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1
Promkotra, Sarunya. "Applicable Fine Stream Sediments from Upper Chi River Produced Fired Clay Bricks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 1041–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.1041.
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Stream sediments from the upper Chi River basin, including Chi and Nam Phong sub-watershed, are applicable to be a source of raw materials to produce fired clay bricks. The sampling locations of clay materials are generally found along the river terrace where are covering three different regions (upper-, mid-and lower sub-watershed) nearby brickyards. Quartz is the main mineral of all samples. Moreover, mainly clay mineral groups consist of mica, kaolinite, and chlorite group composing totally around 5%. Other mineral compositions, such as carbonate, evaporite, corundum, hematite and pyrolusite are normally found both in fine stream sediments and fired clay bricks. Additional minerals in fired bricks are forsterite, zircon and mullite group which are less than 0.2%. Their strength in submersion test expressed in the air-dried to pure water both 1 day and 5 days is revealed that their strength and strain intend to increase with the submersed brick. Besides, prism compressive strength decreases in half related to a fired brick unit. Their impact resistances are significantly distinctive by mineral composition of clay mineral group and silica. The compressive strength of air-dried fired brick at the ultimate stress and strain corresponding by time in water absorption test show that water filled in void or pore can enhance their strength and strain. Thus, fired clay bricks are capable to resist compressive force than the normal condition.
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Phonphuak, Nonthaphong. "Application of Dry Grass for Clay Brick Manufacturing." Key Engineering Materials 757 (October 2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.757.35.
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In this paper, effects of incorporation of dry grass on the properties of clay bricks were investigated. Clay bricks fabricated with 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 % (w/w) of dry grass were tested. The clay brick specimens were fired at 900, 1000 and 1100 °C to study for bulk density, apparent porosity water absorption and compressive strength of brick samples were investigated. Results revealed that the bulk density of clay bricks were reduced when dry grass dosages increased. Results also shown that the increasing in bulk density were obtained when the firing temperature increased. The compressive strength of clay bricks was decreased when dry grass dosages increased. The addition of 2.5 % (w/w) dry grass fired at 1100 °C showed the optimal condition which indicated 11.6 MPa of compressive strength and 1.78 g/cm3 of bulk density. However, results indicated that a decrease in water absorption and apparent porosity were found when the firing temperature increased. Test results also revealed that the addition of dry grass for clay brick production lead to utilize a potential material as the additive to raw clay-bricks in the manufacturing of lightweight clay bricks.
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Suciu, Ovidiu, Radu Cruciat, and Cristian Lucian Ghindea. "Experimental Case Studies on Clay Fired Bricks Compressive Strength." Key Engineering Materials 601 (March 2014): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.601.215.
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Modern age manufacture technology requires controlled conditions for the burning and pressing of the clay bricks, while in the past these aspects weren't strictly controlled. It is expected to have different behaviours of the brick units for existing masonry buildings, as a result of the diverse fabrication technologies at different moments in time. The present paper presents a case study about the experimental testing on two batches of clay fired bricks. First batch is obtained from an existing structures and the second batch is represented by new bricks. Compression tests were conducted on specimens extracted from every batch of bricks. The experimental tests were carried out according to the current national standard for masonry units. For every tested batch of bricks, the standardized compression strength was computed as an arithmetic mean of the corrected ultimate stress. Following the large dispersion of the results for the specimens obtained from old bricks, the authors consider the standard method to determine the compressive strength of the bricks isn’t suitable for the determination of the brick batch class. Therefore, a series of probabilistic calculation were conducted by the assimilation of the experimental tests results to the processing methods characteristic for masonry. Using these procedures, the characteristic and the 5% fractile value of the compressive strength were determined for every batch of masonry units.
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Youssef, Nicolas, Zoubeir Lafhaj, and Christophe Chapiseau. "Economic Analysis of Geopolymer Brick Manufacturing: A French Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 7403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187403.
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This paper presents an economic analysis of manufacturing geopolymer bricks for use in the construction sector. The manufacturing processes of both geopolymer bricks and traditional fired bricks were investigated. For this study, we collected and analyzed all phases of geopolymer brick production from the extraction of raw materials to storage. Seven formulations of geopolymer bricks based on clay and waste bricks were analyzed. We considered the cost of raw materials and logistics operations in the production line of brick manufacturing. The results of this study prove that the manufacturing cost of geopolymer bricks based on clay provides an economic gain of 5% compared to fired bricks for the same compressive strength of 20 MPa. In the case of waste bricks, for the same production cost, the compressive strength of the geopolymer bricks is double that of fired bricks. Hence, this study shows the economic interest in the industrial production of geopolymer bricks. It also confirms that future research is needed that focuses on necessary changes to the current industrial production chain required for the manufacture of geopolymer bricks.
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Johari, I., S. Said, B. Hisham, A. Bakar, and Z. A. Ahmad. "Effect of the change of firing temperature on microstructure and physical properties of clay bricks from Beruas (Malaysia)." Science of Sintering 42, no. 2 (2010): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1002245j.
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This study is focused on the behaviour of fired-clay brick from the area around Beruas (Malaysia) that is known for it brick industries. The firing temperatures were set from 800?C to 1250?C and soaking time was fixed for an hour. The effects of firing temperature on the phase changes, microstructure, compressive strength, water absorption and porosity of the bricks were investigated. Test results indicate that the optimum firing temperature was found to be 1200?C. The percentage of porosity significantly reduces from 39.33% to 5.87% when sintered from 1000?C to 1250?C. Bricks sintered at 1200?C exhibited the highest strength of 89.5 N/mm2. The effect of firing temperature significantly improved the microstructure in terms of porosity and the quality of physical properties of fired-clay bricks.
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Abdul Rahim, A. S., and Aeslina binti Abdul Kadir. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Fired Clay Brick Incorporating with Mosaic Sludge Waste." Materials Science Forum 803 (August 2014): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.803.203.
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Brick is one of the most common masonry units used as building material. Due to the demand, different types of waste have been investigated to be incorporated into the bricks. Many types of sludge have been incorporated in fired clay brick for example marble sludge, stone sludge, water sludge, sewage sludge, and ceramic sludge. The utilisation of these waste materials in fired clay bricks usually has positive effects on the properties such as lightweight bricks with improved shrinkage, porosity, and strength. Therefore, this study focus on the incorporation of mosaic sludge into fired clay brick. Physical and mechanical properties were conducted such as compressive strength, shrinkage, density and initial rate of suction test. From the results, it shows that brick with 5% of mosaic sludge obtained the best result with highest compressive strength and low initial rate of suction (18.76N/mm2 and 10.08 g/mm2) respectively. Nevertheless, all the other properties for all bricks incorporated with different percentages of mosaic sludge were complied with the standard. In conclusion, mosaic sludge could be an alternative low cost material for brick and at the same time provide a disposal method for mosaic sludge waste.
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binti Abdul Kadir, Aeslina, Ahmad Shayuti Bin Abdul Rahim, and Hidra Hasbee Bin Jamil. "Utilization of Mosaic Sludge Waste into Fired Clay Brick: Properties and Leachability." Advanced Materials Research 1025-1026 (September 2014): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.117.
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Brick is one of the most common masonry units used as building material. Due to the demand, different types of waste have been investigated to be incorporated into the bricks. Many types of sludge have been incorporated in fired clay brick for an example marble sludge, stone sludge, water sludge, sewage sludge and ceramic sludge. The utilization of these waste materials in fired clay bricks usually has positive effects on the properties such as lightweight bricks with improved shrinkage, porosity, and strength. Therefore, the objective of this study is to incorporate different percentages of mosaic sludge and investigate heavy metals leachability from the mosaic sludge brick. Heavy metals leachability was conducted by using toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). Physical and mechanical properties were also determined which are compressive strength, shrinkage, density and initial rate of suction. From the results obtained, it shows that fired clay brick with 5% of mosaic sludge obtained the best result with highest compressive strength and low initial rate of suction (18.76N/mm2 and 10.08 g/mm2) respectively. Nevertheless, all the other properties for all bricks incorporated with different percentages of mosaic sludge were also complied with the BS 3921:1985 standard. The results also demonstrated that the leachability of potential heavy metals in mosaic brick were complied with USEPA (1996) and EPAV (2005a) regulatory limit. In conclusion, mosaic sludge could be an alternative low cost material for fired clay brick as well as providing a disposal method for mosaic sludge waste.
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de Souza, Rodolfo Cretton, Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo, Gustavo de Castro Xavier, Jonas Alexandre, Leonardo Gonçalves Pedroti, Flavio de Andrade Silva, and Sergio Neves Monteiro. "Characterization of Clayey Soils from Visconde Do Rio Branco for Fired Ceramic Bricks." Materials Science Forum 820 (June 2015): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.820.443.
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The production of conventional bricks for housing construction is worldwide carried out with either concrete or clay ceramics. In most municipalities in Brazil, bricks are produced from less expensive local clays and fired at temperatures as low as 600°C, normally using wood as fuel. Indeed, in many regions the direct use of natural clayey soils may be sufficient to fabricate bricks with properties complying with the norms. In the present work, three clayey soils from the municipal area of Visconde de Rio Branco, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were characterized for their physical and chemical aspects as well as the main technological properties of ceramics fired at 700, 850 and 950°C using the different soils as precursor bodies. The results indicated that these soils are acceptable for clay ceramic fabrication but only one has the strength complying with the Brazilian norm for masonry brick fired at the investigated temperatures.
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Tangboriboon, Nuchnapa, Sopita Moonsri, Atima Netthip, Watchara Sangwan, and Anuvat Sirivat. "Enhancing physical-thermal-mechanical properties of fired clay bricks by eggshell as a bio-filler and flux." Science of Sintering 51, no. 1 (2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1901001t.
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Fired clay bio-bricks were prepared by adding eggshell as a bio-filler and flux into earthenware clay compounds via an extrusion process. In this study, the suiTab. conditions for clay bricks preparation were firing at 1000?C for a period of 5 h. Adding 20 wt% eggshell powder into the clay brick yielded good physical-mechanical-thermal properties: high compressive strength and hardness, low thermal expansion coefficient, and low water absorption. The measured compressive strength, hardness, and refractory water absorption were 7.0 MPa, 6.0 HV, and less than 15 wt%, respectively. The obtained clay brick with the eggshell powder added as shown here is potential for uses as bricks for construction and thermal insulation.
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Čáchová, Monika, Dana Koňáková, Eva Vejmelková, Martin Keppert, Kirill Polozhiy, and Robert Černý. "Pore Structure and Thermal Characteristics of Clay Bricks." Advanced Materials Research 982 (July 2014): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.982.104.
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Clay brick was perhaps to be the first artificial structural material. First bricks were dried by sun; later people had started to burn bricks by fire and in that time further enhancements appeared. This article deals with two kinds of fired clay bricks; basic physical properties, pore system characteristics and thermal properties are studied. The values of basic physical properties by water vacuum saturation vary slightly; bulk density shows values around 1880 kg/m3 and in the case of open porosity it is around 27%. Regarding thermal properties the difference is higher, obtained results of thermal conductivities in dried state vary by about 33%.
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Bonet-Martínez, Eduardo, Luis Pérez-Villarejo, Dolores Eliche-Quesada, and Eulogio Castro. "Manufacture of Sustainable Clay Bricks Using Waste from Secondary Aluminum Recycling as Raw Material." Materials 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2018): 2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122439.
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The aluminum recycling industry produces aluminum filter dust (AFD), a waste byproduct of the aluminum recycling process composed mainly of aluminum oxide in a percentage between 60–70%, 8% calcium oxide, almost 15% sodium chloride, and between 5–10% potassium chloride. Due to its aluminum content, this waste can be used as a raw material in the manufacture of ceramic bricks, at the same time reducing the environmental impact produced in landfill. In this work, the partial substitution of a clay mixture (40% black, 30% red, and 30% yellow clay) by different proportions of AFD in the range 0–25 wt % for the production of fired clay brick was studied. The raw materials, clays, and waste were characterized by XRF and XRD. The brick specimens were fired at 950 °C and their physical and mechanical properties, such as water absorption, water suction, loss of ignition, linear shrinkage, bulk density, and compressive strength, were analyzed. The more relevant results were obtained with the addition of up to 20 wt % AFD, obtaining bricks with physical properties comparable to pure clay-based bricks used as a reference and better compressive strength and thermal conductivity due to the balance between the melting and pore-forming effects of the waste. These sustainable bricks also comply with the regulations of heavy metals leached to the environment, as indicated by the leaching test.
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Hussain, Zahid, and Shamshad Ali. "Comparative Study on Breaking Strength of Burnt Clay Bricks Using Novel Based Completely Randomized Design (CRD)." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 1162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091320.
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The aim of this study is to present the results of breaking strength tests for burnt clay bricks from various historical deposits. The native clay bricks production technique is the known method of brick making, particularly in South Asian countries. Numerous studies have been conducted on hand-molded formed bricks. The clay bricks that were considered for the comparative study, were made from four different clays sources. Their breaking strength was determined using for examining the maximum load at failure and the effects were investigated subsequently. The basic objective of this experimental study was to compare the breaking strength of locally fired clay bricks using a novel based completely randomized design via a single factor with four levels of clay sources representing the factors. For this purpose, 24 brick samples were made from four different clay sources while the breaking strength of each sample was measured. Pairwise comparison trials, including Duncan’s multiple range, Newman–keuls, Fisher’s least and Tukey’s tests were conducted. Based on experimental investigations, the results revealed that using analysis of variance at 95% CI, the difference in breaking strength between clay source of Hyderabad (A) and Rawalpindi (B), followed by Kohat (C) and Peshawar (D) was significant and also the difference among the means of these clay courses was significant which clearly exposed that the clay site and chemical composition has a great impression of the breaking strength of the burnt bricks.
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Doğan-Sağlamtimur, Neslihan, Ahmet Bilgil, Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda, Sławomir Parzych, and Marek Hebda. "Eco-Friendly Fired Brick Produced from Industrial Ash and Natural Clay: A Study of Waste Reuse." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040877.
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Bottom ash (BA) is an industrial solid waste formed by the burning of coal. The environmental problems and storage costs caused by this waste increase with every passing day. In this study, the use of BA as an additive (clay substitute) in fired brick production was investigated. The study consisted of two stages. In the first stage, cylinder blocks were produced from clay used in brick production. The second stage was the examination of the experimental substitution of clay with 10, 20, 30 and 40% BA. Samples were fired at 900, 1000, 1100 and 1150 °C to produce fired brick samples. The unit weight, compressive strength (before and after freeze–thawing) and water absorption were analyzed for the samples. The unit weight values decreased in the samples containing BA. The mechanical properties met the conditions prescribed in the relevant standards; i.e., all of the samples fired at 1100 and 1150 °C had a sufficient compressive strength over 20 MPa. The high potential of fired bricks for the construction industry was proved. BA can be used as a clay substitute, while the developed protocol can be used to effectively produce fired bricks.
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Trakoolngam, Kritika, and Sarunya Promkotra. "Mechanical Behavior of Fired-Clay Bricks from Stream Sediments under Uniaxial Compressive Loading." Key Engineering Materials 690 (May 2016): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.690.252.
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In the northeast of Thailand, raw material for fired-clay brick is obtained from fine stream sediments in the lower Nam Phong and upper Chi River sub-watersheds. Hundreds of brickyards exist along the waterway producing rice husk ash (RHA) bricks for construction. Technical study on the production of these bricks is limited, therefore, detailed studies on mechanical and chemical properties will enhance the understanding of the production process in order for further improvement. In this study, a preliminary investigation of the brickyards and production process was conducted. Brick samples as well as raw sediment materials were collected from 6 randomly selected locations for laboratory testing on physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. A total of 300 brick specimens were collected being 50 specimens from each location. The brick dimensions are roughly 5×5×15 cm with an average weight of about 680 g. X-Ray Diffractometry show that the fired brick composition is approximately 90-98% quartz, 5-7% clay minerals, and less than 1% minor minerals. Mechanical behavior of the fired-clay bricks was evaluated by compressive loading of single brick units conducted under dry and submerged (with reverse osmosis water) conditions. The compressive strength of the brick unit is found to be proportional to its density with values in the range of about 0.4-1.2 MPa. Bricks with RHA to sediment ratio of 1:3 exhibit a higher average strength that that of other ratios.
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Frar, Ikram, Houdaifa Bakkali, Mohammed Ammari, and Laïla Ben Allal. "Integration of Port Dredged Sediments Into the Production of Fired Clay Bricks." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 45, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 428–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2019.428.
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Bricks manufactured, based on dredged sediments extracted from Tangier and Larache ports in Morocco were investigated. Chemical, physical, geotechnical, mineralogical and environmental characterizations studies of ports dredged sediments were performed. Partial substitution of natural clay by dredged sediments was achieved with different substitution rates by weight (20%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70%) to manufacture brick samples at the laboratory scale. The compressive strength was the factor determining the optimal substitution rate of the natural clay. Compressive strength values of fired bricks with different rates of sediments incorporated show that the manufactured bricks have mechanical characteristics relatively close to natural clay until 60% substitution for Larache port dredged sediment (SL) and until 50% for Tangier port dredged sediment (ST). The results in this study confirm that dredged sediments from the ports of Tangier and Larache can be used as an alternative raw materials resource for the manufacturing of fired bricks.
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Khoo, Y. C., I. Johari, and Zainal Arifin Ahmad. "Influence of Rice Husk Ash on the Engineering Properties of Fired-Clay Brick." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.14.
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The aim of this study is to determine the influence of rice husk ash (RHA) on the engineering properties of fired-clay brick with the present of 10% sand. Temperature 1200°C is selected as the optimum temperature based on the preliminaries study. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), were carried out to determine the characteristic of raw materials used. Mechanical properties of rice husk ash-clay bricks are determined in terms of compressive strength, porosity and water absorption. The results shows that increase in RHA replacement percentage reduce the compressive strength and linear shrinkage of fired-clay bricks while the porosity and water absorption value increase. From the investigation, we can conclude that the optimum mixing ratio for fired-clay brick containing RHA is 15% because it complied with the minimum requirement for building material in term of strength and water absorption.
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Idoum, Aicha, Lahcen Bammou, Rachid Tiskatine, and Ahmed Aharoune. "Thermal conductivity of clay based material incorporating Argan Shell: Experimental characterization." E3S Web of Conferences 229 (2021): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122901032.
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This research investigated the impact of agricultural biomass additives (Argan shell) on the thermal and physical properties of fired clay bricks for building application. The objective of the study is to characterize the selected materials from molecule up to the final materials used in buildings. The materials used in this study, are soil and Argan shells, locally available materials for brick making. The Argan shells were grinded and then added to the clay mixture. The Clay brick shows a formation of pores during the firing process up to 1050°C. As results, the bulk density of the clay bricks decreased due to the pores formation. On the other hand, the thermal conductivity of the clay bricks was reduced by 53% using 20wt% of the biomass additives.
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Phillips, D. N. "Vanadium staining in fired clay bricks." British Ceramic Transactions 102, no. 6 (December 2003): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/096797803225005025.
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binti Abdul Kadir, Aeslina, and Abbas Mohajerani. "Properties Improvement of Fired Clay Bricks Incorporating with Cigarette Butts." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1723–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1723.
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Although small in size, indiscriminate littering of cigarette butts (CBs) can cause serious environmental impact. Several trillion cigarettes produced worldwide annually lead to thousands of kilograms of toxic waste. CBs accumulate in the environment due to the poor biodegradability of the cellulose acetate filters and, in doing so, they have become the most common litter item on our planet. This paper presents some of the results from a continuing study on recycling CBs into fired clay bricks. Physico-mechanical properties of fired clay bricks manufactured with different percentages of CBs (2.5%, 5% and 10%) and also of control brick samples are reported and discussed. To improve the properties, three different mixing times were tested with 7.5% of CBs incorporated in clay bricks, specifically at 15 minutes, 10 minutes and 5 minutes respectively. The impacts of these changes on physical and mechanical characteristics were evaluated. With 15 minutes mixing time, the measurement increased up to 114% and 12% for strength and density respectively compared to 5 minutes mixing time. On the other hand, values for water absorption, initial rate of absorption and tensile strength decreased by 22%, 29% and 5% respectively. Microstructure analyses of CB bricks were also investigated using ESEM. Attempts were also made to improve the properties by incorporating 3% of steel fibre into CB brick samples. Nevertheless, the addition of the steel fibre did not significantly improve the properties or the appearance of the manufactured samples.
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Palmer, David, and Carolyn Dillian. "Preliminary investigations into the source of brick clay, Brookgreen Plantation, Georgetown County, South Carolina." North American Archaeologist 39, no. 1 (January 2018): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197693117749659.
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Brookgreen Gardens, Georgetown County, South Carolina, includes the remains of Brookgreen Plantation and other historic rice plantations. The property contains archeological resources associated with enslaved African, African-American, and Native American people. Visitors are told that the piers and chimneys of the homes of the enslaved were made of local brick, from clay dug, processed, and fired on-site. The clay mining allegedly formed the ponds and water features still visible today. To test that assertion, the authors conducted experiments, including collecting and geochemically analyzing local clays from these water features, to better understand the brick-making practices of Brookgreen's enslaved workers. Using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, we determined that these ponds were not the source of clay used for bricks. Instead, a deposit of clay located closer to the historic rice fields, where much of the work on the plantation occurred, was geochemically consistent with the archeological bricks.
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Shin, Dae Yong, and Kyung Nam Kim. "Manufacturing of Construction Materials from Municipal Incinerator Residue." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.209.
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Municipal incinerator residue (MIR) was used as raw material to replace clay to manufacture bricks. Brick specimens were substituted from 0 to 50 wt% MIR by 10 wt% increment for clay. Clay-MIR brick specimens were fired at 800~1050°C for 2 h. Firing shrinkage, bulk density, water absorption rate and compressive strength were investigated. Leaching procedure tests were also conducted to characterize toxicity. Increasing MIR contents resulted in a decrease in water absorption rate, firing shrinkage and increase in compressive strength of bricks. It was found that when brick specimen with 50 wt% of MIR content was heat-treated at 1000°C for 2 h, a brick specimen could be generated, which was compressive strength of 1256 kg/cm2, water absorption ratio of 6.8% and firing shrinkage of 3.5%. This indicates that MIR is indeed suitable for the partial replacement of clay in bricks
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Guo, Wei Juan, Gao Xiang Du, Ran Fang Zuo, and Jing Hui Liao. "Utilization of Iron Tailings for High Strength Fired Brick." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 2373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.2373.
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his paper studies the feasibility of preparation high strength fired bricks from iron tailings with addition of clay and coal gangue. The results indicated that the optimum conditions were found to be that the hematite tailings content were 35%–50%; the firing temperature was 1000 °C. Under these conditions, the mechanical strength, the water absorption and the bulk density of the fired bricks were 21.17–26.14 MPa, 14.55–15.47% and 1.648–1.629g/cm3, respectively, these were well conformed to standards MU20 of Chinese Fired Common Bricks Standard (GB/T5101-2003).The phase composition and microstructure of the fired specimen were characterized by XRD and SEM. The results showed that the major crystalline phases present in fired brick were quartz, albite, amphibole, hematite and muscovite, and glass phase encapsulated and cement the crystalline phases forming strong entirety which promoted the strength of bricks.
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Srinavin, Korb, and Patipat Tunming. "Physical and Thermal Properties of Fired Clay Bricks Mixed with Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash." Key Engineering Materials 718 (November 2016): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.718.169.
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Thailand is located in a tropical region, with high intensity of sunlight, high temperature and humidity. Thus, preventing heat transfer into the building is required in order to save electrical energy for air-conditioning systems. This study aims to investigate the physical and thermal properties of construction bricks in order to increase their effectiveness of heat prevention. An attempt is made to increase discontinuous voids in fired clay bricks. Rice Husk Ash (RHA; 0-30 % by weight) and Fly Ash (FA; 0-30 % by weight) were added in brick mixture to increase those voids. Compressive strength and water absorption of bricks were tested. The testing results showed that compressive strength decreased and water absorption increased when RHA and FA were added. The thermal conductivity coefficient of bricks were also investigated. The results confirmed that the higher amount of RHA added, the higher thermal resistance of bricks. Similar results were found for FA. Increasing an amount of FA also increased thermal resistance of bricks. Thermal time-lag behavior was also tested. The results showed that RHA hollow bricks took the longest time in heating and took the shortest time in cooling. These properties are good for heat prevention. These bricks which were developed and tested in this research are conformed to the Thai Industrial Standard. Finally, it can be concluded that because of its thermal behavior, RHA hollow brick is a suitable energy-saving brick for hot and humid climates.
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Youssef, Nicolas, Andry Zaid Rabenantoandro, Zakaria Dakhli, Fadi Hage Chehade, and Zoubeir Lafhaj. "Environmental evaluation of geopolymer bricks." MATEC Web of Conferences 281 (2019): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928103005.
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This article presents the environmental assessment of geopolymer bricks produced from clay and waste bricks. The life cycle approach is the method used in this research to qualify, identify and compare the environmental impacts of geopolymer bricks and fired bricks. The results reveal that the manufacturing process of geopolymer bricks implies for the same compressive strength of fired bricks, a reduction of CO2 emissions by up to 55% for clay-based geopolymer bricks. This research checks the environmental interests of the application of geopolymerization technology in the production of bricks.
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Abdul Kadir, Aeslina, Siti Noorhajar Mohd Zulkifly, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, and Noor Amira Sarani. "The Utilization of Coconut Fibre into Fired Clay Brick." Key Engineering Materials 673 (January 2016): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.673.213.
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Over the year, agricultural establishment produced many types of waste in its daily operation. Coconut fibre for example is one of the most abundant agricultural wastes produced in Malaysia. Despite the massive amount of the waste produced, the standards of waste management in Malaysia are still poor. The main purpose of this study is to focus on the potential of coconut fibre utilization into fired clay bricks. The objectives of this study are to determine the characteristics of coconut fibre, to identify the gas emissions during firing process from coconut fibre brick and to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of from coconut fibre (1%, 3% and 5%) incorporation into fired clay brick. All the bricks were fired in a furnace up to 1050°C at 1°C/min. The gas emissions that were measured are carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). Based on the three gases, the results showed that CO2 is the highest gas emission produced during the firing process. Physical and mechanical properties tested are total shrinkage, dry density and compressive strength. Results found that by adding different percentages of coconut fibre, most of the properties were complied with the standards except for the compressive strength of 5% of coconut fibre in clay brick. Therefore, the utilization of coconut fibre could be one of the alternative disposal methods for agriculture waste and it will also provide low-cost material for brick that produce adequate physical and mechanical properties.
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Mohajerani, Abbas, Aruna Ukwatta, Tristan Jeffrey-Bailey, Michael Swaney, Mohtashim Ahmed, Glen Rodwell, Simon Bartolo, Nicky Eshtiaghi, and Sujeeva Setunge. "A Proposal for Recycling the World’s Unused Stockpiles of Treated Wastewater Sludge (Biosolids) in Fired-Clay Bricks." Buildings 9, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9010014.
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Millions of tonnes of leftover biosolids are increasingly stockpiled every year around the globe. Biosolids are a product of the wastewater sludge treatment process. Stockpiles necessitate the use of large areas of increasingly valuable land. Biosolids have many beneficial uses and are currently utilised in agricultural and land rehabilitation applications. However, it is estimated that 30% of biosolids are unused and stockpiled. A second and seemingly unrelated environmental issue is the massive excavation of virgin soil for brick production. The annual production of 1500 billion bricks globally requires over 3.13 billion cubic metres of clay soil—equivalent to over 1000 soccer fields dug 440 m deep or to a depth greater than three times the height of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. This paper investigates and proposes a practical solution for the utilisation of the world’s excess biosolids in fired–clay bricks. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of fired–clay bricks incorporating 25%, 20%, 15% and 10% biosolids have been tested. Bricks were produced from three different biosolids samples collected at Melbourne’s Eastern Treatment Plant (ETP 22) and the Western Treatment Plant (WTP 10 & WTP 17–29). Compressive strength testing indicated results ranging between 35.5 MPa and 12.04 MPa for the biosolids-amended bricks. Leachate analysis was conducted on the bricks before and after firing, and the results demonstrate that between 43 and 99% of the heavy metals tested were immobilised inside the fired bricks compared to the heavy metals tested in the raw mixture. All leachate concentrations were found to be insignificant for the biosolids-incorporated bricks tested in this study. Biosolids can have significantly different chemical characteristics depending on the origin of the wastewater and the treatment procedure. Suitable leachate analysis should be undertaken on biosolids and test bricks before large-scale production is approved. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images illustrate that biosolids-amended bricks have a higher porosity than the control bricks, which corresponds to the lower thermal conductivity values recorded for biosolids-amended bricks. In addition, brick firing energy demands are estimated to decrease by up to 48.6% for bricks incorporating 25% WTP 17–29 biosolids due to the higher organic content of the mixture containing biosolids. The emissions study and comparative Life Cycle Assessment results show that the incorporation of biosolids into bricks is a positive and sustainable alternative approach with respect to all environmental impacts arising from the stockpiling of biosolids and brick manufacturing. Based on the results found in this comprehensive study, this paper proposes the inclusion of a minimum of 15% biosolids content into 15% of brick production in order to completely recycle all the approximately 5 million tonnes of annual leftover biosolids production in Australia, New Zealand, the EU, the USA and Canada. This is a practical and sustainable proposal for recycling all the leftover biosolids worldwide. Utilisation of only 15% of biosolids in brick production would reduce the carbon footprint of brick manufacturing whilst satisfying all the environmental and engineering requirements for bricks.
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Mehta, P. K., A. Kumaraswamy, V. K. Saraswat, and Praveen Kumar B. "Study on High Energy Propellant Waste in the Processing of Fired Clay Bricks." Defence Science Journal 70, no. 6 (October 12, 2020): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.70.15740.
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Utilisation of propellant waste in fabrication of bricks is not only used as efficient waste disposal method but also to get better functional properties. In the present study, high energy propellant (HEP) waste additive mixed with soil and fly ash in different proportions during manufacturing of bricks has been investigated experimentally. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were carried out to confirm the brick formation and the effect of HEP waste. Ceramic bricks were fabricated with HEP waste additive in proper proportions i.e. 0.5 wt %, 1.0 wt %, 1.5 wt %, 2.0 wt %, 2.5 wt %, 3 wt %, 3.5 wt %, and 4 wt % and then evaluated for water absorption capability and compressive strength. Compressive strength of 6.7 N/mm2, and Water absorption of 22 % have been observed from modified fired bricks impregnated with HEM waste additive. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were carried out to analyze the effect of HEP waste additive on pore formation and distribution in the bricks. Further, the heat resulting from decomposition of propellants can cause a decrease in the energy required of baking process. The process of manufacturing of bricks with HEP waste additive is first of its kind till date.
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Salim, Nurul Salhana Abdul, Aeslina Abdul Kadir, Mohamad Asyraf Kamarudin, and Mohd Hafizul Fadzli Zaidi. "Leachability of Fired Clay Bricks Incorporated with Sewage Sludge by Using Tank Leaching Test." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.30 (November 30, 2018): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.30.22292.
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This research was conducted to fully utilize the sludge that rich in dangerous heavy metals and at the same time act as low cost alternative materials in brick manufacturing. Different series of sludge and clay proportioning ratios were studied, which exclusively involved the addition of sludge with ratios of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30% of the total weight of sludge-clay mixture. Each molded brick were oven-dried at 105˚C for 24 hours followed by heating at 1050˚C. The investigation includes determination of heavy metal concentration of the sludge and clay using XRF and heavy metals leachability of the bricks by using Tank Leaching Test according to NEN7345 that has been analyzed by using ICPMS. The leaching behavior of several heavy metals (As, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, V, Ba, and Cr) from incorporated sludge into fired clay bricks shows to be insignificant and far below the USEPA regulations limits which fulfill the general requirement for usage of clay brick in construction and comply with the leaching standard limit. As a conclusion, the utilization of sewage sludge can reduce the disposal to landfill and reduce the leachability of sludge which can effect environment and human.
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Adediran, Adeolu, Abayomi Akinwande, Oluwatosin Balogun, Olanrewaju Adesina, and Adeniyi Olayanju. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF FIRED SAND-CLAY AND GLASS POWDER-CLAY BRICKS." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 27, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.27.1.622.
Full textAbstract:
Mechanical behaviour of fired bricks containing varied amount of fine sand (FS) and waste glass powder (GP) was investigated. FS and GP were added to bricks at varied amount of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 wt. %. Firing was done at 1200 ⁰C and samples produced were evaluated for compressive and flexural strengths while microstructural analyses of 25 wt. % FS and GP-clay bricks were examined. Results showed that compressive strength was highest at 30 wt. % GP for GP-bricks while for FS-clay bricks, compressive strength rose to 35 and 40 wt. % FS addition. Flexural strength for GP-clay and FS-clay bricks peaked at 30 wt. % GP (3.63 MPa) and 40 wt % FS (2.45) respectively. Flexural modulus increased progressively and exponentially as FS and GP proportion increased. Workdone in resisting deformation and deflection during bending reduced with increased amount of both additives. Flexural strain was inversely related to load and stiffness. In conclusion, addition of GP and FS in increasing amount resulted in improved mechanical properties in the bricks. Also, increased proportion of GP and FS was found to improve response to loading in fired bricks.
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Kulakowski, Marlova Piva, Feliciane Andrade Brehm, Carlos Alberto Mendes Moraes, Andréa Pampanelli, and Viviana Reckziegel. "Monitoring and Evaluation of Industrial Production of Fired-Clay Masonry Bricks with 2.5% of Phosphatization Sludge." Key Engineering Materials 634 (December 2014): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.206.
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The present study reports the industrial production of fired-clay masonry bricks containing 2.5% phosphatization sludge, the result of a research project carried out in three stages: laboratory, pilot production, and industrial production. After validation of the results of the first and second stages, the local environment authorities issued a permit to produce these bricks on industrial scale and to commercialize them. One of the requirements was the monitoring of the dimensional, mechanical and environmental performance of these bricks at 6-month intervals. This study presents the results of the monitoring of these characteristics in a 5-year period. After each sampling, bricks containing phosphate sludge were measured and submitted to compressive strength, as well to environmental analyses following the official Brazilian standards. The analyses of results of measurements and compressive strength show that the bricks manufactured with 2.5% phosphate sludge were approved for use in the construction industry. Additionally, the fired-clay bricks were classified as a non-inert material. This is not be considered an obstacle to commercializing these bricks, since conventional fired-clay bricks belong to the same class, and present higher levels of solubilized iron and aluminum, above the value defined in the national standard. The results obtained in the environmental, dimensional and mechanical analyses of fired-clay masonry bricks with phosphatization sludge demonstrate that they meet the requirements for production and commercialization.
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Sauer, Christoph, Andreas Heine, Frank Bagusat, and Werner Riedel. "Ballistic impact on fired clay masonry bricks." International Journal of Protective Structures 11, no. 3 (December 17, 2019): 304–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419619893708.
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We perform an experimental and numerical study of ballistic impact on the German fired clay brick material VMz28. Parameters for the concrete material model applied in hydrocode simulations stem from material characterization experiments, especially planar plate impact experiments, engineering assumptions, and parameter studies. The performance of the numerical model is illustrated by a comparison of its results to ballistic data on penetration and perforation of spherical steel projectiles. Agreement is found between experiment and simulation for residual velocities and penetration depths. The experimental damage patterns are reproduced in the simulation with sufficient agreement. The application of the model to the impact of another differently shaped generic projectile reveals good predictive capabilities in a part of the impact velocity range. For the deviation found in the other part, limitations of the model concerning the full reproduction of the observed spall failure are discussed as a possible explanation. Overall, with moderate experimental effort, a numerical model with reasonably good predictive capabilities is obtained for engineering purposes.
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Eliche-Quesada, D., M. A. Felipe-Sesé, and A. Infantes-Molina. "Olive Stone Ash as Secondary Raw Material for Fired Clay Bricks." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8219437.
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This work evaluates the effect of incorporation of olive stone ash, as secondary raw material, on the properties of fired clay bricks. To this end, three compositions containing 10, 20, and 30 wt% olive stone ash in a mixture of clays (30 wt% red, 30 wt% yellow, and 40 wt% black clay) from Spain were prepared. The raw materials, clay and olive stone ash, were characterized by means of XRD, XRF, SEM-EDS, and TG-TDA analysis. The engineering properties of the press molded specimens fired at 900°C (4 h) such as linear shrinkage, bulk density, apparent porosity, water absorption, and compressive strength were evaluated. The results indicated that the incorporation of 10 wt% of olive stone ash produced bricks with suitable technological properties, with values of compressive strength of 41.9 MPa but with a reduced bulk density, by almost 4%. By contrast, the incorporation of 20 wt% and 30 wt% sharply increased the water absorption as a consequence of the large amount of open porosity and low mechanical strength presented by these formulations, which do not meet the standards for their use as face bricks. The bricks do not present environmental problems according to the leaching test.
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Chidiac, S. E., and L. M. Federico. "Effects of waste glass additions on the properties and durability of fired clay brickThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Masonry." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 11 (November 2007): 1458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-120.
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The optimization of the production of fired clay brick is essential for the sustainability of the clay brick industry. While there exist areas for improvement of these bricks’ properties when they are used in severe climates, concerns — including nonrenewable resource depletion, increasing energy costs, and waste management — have become increasingly important in Canadian and global industries. One strategy to address these concerns is to use waste additives as fluxing agents in bricks. Use of these additives can decrease the dependency of the industry on nonrenewable resources and can improve brick strength and durability. The effect nonrecycled waste glass additives have on fired brick durability and mechanical and transport properties was investigated in this study. The variables studied were waste glass particle size and percentage added by mass. Microstructure was investigated using mercury intrusion porosimetry to determine the effect on pore structure. The results yielded an optimal percentage addition of waste glass.
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Han, Lim Chung, Abdul Karim Bin Mirasa, Ismail Saad, Nurmin Bt. Bolong, Nurul Shahadahtul Afizah Bt. Asman, Hidayati Bte Asrah, and Eddy Syaizul Rizam Bin Abdullah. "Use of Compressed Earth Bricks/Blocks in Load-Bearing Masonry Structural Systems: A Review." Materials Science Forum 997 (June 2020): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.997.9.
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Clay fired bricks are commonly encountered in the construction sector as infill between structural frames. This system has been favoured by builders due to familiarity, ease of manufacture, and they also do not require skilled labourers to erect. Produced from moulded clay and hardened by firing in a kiln, brick production is both energy intensive and high in CO2 emission. Fired bricks are typically held together by cement mortar at the bed and perpend joints which provide very minimal resistance against shearing or flexure. This meant brick walls often require additional wind posts or stiffeners to provide stability. Compressed earth masonry offers an alternative to the conventional brick walling system in that, besides having the advantages of conventional bricks, they also confer higher compressive strengths due to the high-pressure compaction manufacturing process. The high strength allows the system to be adapted into load-bearing masonry system for use in low-rise buildings as an alternative to the more expensive reinforced concrete or steel framing system. The high-pressure compaction process along with high quality moulds also give fair-faced finished to the bricks, allowing them to be used as facing bricks and eliminating the need for surface finishing such as plastering. Additionally, compressed bricks featuring interlocking key holes along the bed joints allows for simplified and faster wall erection process. This review paper aims to document the research progress thus far in adopting the compressed interlocking bricks as a sustainable alternative to current building materials.
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Ratanathavorn, W., S. Charoenjai, S. Janbuala, B. Chalermsinsuwan, and K. Poochinda. "Effects of Design Parameters for Clay Brick Kiln Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Experimental Design." Advanced Materials Research 1101 (April 2015): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1101.51.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most critical steps in brick making is firing, performed to harden the bricks. In a typical non-industrial setting, many pieces of extruded clays are stacked into a box-shaped kiln with equally-spaced rectangular vertical holes and another set of equally-spaced horizontal holes at the bottom across two sides. Roman roof tiles are used to cover the vertical sides, while leaving the horizontal holes opened, to complete the kiln assembly. Rice husk is filled in the holes of the kiln and is used as the fuel for firing. However, approximately 10% of the bricks, stacked conventionally, are always not appropriately fired. Therefore, this research aimed at simplifying model and redesigning the clay brick kiln using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The studied parameters for 23 factorial designs were as follows: kiln height (200 – 225 cm), horizontal holes width (7.5 – 15 cm) and height (45 – 60 cm). The total volume of brick stack, averaged steady-state temperature and time to reach a steady-state temperature were selected as the response parameters. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of 23 factorial design showed that the width and height of holes affected the time to reach steady-state but the averaged steady-state temperature and the total volume of brick stack were dependent on all 3 parameters. Then, a kiln was constructed according to the model with the maximum number of bricks and only 4% of the bricks were not appropriately fired.
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Báez, S., A. J. Peruzzi, and B. Galeano. "Water Absorption and Transport in Clay Bricks." Materials Science Forum 1012 (October 2020): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1012.227.
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Moisture and water transport in clay bricks are essential contributing factors towards brick decay in buildings. Experimental work is reported comparing water absorption and porosity of handmade and solid fired clay bricks from Paraguay. Their respective porosities were estimated by gravimetric test and, their pore distribution, degree of anisotropy and morphology were examined by SEM. Although it was found that both samples have a common composition (XRD), a higher degree of porosity was found in handmade bricks, which also absorb water at a higher rate accelerating the decay process. Experimental data is reported on the exponential kinetics behavior of water absorption similar to the one observed in capillary tubes, but with an additional diffusive process. A phenomenological model is proposed for water absorption in both types of bricks which compared with the standard model of water absorption available in the literature, produces a better representation of the experimental data.
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Promkotra, Sarunya, and Tawiwan Kangsadan. "Compressive Strength in Various Submersion Tests of Fired Clay Bricks from Chi River Sub-Basin." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.64.
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The river sediments from the Chi River basin, including Chi River and Nam Phong River, are valuable to comprehend the brick process, physical and chemical properties which lead to its strength. Study areas cover three different regions in Maha Sarakham, Kalasin and Roi Et provinces nearby six brickyards which are separated in two areas Nam Phong and Chi River area. Mechanical property is referred to compressive strengths of a brick unit. These compressive strengths of the fired brick unit increase with increasing their densities. Elastic moduli of original fired brick at the ultimate stress and strain corresponding by time in submersion test show that any solutions filled in void or pore can enhance the apparent density of bricks. Thus, fired bricks are capable to resist compressive force than the normal condition. The ratio of modulus in submersion test for 4 hours, expressed in the original fired brick to water, acidic saline and saline is 1: 1.1: 1.2: 1.6, respectively. The stress level depends on the fracture plane over particular long space fabricating by manufacturing process. These results are related only to the linearity plot.
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Dominguez, D., V. P. Muñoz, and V. L. Muñoz. "Impact of using lightweight eco-bricks as enclosures for individual houses of one story on zones of high seismicity." Materiales de Construcción 67, no. 328 (September 22, 2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2017.03316.
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Fired clay bricks are widely developed by focusing on the use of several wastes with the aim of obtaining lightweight materials. Despite research having provided positives experiences, most of these showed an important reduction of compression strength. This issue must be highlighted in particular, when seismic areas are considered. However, despite compression strength decreases in some cases the energy that can be absorbed by the brick might be increased. Hence, this paper tests and shows physical and mechanical properties of newly fired clays made by adding different percentages of sawdust. Results are used for calculating the response of an individual one-story house to medium intensity earthquakes. It is concluded that the use of bricks, with up to 5% sawdust added, is an ecological way for recycling these agro-wastes, while its behaviour against earthquakes performs better than other solutions, such as common perforated bricks.
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Zanelli, Chiara, Elena Marrocchino, Guia Guarini, Alice Toffano, Carmela Vaccaro, and Michele Dondi. "Recycling Construction and Demolition Residues in Clay Bricks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 8918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198918.
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In recent years, the management of construction and demolition residues (CDRs) has become a major challenge for the construction industry due to the increasing volume of waste produced and its associated environmental impact. The aim of this article is to assess the effect of fine-grained fractions (<0.125 mm–0.6–0.125 mm) of construction and demolition residues, obtained by industrial sorting in a CDR processing plant in Rovigo (Italy), on the technological behavior and technical performance of clay bricks. Simulating the brickmaking process on a laboratory scale, it was appraised whether the CDR additions determined any change in the main properties of both fired and unfired bricks, taking a CDR-free brick body as a reference. The results indicated that the use of CDR is technologically feasible. It is possible to obtain, through proper crushing and sorting operations, grain-sized fractions with quite homogenous chemical and mineralogical composition. The residues did affect the compositional properties, porosity and water absorption of the clay bricks. Nevertheless, the characterization of the residual-added semi-finished and fired products highlighted their good technological and mechanical properties, which allowed them to provide performances similar to those of standard bricks manufactured with raw natural materials.
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Djafri, G., and N. Chelouah. "Influence of the diameter of ground date pits on the technological properties of clay bricks." Cerâmica 64, no. 372 (December 2018): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132018643722483.
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Abstract The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diameter of ground date pits (GDP) on the technological properties of a clay brick. For this purpose, increasing amounts of GDP (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt%) with different diameters were mixed with a clay to produce clay bricks by pressing, drying and then firing at 900 °C. The GDP diameter and content changed the water requirement for plasticity. The shrinkage, water absorption and apparent porosity of fired clay brick increased with the content and diameter of GDP. The compressive strength, apparent density and thermal conductivity of the samples decreased with the increase in diameter and content of GDP. With the help of SEM micrographs, it was observed that the combustion of added GDP in the mixture led to a reduction in the diameter of pores formed in the fired clay brick samples.
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Bohara, Narendra Bahadur, Lal Bahadur Bhat, Dol Bahadur Ghale, Nirjan Duwal, and Jagadeesh Bhattarai. "Investigation of the firing temperature effects on clay brick sample; Part-I: Mineralogical phase characterization." BIBECHANA 16 (November 22, 2018): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v16i0.21319.
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Present research work was focused to investigate the firing temperature effects on mineralogical phase composition of nine clay bricks collected from the brick factory of Kathmandu valley using X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analyses. Main mineralogical phases of quartz, feldspars, spinel, mullite and hematite in the brick specimens fired at different firing temperatures including muscovite type of mica mineral in the sun-dried brick specimen are identified from XRD and FTIR analyses. Disappearance of the muscovite type of mica clay mineral with feldspars enhanced to form alumina rich spinel phase at firing 900° to 1000° C, and finally the primary mullite phase in the fired clay brick samples is clearly observed at 1100° C firing temperature.BIBECHANA 16 (2019) 122-130
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Bohara, NB, DB Ghale, YP Chapagain, N. Duwal, and J. Bhattarai. "Effect of firing temperature on physico-mechanical properties of contemporary clay brick productions in Lalitpur, Nepal." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 55, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v55i1.46731.
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Effect of firing temperature on some physico-mechanical properties of ten brick samples, those were composed by feldspars, quartz, alumina-rich spinel, primary mullite and hematite phases, was investigated in accordance with ASTM standards. The brick samples fired between 700° to 1100° C showed 11-23 % water adsorptivity (WA), 19-37 % apparent porosity (AP) and 1.50-1.65 g/cm3 bulk density (BD) indicate good physical properties. The maximum compressive strength (CS) of the fired-bricks at 950° to 1000° C was found to be between 15.6 and 17.1 MPa. At 700°-1000° C firing temperatures, the CS of these bricks is found to be increased exponentially with decreasing of both WA and AP, however it is found to be increased with increasing the BD. Consequently, it can be said that there is good correlation between mechanical and physical properties of the fired-brick samples up to the firing temperature of 1000° C.
Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(1), 43-52, 2020
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Abdul Kadir, Aeslina, Mohd Ruzaini Abd Jalil, and Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah. "Properties of Steel Mill Sludge Waste Incorporated in Fired Clay Brick." Materials Science Forum 857 (May 2016): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.857.358.
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Brick is one of the most common masonry units as a building material due to its properties. Many attempts have been made to incorporate different types of sludge waste into brick such as marble sludge, stone sludge, water treatment sludge, sewage sludge, desalination sludge, textile laundry sludge, ceramic sludge and steel mill sludge. SMS is waste that produced from steel manufacturing industry. This sludge is normally disposed at a hazardous waste landfill site. The objective of this study is to investigate the properties of sludge waste incorporated in fired clay brick. The characteristic of heavy metals in steel mill sludge were determined by using XRF. Characteristic of steel mill sludge shows that some of the heavy metals in steel mill sludge shows higher concentration by following this descending order Zn>Cu>Pb>Sn>Cr>Ba. Four different mixing ratios of steel mill sludge at (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) were incorporated into fired clay brick to obtain the properties and compared with control brick and standards. In this study, physical and mechanical properties such as shrinkage, density, initial rate of suction and compressive strength test were conducted in the laboratory. Through this study, the results indicate that addition of 5% steel mill sludge into bricks shows the best quality of brick with high compressive strength (16.78N/mm2) and low initial rate of suction (3.80 g/mm2). Nevertheless, the density and shrinkage for all bricks still comply with the requirement and suitable for different work applications. Furthermore, by incorporating sludge waste into fired clay brick could provide an environmental friendly way of disposal method.
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Mehta, P. K., A. Kumaraswamy, V. K. Saraswat, and B. Praveen Kumar. "Utilisation of High Energy Propellant Waste in Manufacturing of Fired Clay Bricks to Enhance the Acoustic Properties." Defence Science Journal 71, no. 5 (September 2, 2021): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.71.17015.
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The disposal and waste management of solid high energy propellant (HEP) is a considerate conservational problem. HEP waste is currently disposed in open or confined burning which may cause environmental hazards. In this paper, we examined and discussed results on recycling of HEP waste into fired clay bricks baked in different orientation. HEP modified bricks with 1.5%, 3% and 5 wt. % HEP waste content were manufactured and tested, and then compared against virgin clay bricks without HEP content. The effect of directional orientation of bricks baked with varying HEP content on acoustic properties were experimented and discussed. The sound transmission loss decreases with increase in HEP waste due to formation of independently closed directional pores. The transmission loss of horizontally baked during firing of bricks is nearly 5dB lower than vertically baked bricks. Results of the experimental studies indicate that HEP waste can be utilised in fired clay bricks and different orientation baking further enhances the acoustic properties.
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Sahu, Vaishali, Rounak Attri, Prashast Gupta, and Rakesh Yadav. "Development of eco friendly brick using water treatment plant sludge and processed tea waste." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, no. 3 (November 22, 2019): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-06-2019-0168.
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Purpose This paper aims to study the effect of the addition of water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) and processed tea waste (PTW) on the properties of burnt clay bricks. The reuse of WTP sludge as a raw material for brick production is a long-term approach, to sludge disposal, for economic and environmental sustainability. Sludge have been added at 10, 20, 30 and 40% and processed tea waste at 5% (by weight) in replacement of clay for brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The compressive strength has been found to increase with the sludge content, however, a slight decrease in compressive strength was observed with tea waste addition. Further, PTW addition has improved the thermal insulation of bricks as compared to controlled bricks. The study shows that 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil can be considered as an optimum mix for bricks with good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property. Design/methodology/approach Four different mixing ratios of sludge at 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the total weight of sludge-clay mixtures were used to make bricks. Similarly, PTW was investigated as a substitute of natural clayey soil in brick manufacturing. Each batch of hand-moulded bricks was fired in a heat controlled furnace at a temperature of 990°C. The physical, mechanical and engineering properties of the produced WTPS bricks and PTW bricks were determined and evaluated according to various Indian Standard Codes of Specification for burnt clay bricks and certain reference books. Findings The results exhibited that WTP sludge and PTW can be used to produce good quality brick for various engineering applications in construction and building. Increasing the sludge content increases the compressive strength. Moreover, thermal insulation of PTW bricks depicted an upward trend when compared to controlled bricks. Hence, an optimum mixture of 40% WTPS, 5% PTW and 55% natural clayey soil was found, at which bricks showed good compressive strength as well as improved thermal insulation property of the building material. Research limitations/implications The present work provides a sustainable solution for disposal of WTP sludge and tea waste. Utilization of these waste materials in brick manufacturing is viable and economic solution. Practical implications Bricks with 40% WTP sludge and 5% processed tea waste proved to be economic, technically sound for construction purposes with added thermal insulation properties. Social implications Bulk amount of waste such as WTP sludge is a threat to society owing to its environmental implications of disposal. Authors propose to use WTP sludge and tea waste for brick manufacturing and provide a solution to its disposal. Originality/value Water treatment plant sludge along with tea waste have not been tried for brick manufacturing so far. Hence, the composition is new in itself and also have resulted into good performance.
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Michailidis, K., G. Trontzios, and E. Sofianska. "CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF CLAYS FROM PELOPONNESE (S. GREECE) AND THEIR EVALUATION FOR UTILIZATION IN CERAMICS INDUSTRY." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 5 (July 31, 2017): 2657. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11673.
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Mineral constituents, particle size and chemistry of ceramic raw materials may control the way ceramic products are formed and fired. Three compound (combined mixtures of 20 raw samples) clay samples from Chanakia area, Pelloponnese (S. Greece), were mineralogically and chemically investigated and their utilization as raw materials for the ceramic industry was evaluated. These samples come from different clay formations, they have red, blue and green colors and constitute the raw materials for a local brick plant. Particle size distribution analysis showed that the percentage of clay size fraction (d<2μm) ranges from 28.3 to 36.3 wt.%. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the main mineral constituents are quartz, micas, feldspars (plagioclases, orthoclase), calcite (except the red - clay) and clay minerals (discrete illite, mixed - layered illite/smectite, chlorite and traces of smectite and vermiculite). Projection of their bulk chemistry on some triangular discrimination diagrams has aided us to evaluate their suitability for ceramics production, namely majiolica (earthenware), cottoforte, gres and bricks were evaluated. In conclusion, all the studied materials are proved unsuitable for high quality ceramic products. Specifically, the blue and green clays were found suitable for earthenware ceramics as are high porosity building bricks, roofing tiles and similar products, while the red clay is appropriate for gres ceramics as are the low porosity tiles and bricks.
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Kadir, Aeslina A., and Abbas Mohajerani. "Recycling cigarette butts in lightweight fired clay bricks." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 164, no. 5 (October 2011): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/coma.900013.
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