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Journal articles on the topic 'Fires'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

POTOČNIK, VIKTOR. "KONCEPT EŠALONIRANJA OGNJEV IN SISTEMI OGNJENE PODPORE V SLOVENSKI VOJSKI." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2016/ ISSUE 18/1 (May 30, 2016): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.18.1.5.

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V članku se ukvarjamo s konceptom ešaloniranja ognjev. Zmogljivosti sistemov za ognjeno podporo pri majhnih vojskah so omejene, zato je pravilna in smotrna upraba koncepta ešaloniranja ognjev bistvena za uspeh na bojišču. Hkrati pa predvsem manjše članice Nata upravičeno pričakujejo, da bodo v operacijah zavezništva deležne tudi učinkov sistemov združene ognjene podpore, ki jih imajo na voljo velike države. Vnadaljevanju predstavimo koncept ešaloniranja ognjev in njegov vpliv na oblikovanje dobrega sistema ognjene podpore na taktični ravni, od ravni voda do brigade. Nazadnje pa pogledamo na zmogljivosti Slovenske vojske in njenih sistemov za posredne ognje znotraj širšega sistema ognjene podpore Slovenske vojske in združene ognjene podpore zavezništva ter navedemo nekaj ključnih ugotovitev, ki bi lahko služile kot premislek pri nadaljnji gradnji zmogljivosti Slovenske vojske. The article discusses the concept of echelonment of fires. Small armed forces such as the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) have a limited joint fires capability. Therefore, in order to succeed on the battlefield, they have to correctly apply the principles of echelonment of fires. Additionally, smaller NATO members rightfully expect to receive some of the Joint Fires Effects from larger member armies in the Joint Operational Environment. The article looks at the Joint Fire Support and indirect fire systems, and what the terms mean for small NATO member states with limited capabilities. It then goes on to present the concept of echelonment of fires and some key terms within the concept. Lastly, it looks at SAF capabilities through the echelonment of fires concept and Indirect Fire Systems. The author also puts forward some suggestions for future development of SAF capabilities.

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2

Lee, Sung Yeong, Jun Ha Park, Su Yeon Yang, and Sangil Ryu. "AHP to Operate Drones with Fire Extinguishing Grenades during High-rise Fires." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 14, no. 1 (January 30, 2024): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2024.1.19.

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The study utilized AHP analysis to enhance the application of fire extinguishing agents in high-rise building fires. Experts identified institutional and policy improvements as the foremost priority, emphasizing the need for legal safeguards for private interests in similar situations. Alongside this, there was a strong emphasis on the significance of improving the performance of fire extinguishing agents. This research holds particular importance in guiding policy decisions, serving as foundational data for potential advancements in fire response strategies. Notably, experts suggest a focus on the deployment of fire extinguishing agent-loaded drones, especially in scenarios where access is challenging, such as high-rise buildings. The prioritization of institutional and policy improvements underscores the necessity for robust regulatory frameworks. Ultimately, the study contributes essential insights for shaping policies and technological enhancements to address high-rise building fires effectively.

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3

Price, O. F., and R. A. Bradstock. "The spatial domain of wildfire risk and response in the wildland urban interface in Sydney, Australia." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 12 (December 23, 2013): 3385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-3385-2013.

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Abstract. In order to quantify the risks from fire at the wildland urban interface (WUI), it is important to understand where fires occur and their likelihood of spreading to the WUI. For each of the 999 fires in the Sydney region we calculated the distance between the ignition and the WUI, the fire's weather and wind direction and whether it spread to the WUI. The likelihood of burning the WUI was analysed using binomial regression. Weather and distance interacted such that under mild weather conditions, the model predicted only a 5% chance that a fire starting >2.5 km from the interface would reach it, whereas when the conditions are extreme the predicted chance remained above 30% even at distances >10 km. Fires were more likely to spread to the WUI if the wind was from the west and in the western side of the region. We examined whether the management responses to wildfires are commensurate with risk by comparing the distribution of distance to the WUI of wildfires with roads and prescribed fires. Prescribed fires and roads were concentrated nearer to the WUI than wildfires as a whole, but further away than wildfires that burnt the WUI under extreme weather conditions (high risk fires). Overall, 79% of these high risk fires started within 2 km of the WUI, so there is some argument for concentrating more management effort near the WUI. By substituting climate change scenario weather into the statistical model, we predicted a small increase in the risk of fires spreading to the WUI, but the increase will be greater under extreme weather. This approach has a variety of uses, including mapping fire risk and improving the ability to match fire management responses to the threat from each fire. They also provide a baseline from which a cost-benefit analysis of complementary fire management strategies can be conducted.

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4

Ullah, M. R., X. D. Liu, and M. Al-Amin. "Spatial-temporal distribution of forest fires and fire weather index calculation from 2000 to 2009 in China." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 7 (August 28, 2013): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8/2013-jfs.

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This paper describes the forest fire dynamics in the city of Sanming in Fujian province, China, from 2000 to 2009 with a view to understand the number of fires and burned areas in different counties. It also includes the spatial-temporal distribution of fires and application of the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS). Daily forest fire data was provided by the Department of Wildfire Prevention of Sanming Forestry Bureau. FWI calculator v.7.0.2.76 was used in this study for analysing the weather parameter data. The results showed that a total of 818 fires and burned areas of 8721.16 ha were found during the study period of 10 years. However, the highest and lowest forest fires were found in Youxi county and Sanming district, respectively. Most of the fires with large burned areas occurred at 2 p.m. Moreover, occurrences of fires were found the highest and lowest in March and June, respectively. Based on FWI calculation, the highest danger rating value was found in March, 2009. This study proposes that it would be possible to manage regular forest fire occurrences through the application of CFFDRS. Finally, to plan the fire prevention and management in southern China and other tropical countries, this system has a great opportunity for further implementations.  

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5

Tomsche, Laura, Felix Piel, Tomas Mikoviny, Claus J. Nielsen, Hongyu Guo, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Benjamin A. Nault, et al. "Measurement report: Emission factors of NH₃ and NH_x for wildfires and agricultural fires in the United States." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 2331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2331-2023.

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Abstract. During the 2019 Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) study, the NASA DC-8 carried out in situ chemical measurements in smoke plumes emitted from wildfires and agricultural fires in the contiguous United States. The DC-8 payload included a modified proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) for the fast measurement of gaseous ammonia (NH3) and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) for the fast measurement of submicron particulate ammonium (NH4+). We herein report data collected in smoke plumes emitted from 6 wildfires in the Western United States, 2 prescribed grassland fires in the Central United States, 1 prescribed forest fire in the Southern United States, and 66 small agricultural fires in the Southeastern United States. Smoke plumes contained double to triple digit ppb levels of NH3. In the wildfire plumes, a significant fraction of NH3 had already been converted to NH4+ at the time of sampling (≥2 h after emission). Substantial amounts of NH4+ were also detected in freshly emitted smoke from corn and rice field fires. We herein present a comprehensive set of emission factors of NH3 and NHx, with NHx=NH3+NH4+. Average NH3 and NHx emission factors for wildfires in the Western United States were 1.86±0.75 g kg−1 and 2.47±0.80 g kg−1 of fuel burned, respectively. Average NH3 and NHx emission factors for agricultural fires in the Southeastern United States were 0.89±0.58 and 1.74±0.92 g kg−1, respectively. Our data show no clear inverse correlation between modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and NH3 emissions. The observed NH3 emissions were significantly higher than measured in previous laboratory experiments in the FIREX FireLab 2016 study.

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6

Wrigley, Robert. "Fires." English Journal 83, no. 8 (December 1994): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/820340.

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7

Skloot, Floyd. "Fires." Iowa Review 23, no. 3 (October 1993): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.4319.

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8

Adler, Mark, and Aaron W. Calhoun. "FIRES." Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 13, no. 3 (June 2018): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sih.0000000000000325.

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9

Hartono, Arief, Omo Rusdiana, Heru Bagus Pulunggono, Denis Muba Pandapotan Simanihuruk, and Ilham Saputra. "Changes in some soil chemical properties in peatland after two years of fire in Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 12, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.12.4.644-650.

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Peatland fire that occurred in 2018 are located in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan. The fire was claimed to cause the changes leading to peatland damage. The initial study based on samples collected in fire period reported that there were some changes of chemical properties leading to peatland damage. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of land fires on changes in some soil chemical properties after two years of fires. Soil samples of fired and unfired peatland were subjected to soil analyses. Soil analyses covered soil pH, organic carbon (C), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and bulk density (BD). The results showed that after two years of peatland fires did not affect the changes of peat soil pH, organic C, P, Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Zn, Mn and BD. One plot of fired peatland showed that the weight of frond and leaf area of oil palm grown on it was not statistically different from those of unfired peatland. The results suggested some chemical properties return to previous equilibrium due to high buffering capacity of peat soil.

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10

Indien Winarwat. "Law Enforcement Of The Stockholm Declaration Principles In Relation To Forest And Land Fires In Indonesia." Technium Social Sciences Journal 50 (November 1, 2023): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v50i1.9883.

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The frequent forest fires in Indonesia are of important concern for ASEAN countries since Indonesia is considered the biggest contributor to smoke-haze pollution. Land and forest fires in Indonesia contribute to exporting haze to Malaysia and Singapore, causing the two countries to urge Indonesia to immediately address the issue of forest fire since the resulting smoke haze is terribly disturbing and dangerous for the people of both countries. Indonesia is one of the developing countries currently in the international spotlight due to the severe damage to its tropical forests annually. Land and forest fires in Indonesia constitute a transnational environmental pollution, creating a thick smoke haze to disrupt the continuity of life and economic activities in most of the region of ASEAN countries. The impacts of the smoke haze caused by forest and land fires are immense, requiring the Indonesian Government to take a firm stand by immediately making regulations to ensnare forest and land burners to cause a deterrent effect not to do the foregoing again. The present paper addresses law enforcement arrangements for land and forest fires in Indonesia and the harmony of the Stockholm Declaration principles with law enforcement arrangements for forest and land burners. The present study is analytical descriptive using the normative juridical approach. It describes the phenomenon and analyzes the legal issues of law enforcement arrangements for land and forest fires. Results show that law enforcement by the Government of Indonesia is regulated by Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry, Law Number 18 of 2004 concerning Plantations and Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. Each of these laws includes provisions on criminal sanctions and fines for forest and land burners. Law enforcement of the Stockholm Declaration principles for forest and land fires is accommodated in Articles 49 and 50 of Law on Forestry.

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11

Suastika, I. Made, I. Gusti Agung Gede Arya Kadyanan, Ngurah Agus Sanjaya ER, Made Agung Raharja, I. Komang Ari Mogi, and Agus Muliantara. "Optimization Of Wsn Deployment Using Pso Algorithm For Forest Fire Detection." JELIKU (Jurnal Elektronik Ilmu Komputer Udayana) 11, no. 2 (July 19, 2022): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jlk.2022.v11.i02.p21.

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Abstract Forest fires are disasters that have often occurred in recent years. This has a huge impact on both the environment and society itself. Delayed handling of fires is one of the triggering factors for the large losses caused by the disaster. The use of a Wireless Sensor Network is one solution so that information related to fires is conveyed to the authorities quickly so that the handling can be done more quickly. In this study, a simulation was made to determine the optimal position of a node to detect fires optimally. This simulation is run on NS3 Software on Ubuntu 18.04 Linux Operating System. In the optimization process, the PSO algorithm is run with Google Colab. The results of each iteration on the PSO will be simulated in NS3 and the communication between nodes will be seen. There are 12 iterations of the maximum 30 iterations specified, and there are 12 simulations according to the number of iterations. From 12 simulations that have been carried out, it is known that in the last iteration of the 10 nodes installed, all nodes communicate. Communication between nodes can be seen through .pcap files and graphs on NetAnim, the communication is characterized by sending fire messages to each installed node. In the last iteration, 10 nodes received a fire message. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Forest fires, Particle swarm optimization

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12

Popescu, Stelian, Mircea Vladu, and Florin Ilie. "Expression by Calculation of Correlation Between Initial Speed Losses by the Number ff Fires Shot With the 76 Mm, 1982 Model Cannon and Its Interpretation Depending on the Physical Wear by Pulling the Barrel." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0157.

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Abstract In the rifled barrels of each type of armament, the material wear of the rifled bore is closely related to the number of fires shot, this being expressed by the variation of the inner diameter of the barrel in the sections where the measurements were made and evidenced by the decreases in the initial velocity, (ΔVo) relative to the number of fires shot (N). As the number of fires shot increases, the initial velocity of the fired projectiles decreases. In the present paper, the regression equation of the initial velocity of the 76 mm, 1982 model cannon was determined and it was emphasized that the differences between the initial velocity determined by the regression calculation (Voir) and the experimentally determined initial velocity (Voi) are very small. Therefore, it can be appreciated that the law of regression of the determined initial velocity reproduces faithfully the real situation of the decrease in the initial velocity when firing with this type of cannon

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13

Rachaniotis, Nikos P., and Costas P. Pappis. "Scheduling fire-fighting tasks using the concept of "deteriorating jobs"." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-267.

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In fire fighting, the time and effort required to control a fire increase if the beginning of the fire containment effort is delayed. Several demand-covering models have been proposed for the deployment of available fire-fighting resources so that a forest fire is attacked within a specified time limit. This paper considers the problem of scheduling a single fire-fighting resource when there are several existing fires to be controlled using a model specific to the fire's rate of spread. The problem is tackled using the concept of deteriorating jobs, that is, the model represents increasing value loss as fires remain unsuppressed and increasing time for fire suppression.

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14

Hayasaka, Hiroshi. "Recent Large-Scale Fires in Boreal and Tropical Forests." Journal of Disaster Research 2, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2007.p0265.

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One of the objectives of this review of recent trends in fires in boreal and tropical forests is to raise reader awareness of wilderness fires as a type of disaster mainly caused by human activity. Fires occurring in different vegetative areas are usually named for the vegetation in which they occur, e.g., forest fires, bush fires, savanna fires, and peat or bog fires. The term "wildland fire" represents all such fires. Despite the widespread occurrence of such fires, the International Association of Wildland Fires (IAWF) is the only international association covering vegetation conflagrations. This review focuses on forest and peat fires in boreal and tropical forests, first, because forests in these areas have accumulated large amounts of carbon in their forest floors. And, second, because such fires usually are large-scale and emit large amounts of carbon oxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4).

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15

Belval, Erin J., Christopher D. O’Connor, Matthew P. Thompson, and Michael S. Hand. "The Role of Previous Fires in the Management and Expenditures of Subsequent Large Wildfires." Fire 2, no. 4 (November 29, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2040057.

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Previously burned areas can influence the occurrence, extent, and severity of subsequent wildfires, which may influence expenditures on large fires. We develop a conceptual model of how interactions of fires with previously burned areas may influence fire management, fire behavior, expenditures, and test hypotheses using regression models of wildfire size and suppression expenditures. Using a sample of 722 large fires from the western United States, we observe whether a fire interacted with a previous fire, the percent area of fires burned by previous fires, and the percent perimeter overlap with previous fires. Fires that interact with previous fires are likely to be larger and have lower total expenditures on average. Conditional on a fire encountering a previous fire, a greater extent of interaction with previous fires is associated with reduced fire size but higher expenditures, although the expenditure effect is small and imprecisely estimated. Subsequent analysis suggests that fires that interact with previous fires may be systematically different from other fires along several dimensions. We do not find evidence that interactions with previous fires reduce suppression expenditures for subsequent fires. Results suggest that previous fires may allow suppression opportunities that otherwise might not exist, possibly reducing fire size but increasing total expenditures.

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16

Son, Kwang Ik, Gyo Chang Son, Hyung Joon Kim, and Jung Woo Kim. "Transition of Land Cover Characteristics at Wild-Fired Watershed." Advanced Materials Research 886 (January 2014): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.886.249.

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Wild fires in a mountain area cause severe runoff. The runoff causes secondary mal-effects such as soil erosion and environmental contamination. Korea had suffered from serious soil yield problems at Imha reservoir in 2003. The muddy flow in the reservoir lasts for an years at that time and the water resources problem had prevailed around the watershed. But there was no reliable method in predicting the amount of soil yield and developing count measures against soil erosion. The goal of this research is to find the sustainability transition of land cover characteristics in a wild-fired watershed. For the success of this research, experimental watershed which had suffered from wild-fires was operated last five years. With the collected field data, the transition of land cover characteristics of watershed was analyzed. It was found that the land cover factor was increased about one hundred times at first year after the wild fire. Then it decreases constantly until it remains stable condition which is reached at fourth year after wild-fires.

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17

Shan, Yanlong, Xiang Chen, Sainan Yin, Lili Cao, Shuyuan Tang, Bo Yu, and Chenxi Cui. "Study on the Limit of Moisture Content of the Sub-Surface Fires Converted to the Surface Fires in the Boreal Forests of China." Fire 6, no. 9 (September 19, 2023): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6090364.

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A sub-surface forest fire is a type of smoldering combustion with a slower spread rate, longer combustion time, and lower combustion temperature compared with flame combustion. Sub-surface fires are usually accompanied by surface fires, and the surface fires’ conversion from sub-surface fires has great uncertainty. Therefore, there are considerable difficulties in monitoring and fighting sub-surface fires. However, there are few studies on the conversion from sub-surface fires to surface fires, and the mechanism and influencing factors of the conversion remain unclear. This study focuses on Larix gmelinii forests, which are representative of the boreal forest of China and hot spots of sub-surface fires, studies the moisture content limit of sub-surface fires’ conversion to surface fires by simulating a smoldering experiment, and establishes a monitoring model of sub-surface fires and an occurrence probability prediction model of sub-surface fires’ conversion to surface fires. The results showed that the moisture content limit of the conversion was 25% in the grass–Larix gmelinii forest and Ledum palustre–Larix gmelinii forest and 20% in Rhododendron dauricum–Larix gmelinii forest. There was a significant positive correlation between the time and temperature caused by the smoldering. The monitoring model of the sub-surface fires based on the surface temperature and moisture content had a good fitting effect (p < 0.01). The occurrence probability prediction model of the sub-surface fires’ conversion to surface fires, based on a logistic regression model, had high prediction accuracy (AUC = 0.987). The lower the moisture content of the humus, the closer the smoldering came to the surface and the higher the probability of conversion. This research could contribute to the study of the mechanism of sub-surface fires’ conversion into surface fires.

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18

Jiao, Qiangying, Meng Fan, Jinhua Tao, Weiye Wang, Di Liu, and Ping Wang. "Forest Fire Patterns and Lightning-Caused Forest Fire Detection in Heilongjiang Province of China Using Satellite Data." Fire 6, no. 4 (April 19, 2023): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6040166.

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Large forest fires can cause significant damage to forest ecosystems and threaten human life and property. Heilongjiang Province is a major forested area in China with the highest number and concentration of lightning-caused forest fires in the country. This study examined the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of forest fires in Heilongjiang Province, as well as the ability of satellite remote sensing to detect these fires using VIIRS 375 m fire point data, ground history forest fire point data, and land cover dataset. The study also investigated the occurrence patterns of lightning-caused forest fires and the factors affecting satellite identification of these fires through case studies. Results show that April has the highest annual number of forest fires, with 77.6% of forest fires being caused by lightning. However, less than 30% of forest fires can be effectively detected by satellites, and lightning-caused forest fires account for less than 15% of all fires. There is a significant negative correlation between the two. Lightning-caused forest fires are concentrated in the Daxing’an Mountains between May and July, and are difficult to monitor by satellites due to cloud cover and lack of satellite transit. Overall, the trend observed in the number of forest fire pixels that are monitored by satellite remote sensing systems is generally indicative of the trends in the actual number of forest fires. However, lightning-caused forest fires are the primary cause of forest fires in Heilongjiang Province, and satellite remote sensing is relatively weak in monitoring these fires due to weather conditions and the timing of satellite transit.

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19

Fry, John J. "Prairie Fires." Annals of Iowa 77, no. 3 (July 2018): 322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.12489.

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20

Findlay, Alyssa. "Pantanal fires." Nature Climate Change 12, no. 2 (February 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01292-x.

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21

Woo, Soo-Jeong. "Little Fires." Korean Beauty Management Journal 9, no. 1 (August 31, 2021): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35883/kbmj.2021.9.1.2.2.

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22

Godley, Mik, and François Matarasso. "Winter Fires." Anthropology & Aging 34, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/aa.2013.25.

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St. John, David. "Winter Fires." Iowa Review 15, no. 1 (January 1985): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.3149.

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24

Vick, Susan, and Kevin Heelan. "Distant Fires." Theatre Journal 39, no. 1 (March 1987): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3207633.

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25

Banks, Dennis N., and Donald Katz. "Home Fires." History Teacher 29, no. 2 (February 1996): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/494754.

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Merwin, W. S. "After Fires." Grand Street, no. 54 (1995): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25007931.

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27

Lee, Christina. "Summer Fires." Cream City Review 43, no. 1 (2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ccr.2019.0022.

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28

Anderson, J. E. "Yellowstone Fires." Science 283, no. 5399 (January 8, 1999): 175c—175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5399.175c.

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Adam Soto. "Animal Fires." Fairy Tale Review 13 (2017): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/fairtalerevi.13.1.0103.

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30

Hill, I. R. "Editorial: Fires." Medicine, Science and the Law 29, no. 4 (October 1989): 276–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248902900402.

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31

Vila, Raul I. "Car Fires." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 12, no. 4 (December 1991): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-199112000-00048.

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32

Úbeda, Xavier, Paulo Pereira, and David Badía. "Prescribed fires." Science of The Total Environment 637-638 (October 2018): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.272.

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33

Narendran, K. "Forest fires." Resonance 6, no. 11 (November 2001): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02868242.

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34

Burruss, Ryan. "The Fires." Prairie Schooner 87, no. 2 (2013): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2013.0072.

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Stocks, Brian, and Stephen Pyne. "America's Fires." Forestry Chronicle 87, no. 04 (August 2011): 572–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-058.

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36

Pace, Brent. "Night Fires." Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 31, no. 4 (December 1, 1998): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/45226526.

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37

Teng, Melissa Q. "Between Fires." Thresholds, no. 51 (2023): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00786.

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B, Rachel. "Zombie Fires." Scientific American 329, no. 1 (July 2023): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0723-17a.

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39

Blomqvist, Per, Lars Rosell, and Margaret Simonson. "Emissions from Fires Part II: Simulated Room Fires." Fire Technology 40, no. 1 (January 2004): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:fire.0000003316.63475.16.

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Ray, Tapas, Dinesh Malasiya, Akshkumar Verma, Ekta Purswani, Asif Qureshi, Mohammed Latif Khan, and Satyam Verma. "Characterization of Spatial–Temporal Distribution of Forest Fire in Chhattisgarh, India, Using MODIS-Based Active Fire Data." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (April 23, 2023): 7046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097046.

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Forest fires are one of the most common natural and anthropogenic events that have long-term impacts on the environment. In this study, we analyzed 17 years of data on forest fires in Chhattisgarh, India, using active fire and burned area data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. Chhattisgarh was selected as the study area due to its high incidences of forest fires, significant forest cover, and scarce studies on forest fires. Our findings showed that the number of forest fires in the region increased over time, from 1487 forest fires in 2005 to 3074 forest fires in 2021, with the highest number of fires occurring in 2017 and 2009. Most of the fires occurred in deciduous broadleaf forests and savannas, following a consistent seasonal pattern, with the highest percentage of fires (88.88%) occurring in March, April, and May. The fire hotspot was located in the southwest region, dominated by deciduous broadleaf forests which are particularly prone to fires. These results emphasize the significance of effective fire management strategies that consider the seasonal and annual variability of forest fires, particularly in high-risk areas. Immediate attention to controlling forest fires is also critical to minimize its impact on the environment and local communities.

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Vsevolod, Kalaygoroda, Nikulin Nikolay, Prostov Sergei, Shabanov Evgenii, and Krupina Natalia. "Monitoring the spontaneous combustion zone of a rock-coal massif using the ground-penetrating radar method." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal, no. 3 (June 20, 2022): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2022-3-95-103.

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Introduction. Endogenous fires are common and one of the most complex types of accidents in the mining industry. The main cause of endogenous fires is oxidation of combustible rock by oxygen. Existing fires significantly complicate mining operations, lead to the loss of coal reserves prepared for excavation, expensive coal-mining equipment, and cause huge economic losses associated with firefighting operations. Fired areas are sources of emissions of gases harmful for breathing into the atmosphere, so the environmental damage is also very significant. Due to the fact that endogenous fires are difficult to predict and forecast, especially in their initial stages, their study is relevant to scientists of the leading research institutes of the mining industry. Research objective is to investigate and analyze the effectiveness of the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) method for diagnosing the spontaneous-combustion zones of the rock-coal massif. Methods of research. In order to assess the effectiveness of the GPR method, field experimental studies on the recognition and localization of underground fires were carried out. In order to determine the informative value of this method, wells were drilled and geological data was compared with the GPR survey results. Results. The site of an active underground fire was visually inspected to predefine the combustion areas; inspection results were presented in the paper. Using the method of GPR sounding and based on the typical anomalous zones location on fire radiograms, the fire sources were diagnosed by depth and on the plan. Boreholes were drilled to study the lithological structure of the rock mass. Additional GPR sounding was aimed at defining the width of the fire in plan more precisely. Conclusions. The GPR method makes it possible to obtain on-line data on the location of coal massif spontaneous-combustion zones and their sizes. This technology contributes to timely measures for preventing the development of underground fires in the territories of mines and open pits surface plants.

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Titov, S. A., N. M. Barbin, and A. M. Kobelev. "The analysis of emergency situations related to fires at nuclear power plants." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 5 (December 7, 2021): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.05.66-75.

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Introduction. The article provides a system and statistical analysis of emergency situations associated with fires at nuclear power plants (NPPs) in various countries of the world for the period from 1955 to 2019. The countries, where fires occurred at nuclear power plants, were identified (the USA, Great Britain, Switzerland, the USSR, Germany, Spain, Japan, Russia, India and France). Facilities, exposed to fires, are identified; causes of fires are indicated. The types of reactors where accidents and incidents, accompanied by large fires, have been determined.The analysis of major emergency situations at nuclear power plants accompanied by large fires. During the period from 1955 to 2019, 27 large fires were registered at nuclear power plants in 10 countries. The largest number of major fires was registered in 1984 (three fires), all of them occurred in the USSR. Most frequently, emergency situations occurred at transformers and cable channels — 40 %, nuclear reactor core — 15 %, reactor turbine — 11 %, reactor vessel — 7 %, steam pipeline systems, cooling towers — 7 %. The main causes of fires were technical malfunctions — 33 %, fires caused by the personnel — 30 %, fires due to short circuits — 18 %, due to natural disasters (natural conditions) — 15 % and unknown reasons — 4 %. A greater number of fires were registered at RBMK — 6, VVER — 5, BWR — 3, and PWR — 3 reactors.Conclusions. Having analyzed accidents, involving large fires at nuclear power plants during the period from 1955 to 2019, we come to the conclusion that the largest number of large fires was registered in the USSR. Nonetheless, to ensure safety at all stages of the life cycle of a nuclear power plant, it is necessary to apply such measures that would prevent the occurrence of severe fires and ensure the protection of personnel and the general public from the effects of a radiation accident.

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Engstrom, F. Brett, and Daniel H. Mann. "Fire ecology of red pine (Pinusresinosa) in northern Vermont, U.S.A." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 882–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-123.

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Red pines (Pinusresinosa Ait.) in northern New England exist within small islands of fire-prone habitat surrounded by relatively nonflammable, deciduous forest. We studied the fire history and age structure of six red pine stands at an upland site in northwestern Vermont. Red pine is dominant in the canopy but rare in seedling and sapling size classes. Red pine is usually dependent on fires for regeneration. Fire scars record at least 17 different fires in the study area between the early 1800s and 1922. No fires are recorded between 1922 and 1987. The survival of numerous saplings in burned stands indicates that most of the fires were light surface fires. At least eight fires preceded periods of red pine recruitment recorded by the ages of living trees. These fires were probably locally intense, tree-killing fires. A similar regime of frequent, nonlethal fires and infrequent, lethal fires occurs in other parts of red pine's range.

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Coogan, Sean C. P., Xinli Cai, Piyush Jain, and Mike D. Flannigan. "Seasonality and trends in human- and lightning-caused wildfires ≥ 2 ha in Canada, 1959–2018." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 6 (2020): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19129.

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We examined the seasonal distribution of lightning- and human-caused wildfires ≥ 2ha in Canada for two time periods: 1959–2018 and 1981–2018. Furthermore, we investigated trends in seasonality, number of fires per year and number of days with fire starts per year for human- and lightning-caused fires. Nationally, lightning fires peaked from June to August, whereas human fires peaked during May. There was, however, notable variation in the seasonal distributions of human- and lightning-caused fires between ecozones. Likewise, trends in season start and end dates varied among ecozones and time series, with trends generally being stronger for human-caused fires. Trends in the number of fires from 1959 to 2018 suggested significant increases in the number of lightning-caused fires and days with lightning ignitions across almost all ecozones, while from 1981 to 2018 there was a significantly decreasing trend in the number of human-caused fires and days with human ignitions in almost all ecozones. The highest densities of human-caused fires occurred in the Montane Cordillera and Atlantic Maritime, while the highest density of lightning-caused fires occurred in the Boreal Shield West. The Montane Cordillera and Taiga Shield West showed significant increases in the number of lightning fires and days with lightning ignitions across both time series.

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Ali, Hayder Khalid, Sallal R. Abid, and Nildem Tayşi. "Thermal Behaviour and Microstructure of Self-Cured High-Strength Plain and Fibrous Geopolymer Concrete Exposed to Various Fire Scenarios." Buildings 13, no. 10 (September 26, 2023): 2444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102444.

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The fire resistance of construction materials is an essential part of safety requirements in the construction industry. In this work, experimental investigations were conducted to understand the thermal behaviour, spalling, transfer characteristics, strength, and microstructures of self-cured high-strength plain (HSGC) and steel-fibre-reinforced geopolymer concrete (S–HSGC) under severe fire scenarios with peak temperatures of 275, 560, and 825 °C; the peak was maintained for a period of 120 min after reaching it. Forty-eight standard cylindrical specimens for each mixture were prepared to test and analyse their time–heat response, gradients, visual appearance, spalling, density change, water absorption, and compressive strength before and after fire exposure. Additionally, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) along with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) were utilised to analyse the internal structures and phase transformations. The thermal analysis showed that no cases of explosive spalling were recorded during sample exposure to various fires, while the used hook-end steel fibres had an influence on the considered test variables. The sample cores almost reached the target heat, and the thermal saturation degree at the peak ranged from 55 to 97%. The experimental findings also revealed slight surface cracking after exposure to 560 °C fires, while the surface cracking was more obvious for specimens exposed to 825 °C. Moreover, the residual compressive strength of the S–HSGC at various fires was noticeably 10.20% higher than that of the HSGC. Also, state-of-the-art research data were used to discuss the prediction model’s performance. The SEM and EDX results showed that the self-cured geopolymerization process was effective and successful in producing gels, in addition to the significant phase transformations in microstructures at different fires. This study presented sophisticated data on the behaviour of HSGC and S–HSGC exposed to fires up to 825 °C.

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Vazquez, A., and JM Moreno. "Patterns of Lightning-, and People-Caused Fires in Peninsular Spain." International Journal of Wildland Fire 8, no. 2 (1998): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9980103.

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A comparative study of lightning-, and people-caused fires is presented for peninsular Spain, for the period 1974-1994. Based on records of fire reports, yearly trends for fires started by the two causes were compared. Fire reports assign each fire to one 10 × 10 km grid-cell within the country. This information, together with data on the cause and date of fire, elevation, size of fire, type of vegetation burned, and meteorological conditions at the time of fire initiation, was incorporated to a raster-based geographic information system for further analysis and mapping. Additional information incorporated to the GIS for each grid-cell was the phytogeographic sector to which it belonged and the main land-use types. The study shows that the number of fires has increased recently and, particularly, that of lightning fires. Annual fire occurrence of the two causes was significantly correlated. People-caused fires were widespread throughout most of the country, whereas lightning-caused fires, although also widely dispersed throughout Spain, were more clustered together in certain areas, mainly in the eastern part of the country and along certain mountain ranges. The difference between the geographic distribution of the fires started by the two causes was statistically significant. Additionally, lightning-caused fires occurred at upper elevations and were more clustered towards the summer than people-caused fires. Furthermore, in those grid-cells where fires of both causes occurred, lightning fires tended to occur at upper elevations, affected more woodlands, produced smaller maximum fire-sizes, and were started under different meteorological conditions than people-caused fi-es. Fire frequencies were small, and fire rotation periods high, in most phytogeographic sectors of the country for fires caused by lightning, not so for fires caused by people. In general, fire temporal-, and geographic-patterns, and fire characteristics of lightning-caused fires were different from those of people-caused fires.

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Vasiliauskas, Darius, and Giedrė Beconytė. "SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF FIRES IN VILNIUS CITY IN 2010–2012." Geodesy and Cartography 41, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20296991.2015.1011862.

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The paper describes the results of investigation into urban fires in the city of Vilnius, Lithuania in the three-year period of 2010–2012. Cartographic and geospatial analysis of fires is needed due to dynamism of this phenomenon, risks for inhabitants, importance to city's socio-economic development and lack of geographic approach to research of urban fires in Lithuania. The registered fires were mapped and grouped by their type (abandoned building fires, open space fires, fires in tower blocks of flats, garbage can fires, vehicle fires and arsons), cause, location type (open space and premises) and by fatality rate. Spatial distribution of fires at different scales was analysed using cartographic method and spatial analysis with GIS. Some unexpected patterns have been revealed, analysed and compared with building materials that dominate in different areas of the city. It was found out that relative frequency of fires depends on complex parameters of socio-demographic environment whereas constructional materials have little or no impact. We expected to observe a relationship between criminal activities and fires due to similar influencing socio-demographic factors. Positive correlation, though insignificant, supported this hypothesis. The study showed that fire distribution patterns may be very specific for an individual city and difficult to explain by general assumptions. Different methods of spatial, statistical and cartographic analysis must be combined in order to make reliable generalisations.

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McNamara, Derek J., and William E. Mell. "Examining Exposure Fires from the United States National Fire Incident Reporting System between 2002 and 2020." Fire 7, no. 3 (February 29, 2024): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7030074.

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Fires resulting from antecedent fires, known as exposure fires, can manifest across diverse environments, including suburban, urban, and rural areas. Notably, exposure fires represented by structure-destroying fires within the wildland–urban interface (WUI) can extend into non-WUI suburban and urban regions, presenting significant challenges. Leveraging data from the United States National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS) spanning 2002 to 2020, this study investigates 131,739 exposure fire incidents impacting 348,089 features (incidents). We analyze reported economic costs, affected feature types, and property utilization patterns for these exposure fires. We also compare these exposure fires to information documented in other databases. Finally, we examine structure separation distance at residential dwellings and describe ignition pathways for selected fires. Reported property losses for some fire incidents amounted to USD 5,647,121,172, with content losses totaling USD 1,777,345,793. Prominent fire incident categories include buildings, vehicles, and natural vegetation fires, predominantly occurring in residential, outdoor, and storage areas. While the NFIRS lacked information on most major structure-destroying WUI fires, highlighting this analysis’s lack of statistical representation, it did provide insights into less extensive exposure fires, both WUI and non-WUI, unrecorded elsewhere. Our study reveals significant distinctions in the distribution of separation distances between damaged-to-damaged structures (average separation of 6.5 m) and damaged-to-not-damaged structures (average separation of 18.1 m). Notably, 84% of the incidents in exposure fires involved fire suppression defensive actions. These defensive actions contributed to the differences in structure separation distance distributions, highlighting the often-neglected role of these measures in assessing structure responses during WUI fires. We examined ignition pathways at select exposure fires, highlighting some common features involved in fire spread and challenges in documenting these pathways. Finally, we propose a set of idealized attributes for documenting exposure fires, accentuating the inherent difficulties in collecting such data across expansive geographical areas, particularly when striving for statistical representation. Our findings yield valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of exposure fires, informing future research and database development to aid in mitigating their impact on vulnerable communities.

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Makowski, Radosław, and Marcin Łapicz. "Emission of combustion gases during fires of large-scale commercial buildings and its impact on environment." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400106.

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The analysis of the large-scale commercial buildings fires was conducted. The study presents summary of large-scale fires in Mazovian Voivodship in 2015-2016 and its impact on environment. Location and dates of large-scale fires were compared with historical data of air monitoring available on State Inspectorate for Environmental Protection database. Impact of wildfires on environment was already described widely in literature, this approach is focused on commercial buildings fires. The substantial peaks were noticed at Inspectorate for Environmental Protection research stations when large-scale fires occurred, especially regarding fires with long duration. Large fires with short duration were not reflected significantly in air monitoring database.

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Nichkova, L. A., A. S. Yurchenko, I. N. Lukyanenko, I. I. Tsaruk, and T. Yu Khomenko. "ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF EMERGENCIES RELATED TO FIRES IN THE CRIMEA." Construction economic and environmental management 79, no. 2 (2022): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2519-4453-2021-2-44-50.

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The article discusses the main causes of fires. A comprehensive analysis of fires was carried out according to the State Ministry of Emergency Situations in the Republic of Crimea in the number of fires and their consequences over the past two years. Data is given by the number of fires in cities and rural areas. A list of territorial units is represented, where the increase in the number of those killed in 2020 compared to 2019 due to fires. The arrangement of the number of fires of dry herbal vegetation by months is presented. The results of the study show that the main reason for the emergence of fires remains a violation of fire safety rules. Actions were proposed for the prevention and elimination of man-made and forest fires.

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