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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fires

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Academic literature on the topic 'Fires'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Fires"

1

POTOČNIK, VIKTOR. "KONCEPT EŠALONIRANJA OGNJEV IN SISTEMI OGNJENE PODPORE V SLOVENSKI VOJSKI." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2016/ ISSUE 18/1 (May 30, 2016): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.18.1.5.

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V članku se ukvarjamo s konceptom ešaloniranja ognjev. Zmogljivosti sistemov za ognjeno podporo pri majhnih vojskah so omejene, zato je pravilna in smotrna upraba koncepta ešaloniranja ognjev bistvena za uspeh na bojišču. Hkrati pa predvsem manjše članice Nata upravičeno pričakujejo, da bodo v operacijah zavezništva deležne tudi učinkov sistemov združene ognjene podpore, ki jih imajo na voljo velike države. Vnadaljevanju predstavimo koncept ešaloniranja ognjev in njegov vpliv na oblikovanje dobrega sistema ognjene podpore na taktični ravni, od ravni voda do brigade. Nazadnje pa pogledamo na zmogljivosti Slovenske vojske in njenih sistemov za posredne ognje znotraj širšega sistema ognjene podpore Slovenske vojske in združene ognjene podpore zavezništva ter navedemo nekaj ključnih ugotovitev, ki bi lahko služile kot premislek pri nadaljnji gradnji zmogljivosti Slovenske vojske. The article discusses the concept of echelonment of fires. Small armed forces such as the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) have a limited joint fires capability. Therefore, in order to succeed on the battlefield, they have to correctly apply the principles of echelonment of fires. Additionally, smaller NATO members rightfully expect to receive some of the Joint Fires Effects from larger member armies in the Joint Operational Environment. The article looks at the Joint Fire Support and indirect fire systems, and what the terms mean for small NATO member states with limited capabilities. It then goes on to present the concept of echelonment of fires and some key terms within the concept. Lastly, it looks at SAF capabilities through the echelonment of fires concept and Indirect Fire Systems. The author also puts forward some suggestions for future development of SAF capabilities.

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Lee, Sung Yeong, Jun Ha Park, Su Yeon Yang, and Sangil Ryu. "AHP to Operate Drones with Fire Extinguishing Grenades during High-rise Fires." Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis 14, no. 1 (January 30, 2024): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14251/jscm.2024.1.19.

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The study utilized AHP analysis to enhance the application of fire extinguishing agents in high-rise building fires. Experts identified institutional and policy improvements as the foremost priority, emphasizing the need for legal safeguards for private interests in similar situations. Alongside this, there was a strong emphasis on the significance of improving the performance of fire extinguishing agents. This research holds particular importance in guiding policy decisions, serving as foundational data for potential advancements in fire response strategies. Notably, experts suggest a focus on the deployment of fire extinguishing agent-loaded drones, especially in scenarios where access is challenging, such as high-rise buildings. The prioritization of institutional and policy improvements underscores the necessity for robust regulatory frameworks. Ultimately, the study contributes essential insights for shaping policies and technological enhancements to address high-rise building fires effectively.

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Price, O. F., and R. A. Bradstock. "The spatial domain of wildfire risk and response in the wildland urban interface in Sydney, Australia." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 12 (December 23, 2013): 3385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-3385-2013.

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Abstract. In order to quantify the risks from fire at the wildland urban interface (WUI), it is important to understand where fires occur and their likelihood of spreading to the WUI. For each of the 999 fires in the Sydney region we calculated the distance between the ignition and the WUI, the fire's weather and wind direction and whether it spread to the WUI. The likelihood of burning the WUI was analysed using binomial regression. Weather and distance interacted such that under mild weather conditions, the model predicted only a 5% chance that a fire starting >2.5 km from the interface would reach it, whereas when the conditions are extreme the predicted chance remained above 30% even at distances >10 km. Fires were more likely to spread to the WUI if the wind was from the west and in the western side of the region. We examined whether the management responses to wildfires are commensurate with risk by comparing the distribution of distance to the WUI of wildfires with roads and prescribed fires. Prescribed fires and roads were concentrated nearer to the WUI than wildfires as a whole, but further away than wildfires that burnt the WUI under extreme weather conditions (high risk fires). Overall, 79% of these high risk fires started within 2 km of the WUI, so there is some argument for concentrating more management effort near the WUI. By substituting climate change scenario weather into the statistical model, we predicted a small increase in the risk of fires spreading to the WUI, but the increase will be greater under extreme weather. This approach has a variety of uses, including mapping fire risk and improving the ability to match fire management responses to the threat from each fire. They also provide a baseline from which a cost-benefit analysis of complementary fire management strategies can be conducted.

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Ullah, M. R., X. D. Liu, and M. Al-Amin. "Spatial-temporal distribution of forest fires and fire weather index calculation from 2000 to 2009 in China." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 7 (August 28, 2013): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8/2013-jfs.

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This paper describes the forest fire dynamics in the city of Sanming in Fujian province, China, from 2000 to 2009 with a view to understand the number of fires and burned areas in different counties. It also includes the spatial-temporal distribution of fires and application of the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System (CFFDRS). Daily forest fire data was provided by the Department of Wildfire Prevention of Sanming Forestry Bureau. FWI calculator v.7.0.2.76 was used in this study for analysing the weather parameter data. The results showed that a total of 818 fires and burned areas of 8721.16 ha were found during the study period of 10 years. However, the highest and lowest forest fires were found in Youxi county and Sanming district, respectively. Most of the fires with large burned areas occurred at 2 p.m. Moreover, occurrences of fires were found the highest and lowest in March and June, respectively. Based on FWI calculation, the highest danger rating value was found in March, 2009. This study proposes that it would be possible to manage regular forest fire occurrences through the application of CFFDRS. Finally, to plan the fire prevention and management in southern China and other tropical countries, this system has a great opportunity for further implementations.  

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Tomsche, Laura, Felix Piel, Tomas Mikoviny, Claus J. Nielsen, Hongyu Guo, Pedro Campuzano-Jost, Benjamin A. Nault, et al. "Measurement report: Emission factors of NH₃ and NH_x for wildfires and agricultural fires in the United States." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 2331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-2331-2023.

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Abstract. During the 2019 Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) study, the NASA DC-8 carried out in situ chemical measurements in smoke plumes emitted from wildfires and agricultural fires in the contiguous United States. The DC-8 payload included a modified proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) for the fast measurement of gaseous ammonia (NH3) and a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) for the fast measurement of submicron particulate ammonium (NH4+). We herein report data collected in smoke plumes emitted from 6 wildfires in the Western United States, 2 prescribed grassland fires in the Central United States, 1 prescribed forest fire in the Southern United States, and 66 small agricultural fires in the Southeastern United States. Smoke plumes contained double to triple digit ppb levels of NH3. In the wildfire plumes, a significant fraction of NH3 had already been converted to NH4+ at the time of sampling (≥2 h after emission). Substantial amounts of NH4+ were also detected in freshly emitted smoke from corn and rice field fires. We herein present a comprehensive set of emission factors of NH3 and NHx, with NHx=NH3+NH4+. Average NH3 and NHx emission factors for wildfires in the Western United States were 1.86±0.75 g kg−1 and 2.47±0.80 g kg−1 of fuel burned, respectively. Average NH3 and NHx emission factors for agricultural fires in the Southeastern United States were 0.89±0.58 and 1.74±0.92 g kg−1, respectively. Our data show no clear inverse correlation between modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and NH3 emissions. The observed NH3 emissions were significantly higher than measured in previous laboratory experiments in the FIREX FireLab 2016 study.

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Wrigley, Robert. "Fires." English Journal 83, no. 8 (December 1994): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/820340.

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Skloot, Floyd. "Fires." Iowa Review 23, no. 3 (October 1993): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.4319.

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Adler, Mark, and Aaron W. Calhoun. "FIRES." Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 13, no. 3 (June 2018): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sih.0000000000000325.

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Hartono, Arief, Omo Rusdiana, Heru Bagus Pulunggono, Denis Muba Pandapotan Simanihuruk, and Ilham Saputra. "Changes in some soil chemical properties in peatland after two years of fire in Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 12, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.12.4.644-650.

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Peatland fire that occurred in 2018 are located in Kubu Raya Regency, West Kalimantan. The fire was claimed to cause the changes leading to peatland damage. The initial study based on samples collected in fire period reported that there were some changes of chemical properties leading to peatland damage. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of land fires on changes in some soil chemical properties after two years of fires. Soil samples of fired and unfired peatland were subjected to soil analyses. Soil analyses covered soil pH, organic carbon (C), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and bulk density (BD). The results showed that after two years of peatland fires did not affect the changes of peat soil pH, organic C, P, Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Zn, Mn and BD. One plot of fired peatland showed that the weight of frond and leaf area of oil palm grown on it was not statistically different from those of unfired peatland. The results suggested some chemical properties return to previous equilibrium due to high buffering capacity of peat soil.

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Indien Winarwat. "Law Enforcement Of The Stockholm Declaration Principles In Relation To Forest And Land Fires In Indonesia." Technium Social Sciences Journal 50 (November 1, 2023): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v50i1.9883.

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The frequent forest fires in Indonesia are of important concern for ASEAN countries since Indonesia is considered the biggest contributor to smoke-haze pollution. Land and forest fires in Indonesia contribute to exporting haze to Malaysia and Singapore, causing the two countries to urge Indonesia to immediately address the issue of forest fire since the resulting smoke haze is terribly disturbing and dangerous for the people of both countries. Indonesia is one of the developing countries currently in the international spotlight due to the severe damage to its tropical forests annually. Land and forest fires in Indonesia constitute a transnational environmental pollution, creating a thick smoke haze to disrupt the continuity of life and economic activities in most of the region of ASEAN countries. The impacts of the smoke haze caused by forest and land fires are immense, requiring the Indonesian Government to take a firm stand by immediately making regulations to ensnare forest and land burners to cause a deterrent effect not to do the foregoing again. The present paper addresses law enforcement arrangements for land and forest fires in Indonesia and the harmony of the Stockholm Declaration principles with law enforcement arrangements for forest and land burners. The present study is analytical descriptive using the normative juridical approach. It describes the phenomenon and analyzes the legal issues of law enforcement arrangements for land and forest fires. Results show that law enforcement by the Government of Indonesia is regulated by Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry, Law Number 18 of 2004 concerning Plantations and Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. Each of these laws includes provisions on criminal sanctions and fines for forest and land burners. Law enforcement of the Stockholm Declaration principles for forest and land fires is accommodated in Articles 49 and 50 of Law on Forestry.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fires"

1

Huang, Kai. "Population and building factors that impact residential fire rates in large U.S. cities /." View online version, 2009. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/287.

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2

Chau, Kam-chiu Lawrence. "The ecology of fire in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18933798.

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3

Ierardi, James A. "A computer model of fire spread from engine to passenger compartments in post-collision vehicles." Link to electronic version, 1999. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-052499-135914/unrestricted/thesis.pdf.

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4

Candy, Katherine. "Mapping fire affected areas in northern Western Australia - towards an automatic approach." Thesis, Candy, Katherine (2004) Mapping fire affected areas in northern Western Australia - towards an automatic approach. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/500/.

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Wildfires across northern Australia are a growing problem with more than 2.5 million hectares being burnt each year. Accordingly, remote sensing has been used as a tool to routinely monitor and map fire histories. In northern Western Australia, the Department of Land Information Satellite Remote Sensing Services (DLI SRSS) has been responsible for providing and interpreting NOAA-AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data. SRSS staff utilise this data to automatically map hotspots on a daily basis, and manually map fire affected areas (FAA) every nine days. This information is then passed on to land managers to enhance their ability to manage the effects of fire and assess its impact over time. The aim of this study was to develop an algorithm for the near real-time automatic mapping of FAA in the Kimberley and Pilbara as an alternative to the currently used semimanual approach. Daily measures of temperature, surface reflectance and vegetation indices from twenty nine NOAA-16 (2001) passes were investigated. It was firstly necessary to apply atmospheric and BRDF corrections to the raw reflectance data to account for the variation caused by changing viewing and illumination geometry over a cycle. Findings from the four case studies indicate that case studies 1 and 2 exhibited a typical fire response (visible and near-infrared channels and vegetation indices decreased), whereas 3 and 4 displayed an atypical response (visible channel increased while the near-infrared channel and vegetation indices decreased). Alternative vegetation indices such as GEMI, GEMI3 and VI3 outperformed NDVI in some cases. Likewise atmospheric and BRDF corrected NDVI provided better performance in separating burnt and unburnt classes. The difficulties in quantifying FAA due to temporal and spatial variation result from numerous factors including vegetation type, fire intensity, rate of ash and charcoal dispersal due to wind and rain, background soil influence and rate of revegetation. In this study two different spectral responses were recorded, indicating the need to set at least two sets of thresholds in an automated or semi-automated classification algorithm. It also highlighted the necessity of atmospheric and BRDF corrections. It is therefore recommended that future research apply atmospheric and BRDF corrections at the pre-processing stage prior to analysis when utilising a temporal series of NOAAAVHRR data. Secondly, it is necessary to investigate additional FAA within the four biogeographic regions to enable thresholds to be set in order to develop an algorithm. This algorithm must take into account the variation in a fire's spectral response which may result from fire intensity, vegetation type, background soil influence or climatic factors.

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Candy, Katherine. "Mapping fire affected areas in northern Western Australia - towards an automatic approach." Candy, Katherine (2004) Mapping fire affected areas in northern Western Australia - towards an automatic approach. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/500/.

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Wildfires across northern Australia are a growing problem with more than 2.5 million hectares being burnt each year. Accordingly, remote sensing has been used as a tool to routinely monitor and map fire histories. In northern Western Australia, the Department of Land Information Satellite Remote Sensing Services (DLI SRSS) has been responsible for providing and interpreting NOAA-AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data. SRSS staff utilise this data to automatically map hotspots on a daily basis, and manually map fire affected areas (FAA) every nine days. This information is then passed on to land managers to enhance their ability to manage the effects of fire and assess its impact over time. The aim of this study was to develop an algorithm for the near real-time automatic mapping of FAA in the Kimberley and Pilbara as an alternative to the currently used semimanual approach. Daily measures of temperature, surface reflectance and vegetation indices from twenty nine NOAA-16 (2001) passes were investigated. It was firstly necessary to apply atmospheric and BRDF corrections to the raw reflectance data to account for the variation caused by changing viewing and illumination geometry over a cycle. Findings from the four case studies indicate that case studies 1 and 2 exhibited a typical fire response (visible and near-infrared channels and vegetation indices decreased), whereas 3 and 4 displayed an atypical response (visible channel increased while the near-infrared channel and vegetation indices decreased). Alternative vegetation indices such as GEMI, GEMI3 and VI3 outperformed NDVI in some cases. Likewise atmospheric and BRDF corrected NDVI provided better performance in separating burnt and unburnt classes. The difficulties in quantifying FAA due to temporal and spatial variation result from numerous factors including vegetation type, fire intensity, rate of ash and charcoal dispersal due to wind and rain, background soil influence and rate of revegetation. In this study two different spectral responses were recorded, indicating the need to set at least two sets of thresholds in an automated or semi-automated classification algorithm. It also highlighted the necessity of atmospheric and BRDF corrections. It is therefore recommended that future research apply atmospheric and BRDF corrections at the pre-processing stage prior to analysis when utilising a temporal series of NOAAAVHRR data. Secondly, it is necessary to investigate additional FAA within the four biogeographic regions to enable thresholds to be set in order to develop an algorithm. This algorithm must take into account the variation in a fire's spectral response which may result from fire intensity, vegetation type, background soil influence or climatic factors.

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Steiner, Nicholas R. "Lessons from the investigation and analysis of real fires." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265355.

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McNamara, Marjorie Schratz. "Simple Fires." NCSU, 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-02272004-204740/.

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"Suspended in Mid-Air while Looking under the Bed" begins and loosely foreshadows this collection of poetry and short stories. I am a storyteller, pulled by both family and place in my life. In this thesis, I play impresario and follow each short story with poems which resonate with that story. The first poems and short stories speak from places in my life: Ireland, Prague, and Malawi. Then my storytelling comes closer to family with a fictional account of my great-grandparents Wilhelm and Ana Krane, who immigrated to Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, in the 1880's. My story of family continues through relationships, reunions, my parents, and ends with the contemporary world when my translation of Charles Baudelaire merges into a poem about Iraq.

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Monson, Elizabeth Ida. "Simulations of Controlled Fires Using the One-Dimensional Turbulence Model with Application to Fire Spread in Wildland Fires." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3163.

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The mechanism of flame propagation in fuel beds of wildland fires is important to understand and quantify fire spread rates. Fires spread by radiative and convective heating and often require direct flame contact to achieve ignition. The flame interface in an advancing fire is unsteady and turbulent, making study of intermittent flames in complex fuels difficult. This thesis applies the one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model to a study of flame propagation by simulating a lab-scale fire representative of the flame interface in a fuel bed and incorporating solid fuel particles into the ODT code. The ODT model is able to resolve individual flames (a unique property of this model) and provide realistic turbulent statistics. ODT solves diffusion-reaction equations on a line-of-sight that is advanced either in time or in one spatial direction (perpendicular to the line-of-sight). Turbulent advection is modeled through stochastic domain mapping processes. A vertical wall fire, in which ethylene fuel is slowly fed through a porous ceramic, is modeled to investigate an unsteady turbulent flame front in a controlled environment. Simulations of this configuration are performed using a spatial formulation of the ODT model, where the ODT line is perpendicular to the wall and is advanced up the wall. Simulations include radiation and soot effects and are compared to experimental temperature data taken over a range of fuel flow rates. Flame structure, velocities, and temperature statistics are reported. The ODT model is shown to capture the evolution of the flame and describe the intermittent properties at the flame edge, though temperature fluctuations are somewhat over predicted. A solid particle devolatilization model was included in the ODT code to study the convective heating of unburnt solid fuels through direct flame contact. Here the particles are treated as sweet gum hardwood and a single-reaction, first order decomposition model is used to simulate the devolatilization rates. Only preliminary results were presented for a simple case, but this extension of the ODT model presents new opportunities for future research.

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Olwell, David H., and Alan R. Washburn. "Internetting of fires." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24462.

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Perry, Christopher Harton. "Synthesizing interactive fires." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62329.

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Books on the topic "Fires"

1

Lisa, James, ed. Good fires, bad fires. [Vernon Hills, IL]: ETA/Cuisenaire under license from Era Publications, 2004.

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Landau, Elaine. Fires. New York: Franklin Watts, 1999.

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Marguerite, Yourcenar. Fires. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.

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1946-, Woods Mary B., ed. Fires. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications, 2007.

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Wood, Leigh Hope. Fires. New York: Twenty-First Century Books, 1994.

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Marguerite, Yourcenar. Fires. (London): Black Swan, 1985.

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Gallery, Fabian Carlsson, ed. Fires. London: Fabian Carlsson Gallery, 1989.

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Rice, Luanne. Home fires. London: Piatkus, 1995.

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Hilton, Linda. Secret fires. New York: Zebra Books, 1991.

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Anthony, Patricia. God's fires. New York: Ace Books, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fires"

1

Jones, Eric L. "Fires." In Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 125–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44274-3_14.

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Medved, Sašo. "Buildings Fires and Fire Safety." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 407–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74390-1_6.

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Viegas, D. X., and J. Raposo. "Eruptive Fires." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_21-1.

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Viegas, Domingos X., and J. Raposo. "Eruptive Fires." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 278–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_21.

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Yang, Jian. "Fires: Wildland." In Landscape and Land Capacity, 15–20. Second edition. | Boca Raton: CRC Press, [2020] | Revised edition of: Encyclopedia of natural resources. [2014].: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429445552-4.

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Bertho, Kilian, and Bertrand Prunet. "Dwellings Fires." In Disaster Medicine Pocket Guide: 50 Essential Questions, 101–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00654-8_22.

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Cazes, Nicolas. "Forest Fires." In Disaster Medicine Pocket Guide: 50 Essential Questions, 131–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-00654-8_29.

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Wicks, Susan. "Home Fires." In Contemporary Women’s Poetry, 18–22. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-15406-4_3.

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Jones, Russell T., and Thomas H. Ollendick. "Residential fires." In Helping children cope with disasters and terrorism., 175–99. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10454-008.

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Glikson, Andrew Y. "Ancient Fires." In The Fatal Species, 5–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75468-6_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fires"

1

Satoh, Kohyu, Kohei Sagae, Kunio Kuwahara, and K. T. Yang. "Experiments and Numerical Simulations of Flow Patterns of Water Droplets From Fire-Fighting Helicopters." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1560.

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Abstract In large forest fires over wide areas, aerial fire fighting with water drop from helicopters has been widely employed in the world. After the large earthquake fires in Japan, possibilities were raised to employ similar fire-fighting technique to city fires. However, forest and city fires were inherently different in nature and require different fire-fighting implementations. Since the city fires are concentrated in extent and isolated, thus requiring more dense water application to extinguish fires. As a result, accurate engineering data on the optimum water application relative to a given fire are critically needed to design fire-fighting strategies. This study describes the experiments carried out in open fields using real-life helicopters, in comparison with the 3-D numerical simulations. Numerical simulations can provide reasonable flow patterns of the water droplets from the helicopters, and can be used as a design tool for implementing the fire-fighting technique for real city fires.

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Satoh, Kohyu, Liu Naian, Liu Qiong, and K. T. Yang. "Numerical and Experimental Study of Merging Fires in Square Arrays." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43220.

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In large-scale forest fires and city fires, merging fires and fire whirls have often been observed, which cause substantial casualties and property damages. It is important to know particularly where and under what conditions of weather such merging fires and fire whirls appear in cities or forests. However, there have been no adequate answers, since the detailed physical characteristics about them are not fully clarified yet, although previous studies have examined the phenomena of merging flames. Therefore, we have carried out preliminary studies and found that the merged tall fires can enhance the fire spread, and developed a method to analyze burn-out data of fire arrays. If sufficient knowledge can be obtained by relevant experiments and numerical computations, it may be possible to mitigate the damages due to merged fires and fire whirls. The objective of this study is to investigate the merging conditions of fires in square arrays in laboratory experiments and also by CFD numerical simulations, varying the size of square array, inter-fire distance and heat release rate, to judge ‘unmerged’ or ‘merged’ conditions in the fire array. It has been found that the fire merging is dependent on the inter-fire distance in the array and also on the total heat release rate of all fires surrounding the center region of the array. Also found that the experimental and simulated results on the merged and unmerged cases in the fire array, as affected by the total heat release rate and the inter-fire distance, which control the convective gas flow into the array, behave very similarly. Therefore, it can be concluded that the fire merging in array fires are highly based on the convection in the flow field due to fires and can be predicted by simple CFD simulations.

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Porubov, A. "TECHNICAL SOLUTION FOR LAYING FIRE-FIGHTING MINERALIZED STRIPS AND EXTINGUISHING LOW FOREST FIRES." In Ecological and resource-saving technologies in science and technology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/erstst2021_164-168.

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. the article provides satellite monitoring of the fire situation in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Mari El. The methods of fighting forest fires are indicated. Particular attention is paid to the use of soil for the direct fight against forest fires by throwing it with special devices (ground gun), which are promising, especially when extinguishing ground fires. The design of a fire-based soil gun for extinguishing forest fires by creating (laying) mineralized strips and filling the edge of a moving fire with soil (ground fires) is proposed.

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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Qiong Liu, and K. T. Yang. "Preliminary Study of Fire Spread in Cities and Forests, Using PMMA Specimen as a Fuel in CFD Simulations." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10037.

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It is important to examine the behavior of forest fires and city fires to mitigate the property damages and victims by fires. There have been many previous studies on forest fires where the fire spreading patterns were investigated, utilizing artificial satellite pictures of forest fires, together with the use of corresponding weather data and GIS data. On the other hand, large area city fires are very scarce in the world, particularly in modern cities where high-rise concrete buildings are constructed with sufficient open spaces. Thus, the examples of city fires to be referred are few and detailed investigations of city fires are limited. However, there have still been existing old cities where traditional houses built with flammable material such as wood, maybe historically important, only separated with very small open spacing. Fires may freely spread in those cities, once a big earthquake happens there and then water supply for the fire brigade is damaged in the worst case along with the effect of strong wind. There are some fundamental differences between the forest fires and city fires, as the fuel may distribute either continuously or discretely. For instance, in forest fires, the dead fallen leaves, dry grasses and trees are distributed continuously on the ground, while the wooden houses in cities are discretely distributed with some separation of open spacing, such as roads and gardens. Therefore, the wooden houses neighboring the burning houses with some separation are heated by radiation and flames to elevate the temperatures, thus causing the ignition, and finally reaching a large city fire. The authors have studied the forest fire spread and are planning to start a laboratory experiment of city fire spreading. In the preliminary investigation, a numerical study is made to correlate with the laboratory experiment of city fire propagation, utilizing the three-dimensional CFD simulations. Based on the detailed experimental analysis, the authors are attempting to modify the three dimensional CFD code to predict the forest fires and city fires more precisely, taking into account the thermal heating and ignition processes. In this study, some fundamental information on the city fire propagation has been obtained, particularly to know the safe open spacing distances between the houses in the cities and also the wind speed.

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Satoh, Kohyu, Shiro Kitamura, Kunio Kuwahara, and K. T. Yang. "An Analysis to Predict Forest Fire Danger and Fire Spread." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47357.

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Forest fires are of common occurrence all over the world, causing severe damages to valuable natural environment and loss of human lives. In order to reduce the damages by forest fires, it is useful to utilize a system, which can predict the occurrence of forest fires and the spread of fires. Well known is a system in USA, called NFDRS to predict forest fire occurrence and FARSITE to predict fire growth, based on the fire weather information taken from a network, combined with forest fuel conditions and land topography data, and processed by an algorithm to generate the various fire danger indices. In Japan the number of forest fires is roughly 3,000 per year, which is 1/30 times compared with USA, and there are very few fires exceeding 1000 ha burnt area, hence there has existed scant demand for this type of intelligent system. Although recently there is an increasing demand for such a system in Japan, the US system for forest-fire prediction is however not applicable to Japan, since the forest topology and weather conditions between Japan and USA are far different. Moreover, many fire weather stations have been installed in the US forests, but in Japan no such fire weather stations are installed in forests. Thus, as a first step to develop an intelligent system for Japan, we have analyzed the fundamentals of forest fire danger rating and the fire spread, based on the weather data and other information on forest fires. The objective of this study is to examine how the fundamentals, based on analyzing the past fire occurrences and CFD simulations particularly on “Katunuma Fire”, can predict the occurrence of forest fires and the spread of forest fires.

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Panduranga, Raghu, Yasser Alamoudi, and Azzeddine Ferrah. "A Novel Fire Resistant Material (“FIRESS') to Mitigate Fires in Wind Turbines." In 2020 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aset48392.2020.9118295.

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Satoh, Kohyu, Naian Liu, Qiong Liu, and K. T. Yang. "Numerical and Experimental Study of Fire Whirl Generated in 15 × 15 Square Array Fires Placed in Cross Wind." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66865.

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Fire whirls in large city fires and forest fires, which are highly dangerous and destructive, can cause substantial casualties and property damages. It is important to examine under what conditions of weather and geography such merging fires and fire whirls are generated. However, detailed physical characteristics about them are not fully clarified yet. Therefore, we have conducted preliminary studies about merging fires and swirling fires and found that they can enhance the fire spread. If sufficient knowledge can be obtained by relevant experiments and numerical computations, it may be possible to mitigate the damages due to merged fires and fire whirls. The objective of this study is to investigate the swirling conditions of fires in square arrays, applying wind at one corner, in laboratory experiments and also by CFD numerical simulations. Varying the inter-fire distance, heat release rate and mass flow rate by a wind fan, ‘swirling’ or ‘non-swirling’ in the array were judged. It has been found that the fire whirl generation is highly affected by the inter-fire distance in the array, the total heat release rate and also the mass flow rate by a fan. We obtained the conditions of swirling fire generation in 15 × 15 square array for (1) the ratio between the upward mass flow rate vs. applied mass flow rate in the upward swirling plume and (2) a non-dimensional relationship between the heat flow rate in the swirling plume and the applied mass flow rate.

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Satoh, Koyu, Naian Liu, Xiaodong Xie, and Wei Gao. "Numerical Study of Characteristics of Burning Phenomena in Equidistant Square Arrayed n-Heptane Fires." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37278.

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Merging of large-scale city fires and forest fires causes rapid acceleration of fire growth. Once a merging fire occurs, it becomes more difficult to suppress, with greater potential damages. In particular, merging fires may induce fire whirls in windy conditions. However, the details of interactions in multiple fires that cause fire merging have not been fully clarified. For the interactions in multiple fires, the inter-fire distance among fires greatly affects the merging phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to examine the detailed merging conditions, particularly the burning rate increase and total heat release rate, by numerical simulation of reduced scale fires. The burning behavior of n-heptane in n × n fire arrays is examined, using the fire simulation software, FDS by NIST. In addition, another simple model is employed. The number of array matrix, n, is varied, together with the inter-fire distance. The simulation results show that there are considerable differences between both simulations and experiments. However, the differences between the simpler simulation Method II and experiments are fewer than the simulation Method I. The following possibilities are considered: (1) The oil pan size affects the difference, but the results between simulations and experiments are so large. (2) The grid size for simulations may have some effects on the simulation results due to the resolution, (3) the experimental results may not always be precise, since the burning rates in the experiments are measured by the burn-out time and (4) the wind caused by merging fires may reduce the radiative heat flux to the adjacent fuel. The relationship between flame length and burning rate and the relationship between flame length and radiative heat flux are well-correlated.

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Kim, Hyeong-Jin, and David G. Lilley. "Burning Rates of Typical Items in Fires." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/cie-9053.

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Abstract Heat release rates of typical items in fires are needed as a prerequisite for estimating fire growth and temperatures in structural fires. That is, these burning rates are required to be specified by the user as input to single-room and multi-room structural fire computer codes like FPETool, FASTLife and HAZARD. Data are given here that permit burning items to be specified in a useful modeled way, taking a t2-fire for the growth and decay periods, with a constant maximum heat release rate between these two periods.

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Satoh, Kohyu, Naian Liu, Ji Ping Zhu, and K. T. Yang. "Experiments and Analysis of Interaction Among Multiple Fires in Equidistant Fire Arrays." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72494.

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The study of dynamics of multiple fires is important to gain a physical insight of the conditions under which destructive phenomena could result in city fires such those caused by earthquakes. Particularly, heavy populated cities such as Tokyo are highly vulnerable. Unfortunately, previous studies on multiple fires and their dynamics are rather limited. An extensive experimental study has been carried out to examine the fire interactions among freestanding equidistant multiple fires in square arrays, to supplement the authors’ previous related studies. Four square arrays, namely, 5×5, 9×9, 15×15 and 17×17, with various inter-fuel pan distances were treated. The burnout time (BOT) from ignition at every fire in the array was experimentally recorded and expressed as multiples of the BOT of a single free-standing fire as a reference. Since the BOT at any fire location in an array is inversely proportional to an average burning rate (BR) at that location, the local BR can then be directly inferred, and their comparisons thus indications of the physical interactions as affected by the fire location, inter-fuel pan distance and size of the fire array. It is shown that all these parameters play remarkable roles in the interactions among multiple fires in square fire arrays.

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Reports on the topic "Fires"

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Aalto, Juha, and Ari Venäläinen, eds. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.

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Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.

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McKinnon, Mark, Craig Weinschenk, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Modeling Gas Burner Fires in Ranch and Colonial Style Structures. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mwje4818.

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The test scenarios ranged from fires in the structures with no exterior ventilation to room fires with flow paths that connected the fires with remote intake and exhaust vents. In the ranch, two replicate fires were conducted for each room of origin and each ventilation condition. Rooms of fire origin included the living room, bedroom, and kitchen. In the colonial, the focus was on varying the flow paths to examine the change in fire behavior and the resulting damage. No replicates were conducted in the colonial. After each fire scene was documented, the interior finish and furnishings were replaced in affected areas of the structure. Instrumentation was installed to measure gas temperature, gas pressure, and gas movement within the structures. In addition, oxygen sensors were installed to determine when a sufficient level of oxygen was available for flaming combustion. Standard video and firefighting IR cameras were also installed inside of the structures to capture information about the fire dynamics of the experiments. Video cameras were also positioned outside of the structures to monitor the flow of smoke, flames, and air at the exterior vents. Each of the fires were started from a small flaming source. The fires were allowed to develop until they self-extinguished due to a lack of oxygen or until the fire had transitioned through flashover. The times that fires burned post-flashover varied based on the damage occurring within the structure. The goal was have patterns remaining on the ceiling, walls, and floors post-test. In total, thirteen experiments were conducted in the ranch structure and eight experiments were conducted in the colonial structure. All experiments were conducted at UL's Large Fire Laboratory in Northbrook, IL. Increasing the ventilation available to the fire, in both the ranch and the colonial, resulted in additional burn time, additional fire growth, and a larger area of fire damage within the structures. These changes are consistent with fire dynamics based assessments and were repeatable. Fire patterns within the room of origin led to the area of origin when the ventilation of the structure was considered. Fire patterns generated pre-flashover, persisted post-flashover if the ventilation points were remote from the area of origin.

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Raj, Phani K. DTRS56-04-T-0005 Fires in an LNG Facility - Assessments, Models and Risk Evaluation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011800.

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The models used at present to evaluate the potential hazard areas around large LNG fires were developed with field test data from smaller diameter (1.8 m to 15 m) fires. These models are, however, applied to predict hazard distances from fires much larger in size compared to the experimental fires. Recent publication of the results from a series of tests conducted in 1987 with 35 m diameter LNG fires indicates that large LNG fires tend to generate significant amount of black soot. The black soot is postulated to be generated from incomplete and inefficient combustion of fuel vapors due to reduced oxygen diffusion into the combustion zone near the core of the fire. This phenomenon (of black soot production) in large LNG fires reduces the radiant heat hazard expectations in areas surrounding such fires. In this project, a review was undertaken of the different types and sizes of fires that could occur in a LNG facility and from ship releases, either due to accidental releases or from deliberate acts. The models associated with each of the fire scenarios have been reviewed. A new generation LNG pool fire model ("PoFMISE") has been developed based on data from a number of tests with both LNG and other hydrocarbon fluids. This model is applicable to small as well as large LNG fires and includes the formation of smoke and the consequent diminution of radiant heat output from the fire. The results of the model agree with experimental results for mean emissive power for fires of less than 35 m. Results for larger fires indicate substantial reduction in mean emissive power with almost 50% reduction for a 300 m diameter fire compared to the values used in current models. This implies that the currently predicted hazard distances for large fires are high (by factors of 2 to 3, after accounting for atmospheric absorption). The report also provides guidance with an illustrative procedure to calculate the risk from different types and sizes of fires that may occur in a LNG facility.

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Hall, Jack Q. Operational Fires: Taking Joint Fires to the Next Level. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada463687.

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Waller, Thomas G., and Jr. Fire and Thunder: Shaping the Battlespace with Operational Fires. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada312089.

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McGrattan, Kevin B. Oxygen-Limited Fires Inside Under-Ventilated Enclosures (OLIVE-FIRE). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2232.

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McGrattan, Kevin B. Oxygen-Limited Fires Inside Under-Ventilated Enclosures (OLIVE-FIRE). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2232-upd1.

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Parker, Timothy M. Making Fires Joint. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401092.

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Olwell, David, and Alan Washburn. Internetting of Fires. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403885.

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Novotny, Robert, and Patrick Sweeney. Defining Operational Fires. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada463900.

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