Relevant bibliographies by topics / Firebrand transport

Academic literature on the topic 'Firebrand transport'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Firebrand transport"

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Wadhwani, R., D. Sutherland, A. Ooi, and K. Moinuddin. "<i>Corrigendum to</i>: Firebrand transport from a novel firebrand generator: numerical simulation of laboratory experiments." International Journal of Wildland Fire 31, no. 6 (June 24, 2022): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf21088_co.

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Firebrands (often called embers) increase the propagation rate of wildfires and often cause the ignition and destruction of houses. Predicting the motion of firebrands and the ignition of new fires is therefore of significant interest to fire authorities. Numerical models have the potential to accurately predict firebrand transport. The present study focuses on conducting a set of benchmark experiments using a novel firebrand generator, a device that produces controlled and repeatable sets of firebrands, and validating a numerical model for firebrand transport against this set of experiments. The validation is conducted for the transport of non-burning and burning cubiform firebrand particles at two flow speeds. Four generic drag sub-models used to estimate drag coefficients that are suited for a wide variety of firebrand shapes are verified for their applicability to firebrand transport modelling. The four sub-models are found to be good in various degrees at predicting the transport of firebrand particles.
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Koo, Eunmo, Patrick J. Pagni, David R. Weise, and John P. Woycheese. "Firebrands and spotting ignition in large-scale fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 7 (2010): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07119.

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Spotting ignition by lofted firebrands is a significant mechanism of fire spread, as observed in many large-scale fires. The role of firebrands in fire propagation and the important parameters involved in spot fire development are studied. Historical large-scale fires, including wind-driven urban and wildland conflagrations and post-earthquake fires are given as examples. In addition, research on firebrand behaviour is reviewed. The phenomenon of spotting fires comprises three sequential mechanisms: generation, transport and ignition of recipient fuel. In order to understand these mechanisms, many experiments have been performed, such as measuring drag on firebrands, analysing the flow fields of flame and plume structures, collecting firebrands from burning materials, houses and wildfires, and observing firebrand burning characteristics in wind tunnels under the terminal velocity condition and ignition characteristics of fuel beds. The knowledge obtained from the experiments was used to develop firebrand models. Since Tarifa developed a firebrand model based on the terminal velocity approximation, many firebrand transport models have been developed to predict maximum spot fire distance. Combustion models of a firebrand were developed empirically and the maximum spot fire distance was found at the burnout limit. Recommendations for future research and development are provided.
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Koo, Eunmo, Rodman R. Linn, Patrick J. Pagni, and Carleton B. Edminster. "Modelling firebrand transport in wildfires using HIGRAD/FIRETEC." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 4 (2012): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09146.

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Firebrand transport is studied for disc and cylindrical firebrands by modelling their trajectories with a coupled-physics fire model, HIGRAD/FIRETEC. Through HIGRAD/FIRETEC simulations, the size of possible firebrands and travelled distances are analysed to assess spot ignition hazard. Trajectories modelled with and without the assumption that the firebrands’ relative velocities always equal their terminal velocities are. Various models for the flight and combustion of disc- and cylindrical-shaped firebrands are evaluated. Eight simulations are performed with surface fuel fires and four simulations are performed with combined surface and canopy fuels. Firebrand trajectories without terminal velocity are larger than those from models with terminal velocity. Discs travel further than cylinders, as discs are aerodynamically more favourable. Thin discs burning on their faces and tall cylinders burning around their circumference have shorter lifetimes than thin discs burning from their circumference or longer cylinders burning from their ends. Firebrands from canopy fires, with larger size and potential to ignite recipient fuel, travel further than firebrands from surface fires. In the simulations, which included a line fire ignition in homogeneous fuels on flat terrain, the firebrand launching patterns are very heterogeneous, and the trajectories and landing patterns are dominated by the coupled fire–atmosphere behaviour.
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Wickramasinghe, Amila, Nazmul Khan, and Khalid Moinuddin. "Determining Firebrand Generation Rate Using Physics-Based Modelling from Experimental Studies through Inverse Analysis." Fire 5, no. 1 (January 8, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5010006.

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Firebrand spotting is a potential threat to people and infrastructure, which is difficult to predict and becomes more significant when the size of a fire and intensity increases. To conduct realistic physics-based modeling with firebrand transport, the firebrand generation data such as numbers, size, and shape of the firebrands are needed. Broadly, the firebrand generation depends on atmospheric conditions, wind velocity and vegetation species. However, there is no experimental study that has considered all these factors although they are available separately in some experimental studies. Moreover, the experimental studies have firebrand collection data, not generation data. In this study, we have conducted a series of physics-based simulations on a trial-and-error basis to reproduce the experimental collection data, which is called an inverse analysis. Once the generation data was determined from the simulation, we applied the interpolation technique to calibrate the effects of wind velocity, relative humidity, and vegetation species. First, we simulated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) tree-burning and quantified firebrand generation against the tree burning experiment conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Then, we applied the same technique to a prescribed forest fire experiment conducted in the Pinelands National Reserve (PNR) of New Jersey, the USA. The simulations were conducted with the experimental data of fuel load, humidity, temperature, and wind velocity to ensure that the field conditions are replicated in the experiments. The firebrand generation rate was found to be 3.22 pcs/MW/s (pcs-number of firebrands pieces) from the single tree burning and 4.18 pcs/MW/s in the forest fire model. This finding was complemented with the effects of wind, vegetation type, and fuel moisture content to quantify the firebrand generation rate.
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Thurston, William, Jeffrey D. Kepert, Kevin J. Tory, and Robert J. B. Fawcett. "The contribution of turbulent plume dynamics to long-range spotting." International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, no. 4 (2017): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16142.

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Spotting can start fires up to tens of kilometres ahead of the primary fire front, causing rapid spread and placing immense pressure on suppression resources. Here, we investigate the dynamics of the buoyant plume generated by the fire and its ability to transport firebrands. We couple large-eddy simulations of bushfire plumes with a firebrand transport model to assess the effects of turbulent plume dynamics on firebrand trajectories. We show that plume dynamics have a marked effect on the maximum spotting distance and determine the amount of lateral and longitudinal spread in firebrand landing position. In-plume turbulence causes much of this spread and can increase the maximum spotting distance by a factor of more than 2 over that in a plume without turbulence in our experiments. The substantial impact of plume dynamics on the spotting process implies that fire spread models should include parametrisations of turbulent plume dynamics to improve their accuracy and physical realism.
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Zhou, Kuibin, Sayaka Suzuki, and Samuel L. Manzello. "Experimental Study of Firebrand Transport." Fire Technology 51, no. 4 (May 27, 2014): 785–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-014-0411-8.

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Trucchia, Andrea, Vera Egorova, Anton Butenko, Inderpreet Kaur, and Gianni Pagnini. "RandomFront 2.3: a physical parameterisation of fire spotting for operational fire spread models – implementation in WRF-SFIRE and response analysis with LSFire+." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-69-2019.

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Abstract. Fire spotting is often responsible for dangerous flare-ups in wildfires and causes secondary ignitions isolated from the primary fire zone, which lead to perilous situations. The main aim of the present research is to provide a versatile probabilistic model for fire spotting that is suitable for implementation as a post-processing scheme at each time step in any of the existing operational large-scale wildfire propagation models, without calling for any major changes in the original framework. In particular, a complete physical parameterisation of fire spotting is presented and the corresponding updated model RandomFront 2.3 is implemented in a coupled fire–atmosphere model: WRF-SFIRE. A test case is simulated and discussed. Moreover, the results from different simulations with a simple model based on the level set method, namely LSFire+, highlight the response of the parameterisation to varying fire intensities, wind conditions and different firebrand radii. The contribution of the firebrands to increasing the fire perimeter varies according to different concurrent conditions, and the simulations show results in agreement with the physical processes. Among the many rigorous approaches available in the literature to model firebrand transport and distribution, the approach presented here proves to be simple yet versatile for application to operational large-scale fire spread models.
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Pokswinski, Scott, Michael R. Gallagher, Nicholas S. Skowronski, E. Louise Loudermilk, Joseph J. O’Brien, and J. Kevin Hiers. "Diurnal Pine Bark Structure Dynamics Affect Properties Relevant to Firebrand Generation." Fire 3, no. 4 (September 25, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3040055.

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Firebrands are an important agent of wildfire spread and structure fire ignitions at the wildland urban interface. Bark flake morphology has been highlighted as an important yet poorly characterized factor in firebrand generation, transport, deposition, and ignition of unburned material. Using pine species where bark flakes are the documented source of embers, we conducted experiments to investigate how bark structure changes in response to diurnal drying. Over a three-day period in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) stand in Florida, we recorded changes in temperature, moisture content, and structure of bark across different facing aspects of mature pine trees to examine the effects of varying solar exposure on bark moisture. We further compared results to bark drying in a pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) plantation in New Jersey. Under all conditions, bark peeled and lifted away from the tree trunk over the study periods. Tree bole aspect and the time of day interacted to significantly affect bark peeling. General temperature increases and moisture content decreases were significantly different between east and west aspects in pitch pine, and with time of day and aspect in longleaf pine. These results illustrate that bark moisture and flakiness is highly dynamic on short time scales, driven largely by solar exposure. These diurnal changes likely influence the probability of firebrand production during fire events via controls on moisture (ignition) and peeling (lofting).
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Dal-Ri dos Santos, Iago, and Neda Yaghoobian. "Effects of urban boundary layer turbulence on firebrand transport." Fire Safety Journal 135 (February 2023): 103726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2022.103726.

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Tohidi, Ali, and Nigel Berkeley Kaye. "Aerodynamic characterization of rod-like debris with application to firebrand transport." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 168 (September 2017): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2017.06.019.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Firebrand transport"

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Ellis, Peter Francis. "The aerodynamic and combustion characteristics of eucalypt bark : a firebrand study." Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49422.

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The process of spotting whereby burning firebrands are transported by convection and wind to ignite new fires ahead of the source fire is significant both economically and in terms of exposure of fire crews to dangerous situations. Spotting behaviour recorded in Australia is the worst in the world in terms of spotfire distance and concentration and this has been attributed to features of eucalypt bark types. This thesis is the first comprehensive firebrand investigation of any bark. It briefly examines selected firebrand characteristics of Eucalyptus diversicolor, E. marginata and E. bicostata and examines in detail the aerodynamic and combustion characteristics and fuel bed ignition potential of Eucalyptus obliqua...
Mayne Nickless Limited, CSIRO Division of Forestry and Forest Products
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Wadhwani, Rahul. "Physics-based simulation of short-range spotting in wildfires." Thesis, 2019. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/40025/.

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Firebrands play a vital role in the propagation of fire fronts and starting new fires called spotfires ahead of fire fronts during wildfire progression. Firebrands are a harbinger of damage to infrastructure; their effects cause a particularly important threat to people living within the wildland-urban-interface, hampers the suppression of the wildfire or even blocking the evacuation routes for communities and emergency services. Short-range firebrands (<750m) which travel along with the wind with little or no lofting are particularly crucial in increasing the fire front propagation and damaging structures situated closed to wildland-urban interface. In the Daylesford fire of 1962, massive short-range spotting (the process of spot fire ignition and merging of spots caused by firebrands) occurred in eucalyptus forest and increased the rate of fire spread by roughly three times more than the computed using empiricial correlation used by operational fire model. Despite the massive importance of short-range firebrands, little research has been conducted because of the safety risks and challenges of fire to emergency service personnel and to the remote equipment like collection boxes, IR cameras, UAVs, which could be used by researchers to quantify and measure fire properties. An operational model to represent the transport of short-range firebrand and their likelihood to ignite the surface fuel like forest litter could be developed from a numerical model. This study first attempts to validate a numerical model of firebrand transport with a set of benchmark experiments. The validation of numerical model is carried out using idealised regular shaped firebrand. Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) is an open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based fire model which is used in this study. The validation of the numerical model is split into two parts focusing on validation of (1) transport, and (2) ignition potential of firebrands. Transport of short range firebrands are modelled in FDS using a lagrangian particle sub-model. The model was validated using two firebrand generators (a plastic pipe-based prototype and stainless steel based main firebrand generator) constructed at our facility as a part of this study. The firebrand generator is equipment which generates a repeatable firebrand shower in a confined space. There are few firebrand dragons built around the world. However, our firebrand generators produce a uniform flow field which simplifies the transport of short-range firebrand to be validated. The set of experiments conducted is used to validate the Lagrangian particle model available in FDS used in the transport of short-range firebrands. The validation is carried out on cubiform, cylindrical, and square disc-shaped firebrands. As the default drag model in FDS was not suitable for shapes of firebrands, the drag model is improved to account for a generic shape of firebrand particle. The results show a reasonable agreement with the experiments for all three shapes over a range of particle Reynolds number. A set of laboratory scale equipment is used to study the ignition likelihood from a short-range firebrand in the numerical model. The boundary fuel vegetation model of FDS is validated. The pyrolysis of vegetation is first tested using thermogravimetric analyser and then with cone calorimeter to estimate mass loss rate, heat-release rate, and time to sustained flaming ignition of three forest litter (pine, eucalyptus, and hay) fuels. Further, a set of thermo-physical properties (thermal conductivity, heat capacity, the heat of pyrolysis, the heat of combustion) of the material tested are also measured using in-house equipment required in the above numerical model. The result showed that the simple linear pyrolysis model is good enough for different forest litter tested with thermogravimetric analyser and cone calorimeter. Finally, a parametric study of short-range firebrand transport inside an open woodland forest canopy is carried out using the validated Lagrangian particle sub-model. The work focuses on understanding how firebrand distribution varies with a set of variable firebrand characteristics in a wildfire and set a stepping stone for the future study. The results are found to be qualitatively similar to the literature.
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Book chapters on the topic "Firebrand transport"

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Dossi, Simona, and Guillermo Rein. "Modelling wildfire firebrand accumulation in front of walls perpendicular to the wind." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 706–13. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_108.

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Windblown embers, known as firebrands, are generated in large numbers during wildfires and can ignite buildings kilometers away from their origin. Firebrands are often the leading cause of building ignition in the wildland-urban interface. Firebrands can either ignite buildings directly by landing on or inside the structure, or indirectly by igniting adjacent vegetation. Studies have investigated firebrand generation from various fuels, wind-driven transport, and ignition mechanisms on different materials and building features. Less research has been conducted on how firebrands deposit and accumulate around buildings; this knowledge is critical in designing buildings safer to firebrand ignition. Here, we address this less understood part of firebrand processes: landing and accumulation. A computation fluid dynamic Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) model simulating published experimental data by Suzuki and Manzello measuring firebrand accumulation region in front of a vertical wall under firebrand exposure created with the NIST Dragon and varying wind speeds (4 m/s - 10 m/s) (Suzuki and Manzello, 2017). The simulated accumulation areas in front of the wall are compared to the experimental observations. The height, width, and thickness of the wall and wind speeds are varied, and the accumulation patterns and sizes are studied to learn the critical design parameters affecting firebrand accumulation. Here we present the set up and vision for this project, and preliminary results from the simulations. FDS measurements do not yet agree with experimental results; authors are working on improving the model planning its potential for investigations once validated.
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López-De-Castro, Marcos, Andrea Trucchia, Umberto Morra di Cella, Paolo Fiorucci, Antonio Cardillo, and Gianni Pagnini. "Fire-spotting modelling: A comparative study of an Italian test case." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 593–601. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_91.

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Wildfire propagation is a non-linear and multiscale system in which there are involved multiple physical and chemical processes. One critical mechanism in the spread of wildfires is the so-called fire-spotting: a random phenomenon which occurs when embers are transported over large distances by the wind, causing the start of new spotting ignitions which jeopardize fire fighting actions. Due to its nature, fire-spotting is usually modeled as a probabilistic process. Three principal processes are involved during the fire-spotting: firebrands generation, transport and landing, and spot ignition. In this work, the physical parametrization of fire-spotting RandomFront (Trucchia et al. 2019) has been implemented into the operational wildfire spread simulator PROPAGATOR (Trucchia et al. 2020), that is based on a cellular automata approach. In the RandomFront parametrization the downwind landing distribution of firebrands is modeled by the means of a lognormal distribution, which is parameterized taking into account the physics involved in the phenomenon. The considered physical parameters are wind field, fire-line intensity, fuel density, firebrand radius, maximum loftable height, as well as factors related to atmospheric stability and flame geometry (Trucchia et al. 2019; Egorova et al. 2020,2022). We have reproduced the evolution of a wildfire occured in Italy, in which the fire-spotting effects played a critical role in its spread, to test how RandomFront is able to reproduce it accurately. In addition, we have already implemented some established fire-spotting empirical parametrizations for cellular automata-based wildfire models to compare also the performance between the three firebrand landings models. The results show that the RandomFront parametrization on the one hand reproduces the main spotting effects given by the available literature parametrizations (Alexandridis et al. 2011; Perryman et al. 2013), while, on the other hand, generates a variety of fire-spotting situations as well as long range fluctuations of the burning probability. The physical parametrization allows for complex patterns of fire spreading in this operational simulator context.
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McDonough, J. M., V. E. Garzon, and K. Saito. "Parallel Simulation of Forest Fire Spread Due to Firebrand Transport." In Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics 1997, 115–21. Elsevier, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-044482849-1/50015-4.

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Setti, Gabriel, Juan Cuevas, Albert Simeoni, and Rory Hadden. "Investigation of firebrand production from Douglas-Fir." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 655–60. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_99.

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Firebrands are one of the leading mechanisms of spread during wildfire and WUI fires, where hot firebrands can be transported on several kilometres ahead of the fire front, potentially creating new fires. Thus, a better understanding of the parameters affecting firebrand generation and characteristics is mandatory to develop better simulation models and to predict the “firebrand potential” of different species. The goal of this study is to create a test procedure to efficiently characterize the firebrand generation and to analyse the reproducibility and the relevance of the results. The experiments were conducted inside a 11m-long wind tunnel with 2 variable speed fans. Trunks and branches from Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) samples were dried and tested separately using a 30cm by 30cm propane burner under wind velocities that ranged from 0.4 m/s to 2.0 m/s. For each experiment, the firebrands generated were collected using water filled pans with fine meshes inside. The mass distribution of the firebrands over the test section was measured using a load cell. It was observed that the heaviest firebrands are only reaching the pans next to the tree. Moreover, these pans contained the majority of firebrands produced during the experiments. Thus, it appears that at low wind velocity (0.4 m/s), the wind is not strong enough to propagate the firebrands on a large area.
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Conference papers on the topic "Firebrand transport"

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"Improvement of drag model for non-burning firebrand transport in Fire Dynamics Simulator." In 24th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2021.g3.wadhwani.

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Matvienko, Oleg V., and Alexander I. Filkov. "Simulation of firebrands transport generated by the seat of fire." In XXI International Symposium Atmospheric and Ocean Optics. Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2205533.

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Sardoy, Nicolas, Jean-Louis Consalvi, Bernard Porterie, and Ahmed Kaiss. "Transport and combustion of Ponderosa Pine firebrands from isolated burning trees." In 2006 First International Symposium on Environment Identities and Mediterranean Area. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iseima.2006.345036.

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