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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Firefighters’

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Academic literature on the topic 'Firefighters’'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Firefighters’"

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Lewis, Alexis, Troy E. Hall, and Anne Black. "Career stages in wildland firefighting: implications for voice in risky situations." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 1 (2011): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09070.

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Avoidance of injury and death on the fireline may depend on firefighters voicing their concerns, but often this does not occur. Reasons for employee reticence identified in the literature include a perception of various personal costs or a belief that raising concerns is futile. Additionally, the social context may play a significant role. In a qualitative study using in‐depth interviews with 36 wildland firefighters in the US, we explored reasons firefighters do or do not voice concerns. Findings revealed two primary themes related to initiating voice (limits to environmental perception and social influence) that vary considerably depending on a firefighter’s career stage. Additionally, the tactics that firefighters use similarly vary with career stage. Rookies (novice firefighters) often lack the ability to discern and interpret environmental cues, rely on others to ensure safety, fear being stigmatised if they voice worries, and may believe no one will listen to them. Veteran firefighters – both mid‐career experienced firefighters and expert veterans in high‐experience leadership roles – are better able than rookies to perceive and describe risky situations and feel more confident to raise concerns. However, experienced firefighters still face social pressures that may lead them to remain silent. Expert veterans face fewer social pressures, but their roles can put them in situations where they are either complacent or distracted. Implications of these findings for firefighter training and fire leadership are discussed.

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Engelsman, Michelle, Leisa-Maree L. Toms, Xianyu Wang, Andrew P. W. Banks, and Debbie Blake. "Effects of firefighting on semen parameters: an exploratory study." Reproduction and Fertility 2, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): L13—L15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/raf-20-0070.

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Lay summary Firefighters are occupationally exposed to heat intensities and chemical concentrations that may affect fertility. Twenty firefighters participated in an exploratory study assessing fertility of firefighters via an online survey and semen analysis. Data analysis included consideration of demographic characteristics, reproductive history and occupational exposures. Overall, firefighter semen parameters were below World Health Organisation reference values designating fertility in men. Firefighters younger than 45 years had a higher incidence of abnormal semen parameters (42%) than those aged 45 years or greater (9%). Increased rank and higher levels of occupational and/or personal hygiene were associated with improved semen quality. Increased frequency of fire exposure was associated with a reduction in normal forms, volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count. Sperm clumping was greater than 10% in 26% of samples, suggesting reduced semen quality. This exploratory study provides novel data that support the hypothesis of an association between semen quality and firefighter’s occupational exposure to toxic environments.

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Oliveira, Marta, S. Morais, and C. Delerue-Matos. "SS07-06 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AS A FIREFIGHTER: CONTRIBUTION FROM BIOMONITORING ASSAYS." Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0082.

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Abstract Introduction The occupational exposure as a firefighter was recently classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The firefighters’ activity is genotoxic, induces epigenetic alterations, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. Firefighting forces are occupationally exposed to different chemical hazards primarily via inhalation and dermal contact. Over the last decades, human biomonitoring studies have characterized the direct impact of occupational activity, particularly firefighting, on firefighters’ bodies. Materials and Methods This work describes the contribution of firefighters’ biomonitoring to better understand the exposure levels and related health risks. Human biomonitoring assays have significantly contributed to characterizing the occupational exposure of firefighting forces with the determination of different biomarkers of exposure to health-relevant pollutants, particularly those released during fires, in firefighters’ biological fluids (e.g., urine, blood, and saliva). Results Overall, biological levels of some volatile organic compounds including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals were predominantly increased in firefighters after participation in firefighting activities. Moreover, biomonitoring assays performed on firefighters also characterized some biomarkers of effect, namely oxidative stress, DNA damage, stress hormones, inflammation, and vascular, lung, and liver injury. Conclusion These assays demonstrated short-term biological changes that if prolonged throughout the firefighter's career can promote the development and/or aggravation of diseases (e.g., cardio-respiratory diseases and cancer). The major limitations of biomonitoring assays will be highlighted, and future research needs will be proposed.

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Chai, Xiaoqing, Renjie Wu, Matthew Pike, Hangchao Jin, Wan-Young Chung, and Boon-Giin Lee. "Smart Wearables with Sensor Fusion for Fall Detection in Firefighting." Sensors 21, no. 20 (October 12, 2021): 6770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206770.

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During the past decade, falling has been one of the top three causes of death amongst firefighters in China. Even though there are many studies on fall-detection systems (FDSs), the majority use a single motion sensor. Furthermore, few existing studies have considered the impact sensor placement and positioning have on fall-detection performance; most are targeted toward fall detection of the elderly. Unfortunately, floor cracks and unstable building structures in the fireground increase the difficulty of detecting the fall of a firefighter. In particular, the movement activities of firefighters are more varied; hence, distinguishing fall-like activities from actual falls is a significant challenge. This study proposed a smart wearable FDS for firefighter fall detection by integrating motion sensors into the firefighter’s personal protective clothing on the chest, elbows, wrists, thighs, and ankles. The firefighter’s fall activities are detected by the proposed multisensory recurrent neural network, and the performances of different combinations of inertial measurement units (IMUs) on different body parts were also investigated. The results indicated that the sensor fusion of IMUs from all five proposed body parts achieved performances of 94.10%, 92.25%, and 94.59% in accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, respectively.

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Mohamed Hanan, Mohd Fathulzhafran. "Perception of Firefighters on Risk of Exposure to Respiratory Health Hazard: A Qualitative Analysis in Malaysia." Medicine & Health 16, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mh.2021.1602.05.

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Firefighters are exposed to multiple occupational hazards, where one of the hazards is chemical hazard that can affect the respiratory system. However, little is known regarding the perception of firefighters on the source of exposure to respiratory hazards, particularly in Malaysia. This work aims to explore the firefighter’s perspective on respiratory hazard exposure and to examine the compliance of the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). In-depth interviews were employed among 12 firefighters at Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia in September 2020. The interview recordings were transcribed verbatim and of thematic analysis done via the NVIVO 12 programme. All participants were Malay, male, and married. The respiratory hazard exposure perceived can be divided into occupational source (e.g. exposure to smoke from firefighting, fire training, firefight demonstration, commuting, firefight vehicles: chemicals and dust) and non-occupational source (e.g. smoking). Firefighter recognised both the importance of wearing PPE and the fact they are still not compliant in wearing it. They also perceived wearing PPE as burden and having only a limited stock of PPE. Education and training need to be reinforced to strengthen firefighters’ risk perception, hazard identification, and risk assessment of hazards exposure. Strict standard operating procedure (SOP) and supervision during firefighters’ task is crucial to reduce hazard exposure and increase PPE compliance. Systematic and thorough inventory management is needed to ensure adequate PPE supply. Post qualitative analysis, the firefighters’ perception on respiratory hazard exposure was obtained, demonstrating that the analysis is ready for further study.

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Pomohaci, Marcel, and Ioan Sabin Sopa. "Study Regarding the Physical Training in Firefighters’ Obstacle Course." Land Forces Academy Review 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/raft-2020-0041.

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AbstractFirefighting occupation demands physical and psychological training required in emergency situations. The investigation started in March 2018, with a initial test, and finished in September 2018, with a final test, at the Emergency Situation Unit from Sibiu. The sample of the experiment was formed by 10 firefighters that participate in the emergency team of Sibiu at the specific firefighters’ competitions, with age between 30± 3.5 years old with experience in this kind of competitions between 2 and 7 years. The methods used in our investigation was preponderant experimental with specific testing for firefighters, the data obtained was analyzed using statistical specificity test. The result of our experiment highlighted the progress that every firefighter had, registering a progress of 2.12 second from the initial test 23.48 to the final test 21.36, being statistically significant difference calculated with the t Student test p = 0.00006. The conclusions of our research showed that using a specific program for developing motor qualities and kinematic analyze, we can improve firefighter’s performance and also reduce time of emergency interventions.

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Du, Jisheng. "The enlightenment of American Firefighter Physical Ability Evaluation System to Our country." Advances in Education, Humanities and Social Science Research 1, no. 1 (May 9, 2022): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aehssr.1.1.403.

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The physical fitness level of firefighters is the basic element of the comprehensive combat effectiveness of the national fire fighting force, and the highly stressful working condition of firefighters determines that they need to have a higher level of physical function. This paper compares the development and standards of firefighter fitness evaluation system in the United States in recent years, combines the actual situation of firefighter fitness level and evaluation system in China, integrates China's national conditions, puts forward some suggestions to help improve the physical fitness level of firefighters in China, and provides theoretical support for the construction of firefighter fitness evaluation system.

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Kim, Ji-Been, Kyung-Tea Kim, Young-Seuk Cho, Dong-Il Seo, Wook Song, Han-Joon Lee, Hyun-Joo Kang, Chung-Gun Lee, Yeon-Soon Ahn, and Jung-Jun Park. "Evaluation of Korean Firefighters’ Fitness Using Candidate Physical Ability Test: Pilot Study." Asian Journal of Kinesiology 24, no. 3 (July 31, 2022): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15758/ajk.2022.24.3.31.

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OBJECTIVES The Candidate Physical Ability Capability Test (CPAT) is a complex performance test to assess whether firefighters have sufficient ability to meet the physical demands of firefighting, and is widely used in many countries, especially in North America. In South Korea, however, simple basic physical fitness assessments are still used for firefighters’ fitness evaluation. Here, we report the physical fitness of Korean firefighters using the CPAT for the first time in Korea.METHODS Eighteen male Korean firefighters aged between 20 to 30 years participated in this study. All subjects were measured for maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2max</sub>) by using gas analyzer and cycle ergometer before CPAT. On a separate day, each subject performed CPAT with the best effort. Each subject’s oxygen consumption (VO₂), heart rate (HR) and completion time were measured during the CPAT. The results of CPAT were analyzed based on VO<sub>2max</sub> and HR<sub>max</sub> and compared to the those of previous study from North American firefighter candidates.RESULTS VO<sub>2max</sub> was significantly (<i>p</i>< .001) lower and HR<sub>max</sub> was significantly (<i>p</i>< .05) higher in Korean firefighters (45.4±4.6 ml/kg/min and 194.2±2.1 beat/min) than American firefighter candidates (53.0±7.4 ml/kg/min and 188.0±8.0 beat/min). During CPAT, Korean firefighters showed 69.4±15.8 %VO<sub>2max</sub> and 87.6±7.8 %HR<sub>max</sub> and American firefighter candidates had 73.1±8.0 %VO<sub>2max</sub> and 90.1±5.3 %HR<sub>max</sub>, but these were not statistically significant. However, the completed time of CPAT was significantly slower in Korean firefighters than American firefighter candidates (726.8±84.6 sec vs. 512.0±51.0 sec, <i>p</i><.001).CONCLUSIONS Korean firefighters have lower cardiorespiratory endurance capacity and CPAT performance than American firefighter candidates. In addition, Korean firefighters did not complete the CPAT within the pass time limit. It suggests that Korean firefighters need to improve more physical ability for physical demands of firefighting.

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Bradley, DeAnjelo J. L. "The Physiological Effects of Firefighters in Response to the Duality of Heat and Emergency Crises." International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.312844.

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The article aimed to study the psychological and mental stress that a firefighter goes through. Firefighters experience a high level of anxiety as part of their job nature. Sleep disruption, fatigue, exhaustion, and work-related issues are common issues that continue to test a firefighter's mental and physical health. If the requests are frequent and high stress, there is a potential that the person will develop OCD symptoms. Being stressed at work makes one more likely to get heart disease. Workplace stress can aggravate arterial stiffness, making it a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study used a content analysis review of the literature published between the years 2017 to 2021 to define the problem, outline its complexities, and find needed solutions from dispersed sources. The study investigated the possibility of long-term effects of long-term psychosocial stressors as it relates to occupational health and safety for firefighters.

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Caban-Martinez, Alberto J., Paola Louzado Feliciano, Jeramy Baum, Umer F. Bakali, Katerina M. Santiago, Natasha Schaefer Solle, Geovanny Rivera, et al. "Objective Measurement of Carcinogens Among Dominican Republic Firefighters Using Silicone-Based Wristbands." JCO Global Oncology 6, Supplement_1 (July 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.90000.

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PURPOSE Firefighters around the world are exposed to physical hazards and toxic chemical agents during fire incident response. Occupational epidemiologic studies of the firefighter workforce have documented an excess cancer risk for brain, digestive, genitourinary, and lymphohematopoietic organs compared with the general population. Despite the elevated cancer risk, little is known about what specific types of carcinogenic chemicals first responders encounter during a typical work shift, particularly in low-resources settings, like the Dominican Republic. This pilot study characterizes objective measurements of carcinogenic exposure using passive sampling silicone-based wristbands among Dominican firefighters. METHODS Firefighters from a metropolitan fire service in the Dominican Republic were asked to wear a silicone-based wristband during one typical 24-hour shift. A pre- and postshift survey was administered to the firefighter to assess their self-reported sociodemographic, employment, and work shift characteristics. Wristbands were collected after their 24-hour shift and processed for the type and quantity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a family of known carcinogenic compounds, to which firefighters were exposed. RESULTS Among 15 firefighters who wore a wristband during their 24-hour shift, 73.3% responded to a fire with an average of 3.7 calls during the shift. Fire incident responses included structural fires (54.5%), outside and other fires (36.4%), and vehicle fires (9.1%). Total PAH exposure was significantly higher among Dominican firefighters who responded to a fire compared with firefighters with no fire during their shift (261 parts per billion [ppb] v 117 ppb, respectively; P = .003). Among the 19 PAHs quantified, low-molecular-weight phenanthrene was present in the highest concentration (32 ppb) among firefighters not responding to fires. CONCLUSION Passive objective sampling of PAHs using silicone-based wristbands among Dominican firefighters showed direct exposure to carcinogenic compounds during a typical 24-hour firefighter shift. Firefighters not attending a fire had lower levels of PAHs, suggesting carcinogenic contaminants are present at the fire station.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Firefighters’"

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Krause, Robert C. "What is Killing Firefighters? A Study of Volunteer Firefighter Fatalities." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1563365156751977.

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Lindberg, Ann-Sofie. "Firefighters' physical work capacity." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Idrottsmedicin, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-88729.

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The overall aim of this thesis was to identify valid, simple, and inexpensive physical tests that can be used for evaluation of firefighters’ physical work capacity. Paper I included fulltime- and part-time firefighters (n = 193), aged 20-60 years. Perceived physical demands of firefighting work tasks were ranked, and comparisons between subject groups rating were done with the Mann Whitney U-test and Binominal test. Papers II and III included male firefighters and civilian men and women (n = 38), aged 24-57 years. Laboratory and field tests of aerobic fitness, muscle strength and endurance, balance, and simulated firefighting work tasks were performed. Physical capacity comparisons between subject groups were done and bivariate correlations between physical tests and work capacity in the simulated firefighting work tasks analyzed. Paper IV included the same subjects as in Paper II-III (training-set), and additional 90 subjects (prediction-set), aged 20-50 years. Laboratory and field tests of aerobic fitness, muscle strength and endurance and balance, and simulated firefighting work tasks were included. Data from the training-set was used to build models for prediction of firefighters’ physical work capacity, using multivariate statistic. The prediction-set was used to externally validate the selected models. Several work tasks were rated as physically demanding and significant differences (p < 0.05) in ratings were found between full-time and part-time firefighters (Paper I). Significant differences were found between subject groups in physical capacity, and work capacity (p < 0.01) (Paper II-IV). Both laboratory and field tests were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with work capacity time (Paper II-III). The prediction (R2) and predictive power (Q2) of firefighters’ work capacity (Carrying hose baskets upstairs, Hose pulling, Demolition at or after a fire, Victim rescue, and Carrying hose baskets over terrain) was R2 = 0.74 to 0.91, and Q2 = 0.65 to 0.85, and the external validation ranged between R2: 0.38 to 0.80 (Paper IV). In conclusion, rowing 500 m (s), maximal handgrip strength (kg), endurance bench press (n), running 3000 m (s and s scaled to body weight) upright barbell row (n) and standing broad jump (m) together provides valid information about firefighters’ physical work capacity.

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Duffus, LuAnn McClernan. "Exoskeleton Requirements for Firefighters." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1574688158168652.

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Hill, Michael L. "Fitness of Firefighters as part of Administrative Practice." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1460409122.

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Beddoe, Tiffany R. "Biomarkers of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Exposure in Firefighters." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1312294247.

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Thompson, Mary C. "Volunteer firefighters, our silent heroes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0002/NQ31077.pdf.

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Uprety, Sandip, Joseph Caglio, Michelle Ho, Chi Hou Chio, Stephanie Mckeefery, and Jae Hyok Goh. "A Telemetry System for Firefighters." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606108.

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ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
In this project, a telemetry system is implemented to save firefighters from potential danger in their working environment. Each Firefighter has a "node" or "unit" attached to them which contains temperature, oxygen, and carbon-monoxide sensors, and a transceiver. Each node constantly transmits data collected by the sensors to a central "base station." The base station consists of a laptop which is monitored by the Fire Chief at a safe distance from the scene, and it displays gas levels. The base station monitors the sensor readings, and sets off an alarm locally and also at the node if a reading has reached a predetermined critical value.

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Mead, Amanda M. "Proactive Stress Management for Firefighters." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1544913796266512.

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Dowdall-Thomae, Cynthia Lea. "Outcome Coping Efficacy of Firefighters." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195685.

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Firefighter coping strategies of Problem Focused Coping and Seeking Social Support were found to have positive significant relationships to Strategic Efficacy resulting in Outcome Coping Efficacy, after transitioning from one critical incident to a second. The coping strategies of Blamed Self, Wishful Thinking, and Avoidance appeared to have a negative significant relationship to Mobilization Efficacy in overall Outcome Coping Efficacy. Additionally, the Appraisals of Challenge and Positive Reappraisal to meet the Challenge appeared to have a positive significant relationship to Problem Focused Coping and Seeking Social Support. These findings of Outcome Coping Efficacy may be of help to firefighters for rehabilitative efforts after traumatic incidents.

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Genaidy, Ash M. "Cancer risk among firefighters epidemiological evidence /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1100874132.

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Books on the topic "Firefighters’"

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B, Noyed Robert, ed. Firefighters. Marlborough, MA: Sundance Publishing, 2013.

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Artists, Disney Storybook, Disney Enterprises (1996-), and Pixar (Firm), eds. Firefighters! New York: Golden Books, 2014.

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Martin, Riskin, ed. Firefighters. Watertown, MA: Ivory Tower Pub. Co., 1993.

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Katie, Daynes. Firefighters. New York: Scholastic, 2006.

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Kara, McMahon, Barrett John E. ill, and Nelson Mary Beth ill, eds. Firefighters! New York: Random House, 2005.

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National Geographic Society (U.S.), ed. Firefighters. Washington, DC: National Geographic Television, 1997.

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Banks, Merry. Firefighters! Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.

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Head, Honor. Firefighters. London: Wayland, 2010.

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McKay, Gary. Firefighters. Sydney: Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd, 2010.

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Leake, Diyan. Firefighters. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Firefighters’"

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Kirby, Robyn. "Firefighters." In Trauma, Resilience, and Posttraumatic Growth in Frontline Personnel, 64–78. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003292807-8.

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Byrnes, Andrew. "Firefighters Protecting a Nation." In The Distributed Functions of Emergency Management and Homeland Security, 45–58. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003350729-4.

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Shaid, Abu, Lijing Wang, and Rajiv Padhye. "Textiles for Firefighting Protective Clothing." In Firefighters’ Clothing and Equipment, 1–30. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429444876-1.

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Zhang, Mengying, and Guowen Song. "Instrumented Flash Fire Manikin for Maximizing Protective Clothing Performance." In Firefighters’ Clothing and Equipment, 287–306. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429444876-10.

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Dąbrowska, Anna. "Smart Firefighting Clothing." In Firefighters’ Clothing and Equipment, 307–28. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429444876-11.

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Su, Yun, and Guowen Song. "Numerical Modeling for Heat and Moisture Transfer through Firefighting Protective Clothing." In Firefighters’ Clothing and Equipment, 329–47. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429444876-12.

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Mandal, Sumit, Martin Camenzind, Simon Annaheim, and René M. Rossi. "Firefighters’ Protective Clothing and Equipment." In Firefighters’ Clothing and Equipment, 31–59. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429444876-2.

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Liao, Xiao, and Chuansi Gao. "Human Thermoregulation System and Comfort." In Firefighters’ Clothing and Equipment, 61–90. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429444876-3.

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Mandal, Sumit, Martin Camenzind, Simon Annaheim, and René M. Rossi. "Protective Performance of Firefighters’ Clothing." In Firefighters’ Clothing and Equipment, 91–134. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429444876-4.

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Su, Yun, and Guowen Song. "Stored Thermal Energy and Protective Performance." In Firefighters’ Clothing and Equipment, 135–54. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429444876-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Firefighters’"

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Wang, Yonghong, and Ying Cao. "Design of Firefighter's special call unit based on Emotional Design theory." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001780.

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Based on the use environment and requirements of the firefighter's special call unit, the paper aims to improve the design of firefighter's special call unit from the perspective of emotional design. The method that includes questionnaire and interview is adopted to explore firefighters' needs and appearance preference for such product, with literature researches combined to obtain the technical parameters and functions that meet the needs of users. Emotional design theory is used to improve the design of firefighters' special call unit. The firefighter's call for help is improved through the emotional design method, the shape is more in line with the firefighter's preference, the functional structure is optimized and a smart terminal solution is proposed to connect the pad and the firefighter's call unit to the backfield receiving device to improve the use of it. Emotional design theory is used to innovate and upgrade the appearance of the product, and to complete the design of the firefighter's rescue device and the backfield command APP. This design is of great significance to better protect the life safety of firefighters and promote the cause of fire safety.

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Fusquino, Sérgio, Luerbio Faria, Diana Sasaki, and Vinicius dos Santos. "Firefighters work better when the bandwidth is small." In Encontro de Teoria da Computação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/etc.2024.2508.

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In this work we address the Firefighter problem in graphs and its relationship with the bandwidth parameter bw(G) of a graph G. The Firefighter problem consists of a scenario in which a vertex v of the graph is initially set on fire, which we call the focus of the fire. The objective is to defend the largest number of vertices not on fire with firefighters, protecting vertex by vertex, as the fire spreads after each new defense. The bandwidth parameter in graphs is a minimum natural number, such that it is found after an optimal linear arrangement of the vertices, such that the distance between the indices of the vertices of this linear arrangement is the smallest possible. We relate this parameter to Firefighter to find a lower bound on the maximum number of vertices saved from fire in a graph G.

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Nguyen, Nguyen, V. Sundararajan, and Victor B. Zordan. "Motion Classification Using Wireless Sensors for Activity Monitoring in Firefighting." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35844.

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Firefighter’ chief reason for entering a burning structure is to search for and rescue potential victims. Currently, their primary method for communication is an often-congested two-way radio which the firefighters use from within a burning building to relay their activities (and other information) to an external battalion chief. In response to discussions with firefighters in the field, we introduce an approach for automatically segmenting and classifying a select set of activities using wireless accelerometers attached to the human body. The activities we focus on are the ones that are most commonly conducted by firefighters and that are important to the battalion chief for understanding the ongoing search and rescue. In our implementation, sensors continuously measure the acceleration of a small number of body segments and transmit data back to a central base station. At runtime, our system classifies data for short intervals, relying on training examples of the activities of interest. We show that our approach can appropriately detect motions in real-time without significant latency using as few as two accelerometers.

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Davis, Jerry, Ruoliang Tang, Rich Sesek, and Sean Gallagher. "Evaluating Firefighter Crawling Performance in a Controlled Environment." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100143.

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State mandated firefighter training is both highly structured and physically challenging. Firefighting is typically performed in harsh environments, necessitating personal protective equipment (PPE) which adds weight, restricts mobility, and decreases metabolic heat removal. For the most part, firefighter training is highly controlled and repetitive in nature, with each trainee performing required training exercises numerous times under close supervision. One such skill involves crawling, which is a physically intensive activity that firefighters utilize during training exercises, indoor fire suppression, and search and rescue activities. The ability to have firefighters crawl nearly identical, closely observed, routes is not easily accomplished for many fire departments. This pilot study observed trainees participating in a fire department training school using a unique crawling apparatus in their curriculum. Young, healthy male firefighter trainees (N=10) participated in a crawling exercise conducted in a modified commercial semi-trailer that was configured with varying crawling paths and fitted with infra-red cameras. Trainees crawled in full turnout gear while wearing forced air respirators to complete the course. Dependent variables included heart rate, compressed air usage, and time to complete the course. Incorporating such observations and measures into firefighting training curriculums has the potential to provide instantaneous feedback to trainees on their performance, potential areas of improvement, and facilitates the comparison of their physiological performance to the demands of the crawling task.

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Xu, Susan, Jonisha Pollard, and Weihuan Zhao. "3D Numerical Simulation for Thermal Protection of Phase Change Material-Integrated Firefighters’ Turnout Gear." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004871.

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Firefighters often work under dangerous and harmful conditions, which could cause unexpected accidents, injuries, and deaths. There were 19,200 injuries that occurred on the fireground in the United States in the year 2021, and more than 10% of these injuries were caused by burns and thermal stress [1]. The current NFPA 1971 (Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting) requests that firefighters’ turnout gear textiles meet the minimum requirement of a thermal protective performance (TPP) rating of 35, equating to 17.5 seconds until second-degree burns occur in a flashover situation [2]. Notably, exposure to a high-temperature environment could be much longer than a few seconds when firefighters conduct rescue tasks at a fire scene. Hence, research is needed to explore novel turnout gear technology that can significantly enhance thermal protection for firefighters. Phase change materials (PCMs) can absorb large amounts of latent heat while maintaining a constant melting temperature. We use this phenomenon to incorporate PCM into turnout gear to enhance the TPP. Numerical simulations were performed in this work which can guide future experimental design and testing to save time and effort. Currently, a three-dimensional (3D) turnout gear-equipped human thermal model is unavailable. Therefore, this work is the first 3D numerical study to explore (1) the thermal protection improvements of firefighters’ turnout gear by using PCM segments under flashover/explosive and hazardous conditions, and (2) the minimum amount of PCM required to enhance the thermal protection without significantly increasing the weight of firefighters’ turnout gear. Methods3D heat transfer simulations were performed through COMSOL Multiphysics (COMSOL, Inc., Burlington, MA 01803, USA). To maintain firefighters’ activities and movements in the fire scene, PCM was broken down into several segments to cover the main body but avoid joints. The blood circulation effect in the body was considered as a bioheat source in the model. The equivalent heat capacity method was used to simulate the phase-changing process. The heat flux applied at the outer surface of turnout gear (mimicking combined radiant and convective heat sources at the fire scene) was 83 kW/m2 for flashover/explosive conditions and 8.3 kW/m2 for typical hazardous conditions according to the current NFPA 1971 standard [2,3]. Various PCM segment thicknesses were studied to determine the minimum amount of PCM required to achieve sufficient thermal protection.ResultsThis study found that the 3.0-mm-thick PCM segments with a melting temperature of 60°C can extend the time for the skin surface to reach second-degree burn injury (60°C [3]) by 18 seconds and 52 seconds under flashover/explosive and hazardous conditions, respectively. Moreover, thinner PCM segments, i.e., 1.0-3.0 mm thickness, could also remarkably mitigate the temperature increase on the skin surface while reducing the added weight of turnout gear.ConclusionThe PCM segments could increase the time for the skin surface to reach second-degree burn injury by around 2.0 times compared to conventional firefighters’ turnout gear with no PCM. The 3D modeling results can be used to develop a next-generation firefighter turnout gear technology. DisclaimerThe findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). References[1] Campbell, R., Hall, S., United States firefighter injuries in 2021, NFPA Res. December 2022. [2] NFPA 1971, Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting, 2018.[3] Coletta, G.C., Arons, I.J., Ashley, L.E., Drennan, A.P., 1976. The Development of Criteria for Firefighters' Gloves Volume II: Glove Criteria and Test Methods, Contract No. CDC-99-74-59, February 1976.

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Sokolowski, Susan, Huiju Park, Linsey Griffin, Meredith Mcquerry, and James Tuttle. "Visual, Volumetric and Anthropometric Measurement Comparisons Between Boot Interior and 3D Foot Scans to Improve Female Firefighter Safety." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002020.

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In 2016, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) estimated that 62,085 injuries occurred in the line of duty. Haynes and Stein (2017) further reported that a U.S. firefighter injury is reported every eight minutes. Many of these injuries can be attributed to poorly fitting and functioning turnout gear, especially boots. When boots fail to fit appropriately, the firefighter can be in danger of losing proprioception, getting burned, slipping and tripping. This pilot study developed a method using techniques from the industrial design field to capture the interior of a common fire boot, to then compare it to 3D female firefighter foot scans. Visual, volumetric, and anthropometric measures were analyzed to make recommendations on how manufacturers could improve boot fit for firefighters.

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Jiang, Xiaodong, Jason I. Hong, Leila A. Takayama, and James A. Landay. "Ubiquitous computing for firefighters." In the 2004 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/985692.985778.

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Xu, Susan, Rachel F Jones, Neethan Ratnakumar, Kübra Akbaş, Jeffrey Powell, Ziqing Zhuang, and Alex Zhou. "Impact of Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Weights on Firefighter’s Kinematics During Simulated Firefighter Tasks." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004872.

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Firefighters face a multitude of hazards in their line of duty, with overexertion being the foremost cause of injuries or fatalities, as referenced in studies [1, 2]. This high risk is often amplified by the physical demands of their role, further exacerbated by the burden of carrying heavy SCBA. The objective of this research is to examine how the weight of SCBA affects the musculoskeletal joint movements of firefighters. There is an urgent requirement for precise measurement and analysis of firefighters' movements to understand the impact of SCBA weight on both performance and injury risk. Traditional motion capture techniques, which are primarily optical-based or inertia-based, have their limitations, such as marker obstructions due to clothing or lower accuracy and drift issues. To overcome these obstacles, this study introduces a groundbreaking hybrid motion capture technique, combining the advantages of both existing methods. This new method is expected to offer a detailed and accurate evaluation of how SCBA weight influences the kinematics of firefighters.MethodsIn this study, six professional firefighters (average age: 34.2±5.2 years) were involved in performing four simulated tasks: stair climbing, searching, hose advance, and overhaul, under three different SCBA weight scenarios: only gear, gear with a standard 45-minute SCBA, and gear with an SCBA plus an additional 10 lbs (SCBA-10). Data collection included optical markers on key equipment like helmets, boots, and gloves, 17 IMUs, EMG, pressure insoles, and a metabolic mask. A novel hybrid inverse kinematics method, blending IMU data with optical markers, was utilized to minimize drift errors and precisely reconstruct joint movements. Joint angle data, particularly for hose advance and overhaul, were segmented and normalized for comprehensive statistical analysis. Preliminary Results and DiscussionInitial analysis of data from two human subjects showed that heavier SCBA weights led to increased hip joint movement during stair climbing, with a noticeable 10% increase in hip angle range under the heaviest SCBA condition (SCBA-10). In hose advance tasks, firefighters showed less lumbar extension with SCBA, indicating a preference for using arm movements over the back and torso to maneuver the hose. Traditional inverse kinematics with only markers showed significant errors in joint angles, especially in pelvic tilt and hip flexion, which were effectively corrected with the new hybrid method. This innovative approach allows for a more precise evaluation of the effects of SCBA weight on firefighter kinematics and musculoskeletal load. Additional data is expected soon, which will provide a greater understanding of the effects of SCBA. While our current analysis is based on a small sample, we expect that expanding the study to more participants will reveal further kinematic changes due to loading.Preliminary Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this research represents the first endeavor to precisely record the movement of firefighters engaged in activities while fully equipped with gear and SCBA using both inertia and optical motion capture systems. Our initial findings validate this method and suggest its potential to refine SCBA weight standards based on scientific evidence. We noted that SCBA's weight substantially modifies the movement patterns of firefighters, possibly increasing musculoskeletal strain. This research paves the way for future dynamic analyses and contributes significantly to understanding how SCBA weight impacts musculoskeletal health, ultimately provide the possibility of recommending SCBA weight limits for injury prevention.DisclaimerThe findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).References[1]M. M. Alemi, J. Geissinger, A. A. Simon, S. E. Chang, and A. T. Asbeck, "A passive exoskeleton reduces peak and mean EMG during symmetric and asymmetric lifting," Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, vol. 47, pp. 25-34, 2019.[2]M. J. Karter, "Patterns of firefighter fireground injuries," National Fire Protection Association, 2014.[3]S. Wang, C. Feng, X. Chen, M. Shan, and W. Niu, "A biomechanical evaluation of firefighters’ musculoskeletal loads when carrying self-contained breathing apparatus in walking and running," Journal of Safety Research, 2023.

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Carton, Anthony, and Lucy E. Dunne. "Tactile distance feedback for firefighters." In the 4th Augmented Human International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2459236.2459247.

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Bellemans, M., D. Lamrnens, J. De Sloover, T. De Vleeschauwer, E. Schoofs, W. Jordens, B. Van Steenhuyse, et al. "Training Firefighters in Virtual Reality." In 2020 International Conference on 3D Immersion (IC3D). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic3d51119.2020.9376336.

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Reports on the topic "Firefighters’"

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Kerber, Steve, and Robin Zevotek. Fire Service Summary Report: Study of Residential Attic Fire Mitigation Tactics and Exterior Fire Spread Hazards on Firefighter Safety. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/pxtq2256.

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Attic fires pose many hazards for the fire service. When a fire occurs in an attic, it is common it goes unnoticed/reported until smoke or flames are visible from the outside of the structure. Because they take longer to detect, attic fires are more dangerous for firefighters and residents. In a fire situation, the attic ventilation system, which is designed to reduce moisture accumulation by drawing fresh air low from the eaves and exhausting moisture laden warm air near the peak, create an optimal fire growth and spread situation by supplying oxygen to the fire and exhausting hot gases. An estimated 10,000 residential attic fires are reported to U.S. fire departments each year and cause an estimated 30 civilian deaths, 125 civilian injuries and $477 million in property loss. The location of the attic creates several difficulties for the fire service. Firefighters must decide whether to fight the fire from inside the structure, from the outside or a combination of the two. This the decision is complicated by the constant hazard of ceiling collapse, which has the potential to rapidly deteriorate conditions in the living spaces. A piece of gypsum board may fall or be pulled from the ceiling making the relatively clear and cool conditions in the living space change very quickly endangering firefighters executing a search and rescue operation as part of their life safety mission. Further complicating the decision are the hazards associated with roof structure collapse, creating deadly conditions for firefighters operating on and under the roof. Structural collapse accounted for 180 firefighter deaths between 1979 and 2002 of which one-third occurred in residential structures . Many of these incidents involved a roof falling on firefighters or firefighters falling through the roof during firefighting operations on attic fires. The purpose of this study is to increase firefighter safety by providing the fire service with scientific knowledge on the dynamics of attic and exterior fires and the influence of coordinated fire mitigation tactics from full-scale fire testing in realistic residential structures.

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Kerber, Steve, and Robin Zevotek. Study of Residential Attic Fire Mitigation Tactics and Exterior Fire Spread Hazards on Firefighter Safety Released. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/lihb1439.

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Attic fires pose many hazards for the fire service. When a fire occurs in an attic, it is common it goes unnoticed/reported until smoke or flames are visible from the outside of the structure. Because they take longer to detect, attic fires are more dangerous for firefighters and residents. In a fire situation, the attic ventilation system, which is designed to reduce moisture accumulation by drawing fresh air low from the eaves and exhausting moisture laden warm air near the peak, create an optimal fire growth and spread situation by supplying oxygen to the fire and exhausting hot gases. An estimated 10,000 residential attic fires are reported to U.S. fire departments each year and cause an estimated 30 civilian deaths, 125 civilian injuries and $477 million in property loss. The location of the attic creates several difficulties for the fire service. Firefighters must decide whether to fight the fire from inside the structure, from the outside or a combination of the two. This the decision is complicated by the constant hazard of ceiling collapse, which has the potential to rapidly deteriorate conditions in the living spaces. A piece of gypsum board may fall or be pulled from the ceiling making the relatively clear and cool conditions in the living space change very quickly endangering firefighters executing a search and rescue operation as part of their life safety mission. Further complicating the decision are the hazards associated with roof structure collapse, creating deadly conditions for firefighters operating on and under the roof. Structural collapse accounted for 180 firefighter deaths between 1979 and 2002 of which one-third occurred in residential structures . Many of these incidents involved a roof falling on firefighters or firefighters falling through the roof during firefighting operations on attic fires. The purpose of this study is to increase firefighter safety by providing the fire service with scientific knowledge on the dynamics of attic and exterior fires and the influence of coordinated fire mitigation tactics from full-scale fire testing in realistic residential structures.

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ARMY SAFETY CENTER FORT RUCKER AL. Back Injury Avoidance for Firefighters. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada382988.

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Madrzykowski, Daniel. Firefighter Equipment Operational Environment: Evaluation of Thermal Conditions. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/igfm4492.

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The goal of this study was to review the available literature to develop a quantitative description of the thermal conditions firefighters and their equipment are exposed to in a structural fire environment. The thermal exposure from the modern fire environment was characterized through the review of fire research studies and fire-ground incidents that provided insight and data to develop a range of quantification. This information was compared with existing standards for firefighting protective equipment to generate a sense of the gap between known information and the need for improved understanding. The comparison of fire conditions with the thermal performance requirements of firefighter protective gear and equipment demonstrates that a fire in a compartment can generate conditions that can fail the equipment that a firefighter wears or uses. The review pointed out the following: 1. The accepted pairing of gas temperature ranges with a corresponding range of heat fluxes does not reflect all compartment fire conditions. There are cases in which the heat flux exceeds the hazard level of the surrounding gas temperature. 2. Thermal conditions can change within seconds. Experimental conditions and incidents were identified in which firefighters would be operating in thermal conditions that were safe for operation based on the temperature and heat flux, but then due to a change in the environment the firefighters would be exposed to conditions that could exceed the protective capabilities of their PPE. 3. Gas velocity is not explicitly considered within the thermal performance requirements. Clothing and equipment tested with a hot air circulating (convection) oven are exposed to gas velocities that measure approximately 1.5 m/s (3 mph). In contrast, the convected hot gas flows within a structure fire could range from 2.3 m/s (5 mph) to 7.0 m/s (15 mph). In cases where the firefighter or equipment would be located in the exhaust portion of a flow path, while operating above the level of the fire, the hot gas velocity could be even higher. This increased hot gas velocity would serve to increase the convective heat transfer rate to the equipment and the firefighter, thereby reducing the safe operating time within the structure. 4. Based on the limited data available, it appears currently available protective clothing enables firefighters to routinely operate in conditions above and beyond the "routine" conditions measured in the fire-ground exposure studies conducted during the 1970s. The fire service and fire standards communities could benefit from an improved understanding of: • real world fire-ground conditions, including temperatures, heat flux, pressure, and chemical exposures; • the impact of convection on the thermal resistance capabilities of firefighting PPE and equipment; and • the benefits of balancing the thermal exposures (thermal performance requirements) across different components of firefighter protective clothing and safety equipment. Because it is unlikely due to trade offs in weight, breathe-ability, usability, cost, etc., that fireproof PPE and equipment will ever be a reality, fire officers and fire chiefs need to consider the capabilities of the protection that their firefighters have when determining fire attack strategies and tactics to ensure that the PPE and equipment is kept within its design operating environment, and that the safety buffer it provides is maintained.

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Fullagar, Hugh. Sports tech can keep our firefighters cool. Edited by Suzannah Lyons. Monash University, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/d0fc-505d.

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Reinhardt, Tim E., Roger D. Ottmar, and Michael J. Hallett. Guide to monitoring smoke exposure of wildland firefighters. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-448.

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McKinnon, Mark B., and Daniel Madrzykowski. Four Firefighters Burned in Residential House Fire - Georgia. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/gekk4148.

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On September 3, 2018, two career Fire Lieutenants and two career Firefighters suffered burn injuries as a result of a residential structure fire. On September 10, 2018, personnel representing several other fire departments in the area, including a member of the Fire Safety Research Institute (FSRI) Advisory Board visited the fire scene to document the incident and collect material samples from the structure. The narrative and analysis presented in this report rely on the photographs and evidence collected on September 10, 2018, dispatch transcript [5] and videos recorded at the time of the incident, and interviews conducted by a local investigator between September 3, 2018 and September 7, 2018 with fire service personnel involved in the incident and the resident of the structure [6]. The LaGrange Fire Department invited FSRI to study this incident as part of FSRI’s Near-Miss Project which is supported by a DHS/FEMA Assistance to Firefighters Grant. The goal of this project is to enhance the safety and situational awareness of the fire service by applying fire dynamics research results to near-miss or line of duty injury fire incidents. By identifying factors that contributed to the incident, perhaps future incidents may be prevented. FSRI’s analysis of this incident will apply research results and utilize fire research tools, such as computer fire models, to examine key fire phenomena and tactical outcomes. This report will explain the incident, what occurred, why it occurred, and what can be done differently in the future to result in a more favorable outcome

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Willi, Joseph, Keith Stakes, Jack Regan, and Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of Ventilation-Controlled Fires in L-Shaped Training Props. UL's Firefighter Safety Research Institute, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mijj9867.

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Investigations of recent firefighter line of duty deaths caused by rapid fire progression have highlighted a deficiency in firefighters’ understanding of how certain tactics affect the fire dynamics of ventilation-controlled fires. Many fires are in a ventilation-limited, decay state by the time firefighters arrive at the scene, meaning that introducing additional ventilation to the environment has the potential to cause rapid and intense fire growth. To more effectively teach firefighters about the potential effects of ventilation on a compartment fire, ventilation-controlled fires should be gener- ated during training. Safely creating such fires while maintaining compliance with NFPA 1403: Standard on Live-Fire Training Evolutions allows instructors to educate students on this important principle of fire dynamics in the training environment. Structures utilized for live-fire training have evolved from typical concrete burn buildings to now include smaller purpose-built props, like those constructed from steel shipping containers or wood and gypsum board. Such props have been embraced by organizations due to their cost-effectiveness and potential to improve fire behavior training. Obtaining a thorough understanding of the capa- bilities and limitations of such props is critical for instructors to convey accurate messages during training and properly prepare firefighters for scenarios they’ll encounter in the field. Experiments were conducted to quantify the fire environment in L-shaped props with different wall constructions. One prop had an interior wall lining of gypsum board over wood studs and fiberglass insulation. The two other props were constructed from metal shipping containers with corrugated steel walls; one had ceilings and walls comprised solely of the corrugated steel, while the other had ceilings and walls comprised of rolled steel sheeting over mineral wool insulation with the corrugated steel wall as its backing. Three fuel packages were compared between the props: one contained furnishings mainly composed of synthetic materials and foam plastics; another contained wooden pallets and straw; and the third contained wooden pallets, straw, and oriented strand board (OSB). A stochastic approach was used to compare data between replicate tests and quantify the repeatability of the different props and fuel packages, all of which were deemed sufficiently repeatable. Comparisons of data between the three props revealed that thermal conditions between experiments in the two metal props were indistinguishable, suggesting that the additional layer of insulation did not significantly alter the fire environment. Additionally, thermal conditions in the gypsum-lined prop were more severe than those in the metal props. The effects of ventilation changes on fire conditions were also analyzed across various prop and fuel load combinations. Lastly, the response of the thermal environment in each prop during interior suppression was evaluated, and the results implied that the thermal exposure to the firefighter was more severe in the metal props than the gypsum prop for a brief period following the start of suppression.

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Namikawa, Shohei, Geoffrey Kinsey, Garvin A. Heath, Andreas Wade, Parikhit Sinha, and Keiichi Komoto. Photovoltaics and Firefighters' Operations: Best Practices in Selected Countries. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1492000.

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Quiroz, Jimmy, Jack Flicker, Olga Lavrova, Timothy Zgonena, Hai Jiang, and Kent Whitfield. A Conservative Approach to Defining Photovoltaic System Hazards to Firefighters. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1734471.

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