also found to influence exposure levels. Consequently, low VOCs emitting firewood species and kitchen structural designs have been confirmed as the key drivers of firewood-induced VOC exposure.

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Palmieri, Nadia, Alessandro Suardi, Francesco Latterini, and Luigi Pari. "The Eucalyptus Firewood: Understanding Consumers’ Behaviour and Motivations." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110512.

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Italy is one of the world’s major importers of firewood, despite the large amount of Italian eucalyptus plantations that could satisfy part of the country’s internal demand. The demand is critical for farmers to understand developing market dynamics and people’s willingness to buy a product is related to several parameters, including different supply methods. This study aimed to analyse the willingness to consume domestic eucalyptus firewood, and the related motivations of consumers considering the preferred supply method. Data was collected through a web-survey and analysed applying a multilevel regression. In general, the sample showed that attention is paid to both the type of wood and its origin, and that there is a preference for loose firewood as a supply method. Our findings suggest that factors such as age, experience, and familiarity with a product, the supply method, attitude towards novelty, provenience, and energetic density of firewood have an important role in shaping individual inclination towards consuming domestic eucalyptus firewood. This implies that the owners of eucalyptus plantations should target mostly young and detail-oriented consumers, and should also try to clearly give information regarding the origin of the product and its technical characteristics.

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Meier, Ueli. "Die Rolle des Energieholzes in der Waldpolitik beider Basel (essay) | The role of firewood in the forest policy of both Basel (essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 158, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2007.0201.

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In the region of Basel, the intensive firewood production of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries led to a threatening situation for the forest. Therefore, the anticipated increase of forestry operations for the wood cogeneration plant Basel is controversial. In addition to concerns about the impact on natural scenery, there is also concern about the amount of sustainable wood available. An analysis of the current situation revealed that the use of wood for energy production plays a key role in the forestry policy of both Basel. This is because the existing public interests in the forest, which should lead to an increase of the firewood production, are only financially tolerable if the firewood production allows a marginal return. Such a marginal return is only realistic if there is also a market for less valuable wood products. Due to the wood cogeneration plant which will start operations in 2008, it can be expected that the previously side product firewood will become a main product. Overall, there are many reasons which support the idea that in both Basel the «Renaissance» of firewood as a source of energy will contribute significantly to a sustainable forest development.

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Force, Jo Ellen. "Firewood Use on National Forests in the Western United States." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 1, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/1.4.111.

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Abstract USDA Forest Service personnel from 81 of the 87 national forests in the 11 western states responded to an April 1984 mail survey on firewood for personal use. Firewood use increased steadily from 1970 to 1982 when 655,000 permits were issued, and forest managers estimate 2.8 million cords were cut. In 1983, there were 462,000 permits issued and an estimated 2 0 million cords cut. Forest managers say the decrease may reflect more accurate records being kept because of permit fees in 1983. Until reliable, accurate firewood use data are available, utilization of this forest resource cannot be fully understood, and the ability to predict future trends is limited. However, 93 percent of the forest managers predict that the demand for fire-wood will increase during the next five years. Managers believe the major factors influencing supply and demand are accessibility, the amount of timber harvested, and the cost of conventional fuels for home heating. Adoption of 15 firewood management practices was examined and provides guidance to forest managers responsible for the firewood resource. West. J. Appl. For. 1:111-115, Oct. 86.

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Munib, J. A., B. Sudardi, T. S. Pitana, R. Widayat, and D. T. Ardianto. "Buto character developing with utilization of firewood waste to eco-friendly eco-artworks." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 905, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/905/1/012013.

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Abstract Firewood waste is a discarded item, and some people used substitute for stoves or cooking utensils for both industrial and household. Firewood smoke affects the air, environment pollution and global warming. Research used a qualitative method and actions with creative ideas to be prototype by utilizing firewood waste into eco-artworks, several prototypes from wood waste with various types of wood, mahogany, teak, and silk tree/sengon wood waste. They aims to gain a deep understanding programs directed at the creative process in response to environmental damage. Besides being a source education to the public, they can also be used as cultivating sensitivity to protecting the natural environment. In addition, eco-artworks from firewood waste is represented become a eco-friendly concept to relevant program namely reintroducing Indonesian culture, especially for buto character to public.

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Carvalho, E. F. M. de, L. Syaufina, and D. Hermawan. "Development of Energy Forest Plantation as a Solution for Forest Disturbance and Renewable Energy in Timor Leste: A review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 959, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/959/1/012037.

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Abstract Firewood has been a common traditional energy source used by communities living in villages and cities in Timor Leste. About 80 % of villagers use firewood as an energy source, which puts pressure on forest disturbance as demand increases. Therefore, energy forest plantation can be an important alternative for forest disturbance solutions and fuel reserve for the community. The paper aims to review the possibility of the development of energy forest plantations in Timor Leste. The literature review applied for publications in 2015-2021 with the keywords of Timor Leste, energy plantation forest, and firewood using the Publish or Perish tool. We found 886 publications related to the keywords, whereas only 65 publications contained the keywords. The reviews indicate that the pressure on the forest due to firewood collection has been on the increase. Therefore, energy forest plantation is a vital alternative to solve forest disturbance in Timor Leste.

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Santos, Filipe, Fabrício Bagli Siqueira, and José Nilson França Holanda. " Valorisation of firewood ash waste for fired clay ceramics production." Holistic approach to environment 12, no. 2 (March 14, 2022): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33765/thate.12.2.1.

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The objective of this work was to investigate the valorisation of firewood ash waste as an alternative raw material for clay ceramic production, through replacement of industrial plastic clay up to 20 wt.%. For this purpose, clay ceramic pieces were produced by uniaxial pressing and fired at temperatures ranging from 800 °C to 1100 °C. The technical properties of the fired clay ceramic pieces have been determined. It was found that the technical properties of the clay ceramic pieces depend on the firewood ash waste amount and firing temperature. The fired pieces incorporated with up to 20 wt.% of firewood ash waste showed a water absorption level of 9.90 to 16.62 % and flexural strength of 4.12 to 12.02 MPa, indicating their conformity for clay ceramic production (bricks and roofing tiles). Obtained results confirmed the feasibility of valorisation of firewood ash waste in the production of fired clay ceramics.

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Patindol, Teofanes, and Enrique Pacardo. "Tree Utilization Patterns in Selected Protected Areas in the Visayas." Science and Humanities Journal 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47773/shj.1998.061.1.

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Tree resources in protected areas in the Visayas were mainly used for construction materials and firewood. Inhabitants inside prodtected areas harvested timber for their own light construction needs and for firewood mostly for household consumption. Illegal harvest of timber for commercial trade was still prevalent but perpetrated by highly influential people staying outside protected areas. Participation of local inhabitants was limited on the transport of lumber from the cutting area to the designated landing sites. Most preferred timber species for construction came from the Dipterocarp family, which are available only in secondary and primary forests. Owing to their being readily available in the locality, exotic species also proved a good source of construction materials. The most preferred firewood species wer gap species collected from nearby regeneration areas and woodlots. Local availability and abundance were the primary considerations with respect to preferences for firewood species.

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Cline-Cole, R. Akindele. "The socio-ecology of firewood and charcoal on the Freetown peninsula." Africa 57, no. 4 (October 1987): 457–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1159894.

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Opening ParagraphIn a country which in the last 200 years has undergone continuous and often momentous political, economic and social changes, few things are capable of conveying as strong an impression of stability and changelessness as wood fuel (charcoal and firewood) consumption and production; and nowhere is this more striking than on the Freetown or Western Area (formerly Colony) peninsula. In this region, which has always accounted for the major share of national electricity, kerosene and cooking gas (LPG) consumption, not only is current percentage household firewood consumption only fractionally lower than in the nineteenth century but a much higher proportion of households consume charcoal now than at any time in the last two centuries (Cline-Cole, 1984a). Today firewood and charcoal combined supply a minimum of 80 per cent of total peninsula energy demand for both domestic and non-household uses (Davidson, 1985). Freetown's firewood consumption also represents some 10 per cent of the national total (Atlanta, 1979).

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Hellstrand, Per H. "Injuries Caused by Firewood Splitting Machines." Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 23, no. 1 (January 1989): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02844318909067509.

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Madiou. "Warientalism, or the Carrier of Firewood." Arab Studies Quarterly 43, no. 2 (2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/arabstudquar.43.2.0121.

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Lindroos, Ola, Emma Wilhelmson Aspman, Gun Lidestav, and Gregory Neely. "Accidents in family forestry's firewood production." Accident Analysis & Prevention 40, no. 3 (May 2008): 877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.10.002.

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Olson, S. Douglas. "Firewood and Charcoal in Classical Athens." Hesperia 60, no. 3 (July 1991): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/148074.

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Yuanbo, Cui. "Highly efficient firewood-fuelled cooking stoves." Biomass 20, no. 1-2 (January 1989): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-4565(89)90026-7.

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BABAN, Gabriela, and Bogdan POPA. "WOOD AS A BIOFUEL IN ROMANIA: A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE ON DISCREPANT REPORTED NUMBERS." Series II: Forestry Wood Industry Agricultural Food Engineering 14(63), no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.fwiafe.2021.14.63.1.1.

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Nearly 50% of Romanian households use wood as a source of heating. A series of contradicting official reports regarding the demand and supply of firewood in Romania indicates that the consumed volume is higher than the available quantity. This study aims to characterise the dynamics of the firewood market and shed light on the officially reported figures. We analysed certain variables and their influence on firewood demand for six consecutive years. The demand was significantly higher than the supply and was strongly correlated with the unemployment rate. This socio-economic facet leads us to believe that abruptly diminishing fuelwood consumption is an unrealistic policy objective of the authorities.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Firewood'

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