Dissertations / Theses: 'Firewood'

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Blomgren, Aubree Sky. "Bodies and Other Firewood." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc177180/.

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The chakra system consists of seven energetic vortexes ascending up the spine that connect to every aspect of human existence. These vortexes become blocked and unblocked through the course of a life, these openings and closings have physiological and mental repercussions. Knowledge of these physical and mental manifestations, indicate where the chakra practitioner is in need, the practitioner can then manipulate their mind and body to create a desired outcome. These manipulations are based upon physical exercises and associative meditations for the purpose of expanding the human experience. As a poem can be thought of as the articulation of the human experience, and the chakra system can be thought of as a means to understand and enhance that experience, it is interesting and worthwhile leap to explore the how the chakras can develop and refresh the way we read and write poetry. This critical preface closely reads seven poems, one through each chakra, finding what the chakras unveil. Here, each chakra is considered for its dynamic creative capabilities and for its beneficial potentiality in the reading and writing process, finding each chakra provides tools: idea generators with the potential to free the poet from usual patterns of creativity while broadening vision and expressivity. In this collection of poetry poems are experiences chopped into consumable units that show and tell the constant negotiation between what is actually happening and the stories we tell ourselves about what is happening.

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Attar, Annosh, and Mathias Bodner. "Designing and Applying a Firewood Service." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-128556.

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The conservation of energy is a key part of sustainable development. Household energy consumption is higher than ever before. Through intense research and user testing, we (the authors of this project, Annosh Attar and Mathias Bodner) have developed a web-based service that allows people to share information regarding their availability of wood resources. This creates an opportunity for people with an overflow of wood to dispose of it, while others who lack wood can increase their resources (a mutual benefit for both parties). The service also provides the users with information on how to properly and efficiently burn wood.
Att kunna spara energi är en viktig del inom hållbar utveckling. Idag så är energiförbrukningen från hushållen högre än någonsin tidigare. Med hjälp av intensiv forskning så har vi (författarna av detta projekt, Annosh Attar och Mathias Bodner) utvecklat en webbaserad tjänst som tillåter människor att dela med sig av sina vedresurser. Detta skapar en möjlighet för personer med ett överflöd av ved att göra sig av med det, medan andra som behöver ved kan hitta det. Den som använder av webtjänsten får också information om hur man korrekt och effektivt ska elda ved.

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DeGomez, Tom, and Beverly Loomis. "Firewood and Bark Beetles in the Southwest." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146723.

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2 pp.
Pine Bark Beetles, Cypress Bark Beetles
Life cycle of the bark beetles and how to detect in firewood. Source of firewood is important. Dry wood is a poor host for bark beetles. Most bark beetles are host specific. Insecticides should not be applied to firewood to prevent bark beetle infestation.

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DeGomez, Tom, and Beverly Loomis. "Firewood and Bark Beetles in the Southwest." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/239575.

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Tsuchiya, Akio, and Mario Hiraoka. "Forest disappearance by firewood consumption in the Amazon estuary." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Centro de Investigación en Geografía Aplicada, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119290.

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Deforestation of flooded (várzea) and non-flooded (terra firme) forests caused by firewood consumption at tile factories (olaria) was investigated in Abaetetuba Island at the Amazon estuary. Várzea is spatially limited, the area is only 3% of the whole Amazon, however, it is heavily influenced by human activities, especially by the cultivation of acaí palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). The trees are cut down for the olarias. The number of tree species are small, and they have less wood density than terra firme tree species because the várzea is flooded twice a day throughout the year. Terra firme forests, which are also secondary forests, receive less human impact, and have more tree species and more individual trees with a growth extension that exceeds the species in the várzea forests. The deforestation was examined by comparing forest biomass in a unit area to firewood consumption at olarias. The annual area of deforestation was estimated by using the combination of tree species in the firewood and human impact in the várzea forests. Then the estimation was extended to the whole island, assuming that the forests were rotatively cleared every 25 to 30 years. The results indicated that the area of deforestation was 6,870ha/25 years to 8,337ha/30 years, and that it was smaller than the island. However, logging is not only for fuel at olarias. If Belém's economic influence becomes stronger, and electric energy is not diffused throughout the island, the lumber consumption will accelerate and the increase might make the forest disappear faster than estimated.

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Raliselo, 'Muso Andreas. "Camelthorn (Acacia erioloba) firewood industry in Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53318.

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Thesis (MFor)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The reliance of firewood demand on indigenous trees such as Acacia erioloba is a continuing phenomena despite the concern that over-exploitation of these resources will degrade the environment. This study tested the hypothesis that the cutting of A. erioloba in the Northern Cape is driven by (a) market demand in the Western Cape, (b) ignorance of the long-term ecological consequences and/or (c) ignorance of legislation along the chain of custody of this product. The assumption is that whoever is involved in the A. erioloba firewood industry (resource owner, trader or user) is neither aware of the protected status of the resource nor the negative consequences associated with the over-exploitation of the resource or they are driven by short term monetary gains. Therefore, there is a need to understand the needs of every participant in the chain and to further find out if there may be substitutes for A. erioloba firewood. The results of this study show that there is a market for firewood in the study area and that this demand is driven mainly by the availability rather than the quality of firewood. It will also be shown that Acacia mearnsii which is available in the study area is a better product than A. erioloba and therefore it can be a suitable replacement but consumers were found to bum almost everything that would give them embers. The most preferred firewood in the study area is A. cyclops. The concept of indigenous trees is not clearly understood by retailers and consumers. The major role players in the supply chain were found to be the retailers and the transport owners who may be targeted when firewood trade is to be stopped in the short-term. The results further highlighted the fact that the majority of consumers were aware that indigenous trees were protected in South Africa but the majority of retailers were not aware. The study recommends that firewood trade should be stopped completely by strict enforcement of the law or by the involvement of every role-player and/or that the trade should be regulated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fenomeen dat die aanvraag vir vuurmaakhout staatmaak op inheemse bome soos Acacia erioloba duur steeds voort ten spyte van die kommer dat oorbenutting van hierdie hulpbronne, ter versadiging van die behoeftes van 'n steeds toenemende populasie, die omgewing sal degradeer. Hierdie studie het die hipotese getoets dat die afsny van A. erioloba in die Noord- Kaap aangedryf word deur (a) die mark aanvraag in die Wes-Kaap, (b) onkunde oor die langtermyn ekologiese gevolge en/of (c) onkunde oor die wetgewing van hierdie produk by die skakels in die verskaffersketting. Die aanname is dat wie ook al betrokke is by die A. erioloba vuurmaakhout-industrie (hulpbron eienaar, handelaar of gebruiker) is beide onbewus van die beskermde status van die hulpbron asook van die negatiewe gevolge geassosieer met die oorbenutting van die hulpbron of hulle is aangedryf deur korttermyn monetêre gewin. Daarom is dit nodig om die behoefte van elke deelnemer in die ketting te verstaan en om verder uit te vind of daar plaasvervangers vir A. erioloba vuurmaakhout is. Die resultate van hierdie studie toon dat daar 'n aanvraag is vir vuurmaakhout in die studie-area en dat hierdie aanvraag hoofsaaklik gedryf word deur die beskikbaarheid, eerder as die kwaliteit van die hout. Daar salook aangetoon word dat Acacia mearnsii, wat in die studie-area beskikbaar is, 'n beter produk is as A. erioloba en dus 'n geskikte plaasvervanger kan wees, maar dit wil voorkom of die verbruikers omtrent enigiets sal brand wat kole sal verskaf. A. cyclops is die vuurmaakhout van voorkeur in die studie-area. Handelaars en verbruikers verstaan nie die konsep van inheemse bome duidelik nie. Die vernaamste rolspelers in die verskaffersketting is die handelaars en die eienaars van die vervoer en hulle kan die teikengroep wees as die handel in vuurmaakhout in die korttermyn stopgesit word. Die resultate het verder na vore gebring dat die meerderheid verbruikers daarvan bewus is dat inheemse bome beskermd is in Suid-Afrika, maar die meerderheid handelaars is nie hiervan bewus me. Hierdie studie maak die aanbeveling dat handel in vuurmaakhout totaal gestaak moet word deur strenger wette of deur die betrokkenheid van elke rolspeler en/of dat handel gereguleer moet word.

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Treweek, Allison, and n/a. "Wood, money and habitat to burn: environmental issues and the role of the educator." University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2002. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060427.114839.

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Markowski, Joseph D. "Carry water, lug firewood: Dōgen's dialectical standpoint on "dropping off body and mind"." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83125.

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This paper examines Zen Master Dogen's philosophy of shinjin datsuraku, dropping off body and mind, through his dialectical standpoint on sunyata. In our efforts, we shall learn of the philosophical affinities Dogen shares with early Mahayana thinkers, particularly Nagarjuna and his philosophy of emptiness. A demonstration of this connection will in turn open up a new conceptual window for viewing and interpreting various themes and passages within Dogen's writings. Some ideas we will explore in order to frame out a dialectical discussion of shinjin datsuraku are the mind-body problem and its relationship to the problem of time, as well as his philosophy and practice of zazen, seated meditation.
Following from this examination, we will then probe Dogen's dialectical standpoint on shinjin datsuraku. In our attempt to unfold the philosophical layers of meaning that encapsulate this teaching, we will provide a novel reading of his philosophy of Buddha-nature, a philosophy that is free from all traces of essentialism.

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Sande, Bueno Dickens. "Pollarding and root pruning as management options for tree-crop competition and firewood production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2355.

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Thesis (MScFor) (Forest and Wood Science)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
Planting of upperstorey trees along boundaries has been introduced in KabaleUganda with good reception from local farmers. Trees have been planted along agricultural fields, but both Alnus acuminata and Grew/lea robusta out-compete food crops. Managing competition between trees and crops for water, light, and nutrients to the benefit of farmers is a determinant of successful agroforestry. The scarcity and fragmentation of farmland coupled with the hilly nature of Kabale, highlights the need to address the question of tree-crop competition for resources if the technology of on-farm tree planting is to be widely disseminated and adopted in its different guises. Five-year old trees of A acuminata and G. robusta were subjected to treatments of pollarding, or a combination of pollarding and one side root pruning and compared with unpruned controls. The objectives were to assess their potential in reducing competition with food crops and providing firewood to farmers as well as their effects on tree growth. Pollarding has many benefits to farmers because it provides firewood and stakes for climbing beans, it reduces competition for resources between trees and crops and enables continued tree planting on-farm. Continued on-farm tree planting alleviates problems associated with limited land and contributes to environmental resilience. To ensure this, effect of pollarding and root pruning of upperstorey boundary trees of A acuminata and G. robusta was tested on 12 farmers' fields in Kabale. Food crops (beans and maize) grown in the sequence beans-maize-beans, grew very well at less than 50 em from trees that had been pollarded and root pruned one side. In general, pooled data from 12 sites over 5 m away from trees indicated that a combination of pollarding and root pruning increased bean yield by 240% and maize by 154%, while pollarding alone increased bean yield by 181% and maize yield was increased by 123% in comparison to non-pruned trees. However, pollarding and root pruning treatments reduced tree growth rates.Notable was more competition with crops by A. acuminata than by G. robusta. This was attributed to differences in root architecture, diameter at breast height (dbh) sizes, crown spread and crown density between the two species. Five-year-old A. acuminata had bigger dbh (12.40 cm), wider crown spread (6 m) and a dense crown, while G. robusta had dbh 10.82 em, 3 m crown spread and a light crown. A. acuminata also had more branches per tree (34) compared to G. robusta with only 25. These factors influence water uptake, light penetration through the canopy and transpiration rates, and thus affect tree-food crop competition. It is concluded that pollarding and root pruning have a great potential to reduce tree-crop competition, thereby paving the way for continued on-farm tree planting. The effect of pollarding on timber quality, moisture seepage into timber through the cut surface, if any, and the extent of its damage are areas for further research. The rate of root recovery is also to be followed closely to determine an appropriate frequency for cutting back of roots to recommend to farmers how often they need to prune their trees. It is also suggested that a thorough study be conducted on the amount of water uptake from the soil by each of the species Alnus acuminata and Grevillea robusta. This will help further explain the differences in competition between the two species.

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Nygren, Viktor. "A Social Ekonomic Study of a Small-Scale Biogas Facility. : Designing and construction for a single household for the production of biogas from easily accessible substrates such as human faeces, household waste, garden waste and manure." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-36085.

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Increased access to energy is a key factor to reduce poverty and to gain increased development and prosperity. Access to energy is not equally distributed globally. On average a Swedish person consumes more energy than 12 individuals in Tanzania. The Msambara village arose in the 1930s. 80% of the inhabitants are children and the families are large. Life expectancy is 52 years for women and 54 for men. The entire region is very poor and the standard of living in Msambara is low, even compared to other parts of the country. In rural Msambara in Tanzania the cooking method is very primitive and is usually carried out indoors on three stones. Indoor pollution is contributing to eye infections. Incomplete combustion not only emits greenhouse gases increasing global warming, but also more directly emits particles effecting human health. Women and girls are particularly vulnerable to burning caused by air pollution, especially since they are responsible for cooking. The women pull a heavy load in the household work. They are responsible for raising and caring for children, managing farms, collecting firewood, fetching water, visiting the market and cooking for the family. The adoption of biogas technology reduces the need for traditional energy and thereby reduces environmental degradation. In addition, the residue is an improved agricultural fertiliser. Biogas technology has social considerations; burning of biomass for cooking reduces indoor air pollution and reduces workload to collect firewood, often performed by women. Moreover, biogas is desirable from an economic point of view. The method in this work can conveniently be divided into three different parts. These are the designing and construction process as well as the socio-economic study. The socio-economic component is split into two different sections, which are field study and data modelling. The study shows that the social negative impact may or may not be reduced by the introduction of the biogas facility, but the biogas facility in the way it is made will potentially contribute to sustainable economic growth for the household. It also shows that the household’s organic waste produced from human, animal, kitchen and garden waste is enough to provide the necessary gas needed for cooking and no additional firewood will be needed. Two diary cows, in addition to the household’s waste, will provide enough gas needed to introduce cooling capacity for food storage. By adding cooling capacity in the household, time will be saved from the food preparation process but the introduction of biogas itself will not reduce the individual work burden when no cooling capacity is installed. The study also shows that placing the digester in the ground makes a stable environment for the mesophilic and methanogenic microbes. The Socio-economic study indicates that by introducing an alternative method to cooking, positive health effects will arise and the household benefits economically. It is not possible from this thesis to conclude that by adding and treating human toilets as a substrate that possible health benefits will take place.
Sammanfattning Ökad tillgång till energi är en nyckelfaktor för att minska fattigdom och för att få ökad utveckling och välstånd. Tillgången till energi är inte jämnt fördelad globalt. En svensk person konsumerar i genomsnitt mer energi än 12 individer i Tanzania. Byn Msambara uppstod på 1930-talet, 80 % av invånarna utgörs av barn, familjerna är stora. Medellivslängden är 52 år för kvinnor och 54 år för män. Hela regionen präglas av fattigdom och levnadsstandarden i Msambara är låg, även jämfört med andra delar av landet. I Msambara som ligger på Tanzanias landsbygd är tillagningsmetoden mycket primitiv och utförs vanligen inomhus på tre stenar. Den rökiga inomhusmiljön leder ofta till ögoninfektioner. Den ofullständiga förbränningen frigör inte bara växthusgaser och bidrar till den globala uppvärmningen, utan mer direkt avges partiklar som påverkar människors hälsa. Kvinnor och flickor är särskilt utsatta för luftföroreningar eftersom de är ansvariga för matlagning. Kvinnorna drar ett tungt lass i hushållsarbetet. De är ansvarig för uppfostran och vårdnaden utav barnen, hushållsarbetet, sköta jordbruket, samla ved, hämta vatten, besöka marknaden och att laga familjens mat. Introduktion av biogasteknik minskar behovet av traditionell energi och miljöbelastningen. Rötresten är dessutom ett förädlat gödningsmedel. Biogas introduktionen ger positiva sociala konsekvenser då det leder till reducerade luftföroreningar inomhus och minskar behovet av att införskaffa ved, vilket nästan undantagslöst utförs av kvinnor. Dessutom är biogas positivt ur ekonomisk synvinkel. Arbetsmetoden är tydlighetens uppdelat i tre delar. Nämligen dimensionering av rötkammaren, uppförandet av densamma och en okonstlad socioekonomisk studie som i sin tur är uppdelad i en fältstudie och simulering. Studien kan inte visa på att summan av de sociala negativa effekterna minskar med införandet av biogasanläggningen men däremot att den potentiellt bidrar till stärkt ekonomi för hushållet. Den visar också att hushållens organiska avfall som produceras i form av avfall från människor, djur, kök och trädgård är fullt tillräckligt för att producera den nödvändiga gasen som behövs för matlagning. Ingen ytterligare ved kommer att behövas. Två kor förutom hushållets avfall ger den biogas som krävs för att driva ett kylskåp vilket ökar hållbarheten vid matförvaring. Genom tillförandet av kyleffekt till hushållet frigörs tid vilket innebär en tidsbesparing. Införandet av biogas i sig minskar inte den individuella arbetetsbördan. Studien visar också att placeringen av rötkammaren i marken utgör en stabil miljö för de mesofila metanogena. Den socioekonomiska studien visar att införandet av den alternativ matlagningsmetoden medför positiva hälsoeffekter och är ekonomiskt gynnsamt för hushållet. Från denna studie är det inte möjligt att dra slutsatsen att tillförandet och behandlingen av den mänskliga toaletten i rötprocessen ger hälsofördelar.

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Kewell, Luke Kym Adam. "The impacts of firewood collection on native vegetation around campsites in the Ngarkat group of conservation parks /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV.B/09env.bk439.pdf.

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Maynou, Felker Marc. "Biomass Energies in Industrializing Catalonia: The Changing Role of Firewood and Charcoal in the City and Province of Barcelona (1780-1960)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671012.

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There is a debate in the international literature between two differing conceptions of the Energy Transition: the so-cal led «energy ladder approach», according to which societies transit from qualitatively inferior forms of energy to superior forms as their income increases, versus the energy aggregate or «energy stacker», in which the consumption of fossil energies is added to that of organic energy sources regardless of changes in income. Our objective is to ascertain which is the dynamic which better reflects Barcelona’s trends of consumption during its industrialization. Although there are many studies on the perspective of energy in general, research on biofuel consumption seems lacking in this particular case study. When we look for sources to undertake that particular approximation, we find that few documents point to the quantities of biofuels consumed; however, there are records of both the quantities which entered the city and the prices of these commodities. Therefore, we combine both sources of information to generate a set of estimation of consumption rates through time, thus analysing the pace and intensity of the Energy Transition. We then present several insights on the changing nature of supply, demand and their spatial relationship. Our main conclusions are the following: first, that the historical experience of Barcelona is better explained by the Energy Stacker Model than by the Energy Ladder Approach, although dynamics characteristic to both models are present. Second, in Barcelona’s context energy consumption was not only determined by supply and demand of energy carriers, but by the availability of the necessary energy converters too.
Hi ha un debat a la literatura internacional entre dues concepcions de la Transició Energètica: l’anomenada «visió escalar» de la transició, segons la qual les societats transiten des de fonts d’energia qualitativament inferiors cap a formes superiors a mesura que la seva renda incrementa, versus la «visió additiva o agregada», segons la qual el consum d’energies modernes s’afegeix al de les energies orgàniques tradicionals. El nostre objectiu és dirimir quin d’aquests models explica mil lor el cas de Barcelona durant la seva industrialització. Tot i que hi ha molts estudis sobre el consum d’energies en general, no n’hi ha sobre els combustibles basats en la biomassa des d’aquesta perspectiva. Hi ha poques fonts que permetin un tractament adequat del problema, especialment pel que fa al tema del consum; tanmateix, hi ha algunes fonts registrant les quantitats entrades a la ciutat de Barcelona, així com dels preus que s’en pagaven. Així doncs, combinem ambdós tipus de fonts per a generar un conjunt d’estimacions de consum a través del temps, analitzant així el ritme i la intensitat de la Transició Energètica. Posteriorment, presentem algunes aproximacions respecte a la natura cambiant de l’oferta, la demanda i la seva relació espacial. Les nostres conclusions són dues: primer, que l’experiència històrica de Barcelona s’explica mil or segons la visió agregada de la Transició Energètica que no pas segons la visió escalar, encara que hi ha dinàmiques característiques d’ambdós models. Segon, que en el context de Barcelona el consum d’energies no només estava determinat per l’oferta i la demanda dels portadors d’energia, sinó també pels convertidors d’energia necessaris per a consumir-la.
Existe un debate en la literatura internacional entre dos concepciones de la Transición Energética: la llamada ”visión escalar” de la transición, según la cual las sociedades transitan des de formas de energía cualitativamente inferiores hacia formas superiores a medida que la renta incrementa, versus la ”visión aditiva o agregada”, según la cual el consumo de energías modernas se añade al de las energías orgánicas tradicionales. Nuestro objetivo es dirimir cuál de estos modelos explica mejor el caso de Barcelona durante su industrialización. Aunque haya estudios sobre el consumo de energías en general, no existen estudios específicos sobre los combustibles basados en la biomasa desde esta perspectiva. Existen pocas fuentes que permitan un tratamiento adecuado del problema, especialmente con relación al consumo; empero, hay fuentes que registran las cantidades entradas a la ciudad de Barcelona, así como los precios pagados. Así pues, combinamos ambos tipos de fuentes para generar un conjunto de estimaciones de consumo a través del tiempo, analizando así el ritmo y la intensidad de la Transición Energética. Posteriormente, presentamos algunas aproximaciones respecto la naturaleza cambiante de la oferta, la demanda, y su relación espacial. Nuestras conclusiones principales son dos: primero, que la experiencia histórica de Barcelona se explica mejor desde la visión agregada de la Transición Energética que desde la visión escalar, aunque existan dinámicas características de ambos modelos. Segundo, que en el contexto de Barcelona, el consumo de energías no sólo estuvo determinado por la oferta y la demanda de los portadores de energía, sino también por los conversores de energía necesarios para su consumo.

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RIBEIRO, Joabson Araujo. "Recursos naturais como insumo energético : um estudo do uso da biomassa florestal (a lenha) pelos artesãos de Tracunhaém/PE." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2012. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4536.

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Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-25T16:13:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joabson Araujo Ribeiro.pdf: 3786474 bytes, checksum: 50e57bb2aab5db15018fcb9454a62bd6 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-25T16:13:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joabson Araujo Ribeiro.pdf: 3786474 bytes, checksum: 50e57bb2aab5db15018fcb9454a62bd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
This thesis aims to analyze aspects of the use of wood as energy source by clay artisans of the city of Tracunhaém / PE. Given the importance of crafts for income generation of the population and the use of this input. Since the indiscriminate use of biomass by artisans, which occurs in a predatory manner not contributing to the sustainability of the activity, a fact that may compromise the availability of renewable energy resources and to jeopardize the major biomes of the region, thus changing its energy matrix, this concern with the increasing scarcity of firewood and the dependence of this input by artisans motivated this research. The methodology adopted was the literature that had as census information base in 2010 among other literatures, and field research with artisans and the association's president. Taking into account that the association has a record of approximately 260 artisans, from which a sample was drawn 30%, or 78 interviews. The used analysis technique is descriptive statistics. To this end, it had investigated how is the use and disposal of the native forest biomass by artisans. Firewood is the energy source used and the most approved to date, some other inputs were tested and only the LPG has been approved to date, however for an investment that is needed.
Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar os aspectos do uso da lenha como insumo energético pelos artesãos do barro da cidade de Tracunhaém/PE. Dada a importância do artesanato para a geração de renda da população e a utilização deste insumo. Visto que a utilização indiscriminada da biomassa pelos artesãos, a qual ocorre de forma predatória não contribuindo assim para a sustentabilidade da atividade, fato este que pode comprometer a disponibilidade do recurso energético renovável e até por em risco os principais biomas da região, consequentemente alterar sua matriz energética, esta preocupação com a crescente escassez de lenha e a dependência deste insumo pelos artesãos motivou esta pesquisa. A metodologia adotada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica, que teve como base informações do censo demográfico 2010 entre outras literaturas, e a pesquisa de campo com os artesãos e o presidente da associação. Levando-se em conta que a Associação tem um cadastro de aproximadamente 260 artesãos, de onde foi extraído uma amostra de 30%, ou seja, 78 entrevistas. A técnica de análise utilizada foi a estatística descritiva. Com este intuito, fora investigado como se dá o uso e disposição da biomassa florestal nativa pelos artesãos. A lenha é a fonte energética utilizada e a mais aprovada até o momento, alguns outros insumos foram testados e apenas o GLP foi aprovado até o momento, Porém é necessário um investimento para isso.

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Henriques, Sofia de Sousa Teives. "Os consumos domésticos de energia em Portugal." Master's thesis, ISEG, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/22159.

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Mestrado em Economia e Políticas de Energia e Ambiente.
Este trabalho pretende estudar a evolução dos consumos de energia nos lares portugueses nos últimos dois séculos. A adopção de um novo combustível por parte do consumidor ao longo do período diverge muito consoante diversos factores: a localidade ou classe económica em que o consumidor se insere, as políticas públicas, os processos de aprendizagem, o preço do produto e equipamentos, a concorrência com outros combustíveis e as crises agudas de abastecimento. Para estudar a forma como essas escolhas energéticas se efectuam ao longo do tempo escolhemos para análise períodos críticos em que se verificou concorrência entre os diversos combustíveis para as funcionalidades de cozinha e aquecimento. Esses períodos são quatro: até à I Guerra Mundial resultante do impacto em Portugal da Revolução Industrial, o período da I e II Guerra Mundial e as décadas de 50/60.
The present work aims at studying the evolution of household energy consumption in Portugal for the last two centuries. The choice of an emerging fuel depends greatly on the consumeis home location, the social status, public politics, consumers training and educational background, the price of energy carrier and equipment, the competition with other energy products and the supply crisis. The analysis of time evolution of the choice of competitive fuels for cooking and heating is made taking into account four critical periods: the Industrial Revolution, the First and the Second World War and the 50/60 decades.
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Somasundara, D. H. G. S. R. "Waste from instant tea manufacturing as a fuel for process steam generation." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25094.

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An existing furnace oil fired boiler is used to supply process steam to an instant tea manufacturing factory. The instant tea is manufactured the Broken Mixed Fannings (BMF) through extraction and other required processes. The average steam consumption of the plant is 6000 kg/h at 10 barg pressure. During the process, tea waste is generated at a nominal rate of 50,000 kg/day, about 2000 kg/h at around 70% MC content on wet basis. At the moment this waste tea is either dumped in the surrounding area by spending money or sent to landfilling purposes, which create environmental issues. The tea waste coming out at 70% MC wet basis, is looked at to press through continuous belt press to reduce the moisture content to about 55% on wet basis. The water removed from this pressing process is sent to effluent treatment plant at the factory. The output from the belt press is sent to a steam operated The average generation of tea waste from the instant tea manufacturing process process is about 2000 kg/h, after pressing in the belt press an output rate of about 1,400 kg/h at 55% MC. This amount of tea waste at 55% MC is sent to a rotary steam tube dryer and the MC is reduced from 55% to 30% and the output rate from the steam tube dryer is about 857 kg/h. The amount of steam consumed by the rotary steam tube dryer at 6 barg pressure is 760 kg/h. Then the tea waste from the rotary tube dryer is mixed with firewood of 30% MC and fed to the boiler to generate process steam, out of which 857 kg/h steam at 6 barg pressure is sent back to the rotary steam dryer. From tea waste alone, a steam amount of 2,472 kg/h can be supplied after giving steam to the rotary steam dryer. The balance steam amount of 3,528 kg/h for the process requirement is supplied by burning additional firewood at 30% MC content. The tea waste fuel and firewood in combination have an overall moisture content of 30% on wet basis. The boiler is rated at 10,000 kg/h F & A 100 deg C with an actual generating capacity of about 9000 kg/h at 10 barg operating pressure at 70 deg C feed water temperature. By implementing the combination of belt press, rotary steam tube dryer and firewood boiler in place of the existing furnace oil fired boiler, an annual monetary saving of 168 Mn SLR/year can be achieved with a simple payback period of 21 months which is a highly feasibly project.

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FRANÇA, Ulysses Eugênio Duarte de. "Simulação do processo de calcinação de gipsita em forno rotativo com aquecimento indireto." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18555.

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CAPES
O processo de obtenção do gesso beta, que consiste na desidratação do minério da gipsita a uma temperatura entre 125 °C e 160°C, é realizado em fornos rotativos através de queima direta ou indireta. Os principais combustíveis utilizados neste processo no Polo Gesseiro do Araripe são a lenha, o coque de petróleo, o óleo BPF e gás natural. Esta dissertação estuda a modelagem matemática de um sistema de calcinação com aquecimento indireto utilizando dois combustíveis sólidos diferentes: a lenha e o coque de petróleo. A modelagem é feita por meio do Método dos Volumes Finitos em um modelo bidimensional de coordenadas cilíndricas. Através da simulação numérica é possível prever o perfil de temperatura em uma seção transversal do forno, tal como suas taxas de aquecimento. São observadas as influências de parâmetros como vazão mássica do combustível, percentual de excesso de ar na combustão e teor de umidade da lenha. Também é realizada uma comparação entre os processos utilizando a lenha e o coque com relação ao custo e à emissão de dióxido de enxofre (SO2).
The process of obtaining the beta plaster, which consists of dehydration of the gypsum ore under a temperature between 100°C and 160 °C, is performed in rotary kilns through direct or indirect burn. The main fuels utilized in this process at Araripe Gypsum District are firewood, petroleum coke, heavy fuel oil and natural gas. This dissertation studies the mathematical modeling of a calcination system with indirect heating using two different solid fuels: firewood and petroleum coke. The modeling is made by using the Finite Volume Method in a two-dimensional model of cylindrical coordinates. Through the simulation is possible to predict the temperature behavior in a cross section of the kiln, as well as its heating rates. It was analyzed the influence of parameter such as mass flow rate, percent excess combustion air and moisture content of the firewood. A comparison between the processes using firewood and coke is also conducted, concerning the cost and the sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission.

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Pritchard, Rosemary Claire. "Woodland transitions and rural livelihoods : an interdisciplinary case study of Wedza Mountain, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31427.

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Tropical woodlands play a key role in the livelihoods of rural communities in southern Africa, but exist in contexts of constant ecological and socioeconomic change. With research into tropical woodlands neglected compared to tropical forests, it is important to improve understanding of the consequences of tropical woodland change for rural wellbeing. The aim of this thesis is to examine the dynamic interactions between woodland change and rural livelihoods through an interdisciplinary case study of a miombo woodland landscape on and around Wedza Mountain, Zimbabwe. The thesis is organised into three parts addressing: (1) the patterns of land use intensity and provisioning ecosystem service availability around Wedza Mountain; (2) the importance of environmental resources in rural income portfolios and hazard coping strategies; and (3) the adequacy of ecosystem service literature in representing the environmental values of rural African communities. The first part of this thesis explores patterns of land use and woodland structure on the woodland cover gradient around Wedza Mountain. In Chapter 2 I characterise land use intensity in the six study villages using a new method of calculating human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP) at the village scale. Use of this approach indicates that previous studies have underestimated land use intensity in African small-scale farming areas, with village-scale HANPP estimates in Wedza ranging from 48% to 113% of total potential annual NPP as compared to 18 to 38% in published studies. In Chapter 3 I combine woodland survey data with a quantitative ethnobotanical assessment of the use values of woody species and demonstrate that per-household availability of provisioning ecosystem services declines with declining relative tree cover. These findings also suggest that more deforested villages have reduced diversity of ethnospecies underlying service provision, with ramifications for service resilience and livelihood option values in response to future change. The focus of the second part of the thesis is on the role of woodland resources in rural livelihoods. In Chapter 4 I quantify the contribution of environmental income to the total income portfolios of 91 households and show that lower village woodland cover is not associated with reduced livelihood diversity, in part because a large proportion of environmental income is derived from degraded woodland or non-woodland environments. In Chapter 5 I assess the importance of environmental resources for coping with hazard exposures, drawing on recall of past exposure responses and a survey exercise weighting the elements of coping strategy portfolios in response to varying shock scenarios. Synthesis of these data sets indicates that environmental resources represent an important safety net in coping with interacting covariate and idiosyncratic hazard exposures. The third part of the thesis consists of critical reflection, firstly on the adequacy of current ecosystem services research in southern Africa landscapes and secondly on this specific research project. In Chapter 6 I identify the value discourses which are most dominant across 356 peer-reviewed papers adopting an ecosystem services approach to miombo landscape research, and contrast these with the environmental values of study communities in Wedza District. Through this I show that the current ecosystem service literature is failing to represent rural African social and spiritual imaginaries of landscapes, with potentially serious consequences for the efficacy and equity of landscape management interventions. In Chapter 7 I examine some of the methodological and ethical challenges encountered during this research project through a discussion of the relationships between researcher, research assistant and respondents in an interdisciplinary field research context. Finally, in Chapter 8 I synthesise the key messages from the thesis, and conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for understanding of how future change will impact the resilience and vulnerability of savanna woodland socioecological systems.

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Berg, Mikaela, and Mikaela Wallinder. "Fear in Everyday Life - A Qualitative Study on the Everyday Routines of Burundian and Congolese Women Residing in Tanzanian Refugee Camps." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23470.

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This master thesis is based on a field study, conducted in Lugufu 1 and Mtabila 1 refugee camps in Kigoma, western Tanzania, where we held twenty-eight interviews with Congolese and Burundian refugee women. The Congolese and Burundian refugees have fled to Tanzania due to long-lasting conflicts in Congo and Burundi respectively; most arrived in mid-1990s. Thereby, the camps are no longer in phases of emergency and refugees have, since long, established everyday routines and habits that shape their everyday lives; our main interests lie in these. Accordingly, our aim with this study has been to attain a deepened understanding of how these refugee women experience their everyday lives with regards to safety. Since the women themselves were the narrators, security-related problems connected to firewood collection were, inevitably, frequently brought up and are therefore given much space throughout the study. Of great importance for the study is the Sphere Project, in particular the three Cross-Cutting issues - Gender, Environment, and Security – which are all, we believe, intimately related to Feminist Geography. Moreover, our purpose has been to interpret the answers given by these refugee women through arguments and concepts included in Feminist Geography and thereby enable new ways of understanding how, for example, the physical environment affects the everyday routines of refugee women. Furthermore, as several feminist geographers (who, to this date, mainly have focused on western, urban areas) approach women’s fear by looking at the prevailing social and power structures, such structures have also been given much space in our study. Consequently, our study sheds light on security-related issues, which refugee women face in their everyday lives. From the results found in our study, we believe, that if feminist geographers were to include refugee women residing in a non-western, rural context, they would stand to gain a broadened knowledge of how different women experience and are affected by fear and safety.

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Crawford, Laura J. Dr. "The Role of Selectivity on Alaskan Fuel Management Strategies." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1600964489257755.

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20

Liottier, Léonor. "Bois et forêts en France méditerranéenne durant la Protohistoire : une approche des pratiques et des usages. Etude anthracologique, dendroécologique et spatiale." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30089.

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Il s'agit d'une thèse pluridisciplinaire en archéologie protohistorique et paléoenvironnement intitulée « Sociétés, bois et forêts de l’âge du Bronze au changement d’ère, d’après l’anthracologie de sites du sud de la France : une approche des pratiques et des usages ». Cette approche archéobotanique a pour objectif de comprendre l’évolution du paysage forestier sous les effets conjugués des changements naturels et de l’impact anthropique, ainsi que les répercussions de ces changements dans les modes d’acquisition et d’utilisation de la ressource « bois » par les sociétés protohistoriques
It is a multidisciplinary study in archaeology of protohistoric times and paleoenvironnement. The subject of the thesis is « Societies, wood et forests from bronze age to Roman period, by anthracology of archaeological sites of southern France : an approach of practices and wood using ». The aim of this archaeobotanical approach is on the one hand, to understand the landscape changes under anthropic and natural effects, and on the other hand the repercussions on firewood collecting practices and wood using

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Santos, Leonardo Leandro dos. "Adição de cinza da lenha de algaroba (Prosopis juliflora) em massa cerâmica para revestimento." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/448.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
It is estimated that there are 500,000 acres of mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) planted in the Brazilian Northeast, 45% only on State of Paraíba. In State, the wood is used almost exclusively as fuel on drying kilns and firing of ceramic products in brick kilns, generating ash as residue. These ashes contain a high concentration of alkaline metals and earth metals, mainly CaO and K2O. This work studies the use of this residue in the ceramic tiles industry, in substitution to the feldspar. Thirteen mixtures with equal ratios of clay, kaolin and quartz, and the residue (varying from 5% to 20%, still under three granulometric perspectives), and prepared specimens of dimensions 110 mm x 55 mm x 8 mm in uniaxial tool die, with compacting pressure of 15 MPa. The samples were fired in three different temperatures: 1160°C, 1190°C and 1220°C, during 20 minutes, and characterized by means of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, gravimetric thermal analysis and differential thermal analysis. The results of water absorption, apparent porosity and specific mass, linear shrinkage and flexural strength were also analysed. The specimens with addition of 5 and 10% ash, of granulometric -#35 +#60 (250 μm < particle size < 500 μm), fired in 1220°C, presented results of water absorption of 0.99% and 0.62%, respectively, which according to the ABNT, ASTM and ISO standards can be classified as stoneware tiles, and flexural strength of 23.3 and 23.0 MPa, respectively, being classified as coating materials.
Estima-se que existam 500 mil hectares de algarobeiras (Prosopis juliflora) plantadas no Nordeste, 45% do montante só na Paraíba. No Estado, a lenha é utilizada quase que exclusivamente como combustível nos fornos de secagem e queima de produtos cerâmicos nas olarias, gerando uma cinza como resíduo/subproduto. As cinzas da lenha de algaroba apresentam elevadas concentrações de metais alcalinos e alcalinos-terrosos, principalmente CaO e K2O. O presente trabalho estuda a utilização desse resíduo na indústria de placas cerâmicas para revestimentos, em substituição ao feldspato. Foram definidas 13 formulações com iguais proporções de argila, caulim e quartzo, e o resíduo (variando de 5 a 20%, ainda sob três perspectivas granulométricas), e confeccionados corpos de prova de dimensões 110 mm x 55 mm x 8 mm em matriz uniaxial, com pressão de compactação de 15 MPa. As amostras foram sinterizadas em três níveis de temperatura, 1160°C, 1190°C e 1220°C, com patamar de queima de 20 minutos. Foram realizados ensaios para caracterização das matérias-primas por fluorescência de raios-X, difração de raios-X, AG, DTA e ATG, e analisados os resultados de absorção de água, porosidade e massa específica aparentes, retração linear e tensão de ruptura à flexão. Os corpos de prova com adição de 5 e 10% de cinzas, de granulometria -#35 +#60 (250 μm < tamanho de partícula < 500 μm), sinterizados a 1220°C, apresentaram resultados de absorção de água de 0,99% e 0,62%, respectivamente, o que segundo as normas ABNT, ASTM e ISO podem ser classificados como grês porcelanato, e resistência à flexão de 23,3 e 23,0 MPa, respectivamente, caracterizando-os como materiais de revestimento.

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Braga, Lucas Palma Perez. "O papel da reposição florestal para a cadeia de bioenergia: um estudo de caso para estimativa de carbono em Piracicaba-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-24112011-153530/.

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Relatórios científicos apontam a mudança global do clima por conta de ações antrópicas decorrentes de atividades econômicas e industriais. Em conseqüência, as propostas e medidas para evitar o aquecimento global direta ou indiretamente remetem a questões de política energética e desenvolvimento sustentável. Energias renováveis ocupam uma posição estratégica dentro desse contexto. A bioenergia representa cerca de 10,2% de oferta de energia primaria global, sendo que mais de 80% desta biomassa é derivada de madeira. Entretanto, existem dúvidas com relação à biomassa florestal e sua contribuição. A complexidade da situação expõe a relevância de políticas públicas que regulem o uso da biomassa florestal. A política de Reposição Florestal Obrigatória Obrigatória (RFO), em vigor no Estado de São Paulo desde 2008, prevê que a madeira consumida seja reposta e dessa forma agrega os conceitos de sustentabilidade no consumo do produto florestal. Para abordar o potencial energético da biomassa florestal através do mecanismo de regulação da RFO no cenário de mudanças climáticas o estudo foi estruturado em duas etapas:1) levantamento da dinâmica do mecanismos de regulação praticados; 2) padronização de um sistema de produção de lenha de RFO e quantificação das emissões de CO2 equivalente do processo. Foi constatado que a RFO sustenta um papel significativo para regulação da biomassa florestal energética. Entretanto, na prática apresenta falhas. Proporcionalmente, Piracicaba repôs o equivalente a 1,92% da lenha produzida em 2009. O sistema de produção de lenha envolve as etapas: produção de mudas; transporte de mudas; manejo florestal; Corte; transporte de lenha. A lenha de RFO confirmou-se como energético de baixa expressividade com relação a CO2 equivalente, principalmente quando comparada com seus energéticos concorrentes: a eletricidade e o gás natural.
Sceintific reports point antropic activities as the most significant contribution to climate change. Strategies for climate change mitigation concerns directly on energy policy and sustainable development. Bioenergy offering represents 10.2% in global energy resources but more than 80% of this offering consists in woodfuel. However, the questions regarding the role forest biomass plays in climate changing scenery demands public policy and crucial regulatory mechanisms. The Forest Reposition Policy (FRP), since 2008, in São Paulo State regulates forest biomass consumption providing a potential sustainable chain. The main objective in this study consist on evaluate the FRP as a potential mechanism to regulate bioenergy production. To evaluate FRP as a strategic tool in this scenery the study approaches the case of Piracicaba (SP, Brazil) and presents two stages of analyses: 1) Evaluation of FRP mechanism dynamics analyzing official documents; 2) Setting up a firewood standard chain through FRP and evaluation of CO2 equivalent emissions on the process by using Life Cycle Assessment tool. The results bring out the lack of efficiency on FRP. Proporcionally, in Piracicaba only 1.92% of firewood were repositioned. Apart from that, FRP demonstrated a strong potential to forest biomass sustainable production. The standard productions system was defined as: seedlings production; seedlings transportation, forest management; logging; firewood transportation. The CO2 emissions in chain quantified non significant results and firewood in FRP system confirms its potential of mitigation between other available options.

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Bergefur, Jill, and Karin Warberg. "Stora bostadsfastigheter på landsbygden med skogsskiften. Hur påverkar förändrad tillämpning av fastighetsbildningslagen bosättningen på landsbygden? : En undersökning i Gävle, Ockelbo och Hofors kommun." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Ämnesavdelningen för samhällsbyggnad, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-5340.

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Historiskt sett har bostadsfastigheter begränsats till den areal som krävs för att fastigheten väsentligen ska få karaktär av en bostadstomt. En ökad efterfrågan på ett attraktivt landsbygdsboende resulterade i ändringar av fastighetsbildningslagen, vilket gjorde det möjligt att bilda stora bostadsfastigheter med kombinerat ändamål, helt i linje med den gällande glesbygdspolitiken. Fortfarande fanns det dock restriktioner mot att tillföra skogsmark till bostadsfastigheter för att skydda det produktiva skogsbruket. Lantmäteriet tog därför fram arbetsrekommendationer för att underlätta möjligheten att tillföra skogsskiften, bland annat för uttag av husbehovsved. Denna studie hade syftet att undersöka hur lagändringen med efterföljande arbetsrekommendationer påverkat bildandet av stora bostadsfastigheter på landsbygden. Varför människor flyttar är en viktig fråga för både forskare inom området och politiker, eftersom regionalpolitik bör anpassas till var människor vill bo och varför de väljer att flytta dit. Tidigare studier har framförallt fokuserat på ekonomiska flyttmotiv, men boendemiljöns och naturens inverkan har belysts alltmer under de senare åren. Den betydelse fastighetens fysiska utformning har för flyttbeslutet är dock mindre utrett. Vi har därför undersökt om och hur dessa fastigheter påverkat bosättningen på landsbygden inom de utvalda kommunerna. Studien bestod dels av en postenkät till de fastighetsägare som innehar dessa stora bostadsfastigheter med ingående skogsskiften, dels semistrukturerade intervjuer med lantmätare som genomfört dessa förrättningar. Sammantaget såg vi att stora bostadsfastigheter med skog och mark var en anledning till den kontraurbanisering som skett eftersom flera av de flyttskäl som angetts varit svåra att uppnå med en annan typ av fastighet. Även om lantmätarnas bedömning skiljde sig när det gällde detaljer så uppfylldes det huvudsakliga syftet att bilda lämpliga och attraktiva bostadsfastigheter utan att det produktiva skogsbruket skadats. Slutsatsen att de fastigheter som bildats upplevs som attraktiva drog vi genom att de som flyttat till dessa fastigheter utnyttjade de möjligheter som fanns med detta boende.
Historically, residential property is limited to the area needed for the property to substantially have the character of a residential plot. An increased demand for an attractive rural housing resulted in changes to property law, which made it possible to form large residential properties with combined purposes, all in line with the existing rural policy. Still, however, there were restrictions to bring forest land to residential plots for the protection of the productive forestry. The Swedish mapping, cadastral and land registration authority (Lantmäteriet) have therefore created working recommendations to facilitate the opportunity to incorporate forest plots, including the collection of firewood for household use. This study had the aim to investigate how the amended legislation, with subsequent work recommendations influenced the formation of large residential properties in rural areas. Why people move is an important issue for both researchers in the field and politicians, as the regional policy should be adapted to where people want to live and why they choose to move there. Previous studies have mainly focused on economic motives, but the living environment and nature’s impact has been increasingly highlighted in recent years. The importance of the property’s physical design for the decision to move, however, is less investigated. We have therefore examined whether and how those properties affected settlement in rural areas within the selected municipalities. The study consisted partly of a postal questionnaire to the property owners who hold these large residential properties with forest parcels included and semi-structured interviews with surveyors who carried out these missions. Overall, we saw that large residential properties with forest and land was a reason for the counter-urbanization that has taken place because many of the migratory reasons given have been difficult to achieve with a different type of property. Although surveyors’ assessment differed in terms of details the main purpose to create appropriate and attractive residential properties without the productive forest damaged was fulfilled. We made the conclusion that the property formed, perceived as attractive by those who moved to these properties because they took advantage of the opportunities available with this accommodation.

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Maphiri, Stella. "Forest biomass energy use and perceptions on tree planting and community woodlots in households of two rural communities in Keiskammahoek, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1503.

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Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Access to secure energy supplies is widely acknowledged as a critical foundation for sustainable development. Rural households are highly dependent on forest resources for their livelihoods including energy needs. Fuelwood is a non-timber forest product (NTFP) that accounts for one of the main uses of forests and woodlands. Despite substantial household electrification programmes in South Africa, the use of fuelwood as a source of energy continues. This study aimed to analyze fuelwood use patterns of two rural villages situated in Keiskammahoek in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in order to understand the perceptions of the community members regarding communal tree planting. The study was conducted in two rural villages, namely, Cata and Tshoxa. A total of 120 respondents from both villages were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires to collect data on the use of fuelwood and evaluate their perception on tree planting. The study revealed that up to 77% of the people living in Keiskammahoek used fuelwood as a major source of energy and that women were the main collectors and users of fuelwood. In the rural Cata, food is cooked in three-legged pots over open fires while in Tshoxa food is mainly cooked over paraffin and electric stoves. The respondents from both villages did not have energy conservation measures in place and improved wood stoves have not been introduced in this region. The local community of Cata was also involved in tree planting on a community level, while both villages were also involved in tree planting at a household level. The study concluded that fuelwood was the most important product from the forests in both rural areas and natural forests were a valuable source of other NTFPs; most notably indigenous fruit products. In addition most of the fuelwood was used for cooking and heating purposes but that there was no deliberate use of energy efficient methods. On tree planting, the study showed that communities from both rural villages have an interest in planting trees around their households; with preference for fruit and shade trees.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toegang tot betroubare energieverskaffing word algemeen erken as 'n uiters belangrike grondslag vir volhoubare ontwikkeling. Plattelandse huishoudings is hoogs afhanklik van bosbronne vir hul bestaan, met inbegrip van energiebehoeftes. Brandhout is 'n nie-hout bosproduk (NHBP) wat beskou word as een van die hoofgebruike van woude en boslande. Nieteenstaande wesenlike elektrifiseringsprogramme vir huishoudings in Suid-Afrika, duur die gebruik van brandhout as 'n bron van energie voort. Hierdie studie het beoog om die gebruikspatrone van brandhout van twee plattelandse dorpe in Keiskammahoek in die Oos-Kaapse Provinsie van Suid-Afrika te ontleed en om die begrip van die gemeenskap aangaande die gemeenskaplike plant van bome te verstaan. Die studie is in twee plattelandse dorpe, naamlik Cata en Tshoxa, uitgevoer. Onderhoude is gevoer met 'n totaal van 120 respondente van beide dorpe deur die gebruik van halfgestruktureerde vraelyste om gegewens oor die gebruik van brandhout in te samel en die respondente se begrip van die plant van bome te evalueer. Die studie het aan die lig gebring dat tot 77% van die mense wat in Keiskammahoek woon, brandhout as 'n hoofbron van energie gebruik en dat vrouens die hoofgaarders en gebruikers van brandhout is. In die landelike Cata word kos in driepootpotte op oop vure gekook terwyl kos in Tshoxa hoofsaaklik op paraffien- en elektriese stowe gekook word. Die respondente van beide dorpe het nie energiebesparingsmaatreëls in plek gehad nie en verbeterde houtstowe is nog nie in hierdie streek ingebring nie. Die plaaslike gemeenskap van Cata was ook betrokke by die plant van bome op 'n gemeenskapsvlak, terwyl beide dorpe ook betrokke was by die plant van bome op 'n huishoudelike vlak. Die studie het tot ’n gevolgtrekking gekom dat brandhout die belangrikste produk van die woude in beide plattelandse gebiede is en dat die natuurlike woude 'n belangrike bron van ander NHBP’s is; veral inheemse vrugteprodukte. Daarbenewens is meeste van die brandhout gebruik vir kook- en verhittingsdoeleindes, maar daar was geen doelbewuste gebruik van energiedoeltreffende metodes nie. Op die gebied van die plant van bome het die studie getoon dat die gemeenskappe van beide plattelandse dorpe belange het in die plant van bome rondom hulle huishoudings; met voorkeur aan vrugte- en skadubome.

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Nascimento, Wald?cio S?vio dos Anjos do. "Avalia??o dos impactos ambientais gerados por uma industria cer?mica t?pica da Regi?o do Serid?/RN." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2007. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15735.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WaldecioSAN.pdf: 2259202 bytes, checksum: 5cc6fb8a72468793d81d509b30ee2013 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-02
The present work deals with an evaluation of the environmental impacts arised from a typical ceramics industry located in the Serid? region of Rio Grande do Norte State. That region contains the largest State s producing basin of red ceramics. The district of Parelhas stands out as the largest producing nucleus. The studied company is located in the rural zone of Parelhas, it was selected as study object because it possesses a great part of the representative characteristics of the Region s ceramics park as a whole. Impacts produced at the implantation and operation phases of the Company had been evaluated, being this last phase subdivided in stages of the productive process. Among found adverse impacts, they are distinguished: losses in air quality, undesirable noises, microclimatic alterations, impoverishment of the ground, elimination of the vegetal covering, agricultural exodus, crisis in cattle agriculture and, superficial and underground water contamination, beyond risks ocupational diseases and industrial accidents. The Leopold s interactive matrix, that summarizes results of the work, was presented in form of 15 (fifteen) tables that display impacts classified in qualitative and quantitative way. Totally, 175 (one hundred and seventy-five) significant impacts produced by this Company had been identified, being 114 (one hundred and fourteen) negative, 38 (thirty-eight) positive and 23 (twenty-three) among mixed, indefinite and inert ones. In the work, before the evaluation of impacts properly said, it was constructed a diagnostic table of the ambient situation at a previous moment to implantation of the Company, elaborated on basis of inferences and historical researches. It was proposed still, mitigative steps for adverse impacts identified, as also elaborated a program to accompaniment and observing that the fulfilment of indicated mitigative steps guarantees. The final part of the work contemplates conclusions and suggestions that aim to influence positively the presented sight in terms of environmental management
O presente trabalho trata de uma avalia??o de impactos ambientais gerados por uma ind?stria cer?mica t?pica da regi?o do Serid? do Rio Grande do Norte. Essa regi?o abriga a maior bacia produtora de cer?mica vermelha do Estado, destacando-se o munic?pio de Parelhas como maior n?cleo produtor. A empresa estudada localiza-se na zona rural do munic?pio de Parelhas, foi escolhida como objeto de estudo por reunir boa parte das caracter?sticas representativas do parque cer?mico da Regi?o como um todo. Foram avaliados os impactos produzidos nas fases de implanta??o e opera??o da Empresa, sendo esta ?ltima fase subdividida em etapas do processo produtivo. Entre os impactos adversos encontrados, destacam-se: perdas na qualidade do ar, ru?dos indesej?veis, altera??es no microclima, empobrecimento do solo, elimina??o da cobertura vegetal, ?xodo rural, crise na agricultura e pecu?ria, contamina??o de ?guas superficiais e subterr?neas, al?m de riscos de doen?as profissionais e acidentes de trabalho. A matriz interativa de Leopold, que resume os resultados do trabalho, foi apresentada na forma de 15 (quinze) tabelas que exp?em os impactos classificados de modo qualitativo e quantitativo. No total, foram identificados 175 (cento e setenta e cinco) impactos significativos produzidos por essa Empresa, sendo 114 (cento e quatorze) negativos, 38 (trinta e oito) positivos e outros 23 (vinte e tr?s) entre mistos, indefinidos e neutros. No trabalho, antes da avalia??o de impactos propriamente dita, foi constru?da uma tabela de diagn?stico da situa??o ambiental num momento anterior ? implanta??o da Empresa, elaborada com base em infer?ncias e pesquisas hist?ricas. Foram propostas ainda, medidas mitigadoras para impactos adversos identificados, como tamb?m elaborado um programa de acompanhamento e monitoramento que garanta o cumprimento das medidas mitigadoras indicadas. A parte final do trabalho contempla as conclus?es e sugest?es que visem influenciar positivamente o quadro apresentado em termos de gest?o ambiental

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Fabre, Camille. "« Pour hediffier ou pour ardoir ». Le bois à Toulouse à la fin du Moyen Âge." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040105.

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Cette thèse porte sur le développement du commerce du bois dans l’espace toulousain durant les deux derniers siècles du Moyen Âge (de la fin du XIIIe siècle au début du XVIe siècle). L’ambition de cette étude est de comprendre comment le bois s’est progressivement transformé en produit marchand. L’originalité de ce travail réside dans le projet d’appréhension exhaustive de la filière, en abordant à la fois la production mais aussi la pluralité des usages, du bois d’œuvre au combustible. Après deux chapitres consacrés à la caractérisation des ressources forestières et de leur mise en valeur, un troisième s’attache plus particulièrement à la qualification commerciale des produits ligneux écoulés sur le marché toulousain. Deux chapitres exposent ensuite les formes de la demande toulousaine et leur évolution, en s’appuyant en particulier sur l’étude des inventaires après décès toulousains. Un sixième chapitre concerne les transformations du transport du bois, et en particulier le développement du flottage. Vient ensuite une description de la structuration des métiers du bois d’œuvre, puis sur étude sur le développement du commerce du bois de chauffage. Enfin, un chapitre conclusif aborde la question de la pénurie de bois, à la lumière d’un travail sur les défrichements et sur les politiques menées par la ville pour améliorer l’approvisionnement à la fin du XVe siècle. L’ensemble du travail s’appuie sur l’usage de la cartographie statistique. Le résultat est la mise en évidence d’un net développement du commerce de bois de chauffage et de l’approvisionnement fluvial, même si ce commerce est souvent pris en charge par des non spécialistes, dans le cadre d’une pluriactivité marquée
This PhD deals with the expansion of the wood trade in the Toulouse area during the last two centuries of the Middle Ages (from the late 13th century to the early 16th century). The purpose of this study is to understand how wood became a recognized commodity. The originality of this word lies in the aim of globally comprehending the entire wood industry, from the production to the uses, from timber to firewood. The first two chapters are devoted to the management of woodlands, whereas the third one describes how wooden goods were qualified when put on the Toulouse market. Two chapters then examine the demand and its evolution,using the data collected from the inquisitions post mortem. The sixth chapter is dedicated to wood transport, especially using log floating. I then describe how several guilds were established, and how firewood trade developed. A final chapter examines the reality of a wood shortage, by studying clearances and public supply in the late 15th century. This work draws on statistic mapping. It’s concluded that firewood trade really did expend at the time, using water-transport, even though there were not any true wood merchants to find in Toulouse but only multi-trade sellers

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Sindel, Brian Mark. "The ecology and control of fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis Poir)." Thesis, University of Sydney, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3766.

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Hoffmann, Harry Konrad. "Bioenergy, development and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17429.

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Die vorliegende Dissertation beinhaltet eine detaillierte Analyse traditioneller und moderner Bioenergie, sowie deren möglicher Entwicklungspfade und Auswirkung auf Ernährungssicherheit im ländlichen Tansania. Die Arbeit bereichert die wissenschaftlichen Debatten mittels Aufzeigen von Optionen der nachhaltigen Produktion und Verbrauch von Bioenergie. Der Komplex wird in vier separaten und begutachteten Fachartikeln (drei publiziert, einer under review) bearbeitet. Alle Publikationen erzielen Aussagen für vier Einkommensgruppen auf lokaler Ebene. Für eine optimale Analyse ist die Arbeit thematisch in die Forschungsgebiete traditionelle und moderne Bioenergie unterteilt, die sich auch in den Kapiteln bzgl. des aktuellen Forschungsstandes sowie der Abfolge der Fachartikel widerspiegeln. Die erste Publikation beschäftigt sich mit traditionellem Bioenergiekonsum und der postulierten Einführung eines feuerholz-spezifischen, energetisch optimierten Kochers in dem Hauptuntersuchungsdorf Laela. Die Effekte einer Einführung von technologisch optimierten Holzkohlemeilern werden in der zweiten Publikation widergegeben. Nach diesem Fokus auf traditionelle Bioenergie analysiert der dritte Artikel die Effekte auf Nahrungsmittelsicherheit, die sich aus der angenommenen Verstromung von Pflanzenölen ergeben. Der vierte Artikel analysiert die Möglichkeiten einer erhöhten Palmölproduktion und leitet Ergebnisse für die tansanische Region Kigoma ab. Eine finale Empfehlung dieser Dissertation ist, dass die Verbreitung und Nutzung von verbesserten Kochern stark erhöht werden muss. Gleichzeitig sollten politischen Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, die Zugang und Verfügbarkeit von verlässlicher, erschwinglicher und nachhaltiger traditioneller wie moderner Bioenergie garantieren. Zudem muss die Etablierung einer effizienteren wie nachhaltigeren Holzkohle-Wertschöpfungskette vorangetrieben werden. Pflanzenölbasierte Elektrizitätsproduktion dagegen wirkt sich negativ auf die Ernährungssicherheit aus.
This PhD thesis provides a detailed analysis of the traditional and modern bioenergy situation as well as their development pathways and their respective influence on food security in case study villages in rural Tanzania. It adds to the current literature as it provides a profound understanding of how to enhance and sustain bioenergy production and consumption in terms of resource capacity and overall sustainability. For this, it comprises four peer-reviewed papers (3 published, one under review). All papers derive results for four income groups at local level. For an optimized analysis, the dissertation is thematically subdivided into the research areas of traditional and modern bioenergy which is displayed in the state of art research sections as well as the clustering of the papers. The first paper focuses on traditional bioenergy consumption and the potential introduction of a firewood-efficient stove in the major case-study village Laela. The effects of the introduction of more efficient kiln technology on resource consumption in the same village are mirrored in the second publication. After this focus on traditional bioenergy, the third paper investigates food security effects resulting out of the assumed use of vegetable oil for electrification purposes. The fourth paper analyses options for increased palm oil production and derives results for the Tanzanian region of Kigoma. The final recommendation of the thesis is that the prevalence and use of improved stoves needs to be increased substantially. Simultaneously, policy measures that foster the access to and availability of reliable, affordable and sustainable traditional as well as modern energy should be implemented. Furthermore, the establishment of a more efficient and sustainable charcoal value chain needs to be promoted. Vegetable oil based electrification, however, does not contribute towards food security.

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Hedman, Björn. "Dioxin emissions from small-scale combustion of bio-fuel and household waste." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Chemistry, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-593.

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Denna avhandling behandlar rökgasutsläpp av persistenta organiska föroreningar, framförallt dioxiner, vid förbränning av fasta biobränslen och torrt hushållsavfall i relativt små anläggningar (5-600 kW) utan avancerad rökgasreningsteknik.

Samförbränning av avfall och biobränsle i effektiva mindre biobränslepannor testades som en alternativ strategi till den vanligen förekommande storskaliga hanteringen och förbränningen fast hushållsavfall. Medan storskalig förbränning av avfall ger investeringsmässiga fördelar med rökgasreningsteknik etc. kan små lokala anläggningar ha transportmässiga fördelar och möjligheter till utnyttjande av lokala biobränsletillgångar. Källsorterat, torrt, brännbart hushållsavfall insamlades från hushåll i glesbygd och samförbrändes i brikettform med energigräset rörflen i 150-600 kW biobränslepannor. Endast undantagsvis understeg dioxinemissionerna gällande gränsvärden för avfallsförbränning och nivåerna av väteklorid i rökgas översteg gränsvärdena flerfaldigt. Det bedömdes att någon form av extra rökgasrening är nödvändig för att säkerställa nivågränserna. Dioxiner hittades också i det eldade avfallet, framförallt i textilfraktionen. Dioxinmängderna i rökgaserna var oftast lägre än i det ingående bränslet.

Intermittent pelletseldning gav oväntat höga utsläpp av dioxiner med en emissionsfaktor på 28 ng(WHO-TEQ)/kg. Vedeldning i en modern miljömärkt villapanna gav betydligt lägre utsläpp av dioxiner än eldning i en gammal kombipanna och eldning med full lufttillförsel, som kan jämföras med användning av ackumulatortank, resulterade i upp till 90% minskning av utsläpp av dioxiner jämfört med eldning med reducerat lufttillskott (’pyreldning’). Eldning av plastavfall i en vedpanna gav höga utsläpp av dioxiner.

Okontrollerad förbränning av trädgårdsavfall och hushålls avfall i tunna eller som öppen eld ’bakgårdsbränning’, gav stora variationer i utsläppsnivåer som bara delvis kunde kopplas till avfallsinnehåll. Resultaten visar att denna typ av förbränning kan vara en betydande källa till dioxiner i miljön, och ett emissionsfaktorintervall på 4-72 ng (WHO-TEQ)/kg föreslås för bedömningar av utsläpp från backgårdsbränning av avfall med låga eller måttliga klorhalter.

En sammanfattande slutsats av alla försök är att dioxin utsläpp beror på komplicerade samband mellan bränsleinnehåll och förbränningsbetingelser. Bränslen med mycket höga klorhalter av ger oftast högre utsläpp av dioxiner än bränslen med låga klorhalter medan små skillnader döljs av variationer i förbränningsbetingelser.

This thesis deals with emissions of persistent organic pollutants, primarily dioxins, from the combustion of solid biofuels and dry combustible household waste in relatively small facilities, 5-600 kW, without advanced air pollution controls.

Co-combustion of waste and biofuel in effective small boilers was tested as an alternative to prevailing large-scale management and combustion strategies for handling municipal solid waste. This approach includes no advanced air pollution control systems, but offers two advantages: limiting transport and providing scope to use local biofuel resources. Source-sorted, dry, combustible household waste was collected from households in a sparsely populated area and co-combusted as briquettes together with reed canary-grass in 150-600 kW biofuel boilers. Most trials showed difficulties to meet regulative limits for the emissions of dioxins valid for incineration of MSW and the regulated limits for emissions of hydrochloric acid were exceeded manifold. It was concluded that additional flue-gas cleaning will be needed to ensure that emissions are sufficiently low. Dioxins were also found in the waste, especially in the textile fraction. The mass of dioxins in the flue-gas emissions was generally lower than the mass in the fuel input.

Intermittent combustion of wood pellets in a residential boiler resulted in an unexpectedly high dioxin emissions factor of 28 ng (WHO-TEQ)/kg fuel. Combustion of wood in a modern environmentally certified boiler yielded considerably lower dioxin emissions than combustion in an old boiler, and combustion with a full air supply, i.e. with use of heat storage tank, resulted in up to 90% reductions in dioxin emission factors compared to combustion with reduced air supply. Combustion of plastic waste in a residential wood boiler resulted in high emissions of dioxins.

Tests of uncontrolled combustion of garden and household waste in barrels or open fires, ‘backyard burnings’, resulted in emissions with large variations that could only be partly correlated to the waste constituents. The results imply that this may be an important source of dioxins in the environment and an emission factor range of 4-72 ng (WHO-TEQ)/kg is suggested for estimating emissions from backyard burnings of lightly and moderately chlorine-contaminated waste.

A summarized conclusion from all of the experiments is that predicting emission levels from waste contents is not straightforward (except that fuels with very high chlorine levels will usually result in high levels of dioxins in flue-gas emissions). Moderate differences in chlorine levels will usually be masked by the effect of variations in combustion conditions.

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Egerle, Dušan. "Kotelny na biomasu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226022.

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The aim of this project is heating and warm water preparation for apartment block in Choceň (Pardubice region). Apartment block has three aboveground heated floors and one underground unheated floor. The heat source is gasifying firewood boiler or pellet boiler which is at the same time used for water heating but only in the winter time. The other parts of the year the solar collectors are installed and used for water heating. The heat source is located in detached room with its own access, in boiler room.

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Léger, Christian. "Development of a Colletotrichum dematium as a bioherbicide for the control of fireweed." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29737.pdf.

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Wong, Carolyn L. "Effects of Condensed Tannins on the Toxicity of Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) to Cattle." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3859.

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Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis) is a noxious and invasive weed affecting pastures in Hawaii, Australia, and South America. Fireweed contains compounds called pyrrolizidine alkaloids that are toxic to most grazing mammals. Toxic effects to cattle include irreversible damage to liver cells, hardening of the liver, and loss of liver function, which may lead to jaundice, swelling, and the accumulation of fluids in the stomach and other physiological malfunctions. External effects include rough appearance, diarrhea, low energy and dullness, photosensitization, and abnormal behavior, many of which can lead to death. Fireweed also can reduce pasture productivity by as much as 30-40%, particularly in Hawaii. As a result of these adverse effects on cattle and pasture production, people are seeking ways to manage fireweed and cattle. Condensed tannins, which are common in many forage legumes, bind with other molecules such as protein and alkaloids. Complementarities among secondary compounds such as condensed tannins and alkaloids can allow animals to consume more of plant material they would otherwise avoid due to toxicity; however, there is very little information on whether tannins actually protect animals from the toxic effect of alkaloids like the ones found in fireweed. The effects of condensed tannins on the toxicity of fireweed to cattle were examined in two stages of a research project that included studies in the lab (in vitro) and in live animals (in vivo). The in vitro studies showed that tannins bound pyrrolizidine alkaloids in cattle rumen fluid and binding was highest when mixed with tannins at 8%, with some effect at 12% as well, by weight of fireweed. The in vivo studies were inconclusive as animals from both the Fireweed and Fireweed-Tannin group demonstrated ill-effects brought on by the fireweed. The data gathered in the form of blood tests and liver tests did not identify a clear protective effect provided by having tannin in the diet, but the results likely were affected by the way we conducted the research, which involved dosing animals daily with large amounts of plant material. The findings also illustrate how strongly cattle avoid eating fireweed while grazing on pasture. In summary, management to reduce fireweed effects on cattle should focus on improving pasture diversity and resiliency, on multi-species grazing to take advantage of the innate resistance of sheep and goats to fireweed’s toxicity, and on ways to enable cattle to utilize fireweed.

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Komlos, Deborah Ann. "Vegetative and sexual life-history attributes of Chamerion angustifolium (fireweed) as influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ43178.pdf.

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Lewis, Staci A. "The use of histology, molecular techniques, and ex situ feeding experiments to investigate the feeding behavior of the coral reef predator Hermodice carunculata, the bearded fireworm." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/4583.

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Thesis (M.S.)--George Mason University, 2009.
Thesis director: Robert B. Jonas. Vita: p. 122. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science and Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 12, 2009). Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

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Floryán, Kamil. "Aplikace pro návrh a simulaci ohňostrojů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236520.

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This Master thesis describes the design and implementation of particle system and a user interface of tool for fireworks design and simulation. The engine uses an XNA framework and an HLSL shading language. The thesis also compares applications focused on designing and simulation of fireworks. Applicability and demandings of applications for designing and simulation of fireworks among Czech and Slovak companies dealing professionally with firework are analysed as well.

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Wolf, Alexander Thomas [Verfasser], Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Wild, and Maggy [Akademischer Betreuer] Nugues. "The role of macroalgae and the corallivorous fireworm Hermodice carunculata on coral reef resilience in the Caribbean / Alexander Thomas Wolf. Gutachter: Christian Wild ; Maggy Nugues. Betreuer: Christian Wild." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1072046571/34.

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Rogers, James Delbert. "An examination of major works for wind band : Firework music by George Frederick Handel arranged by Philip Gordon, Portrait of a clown by Frank Ticheli, A childhood hymn arranged by David Holsinger, and Citadel concert march by Frank Erickson." Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16280.

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Master of Music
Department of Music
Frank Tracz
The following report is research and analysis from the comprehensive examination question based on the Graduate Conducting Recital of James D. Rogers. The recital, performed by the Mission Valley High School Band, was held in the gymnasium of Mission Valley Schools USD #330 on May 4, 2013 at 7:00 p.m. Pieces of music performed were Firework Music by George Frederick Handel and arranged by Phillip Gordon, Portrait of a Clown by Frank Ticheli, A Childhood Hymn by David Holsinger, and Citadel: Concert March by Frank Erickson. In addition to the analysis of the mentioned music, this document also contains rehearsal plans used in the preparation of the music for performance.

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Spatz, Garrett M. "Born (Again) This Way: Popular Music, GLBTQ Identity, and Religion." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1351359017.

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Tai, Mei Yu, and 戴美玉. ""Dancing Flame" Tai Mei yu firewood ceramic art research." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53673641368561268943.

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碩士
玄奘大學
視覺傳達設計學系碩士班
102
"Dancing Flame" Tai, Mei yu firewood ceramic art research Students: Tai, Mei Yu Advisors: Tsai, Chi Jui Institute of Visual Communication Design Hsuan Chuang University Abstract After high-temperature grown firewood, melt a natural aesthetic changes, it is not only the beauty of the soil also marks a qualitative change in the uniqueness of the fire. Firewood varied and charming, but also because of its unique natural beauty can not be copied, and is highly collectible. This study intends to Miaoli Hakka firewood made of the historical background and the special techniques (soil, firewood, kiln) as the main elements of the three firewood, firewood through a literature review of the development of industry, the integration of Chinese ancient and indigenous traditional techniques of ceramic evolution to apply to firewood pottery kiln fire in the wood and soil to render the beauty of dance art, I hope by this standard creative design studies to give a new life outside the body of the bad hand and let people pay attention once again from Taiwan Miaoli firewood local culture and unique pottery aesthetic characteristics. Keywords: pottery, firewood, art

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Lee, Kai-Yuh, and 李開裕. "Firewood Teapot Maker Studio in Taiwan— A Case Study in Miaoli Ching- kiln." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74f8uy.

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碩士
亞洲大學
國際企業學系
103
ABSTRACT With the most varied kiln in Taiwan, the traditional ceramics in Miaoli flourished in Japanese-occupied Period. While the decorative porcelain market grows, firewood kilns were unvalued and many kilns have been dismantled. Until 1982, the Hanbao kiln arouse attention of many people to firewood kilns. Due to declined decorative porcelain market, there released numbers of skillful model sculptor, some of them set up their own personal studio to make living. Combined unique firewood kilns in Miaoli and their creative works, resulting in the transformation of traditional industries. The main purpose of this study is to organize, through literature and in-depth interviews, analysis of the successful business model Miaoli individual pottery studio. The researchers observed the creation, kilns way, and the actual work involved in the kiln, to collect data for the reference case analysis. In this study, Miaoli firewood pot personal studio - Qing kiln as the main object, is the main reason behind no decorative ceramics, open their own personal studio of sculptor original mold. Through case studies, this study found that art pottery, "creative", "brand", "unique" is an effective marketing point, but also for the industry to find a market in the fierce competition. Successful focus on cases that "practicality", "originality" and "artistic", only continuous creation may have a sustainable business.

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Kato, Toko. "Women's empowerment and the consumption of firewood a study of five Nepali villages /." 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/38529418.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1998.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-58).

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Semenya, Khomotso. "Environmental health risks associated with firewood induced volatile rganic compounds in Senwabarwana Villages, Republic of South Africa." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27393.

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Firewood is a dominant household fuel type used in many developing countries. Even in countries where there is improved access to electricity, most households still rely on firewood for their energy needs. Harvesting of some wood is illegal, however the high poverty rate, absence of alternative fuels and lack of law enforcement means even the protected wood species will continue to be used, with consequent pressure on the forests. Furthermore, the combustion of firewood for domestic use takes place in poorly ventilated homes emitting hazardous pollutants, which causes indoor air pollution and affect human health. The use of firewood as a household fuel can be superimposed nearly perfectly on that of socioeconomic development. Additionally, the use of household firewood is invariably associated with poverty in countries, in communities within a country and in households within a community. Indoor air pollution studies on human health should then consider socio-economic factors which seem to be one of the determinants of both firewood use and ill health, a determinant which is often neglected in most indoor air pollution studies. Domestic inhalation of firewood smoke is one of the mechanisms linking socio-economic (poverty) to disease. The current study sought to determine a baseline of wood usage and health risks caused by volatile organic compounds in Senwabarwana villages. This study integrated observations, ethnobotanical meta-analysis and experimental into one comprehensive integrated environmental health risk assessment framework to assess the risks associated with exposure to volatile organic compounds from firewood combustion. Basic information about firewood usage, socio-economic dynamics and perceived health problems related to volatile organic compounds was collected using a structured questionnaire. The Vac-U-Chamber was used to sample the air. The results show that firewood is extensively used in poorly ventilated kitchens for cooking and home heating in Senwabarwana villages. Ten priority firewood plant species are frequently used in the study area, namely Mohweleri (Combretum apiculatum), Moretshe (Dichrostachys cinera), Motswiri (Combretum imberbe), Mokgwa (Acacia burkei), Mushu (Acacia tortilis), Motshe (Cussonia paniculate), Mokata (Combretum hereroense), Mphata (Lonchocarpus capassa), Mokgalo (Ziziphus mucronate) and Mogwana (Grewia monticola), in their order of preference. The results also indicated thirteen common reasons or factors that influence the hoice of firewood plant species by households, the main four being: (i) the embers formed during combustion, (ii) heat value, (iii) low ash content and (iv) availability of the firewood plant species. Further analysis revealed several uses and ranking thereof, including reviewing the national status and legal profile of each identified plant species. The study found that most of the firewood species used in Senwabarwana Village were indigenous. Major drivers of firewood use are household income, educational status of breadwinners, family sizes, and place of residence, fuel affordability and accessibility, among others. Concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene per plant species were studied to assess the risk exposed to the Senwabarwana community. Literature indicates that these pollutants have several health effects associated with acute exposure such as eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Both hazard quotient and hazard index were found to be less than one indicating no risk exists with the use of plant species used for firewood in Senwabarwana even to sensitive individuals. The risk of developing health effects due to the presence of the studied volatile organic compounds can be assessed as negligible. Since firewood is a more convenient source of energy, it is recommended that the size of the windows be extended for ventilation. Agroforesty should also be implemented as a conservation method. The wood that emits less concentration of pollutants be used for firemaking.
Environmental Sciences

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Abdu, NH. "The problem of illegal wood harvesting in Tasmania : an analysis of the institutional setting and the potential for a labelling system." Thesis, 2022. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/47571/1/Abdu_whole_thesis.pdf.

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There is a general perception that illegal wood harvesting occurs in developing countries where there is low enforcement of forest management rules for the purpose of timber production. However, the practice of illegal wood harvesting ensues in affluent economies, including Australia, where law enforcement is relatively better and selling illegal wood is prohibited. Illegal wood harvesting is not limited to production of high-value timber but also for other purposes such as firewood. Despite being a primitive source of energy, firewood is still recognized as an important component of household energy in different parts of the world. In Tasmania, a state in Australia, 26% of households use firewood as a primary source of home heating energy that is harvested from a mix of legal/illegal and sustainable/unsustainable sources. The practice of illegal and unsustainable wood harvesting has adverse ecological, social and economic impacts. Habitat for a number of threatened and endangered species in Tasmania has been degraded by the illegal collection of firewood. In order to control the practice and associated impacts, several strategies, rules and regulations have been developed at national and state levels. Despite existence of such rules, the unsustainable collection of illegal firewood has persisted in Tasmania with diverse impacts. Managing the problem requires an understanding of the driving forces of the practice, challenges to enforce wood collection rules, and the development of a legitimate wood supply chain. After presenting a general introduction to the problem in the first chapter, the second chapter of the thesis aims at analysing the institutional arrangements of the Tasmanian firewood industry using the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework. The chapter provides perspectives on opportunities within the existing institutional setting to develop a market for legal and sustainable firewood. After a review of the existing policy documents, a semi-structured interview questionnaire is used in the chapter to guide the discussions with purposively selected informants (n=20) from eleven Tasmanian firewood industry-affiliated stakeholder groups. The primary drivers of illegal and unsustainable wood harvesting are identified to be economic condition coupled with the community’s lack of awareness about the impacts associated with the practice on forests and forest biodiversity. Limited collaboration among forestry stakeholders and lack of mechanisms to differentiate the legal and sustainable firewood from other wood in the market have contributed to the challenges. The findings of the IAD framework suggest that a multifaceted approach is required to control the practice. From the interviews, many of the stakeholders felt that community education/information campaigns, better collaboration among the various agencies and stakeholders, and differentiation of the product with a labelling system in the market would aid in managing the problem. Interestingly, a review of the literature, and not stakeholders, identified the potential for using unmanned aerial vehicles and remote sensing to detect hotspots of the practice. The potential for the development of a legitimate firewood supply chain supported by a labelling system was explored with an application of a stated preference survey. The survey used a two-treatment split sample approach, where the treatment group (n=239) saw a two minute video (and the control group did not) before undertaking a series of choice tasks as part of a discrete choice experiment. The multipart stated preference survey was otherwise identical. The results presented in the next three chapters are produced from this survey data. To evaluate whether Tasmanian wood consumers would pay for the labelling system, combinations of legal and sustainable features of firewood were identified and presented to survey participants with a cost based on careful background research with government and industry, qualitative pretesting, followed by an online pilot and full survey. The survey identifies Small Native Forest Wood (harvesting wood from small native trees and thereby leaving hollow-bearing trees), Plantation Forest Wood (branches/thinning of plantation forests), Agroforestry Farm Wood (wood from a farm established to produce firewood), and Repurposed Wood (miscellaneous wood from road widening or construction) as legal and sustainable sources of firewood. Besides the source of the wood, the labelling system would include two social and two environmental priorities where part of the premium on the firewood will be invested. The social priority ‘Keep the Poor Warm’ addresses fuel poverty, while ‘Job Creation for Tasmanians with Disabilities’ supports training programs in the firewood industry. Environmental priorities include ‘Save our Wildlife’ and ‘No Wood Waste in Tasmania’ where part of the premium is used to promote conservation of habitat areas or to avoid wood leftovers ending up in landfills, respectively. Distance (km) of wood production sites from consumers’ residence is included in firewood features to understand the role of the local attribute and how consumers may consider carbon emission while transporting wood over a certain distance. The distance from firewood production sites was specified as being within 50km, 51−100km, 101−200km or 201−300km. The Cost ($) is expressed as the additional cost, which ranges from $20 to $160 in $20 increments to be paid over the base price of $180 per trailer load of wood. Six choice tasks, consisting of four alternatives (one being an opt-out), were presented to participants based on a Bayesian efficient design. Using the control group data, chapter three of the thesis investigates acceptability of the labelling system by estimating consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the sustainable firewood attributes. The models are estimated in WTP space using a two-class latent class model and a mixed multinomial logit model with error component. The results of chapter three indicate that consumers are willing to pay a premium for the firewood sourced from Agroforestry Farm or Repurposed Wood, keeping the Small Native Forest Wood as a base. Consumers are also willing to pay for the environmental priority Save our Wildlife, keeping No Wood Waste in Tasmania as a base. As the Distance (km) increases, consumers’ WTP tends to decline which indicates that consumers prefer locally produced firewood or may be considering the carbon emitted from transportation. The results indicate there is potential for the development of a labelling system for Tasmanian firewood. Consumers’ WTP for the two social priorities is zero, which suggests the importance of investigating other factors that explain consumers’ pro-environmental and pro-social behaviour. In chapter four, the impact of non-attribute information on consumers’ behaviour is investigated by modelling the two treatments. For clarity, the control group is the focus of chapter three and chapter four and five utilises both treatments. The video defines unsustainable wood harvesting practices and explains the impacts on biodiversity. The original video was developed by the Natural Resources Management, South Tasmania and cut back to two minutes for the purpose of this survey. Data from the video and no video treatments are modelled separately, followed by a joint model where wood attributes are interacted with a binary variable for the video. The results indicate that the video has no effect on WTP. Next, a hybrid choice model (HCM) is estimated to explore the effects of the video on the scale parameter and choice certainty through a latent variable, consequentiality of the study. The findings show that the video has no effect on WTP, scale or choice certainty. The results of chapter four allow for the data from the two treatments to be pooled. Attitudes towards environmental sustainability are important in a state like Tasmania where there are highly polarized views about environmental and social priorities, e.g., conservationists’ vs foresters’ perspectives of sustainable forest management. Consumers’ WTP for legal and sustainable firewood could be explained in part by individuals’ level of ecoconsciousness. Chapter five uses the pooled data from the two treatments (n=478) in the estimation of the HCM to investigate the effects of consumers’ eco-consciousness behaviour on their WTP. Chapter five of the thesis provides a more nuanced picture of the factors which influence the acceptance of the labelling system and consumers’ WTP. The modelling results indicate that consumers’ eco-consciousness behaviour is associated with level of education, gender, areas of residence, awareness of the impacts of the practice and perceived policy relevance of the study. More eco-conscious consumers are willing to pay for Repurposed Wood and prefer their proceeds to be invested in conservation of habitat (Save our Wildlife), which implies that such consumers are pro-environment. Less eco-conscious consumers are willing to pay for firewood sourced from Agroforestry Farm or Plantation Forests where part of the premium is invested in Keeping the Poor Warm, suggesting that such consumers are pro-social. Both more and less eco-conscious Tasmanians prefer wood sourced from a relatively closer distance to their residence. This evidence implies that there are Tasmanian wood consumers who are pro-social and pro-environment, which policymakers may wish to consider incorporating in the labelling system. Overall, this thesis identifies that the major challenges to enforcing wood collection rules include economic conditions of the state, high transaction costs due to limited collaboration among the stakeholders and the Tasmanian community’s level of awareness about the impacts of the practice. The results from the stated preference survey and the modelling support the development of a labelling system. Legal and sustainable firewood sellers could differentiate their product with a labelling system considering the role of consumers’ eco-consciousness behaviour.

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Masekela, Mahlodi Esther. "Assessment of the factors that influence firewood use among households in Ga-Malahlela Village, Limpopo Province." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26492.

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Text in English with abstracts in English, Sepedi and Venda
Access to firewood and other affordable energy sources is essential to the livelihoods of rural households in developing countries. Studies have been conducted to understand the reasons behind an extensive reliance on firewood in rural areas, especially in developing countries, despite improved electrification rates and a number of government policies introduced to encourage rural households to switch from traditional to modern fuels. This study aimed at assessing and thus understand the factors influencing the use of firewood by households in Ga - Malahlela village in Limpopo Province. Limited research has been conducted on firewood use, subsequent to improved electrification in rural areas in South Africa, hence it was to shed light on this little-explored subject on which the study was carried out. The assessment was based on household demographics and household energy use patterns, with a structured questionnaire being utilised to arrive at a detailed understanding of the factors that drive firewood use. It was established that firewood was still used to a significant degree, to satisfy household energy needs such as cooking, water heating and space heating. This was mainly due to the socioeconomic status of households. Socio-economic factors such as income, education level, household size and preference were found to be the factors exerting the greatest influence on the use of firewood among households in the study area. Psychological variables and the geographical location of the study area were also shown to promote the use of firewood. The study further revealed that, as indicated in the reviewed literature, households in the study area fuel stack and do not ascend the energy ladder. The reviewed literature further indicated that not all factors have equivalent significance in determining the behaviour and pattern of household energy use. This indicates that energy sources such as firewood are not completely discarded but are instead used in conjunction with modern energy sources such as electricity. In conclusion, this study established that despite the availability of electricity, as a result of poverty and the lack of free basic services such as free basic electricity, reliance on firewood in rural areas will continue.
Go hwetša dikgong le methopo ye mengwe ya dibešwa tšeo di rekegago go bohlokwa go mekgwa ya malapa a dinagamagaeng go hwetša dilo tše bohlokwa tša bophelo dinageng tšeo di hlabologago. Dithutelo di phethagaditšwe go kwešiša mabaka ao a thekgago kholofelo go dikgong mafelong a dinagamagaeng a dinaga tšeo di hlabologago le ge go na le ditekanyo tše di kaonafaditšwego tša tlhagišo ya mohlagase le palo ya melaotshepetšo ya mmušo yeo e tsebišitšwego go tutuetša malapa a dinagamagaeng go fetoga go tloga go dibešwa tša sekgale go iša go tša sebjale. Thutelo ye e ikemišeditše go lekola ka gona go kwešiša mabaka ao a huetšago malapa a Motsaneng wa Ga-Malahlela ka Profenseng ya Limpopo go diriša ya dikgong. Dinyakišišo tše lekantšwego di phethagaditšwe ka ga tirišo ya dikgong ka morago ga tlhagišo ya mohlagase yeo e kaonafaditšwego mafelong a dinagamagaeng ka Afrika Borwa, gomme e be e swanetše go fa tshedimošo ka ga hlogotaba yeo e hlohlomišitšwego gannyane gore thutelo ye e phethagatšwe. Tekolo ye e theilwe go dipalopalo ka ga malapa setšhabeng le mekgwa ya malapa ya go dirišwa dibešwa, ka go diriša lenaneopotšišo leo le beakantšwego gore go fihlelelwe kwešišo ye e hlalošago ka botlalo mabaka ao a hlohleletšago tirišo ya dikgong. Go lemogilwe gore dikgong di sa dirišwa ka bontši bjo bo bonagalago go kgotsofatša dinyakwa tša malapa tša enetši tše bjalo ka go apea, go ruthetša meetse le go ruthetša lefelo. Se se be se swanela gagolo ka lebaka la boemo bja ka moo ekonomi e amago tšwelopele ya malapa. Mabaka a ka moo ekonomi e amago tšwelopele ya setšhaba a go swana le ditseno, boemo bja thuto, bogolo bja lelapa le tšeo di ratwago go hweditšwe go ba mabaka ao a hlohleletšago khuetšo ye kgolokgolo go tirišo ya dikgong gare ga malapa thutelong ye. Dielemente tšeo di ka fetolwago le lefelo tikologong ye e itšeng tša thutelo le tšona di bontšhitšwe go godiša tirišo ya dikgong. Thutelo ye gape e utollotše gore, bjalo k age go šupilwe dingwalong tšeo di lekotšwego, malapa a lefelong la thutelo a latela mekgwa ya dibešwa tša mehutahuta gomme ga a latele manamelo a enetši. Dingwalo tšeo di lekotšwego di laeditše go ya pele gore ga se mabaka ka moka ao a nago le bohlokwa bjo bo lekanago go šupeng boitshwaro le mokgwa tša tirišo ya enetši ka malapeng. Se se šupa gore methopo ya enetši ye bjalo ka dikgong ga se ya tlogelwa ka gohlegohle eupša e dirišwa mmogo le methopo ya sebjale ya enetši ye bjalo ka mohlagase. Go ruma, thutelo ye e utollotše gore le ge go na le mohlagase, ka lebaka la bohloki le tlhaelo ya ditirelo tša motheo tša mahala tše bjalo ka mohlagase wa motheo wa mahala, kholofelo go dikgong dinagamagaeng e tlo tšwela pele.
U swikelela khuni na zwiṅwe zwiko zwa fulufulu zwine zwa swikelelea ndi zwa ndeme kha u tsireledza zwo teaho zwa vhutshilo kha miṱa ya vhupo ha mahayani kha mashango o no khou bvelelaho. Ngudo dzo farwa u itela u pfesesa zwiitisi zwa u ḓitika zwihulwane nga khuni kha vhupo ha mahayani kha mashango ane a khou ḓi bvelela zwi si na ndavha na u khwiniswa ha u dzheniswa ha muḓagasi na tshivhalo tsha mbekanyamaitele dza muvhuso dzo ḓivhadzwaho u ṱuṱuwedza miṱa ya vhupo ha mahayani u bva kha u shumisa zwivhaswa zwa kale u ya kha zwa ano maḓuvha. Ngudo iyi yo livhiswa kha u asesa na u pfesesa zwiṱaluli zwine zwa ṱuṱuwedza u shumiswa ha khuni nga miṱa ya Muvhunduni wa Ga-Malahlela Vunduni ḽa Limpopo. Ṱhoḓisiso dzi si nngana dzo itwa nga ha u shumiswa ha khuni hu tshi tevhela u dzheniswa ha muḓagasi vhuponi ha mahayani Afurika Tshipembe, ho vha u bvisela khagala nga ha zwiṱuku zwo wanululwaho kha thero heyi ye ngudo ya i bveledzisa. U linga ho vha ho ḓisendeka nga ngudamirafho ya miṱa na kushumisele kwa fulufulu miṱani, hu na mbudzisombekanywa dzo dzudzanywaho dzo shumiswaho u swikelela kha u pfesesa nga vhuḓalo zwiṱaluli zwine zwa ta u shumiswa ha khuni. Ho dzhielwa nṱha uri khuni dzi kha ḓi shumiswa nga maanḓa u ḓisa ṱhoḓea dza fulufulu miṱani u fana na u bika, u vhilisa maḓi na u dudedza vhudzulo. Hezwi zwo tea nga maanḓa kha vhuimo ha matshilisano a zwa ikonomi miṱani: zwiṱaluli zwa ikonomi ya matshilisano zwi ngaho sa mbuelo, vhuimo ha pfunzo, vhuhulu ha muṱa na zwo no takalelwa ho wanwa uri ndi zwiṱaluli zwine zwa shumisa ṱhuṱhuwedzo khulwane ya u shumiswa ha khuni vhukati ha miṱa ya vhupo ha ngudo. Variabuḽu dza saikhoḽodzhikhaḽa na vhupo ha ḓivhashango zwa vhupo ha ngudo zwo sumbedziswa u ṱuṱuwedza u shumiswa ha khuni. Ngudo yo isa phanḓa na u wanulusa uri, sa zwo sumbedziswaho kha maṅwalwa o sedzuluswaho, miṱa kha vhupo ha ngudo i kuvhanganya fulufulu ngeno hu sina u gonya ha tshanduko ya kushumisele kwa fulufulu. Maṅwalwa o sedzuluswaho o sumbedzisa a tshi i sa phanḓa uri a si zwiṱaluli zwoṱhe zwine zwa vha na ndeme i linganaho kha u ta vhuḓifari na kushumisele kwa fulufulu miṱani. Hezwi zwi sumbedza uri zwiko zwa fulufulu zwi ngaho sa khuni a zwo ngo laṱelwa kule tshoṱhe fhedzi zwi shumiswa zwo ṱanganyiswa na zwiko zwa fulufulu zwa ano maḓuvha zwi ngaho sa muḓagasi. Ri tshi pendela, ngudo iyi i ta uri na musi muḓagasi u hone, nga nṱhani ha vhushayi na ṱhahelelo ya tshumelo dza muḓagasi wa mahala wa mutheo u fana na muḓagasi wa mahala wa mutheo, u ḓitika nga khuni vhuponi ha mahayani hu ḓo ḓi bvela phanḓa.
Department of Environmental Science
M.A. (Environmental Science)

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Findlay, Sarah Jane. "Clearing the confusion : the roles of local formal institutions in regulating firewood harvesting in Bushbuckridge, South Africa." Thesis, 2014.

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From pre-colonial leadership through to the Apartheid regime, local traditional authorities played an essential role in natural resource management throughout rural South Africa. The advent of democracy in 1994, however, generated much confusion over the modern function of traditional leaders in many rural communities, specifically regarding natural resource regulation. By understanding local perceptions of governance regimes, resource use initiatives can use and enhance institutions already in place to combat further over-harvesting. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the perceived functions of traditional and democratically elected community leaders in the governance of firewood harvesting and compare perceptions between interviewed leaders and their community members. The study was conducted in six villages spanning two chieftaincies and four municipal wards in Bushbuckridge Local Municipality, Mpumalanga Province. In-depth interviews were conducted with the following local leaders: the chiefs from the two chieftaincies, the nduna (headman) from each village, the ward councillor from each ward and three members of the Community Development Forum from each village. Five community focus group sessions were also run in each village to determine local community perspectives on wood availability and governance regimes. It was found that the majority of respondents, from both individual interviews and focus groups, believed that firewood availability had decreased in recent years. In addition, 21 of the 30 focus groups (across both chieftaincies) suggested that there was insufficient firewood to meet the needs of their village now. While all interviewed parties across both chieftaincies regarded the chief as the ultimate authority in firewood management, his actual system of regulation as well as the perceived roles and responsibilities of subsidiary leaders appears highly differentiated between the chieftaincies. Results also indicate that although there is some ambiguity around community-level firewood regulation, these instances of uncertainty are village-specific and could indicate diminished village-level enforcement of regulation. Overall, however, other lines of evidence evince a general weakening of traditional local control across all the villages. Some authors maintain that this deterioration of village firewood management stems from community confusion and/or contestation over the roles of local leaders. However, I argue that reduced government budgets as well as leader’s empathy for poor firewood-dependent households have also contributed to the increasingly relaxed implementation of strict firewood systems. With this in mind, future policy decisions need to consider ways in which to reduce rural over-harvesting, either by increasing the affordability of alternate energies or by implementing strategies that allow for continued firewood harvesting but in more sustainable ways. Recommendations that detail such approaches are presented for the study region.

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高嘉祥. "From Discovering“the Secret Garden”to Exploring the Integration of Firewood-fire Ceramic Art with Leisure in Miaoli County." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30244708035980440196.

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碩士
國立彰化師範大學
美術學系
98
From Discovering“the Secret Garden”to Exploring the Integration of Firewood-fire Ceramic Art with Leisure in Miaoli County Abstract It is the research on my personal interest that motivates the writing of this thesis. The title of the thesis was made as a result of repeated speculation and continual learning. With its historic background in firewood-fire ceramic art site, unique mountainous geo-environment and ceramic raw materials, Miaoli firewood-fire ceramic art has gradually taken its shape under the business operation pattern of integrating production site with business place, which attracts artists to settle down here for creation, and melts local lifestyle culture and different styles amongst ethnic groups together into a locally unique artistic atmosphere. Through understanding the development course of firewood-burnt ceramic art industry in Miaoli area, which ran through several changes and trasnformations, we now witness how this industry evolves to the face today － integrating production site with business place. It features an appearance of including recreation lifestyle, gives a creative stage for self-realization under existing conditions, and adds cultural elements to “fun” and “play.” Since recreation activities carry leisure and experiential education on relevant knowledge and aesthetics about firewood-fire ceramic art, tourists can benefit from it in ways that they may enjoy a better recreational activing in both informative input and attitude, and better improve children-parent relationship. This research has sampled the five locations for comparative analysis using a qualitative research approach, including Hua Tao Kiln area, Yun Hsin Kiln Area, Hua Shih Kiln Area, Chin Lung Kiln Area, and Chuan Tou Kiln Area. The researcher starts with sampling interview and on-site observation, and then collects and summarizes comprehensive old literatures. In order to explore the genuine development course of the firewood- fire ceramic art industry in Miaoli area, the researcher tries to put together each owners’ personal stories. By entering the kiln sites and talking to the owners and visitors face-to-face, the researcher can share owners’ deeply rooted passion via dialogues, and experience owner’s real life tastes on ceramic art creation. The conclusion concludes that: (1) The owner allows tourists to engage self-realization through access to his ceramic art site which integrates with leisure (2) This provides an in-depth understaning on the historic position and current status of Miaoli’s firewood-fire ceramic art industry; (3) It carries a cooperative model of combining business sectors, government institutions, and academic organizations together, featuring both personal artistic creation and cultural-tour industry; (4) It generates an artistic atmosphere for real life and attains a more artistic life goal; (5) The firewood-fire ceramic art is to be appreciated by visitors in ways as “fun/play,” “public activity,” “tour guide with educational purpose;” and (6) A locally unique cultural values and implications can be emphasized through use of local materials for ceramic art site development. After verification and correction, it is the researcher’s sincere aspiration that this issue can enable everybody to ponder over this art, and continue to explore other possible space following the course of integrating firewood- fire ceramic art with leisure.

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Nembambula, Aluvhavhi Alicia. "An investigation into the challenges and the management of firewood scacity on rural livelihood in Limpopo Province, Vhembe District: a case study of Nweli Village." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/109.

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LIN, JUI-YU, and 林瑞育. "Case Study and Countermeasures of Firework Incidents." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m9ynew.

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碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
106
Since the invention of fireworks, the continuous advances in science and technology have made the pyrotechnics more and more spectacular. In the meantime, fireworks have continuously caused damage and casualties along the time. General firecrackers, if approved by the government, can be used by the general public for recreational purpose. However, application should be filed and permission must be obtained before using the professional firecrackers. The top three kinds of firecrackers used by the people in Taiwan are: liftoffs, explosives, and flying firecrackers. It is a custom in Taiwan to set fireworks during certain festivals. However, it often causes damages and casualties. Previous studies have found that the major factors causing general firecrackers disasters is not following the instructions, such as insufficient safety distance, uneven ground, placed upside-down, uncontrolled spectators, and poor firecracker quality. In addition, previous studies found that the total amount of professional firecrackers imported was 1.9 times more than general firecrackers between 2011 and 2016. The amount increased to 3 times in the year of 2016. Professional fireworks commonly are used in large-scale activities in Taiwan to attract people to participate in the event. Previous studies also found that the risk factors for professional firecracker hazards are: poor quality, insufficient safety distance, wind speed, unfixed products when they were released, placed upside-down, unlicensed personnel, not following procedures in the application, and unregulated population. In this research, information regarding past firework incidents is collected and analyzed to identify firework hazards. Then, expert interviews are conducted to identify high risk factors. In the mean time, countermeasures are proposed. In this study, literature review, statistical analysis are conducted to investigate the causes of firecracker incidents and identify hazard factors. Along with expert interviews, critical factors are identified and countermeasures are proposed to reduce the damage and loss caused by firecrackers incidents.

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49

薛彥清. "A Study of the Tourism Benefit of Penghu Firework Festival." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gzj57m.

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Abstract:

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
體育學系在職進修碩士班
96
This study aims to investigate the status quo of the tourism attractiveness, recreational satisfaction, and economic benefit of Penghu Firework Festival, and analyze the relations among them. A total of 500 tourists who attended Penghu Firework Festival are surveyed with “Questionnaire on the Tourism Benefit of Penghu Firework Festival,” prepared by the advisee. The acquired data are then subject to statistical analysis with descriptive analysis, one-way ANOVA and canonical correlation. The results are as follows: 1. The five features of Penghu Firework Festival with the highest tourism attractiveness are, in descending order, as follows: “the firework show is suitable for all friends and family members to enjoy together,” “it makes me feel relieved and alleviates my tension,” “it enhances the emotional communication of people attending together,” “the theme of the festival is special,” and “the festival is free.” 2. The five features of Penghu Firework Festival with the highest recreational satisfaction are, in descending order, as follows: “the aroma of the ocean,” “the air quality of the environment,” “the view of the firework show,” “the firework itself,” and “the plan of the environment.” 3. In terms of tourism satisfaction, there are significant differences in “main purposes,” “length of staying,” “educational background,” “occupation,” and “residential location.” As for recreational satisfaction, there are significant differences in “main purposes,” “occupation,” and “residential location.” 4. Three canonical correlations between tourism satisfaction and recreational satisfaction are significant. 5. It is estimated that the recreation benefit brought in by each tourist is NTD 791, and the total economic benefit is NTD 60.11 million. Based on the findings above, it is suggested the authorities concerned plan a full travel package for Penghu Firework Festival. The design of the show should befit the needs of the tourists, and there should be innovative overall plan of the festival to make the tourists experience the various local cultures of Penghu. Local recreational resources should be integrated, and a mode of management should be built to ensure sustainable development. For further studies, the accompanying travel itinerary can be researched, and in-depth interviews can be conducted with related government staff, travel agencies, and local residents, so to broaden the research scope on this issue.

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50

"Peer clustering and firework query model in peer-to-peer networks." 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891663.

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Abstract:

Ng, Cheuk Hang.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-95).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.ii
Acknowledgement --- p.iv
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Problem Definition --- p.2
Chapter 1.2 --- Main Contributions --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis Organization --- p.5
Chapter 2 --- Background --- p.6
Chapter 2.1 --- Background of Peer-to-Peer --- p.6
Chapter 2.2 --- Background of Content-Based Image Retrieval System --- p.9
Chapter 2.3 --- Literature Review of Peer-to-Peer Application --- p.10
Chapter 2.4 --- Literature Review of Discovery Mechanisms for Peer-to-Peer Applications --- p.13
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Centralized Search --- p.13
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Distributed Search - Flooding --- p.15
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Distributed Search - Distributed Hash Table --- p.21
Chapter 3 --- Peer Clustering and Firework Query Model --- p.25
Chapter 3.1 --- Peer Clustering --- p.26
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Peer Clustering - Simplified Version --- p.27
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Peer Clustering - Single Cluster Version --- p.29
Chapter 3.1.3 --- "Peer Clustering - Single Cluster, Multiple Layers of Con- nection Version" --- p.34
Chapter 3.1.4 --- Peer Clustering - Multiple Clusters Version --- p.35
Chapter 3.2 --- Firework Query Model Over Clustered Network --- p.38
Chapter 4 --- Experiments and Results --- p.43
Chapter 4.1 --- Simulation Model of Peer-to-Peer Network --- p.43
Chapter 4.2 --- Performance Metrics --- p.45
Chapter 4.3 --- Experiment Results --- p.47
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Performances in different Number of Peers in P2P Network --- p.47
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Performances in different TTL value of query packet in P2P Network --- p.52
Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Performances in different different data sets, synthetic data and real data" --- p.55
Chapter 4.3.4 --- Performances in different number of local clusters of each peer in P2P Network --- p.58
Chapter 4.4 --- Evaluation of different clustering algorithms --- p.64
Chapter 5 --- Distributed COntent-based Visual Information Retrieval (DIS- COVIR) --- p.67
Chapter 5.1 --- Architecture of DISCOVIR and Functionality of DISCOVIR Components --- p.68
Chapter 5.2 --- Flow of Operations --- p.72
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Preprocessing (1) --- p.73
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Connection Establishment (2) --- p.75
Chapter 5.2.3 --- "Query Message Routing (3,4,5)" --- p.75
Chapter 5.2.4 --- "Query Result Display (6,7)" --- p.78
Chapter 5.3 --- Gnutella Message Modification --- p.78
Chapter 5.4 --- DISCOVIR EVERYWHERE --- p.81
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Design Goal of DISCOVIR Everywhere --- p.82
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Architecture and System Components of DISCOVIR Ev- erywhere --- p.83
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Flow of Operations --- p.84
Chapter 5.4.4 --- Advantages of DISCOVIR Everywhere over Prevalent Web-based Search Engine --- p.86
Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.87
Bibliography --- p.89

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