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1
Wang, Lian Tie, and Qing Shan Meng. "Wall Socket Fire Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 2414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.2414.
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Fire scene investigation on fire caused by the wall socket,extracted the copper bead and aluminum wire material evidence,observe and analysis,include the macro analysis and metallographic analysis, and then confirmed the reason.Through the identification of the extracted fire material evidence,macro features are all electric heated,the metallographic analysis to determine the nature of the melted marks respectively for primary short circuit melted marks and over load melted marks and short circuit spatter melted mark. These three kinds of trace is in line when the electrical fault occurred formed, and a primary short circuit melted marks provides the most direct strong scientific basis for the cognizance of the fire,and determined the fires is caused by the faulted wall socket.
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Jin, Zhao-Fen, Yutaka Asako, Yoshiyuki Yamaguchi, and Minoru Harada. "Numerical Modeling of Fire Walls to Simulate Fire Resistance Test." Journal of Heat Transfer 120, no. 3 (August 1, 1998): 661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2824334.
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A fire wall is made of a mortar wall in which water storage materials are mixed. However, the mortar fire wall is relatively heavy. A nonorganic insulator for middle and high-temperature ranges such as a calcium silicate board is expected as a good material for the fire wall because of a light weight. Usually, a nonorganic insulator such as the calcium silicate board consists of a hydrate which contains free water, physically adsorbed water, and crystalline water. Behavior of such waters should be considered for a numerical model which is used to predict thermal responses of a fire wall. A simple one-dimensional numerical model to predict thermal response of a fire wall which is made of a nonorganic hydrate insulator, is developed. The numerical computations to simulate the thermal responses for a standard fire resistance test were performed for a sand wall of five percent volume of moisture and two calcium silicate boards which contains free water, adsorbed water, and crystalline water. The experiments for the sand wall and the calcium silicate boards were also performed. The numerical results were compared with experiments. The proposed model well predicts the thermal responses of the walls.
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Suntharalingam, Thadshajini, Irindu Upasiri, Perampalam Gatheeshgar, Keerthan Poologanathan, Brabha Nagaratnam, Heshachanaa Rajanayagam, and Satheeskumar Navaratnam. "Fire resistance of 3D printed concrete composite wall panels exposed to various fire scenarios." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 12, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 377–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-10-2020-0029.
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Purpose Fire safety of a building is becoming a prominent consideration due to the recent fire accidents and the consequences in terms of loss of life and property damage. ISO 834 standard fire test regulation and simulation cannot be applied to assess the fire performance of 3D printed concrete (3DPC) walls as the real fire time-temperature curves could be more severe, compared to standard fire curve, in terms of the maximum temperature and the time to reach that maximum temperature. Therefore, this paper aims to describe an investigation on the fire performance of 3DPC composite wall panels subjected to different fire scenarios. Design/methodology/approach The fire performance of 3DPC wall was traced through developing an appropriate heat transfer numerical model. The validity of the developed numerical model was confirmed by comparing the time-temperature profiles with available fire test results of 3DPC walls. A detailed parametric study of 140 numerical models were, subsequently, conducted covering different 3DPC wall configurations (i.e. solid, cavity and rockwool infilled cavity), five varying densities and consideration of four fire curves (i.e. standard, hydrocarbon fire, rapid and prolong). Findings 3DPC walls and Rockwool infilled cavity walls showed superior fire performance. Furthermore, the study indicates that the thermal responses of 3DPC walls exposed to rapid-fire is crucial compared to other fire scenarios. Research limitations/implications To investigate the thermal behaviour, ABAQUS allows performing uncoupled and coupled thermal analysis. Coupled analysis is typically used to investigate combined mechanical-thermal behaviour. Since, considered 3DPC wall configurations are non-load bearing, uncouple heat transfer analysis was performed. Time-temperature variations can be obtained to study the thermal response of 3DPC walls. Originality/value At present, there is limited study to analyse the behaviour of 3DPC composite wall panels in real fire scenarios. Hence, this paper presents an investigation on the fire performance of 3DPC composite wall panels subjected to different fire scenarios. This research is the first attempt to extensively study the fire performance of non-load bearing 3DPC walls.
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Yao, Hong Bo, Da Zhang, and Wei Zhu. "Discussion of the Fireproof Wall Insulation Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.360.
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This article put forward several suggestions for the design of new type of fire insulation materials, and cited several new types of fire protection materials; advocate the use of fire insulation materials to prevent fires from the material roots.
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Mitchell, Nicole, and Lisa A. Ennis. "Scaling the (Fire)Wall." Journal of Hospital Librarianship 10, no. 2 (April 21, 2010): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15323261003681588.
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Bellová, Maria. "Fire Walls Made from Concrete and Masonry - Barriers against a Fire Spreading." Key Engineering Materials 691 (May 2016): 408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.691.408.
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Fire exposure of a construction represents an accidental load (temporary with a high intensity) and it´s appearance during service life of the construction is improbable. All structural eurocodes, which deal with the normal temperature (20°C) design of structures made from loadbearing materials (steel, steel and concrete composite, concrete, masonry and timber), include always Part 1-2: Structural fire design. Concrete, similar to the masonry, has (in comparison with other construction materials such as steel and timber), an excellent resistance against fire exposure. This is why both of these materials are used for construction of fire walls, which create barriers against the fire spreading. Fire walls separate two spaces and they are designed for fire resistance and structural stability, including resistance to mechanical impact. In the case of fire and failure of the structure on one side of the fire wall, fire spread beyond the wall is avoided. Properties of concrete and masonry walls, subject to fire exposure, are however negatively influenced. Concrete compressive strength is reduced depending on the aggregate choice. The strength of reinforcing bars is also reduced at elevated temperature, by an amount which strongly depends on the axis distance of the reinforcing bars from an edge of a cross section, too. The behaviour of a masonry wall depends on a masonry unit type and material, type of the mortar, the density of units, type of the wall construction, and applied surface finishes. In the present article we discuss basic principles of the design and assessment of various concrete and masonry fire walls and compare their effect - fire resistance period – depending on their thickness.
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Suherman, Aan. "Fire Search and Obstcale Avoidance Robot." Telekontran : Jurnal Ilmiah Telekomunikasi, Kendali dan Elektronika Terapan 3, no. 2 (July 22, 2015): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/telekontran.v3i2.1881.
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Abstract - Fire search and obstacle avoidance robot are types of mobile robots that can find targets in the form of fire by tracing walls. For this robot, the navigation system uses navigation using walls. Navigation using walls is an algorithm to guide robots by navigating along walls. This system works by adjusting the distance from the wall to the robot. If a change occurs, the robot moves to adjust the distance again. This robot consists of several main components to support it when navigating through walls to reach the target. This robot consists of a flame sensor placed on the front that serves as a detector for targets in the form of fire. In addition to the flame sensor, three ultrasonic sensors are located on the left, front and right of the robot. These three ultrasonic sensors function as wall detectors. Based on the test, the percentage of success of the robot reaches the target of fire by tracing the wall of the right side is 100% in room II, in room III 70%, in room IV 70% Whereas by tracing the left wall, the percentage of success in room II is 60%, in room III 70%, in room IV 100%. The success percentage of robots reaching the target with the right search method is 80% and the left is 76.667%. Keyword : Navigation wall following, obstacle avoidance robot, mobile robot, target search robot in the form of fire
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Cohen, Jack D. "Relating flame radiation to home ignition using modeling and experimental crown fires." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1616–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-049.
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Wildlandurban fire destruction depends on homes igniting and thus requires an examination of the ignition requirements. A physicaltheoretical model, based on severe case conditions and ideal heat transfer characteristics, estimated wood wall ignition occurrence from flame radiation heating and piloted ignition requirements. Crown fire experiments provided an opportunity for assessing model reliability. The crown fire experiments were specifically instrumented with wood wall sections and heat flux sensors to investigate direct flame heating leading to home ignition during wildland fires. The experimental results indicated that the flame radiation model overestimated the structure-to-flame distance that would result in wood wall ignition. Wall sections that ignited during the experimental crown fires did not sustain flaming after crown fire burnout. The experiments also revealed that the forest canopy attenuated the flame radiation as the crown fire spread within the forest plot. Ignition modeling and the associated crown fire experiments described the flame-to-structure distance scale associated with flame heating related to wall ignition.
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Keerthan, Poologanathan, and Mahen Mahendran. "Thermal Performance of Load Bearing Cold-formed Steel Walls under Fire Conditions using Numerical Studies." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 5, no. 3 (August 19, 2014): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.5.3.261.
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Cold-formed Light gauge Steel Frame (LSF) wall systems are increasingly used in low-rise and multi-storey buildings and hence their fire safety has become important in the design of buildings. A composite LSF wall panel system was developed recently, where a thin insulation was sandwiched between two plasterboards to improve the fire performance of LSF walls. Many experimental and numerical studies have been undertaken to investigate the fire performance of non-load bearing LSF wall under standard conditions. However, only limited research has been undertaken to investigate the fire performance of load bearing LSF walls under standard and realistic design fire conditions. Therefore in this research, finite element thermal models of both the conventional load bearing LSF wall panels with cavity insulation and the innovative LSF composite wall panel were developed to simulate their thermal behaviour under standard and realistic design fire conditions. Suitable thermal properties were proposed for plasterboards and insulations based on laboratory tests and available literature. The developed models were then validated by comparing their results with available fire test results of load bearing LSF wall. This paper presents the details of the developed finite element models of load bearing LSF wall panels and the thermal analysis results. It shows that finite element models can be used to simulate the thermal behaviour of load bearing LSF walls with varying configurations of insulations and plasterboards. Failure times of load bearing LSF walls were also predicted based on the results from finite element thermal analyses. Finite element analysis results show that the use of cavity insulation was detrimental to the fire rating of LSF walls while the use of external insulation offered superior thermal protection to them. Effects of realistic design fire conditions are also presented in this paper.
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Yuen, A. C. Y., G. H. Yeoh, R. K. K. Yuen, S. M. Lo, and T. Chen. "Development of Wall-Adapting Local Eddy Viscosity Model for Study of Fire Dynamics in a Large Compartment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 444-445 (October 2013): 1579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.444-445.1579.
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The Wall Adpating Local Eddy Viscosity (WALE) subgrid-scale turbulence model was adopted for an in-house large eddy simulation (LES) fire code in which the turbulence is fully coupled combustion and radiation models. The traditional Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model accounts only strain rate of the turbulent structure while the WALE model considers both the strain and the rotation rates. Furthermore, the WALE model automatically recovers the near wall-scaling for the eddy viscosity hence more adaptive for wall bounded flows.A 15 m long test hall fire was reconstructed by the in-house fire code with 1.5 MW fire source. The performance of the WALE model was assessed by comparingpredicted transient gas temperatures and velocities at various spatial locations.
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Lin, Edmond C. Y., and J. R. Mehaffey. "Modeling the Fire Resistance of Wood-Frame Office Buildings." Journal of Fire Sciences 15, no. 4 (July 1997): 308–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419701500403.
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A fire safety engineering analysis has been undertaken to deter mine the fire resistance of gypsum protected wood stud walls in six simulated of fice fire scenarios. Each scenario consists of an office-furnishing fire in an unsprinklered compartment with windows shut and doors closed at the initiation of fire. Employing three computer models, CFAST 2.0, BREAK 1, and WALL 2D, temperature throughout the compartment of fire origin, heat transfer from the fire to the walls, and the structural degradation of the walls are calculated. The times to failure of the windows and the doors are also calculated. The fire growth caused by the increased air flow through the windows and doors is determined. It is demonstrated that the three computer models could be employed to deliver performance-based design for fire resistance of wood-frame buildings.
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Zheng, Yong Qian, and Jin Ping Zhuang. "Analysis on Fire Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Wall." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 797–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.797.
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Fire resistance design of Reinforced concrete wall is one of the important issues for structural safety. The sequentially coupled thermal-stress analysis method in ABAQUS software is used to calculate the fire resistance of walls. The results of a parametric study to examine the influences of parameters, such as axial load level, lateral load level, height-to-thickness ratio, wall thickness, material strengths, steel reinforcement ratio and concrete protection thickness to reinforcements on fire resistance of RC walls are presented.
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Cooper, L. Y. "Heat Transfer in Compartment Fires Near Regions of Ceiling-Jet Impingement on a Wall." Journal of Heat Transfer 111, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250698.
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The problem of heat transfer to walls from fire-plume-driven ceiling jets during compartment fires is introduced. Estimates are obtained for the mass, momentum, and enthalpy flux of the ceiling jet immediately upstream of the ceiling–wall junction. An analogy is drawn between the flow dynamics and heat transfer at ceiling-jet/wall impingement and at the line impingement of a wall and a two-dimensional, plane, free jet. Using the analogy, results from the literature on plane, free-jet flows and corresponding wall-stagnation heat transfer rates are recast into a ceiling-jet/wall-impingement-problem formulation. This leads to a readily usable estimate for the heat transfer from the ceiling jet as it turns downward and begins its initial descent as a negatively buoyant flow along the compartment walls. Available data from a reduced-scale experiment provide some limited verification of the heat transfer estimate. Depending on the proximity of a wall to the point of plume–ceiling impingement, the result indicates that for typical full-scale compartment fires with energy release rates in the range 200–2000 kW and fire-to-ceiling distances of 2–3 m, the rate of heat transfer to walls can be enhanced by a factor of 1.1–2.3 over the heat transfer to ceilings immediately upstream of ceiling-jet impingement.
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Zhang, Tongtong, and Di Cao. "Simulation Study on the Influence of Fire Partition on Curtain Wall Temperature in Super High-Rise Buildings in China." Complexity 2021 (June 30, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4124049.
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The poor fire resistance characteristic of super high-rise curtain wall makes the curtain wall design one of the main approaches to improve its capacity for prevention and control over fire and smoke spread. The propagation of smoke leads to the increase in the temperature of the curtain wall on the upper and lower floors of the fire floor and consequently leads to glass fracture and other serious consequences. Current codes have control over fire resistance performance and size of fire partition materials but do not include requirements on the position of curtain walls on floors. By changing the position of fire partition in curtain walls, the paper carries out three comparative simulation experiments on two forms of fire partition: spandrel and fire prevention cornice. Besides, PyroSim is used to calculate the comparative simulation of fire and smoke spread and obtain the data on temperature variation nephogram and monitoring points in the center line of glass curtain walls during different fire scenarios, so as to discuss the influence of different positions of spandrels and fire canopy on fire hazard and smoke. This study finds out the following: fire canopy can better prevent the longitudinal spread of fire smoke than spandrels. The fire canopy above spandrels can reduce the flue-gas temperature. The higher the spandrels above floors, the faster the temperature of the central lines of glass curtain walls above fire floors reduced. However, the higher the spandrels above floors, the more uneven the distributions of high-temperature regions and low-temperature regions, thus leading to the increase in horizontal temperature differences of glass panels. This research conclusion can be taken as a reference for fire protection design of super high-rise glass curtain wall.
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Rusthi, Mohamed, Poologanathan Keerthan, Mahen Mahendran, and Anthony Ariyanayagam. "Investigating the fire performance of LSF wall systems using finite element analyses." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 8, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 354–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-04-2016-0002.
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Purpose This research was aimed at investigating the fire performance of LSF wall systems by using 3-D heat transfer FE models of existing LSF wall system configurations. Design/methodology/approach This research was focused on investigating the fire performance of LSF wall systems by using 3-D heat transfer finite element models of existing LSF wall system configurations. The analysis results were validated by using the available fire test results of five different LSF wall configurations. Findings The validated finite element models were used to conduct a parametric study on a range of non-load bearing and load bearing LSF wall configurations to predict their fire resistance levels (FRLs) for varying load ratios. Originality/value Fire performance of LSF wall systems with different configurations can be understood by performing full-scale fire tests. However, these full-scale fire tests are time consuming, labour intensive and expensive. On the other hand, finite element analysis (FEA) provides a simple method of investigating the fire performance of LSF wall systems to understand their thermal-mechanical behaviour. Recent numerical research studies have focused on investigating the fire performances of LSF wall systems by using finite element (FE) models. Most of these FE models were developed based on 2-D FE platform capable of performing either heat transfer or structural analysis separately. Therefore, this paper presents the details of a 3-D FEA methodology to develop the capabilities to perform fully-coupled thermal-mechanical analyses of LSF walls exposed to fire in future.
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Urban, Hugh B. "“The Third Wall of Fire”." Nova Religio 20, no. 4 (May 1, 2017): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2017.20.4.13.
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This article examines the role of secrecy in the Church of Scientology, focusing on one of the most confidential and least studied aspects of the Church’s advanced auditing levels—Operating Thetan VIII. I use this example as a way of highlighting the complex ethical and epistemological problems in the study of secrecy in new religions. Here, I suggest an alternative approach to the study of secrecy by shifting our gaze away from the attempt to uncover the content of the secret and instead focusing on the more visible forms and strategies through which secrets are maintained, transmitted, revealed and concealed. I trace the “history of a secret” by examining five periods and five key strategies in the Operating Thetan materials from the late 1960s to the present: the advertisement of the secret; secrecy as an adorning possession; the litigation of the secret; the liability of the secret; and the irrelevance of the secret. Finally, I conclude with reflections on the comparative implications of this example for the study of new religions more broadly.
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Chew, M. Y. L., and S. M. Lim. "Fire Hazard of Wall Linings." Architectural Science Review 43, no. 3 (September 2000): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2000.9696894.
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Нulida, E., Ya Kozak, and M. Vasiliev. "THE RESEARCH OF FIRE RESISTANCE LIMIT OF THE TANK STORAGE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." Fire Safety 37 (January 6, 2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.37.2020.06.
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Introduction. Statistical analysis of fires at storage, refining and transportation facilities for oil and petroleum products over the past 20 years shows that out of 200 fires, 92% of them occur in land tanks. In a fire, liquid combustion in the tank is a diffusion combustion of a jet of steam in the air. In the process of burning the liquid in the tank changes the mechanical properties of its metal wall, which affects its fire resistance duration. In the event of a fire in the tank, the drywall may be destroyed. Destruction of dry tank wall can lead to oil spills and cascading fire. Therefore, the main problem is to determine the fire duration before the destruction of the dry wall of the tank, i.e. its fire resistance.Purpose. Develop a method for determining the fire resistance of the dry wall of the storage tank of oil and petroleum products.Methods. To develop a method for determining the fire resistance of storage tank dry wall of oil and petroleum prod-ucts, it is necessary to solve the following problems:1) to determine the temperature effect on sheet material of tank dry wall on its strength;2) to obtain the dependence for determining the duration of time before the occurrence of ultimate destructive stresses of the sheet material of tank dry wall;3) to obtain the dependence for determining the time of fire resistance of tank dry wall of oil and petroleum products in the event of a fire.To solve the first problem, the temperature influence of the sheet steel used to make the tank wall on the yield strength σT was established.To solve the second problem, a dependence was obtained to determine the length of time before the occurrence of critical temperatures at which the destruction of the sheet material of tank dry wall is possible.To solve the third problem, a block diagram of the algorithm for determining the fire resistance of tank dry wall in case of fire was developed, on the basis of which a package of applications was developed.Conclusions and specific suggestions:1. The influence of the temperature of the sheet material of tank dry wall on its strength is established. The research results showed that the temperature of the tank drywall material in the range of 690-710 ºC is critical and it can lead to its destruction.2. The results of the research allowed to obtain the dependence for determining the duration of time to critical temper-atures occurrence at which the destruction of the sheet material of tank dry wall. The results of calculations for the tank RVS-5000 showed that its fire resistance varies within τv = 13…15 minutes. Of course, this value of fire resistance for tank dry wall is very small in terms of the fire extinguishing process. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement certain measures to increase the fire resistance of tank dry wall.3. To determine the time of fire resistance of tank dry wall storage of oil and petroleum products in the event of a fire was obtained dependence, which allows to determine the temperature T in ºC from the duration of burning the tank τ per minute, the height of the dry wall h0 in m upper edge. The research results allowed to develop a block diagram of the algorithm for solving this problem, as well as a package of applications based on it, which are written in the C # programming language.
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Нulida, E., Ya Kozak, and M. Vasiliev. "THE RESEARCH OF FIRE RESISTANCE LIMIT OF THE TANK STORAGE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." Fire Safety 37 (January 6, 2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.37.2020.06.
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Introduction. Statistical analysis of fires at storage, refining and transportation facilities for oil and petroleum products over the past 20 years shows that out of 200 fires, 92% of them occur in land tanks. In a fire, liquid combustion in the tank is a diffusion combustion of a jet of steam in the air. In the process of burning the liquid in the tank changes the mechanical properties of its metal wall, which affects its fire resistance duration. In the event of a fire in the tank, the drywall may be destroyed. Destruction of dry tank wall can lead to oil spills and cascading fire. Therefore, the main problem is to determine the fire duration before the destruction of the dry wall of the tank, i.e. its fire resistance.Purpose. Develop a method for determining the fire resistance of the dry wall of the storage tank of oil and petroleum products.Methods. To develop a method for determining the fire resistance of storage tank dry wall of oil and petroleum prod-ucts, it is necessary to solve the following problems:1) to determine the temperature effect on sheet material of tank dry wall on its strength;2) to obtain the dependence for determining the duration of time before the occurrence of ultimate destructive stresses of the sheet material of tank dry wall;3) to obtain the dependence for determining the time of fire resistance of tank dry wall of oil and petroleum products in the event of a fire.To solve the first problem, the temperature influence of the sheet steel used to make the tank wall on the yield strength σT was established.To solve the second problem, a dependence was obtained to determine the length of time before the occurrence of critical temperatures at which the destruction of the sheet material of tank dry wall is possible.To solve the third problem, a block diagram of the algorithm for determining the fire resistance of tank dry wall in case of fire was developed, on the basis of which a package of applications was developed.Conclusions and specific suggestions:1. The influence of the temperature of the sheet material of tank dry wall on its strength is established. The research results showed that the temperature of the tank drywall material in the range of 690-710 ºC is critical and it can lead to its destruction.2. The results of the research allowed to obtain the dependence for determining the duration of time to critical temper-atures occurrence at which the destruction of the sheet material of tank dry wall. The results of calculations for the tank RVS-5000 showed that its fire resistance varies within τv = 13…15 minutes. Of course, this value of fire resistance for tank dry wall is very small in terms of the fire extinguishing process. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and implement certain measures to increase the fire resistance of tank dry wall.3. To determine the time of fire resistance of tank dry wall storage of oil and petroleum products in the event of a fire was obtained dependence, which allows to determine the temperature T in ºC from the duration of burning the tank τ per minute, the height of the dry wall h0 in m upper edge. The research results allowed to develop a block diagram of the algorithm for solving this problem, as well as a package of applications based on it, which are written in the C # programming language.
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Wang, Peng Xiang, Cun Wei Zhang, Xiang Mei Li, and Rong Jie Yang. "Study on Fire Prevention of Wall Insulation Organic Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 608-609 (October 2014): 1006–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.608-609.1006.
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This article described the technical progress of the wall insulation organic materials and analyzed other relevant factors in recent years about the insulation materials policies changes and market changes. Through the above description and analysis, we presented new ideas of the future direction of development of organic insulation materials. Background In recent years, big fire moments remind the importance of fire safety all the time. The CCTV Building Fire in 2009, Shanghai Jiaozhou Road Fire in 2010 and Shijingshan Fire in 2013, let the public turn pale at the mention of a word about fire. These fires are all related to the wall insulation organic materials. In fact, it should be said that unqualified exterior wall thermal insulation materials and the lack of supervision measures led to a variety of fire accidents which can be avoided. Therefore, good flame retardant wall insulation organic materials and thermal insulation system are very important to reduce and prevent fire, and they are also fundamentally important ways to block and reduce the fire risk. At present, there are three kinds of wall insulation materials. The first type are the inorganic heat preservation materials, such as rock wool, glass wool, mineral slurry, etc., These materials belong to no combustible materials (class A fire), and there is no fire safety problems. The second type of wall insulation materials are composite materials, such as phenolic foam insulation materials, reaching flame retardant materials B1 level (fire). The third kind are the organic polymer insulation materials, such as molding benzene board (EPS), foaming benzene board (XPS), polyurethane (PU) . They belong to the combustible materials (B2 fire). This kind of material have the danger of fire. In our country the most widely used of wall insulation materials are the third class. Especially the EPS and XPS have good heat preservation performance, low price. And They are light and durable. But, this kind of materials have obvious disadvantages that they are so easy to burn, and release diffuse toxic or harmful gas in the combustion. Therefore, we should focus on hot spots about organic fire situation of wall insulation organic materials. Fire prevention progress of common wall insulation organic materials Polyurethane (PU) :
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Sciarretta, Francesca. "Modeling of Mechanical Damage in Traditional Brickwork Walls after Fire Exposure." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.495.
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The paper addresses the issues of fire behavior of masonry walls made of traditional/historical component materials (bricks and mortar).There are reasons for coupling investigations on the residual mechanical properties to fire resistance data, aiming at a more complete knowledge of the behavior of a masonry member during and after fire exposure. The paper proposes a numerical approach via FEM to the problem of residual mechanical performance of load-bearing fire-separating masonry walls after insulation failure. The goal is to establish relationships between fire resistance ratings under exposure and decay in mechanical properties after exposure; the parameter of wall thickness is especially investigated. This is performed by means of FEM analysis, simulating a standard ISO 834 fire resistance test followed by a mechanical compressive failure test on each investigated type of wall. First, a preliminary transient heat flow analysis gives a numerical prediction of fire resistance after violation of I (Insulation) criterion; then, a staggered heat flow - stress analysis repeats the heating of the wall up to insulation failure and calculates the thermal strain accounting for cracking; finally, a 'cold' structural analysis in compression is performed on the thermally-deformed model after cooling. The comparison of numerical outcomes to available experimental information allows to judge the reliability of the numerical approach in reproducing the residual behavior of a masonry wall after fire exposure.
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Meyer, Helen. "Walking through the wall of fire." Computers & Security 16, no. 3 (January 1997): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-4048(97)84550-6.
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Richardson, JK, and GA Chown. "Glazing in fire-resistant wall assemblies." Construction and Building Materials 3, no. 1 (March 1989): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-0618(89)80042-x.
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Pereira, Diogo, António Gago, Jorge Proença, and Tiago Morgado. "Fire performance of sandwich wall assemblies." Composites Part B: Engineering 93 (May 2016): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.03.001.
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Xie, Qinghai, Jianzhuang Xiao, Wengang Xie, and Wanyang Gao. "Cyclic tests on composite plate shear walls–concrete encased before and after fire exposure." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218777837.
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Cyclic lateral loading tests were conducted on six composite plate shear walls–concrete encased and two conventionally reinforced concrete walls. The composite plate shear walls–concrete encased were constructed using high-performance concrete and different steel configurations with a same steel content ratio. These walls were divided into two batches. Three composite plate shear walls–concrete encased and one conventional wall were first exposed to the ISO 834 standard fire before the cyclic tests. To their comparison, the other four walls were only tested under the cyclic loading at room temperature. During the fire tests, the four walls experienced the spalling of concrete. The composite plate shear walls–concrete encased suffered more explosive spalling than the conventional wall. After the fire tests, all walls were tested under the cyclic loading. Based on the test results, analysis and discussions were made on the lateral load, lateral stiffness, and energy dissipation ability of walls. The difference was identified between the behavior of composite plate shear walls–concrete encased and that of conventional wall. Moreover, the influences of fire exposure were analyzed on seismic behavior of shear walls. Generally, the high temperatures reduce the yield, peak, and ultimate loads of walls and degrade the lateral stiffness. No significant difference can be found in energy dissipation ability between the heated and unheated walls before the drift ratio 1/120.
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Sędłak, Bartłomiej, and Paweł Sulik. "The impact of reinforcing profiles on the fire resistance of aluminium glazed partitions Part 1." BUILDER 280, no. 11 (October 26, 2020): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4432.
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The inner walls of a building, which do not constitute its structure and therefore do not have loadbearing properties, are called partition walls. The main task of this type of element is the separation of rooms in a building, which is why they should be designed and constructed in a way that ensures, among others, compliance with fire safety requirements, including those related to fire resistance. There are many types of fire-resistant partition walls both on the European and global construction market, among which the most impressive effect is achieved by those using glass elements in their structure. These include aluminium glazed partitions, which are the subject of this paper. These structures are usually made of special fire-resistant glass positioned in three chamber profiles, made of two aluminium sections, connected by a thermal break, usually made of glass fibre reinforced polyamide. The chambers created in this way are filled with special insulating inserts, and the degree of filling depends on the expected fire resistance class, which is determined by an appropriate test. Large wall-height profiles of this type are usually further reinforced by screwing to them additional, special aluminium profiles. In this paper, the impact of using this type of additional profiles on the fire resistance of a glazed wall was analysed. The results of two walls with identical external dimensions and the same static scheme, made on the basis of the same glazing, from the same aluminium profiles have been compared, with additional reinforcing profiles applied in one of the tests. This article discusses the results obtained and the conclusions from the tests conducted.
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Sędłak, Bartłomiej, and Paweł Sulik. "The impact of reinforcing profiles on the fire resistance of aluminium glazed partitions Part 2." BUILDER 281, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4675.
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The inner walls of a building, which do not constitute its structure and therefore do not have loadbearing properties, are called partition walls. The main task of this type of element is the separation of rooms in a building, which is why they should be designed and constructed in a way that ensures, among others, compliance with fire safety requirements, including those related to fire resistance. There are many types of fire-resistant partition walls both on the European and global construction market, among which the most impressive effect is achieved by those using glass elements in their structure. These include aluminium glazed partitions, which are the subject of this paper. These structures are usually made of special fire-resistant glass positioned in three chamber profiles, made of two aluminium sections, connected by a thermal break, usually made of glass fibre reinforced polyamide. The chambers created in this way are filled with special insulating inserts, and the degree of filling depends on the expected fire resistance class, which is determined by an appropriate test. Large wall-height profiles of this type are usually further reinforced by screwing to them additional, special aluminium profiles. In this paper, the impact of using this type of additional profiles on the fire resistance of a glazed wall was analysed. The results of two walls with identical external dimensions and the same static scheme, made on the basis of the same glazing, from the same aluminium profiles have been compared, with additional reinforcing profiles applied in one of the tests. This article discusses the results obtained and the conclusions from the tests conducted.
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Beshir, M., M. Mohamed, S. Welch, and D. Rush. "Modelling the Effects of Boundary Walls on the Fire Dynamics of Informal Settlement Dwellings." Fire Technology 57, no. 4 (January 26, 2021): 1753–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-020-01086-7.
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AbstractCharacterising the risk of the fire spread in informal settlements relies on the ability to understand compartment fires with boundary conditions that are significantly different to normal residential compartments. Informal settlement dwellings frequently have thermally thin and leaky boundaries. Due to the unique design of these compartments, detailed experimental studies were conducted to understand their fire dynamics. This paper presents the ability of FDS to model these under-ventilated steel sheeted fire tests. Four compartment fire tests were modelled with different wall boundary conditions, namely sealed walls (no leakage), non-sealed walls (leaky), leaky walls with cardboard lining, and highly insulated walls; with wood cribs as fuel and ISO-9705 room dimensions. FDS managed to capture the main fire dynamics and trends both qualitatively and quantitatively. However, using a cell size of 6 cm, the ability of FDS to accurately model the combustion at locations with high turbulent flows (using the infinitely fast chemistry mixing controlled combustion model), and the effect of leakage, was relatively poor and both factors should be further studied with finer LES filter width. Using the validated FDS models, new flashover criteria for thermally thin compartments were defined as a combination of critical hot gas layer and wall temperatures. Additionally, a parametric study was conducted to propose an empirical correlation to estimate the onset Heat Release Rate required for flashover, as current knowledge fails to account properly for large scale compartments with thermally thin boundaries. The empirical correlation is demonstrated to have an accuracy of ≈ ± 10% compared with the FDS models.
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Yakovchuk, R., A. Kuzyk, O. Yemelyanenko, T. Skorobagatko, and O. Dobrostan. "ANALYSIS OF FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES IN CONSTRUCTION OF EXTERIOR WALLS FIT WITH FAÇADE HEAT INSULATION AND FINISHED WITH PLASTER." Scientific bulletin: Сivil protection and fire safety 1, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33269/nvcz.2019.2.67-73.
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The purpose of the work is to analyze fire prevention measures in structures of external walls with facade thermal insulation and plastering, as well as to analyze the features of their arrangement, taking into account the experience of neighboring countries. The application of exterior wall designs with facade thermal insulation with plaster finish, as well as problems related to their fire hazard, are substantiated. The works are analyzed to investigate the problems of fire safety of exterior wall structures with facade thermal insulation and plastering, as well as hinged facade systems. The types, design features, purpose and functions of fire belts and framing of window (door) openings made of non-combustible materials, which are arranged in exterior wall designs with facade thermal insulation and plaster finish, are considered and analyzed. The role of floor fire belts and the framing of window (door) openings made of non-combustible mineral wool boards have been established.
It is concluded that the use of structures of the exterior walls of residential buildings with facade thermal insulation with a combustible insulation and plastering significantly increases their level of fire danger. This danger will depend both on the properties of the individual materials (in particular the insulation), and on the design features of the entire thermal insulation system and the building as a whole. For plaster systems of thermal insulation of facades, the rapid spread of fire on the higher and lower floors of the building is a big threat. Frequent causes of fire of thermal insulation systems of external walls is the tipping of fire from a window opening of a building as a result of intense fire indoors. Materials of decorative and protective finishing of walls should meet requirements of normative documents on designs of external walls with facade thermal insulation and plaster finish, and their constructive execution will depend on the height of the building and functional purpose of the object. Fire-fighting measures, foreseeing in the construction of exterior walls with facade thermal insulation and plastering, intended to ensure their fire safety during the time necessary for the safe evacuation of people from the building, the arrival of units of fire and rescue units and extending the fire throughout its distribution.
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Suntharalingam, Thadshajini, Perampalam Gatheeshgar, Irindu Upasiri, Keerthan Poologanathan, Brabha Nagaratnam, Heshachanaa Rajanayagam, and Satheeskumar Navaratnam. "Numerical Study of Fire and Energy Performance of Innovative Light-Weight 3D Printed Concrete Wall Configurations in Modular Building System." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042314.
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3D Printed Concrete (3DPC) technology is currently evolving with high demand amongst researches and the integration of modular building system (MBS) with this technology would provide a sustainable solution to modern construction challenges. The use of lightweight concrete in such innovative construction methods offers lightweight structures with better heat and sound insulation compared to normal weight concrete. It is worth noting that fire and energy performance has become central to building design. However, there are limited research studies on the combined thermal energy and fire performance of 3DPC walls. Therefore, this study investigates fire performance of 20 numbers of varying 3DPC wall configurations using validated finite element models under standard fire conditions. The fire performance analysis demonstrated that 3DPC non-load bearing cavity walls have substantial resistance under standard fire load and its performance can be further improved with Rockwool insulation. There is significant improvement in terms of fire performance when the thickness of the walls increases in a parallel row manner. Previous thermal energy investigation also showed a lower U-value for increased thickness of similar 3DPC walls. This research concludes with a proposal of using 3DPC wall with Rockwool insulation for amplified combined thermal energy and fire performance to be used in MBS.
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Jung, Byeongkwon, Jeong Hwan Kim, and Jung Kwan Seo. "Investigation of the Structural Strength of Existing Blast Walls in Well-Test Areas on Drillships." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080583.
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Blast walls are installed on the topside of offshore structures to reduce the damage from fire and explosion accidents. The blast walls on production platforms such as floating production storage, offloading, and floating production units undergo fire and explosion risk analysis, but information about blast walls on the well-test area of drillship topsides is insufficient even though well tests are performed 30 to 45 times per year. Moreover, current industrial practices of design method are used as simplified elastically design approaches. Therefore, this study investigates the strength characteristic of blast wall on drillship based on the blast load profile from fire and explosion risk analysis results, as well as the ability of the current design scantling of the blast wall to endure the blast pressure during the well test. The maximum plastic strain of the FE results occurs at the bottom connection between the vertical girder and the blast wall plate. Based on the results, several alternative design applications are suggested to reduce the fabrication cost of a blast wall such as differences of stiffened plated structure and corrugated panels, possibility of changing material (mild steel), and reduced plate thickness for application in current industrial practices.
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Ariyanayagam, Anthony, and Mahen Mahendran. "Experimental Study of Load-Bearing Cold-Formed Steel Walls Exposed to Realistic Design Fires." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 5, no. 4 (November 18, 2014): 291–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.5.4.291.
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This paper presents the details of full scale fire tests of LSF wall panels conducted using realistic fire time-temperature curves. Tests included eight LSF wall specimens of various configurations exposed to both parametric design and natural fire curves. Details of the fire test set-up, test procedure and the results including the measured time-temperature and deformation curves of LSF wall panels are presented along with wall stud failure modes and times. This paper also compares the structural and thermal behavioural characteristics of LSF wall studs with those based on the standard time-temperature curve. Finally, the stud failure times and temperatures are summarized for both standard and realistic design fire curves. This study provides the necessary test data to validate the numerical models of LSF wall panels and to undertake a detailed study into the structural and thermal performance of LSF wall panels exposed to realistic design fire curves.
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Fatmawati, Uvi Desi, Wahyu Hidayat, and Danang Lelono. "A Novel Method of Mobile Robot Fire Detection and Tracing Using Proportional Derivative (PD) Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 771 (July 2015): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.771.68.
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One of the problems in intelligent mobile robot fire fighting contest is how the robot can find and can extinguish a fire without alot of sensors. The fire is located in a white circle area at one of the corner in room with random combinations. The way to solve this problems is conventional method-called-wall tracing. The robot uses wall tracing method to navigate, when entering the room this method still in used by the robot until its find the fire spot then uses one additional sensor to detect the white circle area where the fire located at. After detecting the white circle area, the robot will extinguishes the fire. This paper proposed a new method as optimization of conventional method. The proposed method is implementation of current algorithm (proportional derivatives algorithm) not only to wall tracing but also to TPA81 sensor (fire tracing) -called-wall and fire tracing method. Furthermore, this method is combination method between wall tracing and fire tracing. The robot will approach directly to the fire without wall tracing and without detecting white circle area. Then, the robot extinguishes the fire quickly. The robot uses only TPA81 sensor that can be used to detects the fire spot and its position in the room. Test result shows that 50% of the fire position variation on Indonesian Intelligent Robot Contest can be optimized using this method.
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Sciarretta, Francesca. "First Evaluation of the Structural Performance of Traditional Brickwork after Standard Fire Exposure." Advanced Materials Research 1119 (July 2015): 706–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1119.706.
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The paper addresses the issues of fire behavior of masonry walls made of traditional/historical component materials (bricks and mortar). There are reasons for coupling investigations on the residual mechanical properties to fire resistance data, aiming at a more complete knowledge of the behavior of a masonry member during and after fire exposure. The paper is part of a research that aims at investigating the relationship between fire and post-fire (i.e. residual) mechanical behavior of masonry walls, paying attention to scale-related problems and to the possible exploitation of numerical tools to establish simplified approaches. The goal is to establish relationships between fire resistance ratings under exposure and decay in mechanical properties after exposure; the parameter of wall thickness is especially investigated, by choosing four different values (i.e. 12, 25, 38 and 51 cm). This is performed by means of FEM analysis with DIANA 9.4.4 software, simulating a standard ISO 834 fire resistance test followed by a mechanical compressive failure test on each investigated type of wall. The approach, successfully tested against experimental data already available, features a preliminary transient heat flow analysis which gives a numerical prediction of fire resistance after violation of I (Insulation) criterion; then, a staggered heat flow - stress analysis repeats the heating of the wall up to insulation failure and calculates the thermal strain accounting for cracking; finally, a ‘cold’ structural analysis in compression is performed on the thermally-deformed model after cooling. The paper also addresses a way for the extended application of the research outcomes, relying on a simple approach based on the concept of equivalent fire severity.
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JIN, Zhao-Fen, Yutaka ASAKO, Yoshiyuki YAMAGUCHI, and Minoru HARADA. "Study on Numerical Modeling of Fire Wall." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 63, no. 609 (1997): 1747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.63.1747.
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G., E. "Learning to Live With a Fire Wall." Science 267, no. 5198 (February 3, 1995): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5198.609.
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Upasiri, Irindu, Chaminda Konthesingha, Anura Nanayakkara, Keerthan Poologanathan, Brabha Nagaratnam, and Gatheeshgar Perampalam. "Evaluation of fire performance of lightweight concrete wall panels using finite element analysis." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 12, no. 3 (July 14, 2021): 328–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-10-2020-0030.
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Purpose In this study, the insulation fire ratings of lightweight foamed concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete and lightweight aggregate concrete were investigated using finite element modelling. Design/methodology/approach Lightweight aggregate concrete containing various aggregate types, i.e. expanded slag, pumice, expanded clay and expanded shale were studied under standard fire and hydro–carbon fire situations using validated finite element models. Results were used to derive empirical equations for determining the insulation fire ratings of lightweight concrete wall panels. Findings It was observed that autoclaved aerated concrete and foamed lightweight concrete have better insulation fire ratings compared with lightweight aggregate concrete. Depending on the insulation fire rating requirement of 15%–30% of material saving could be achieved when lightweight aggregate concrete wall panels are replaced with the autoclaved aerated or foamed concrete wall panels. Lightweight aggregate concrete fire performance depends on the type of lightweight aggregate. Lightweight concrete with pumice aggregate showed better fire performance among the normal lightweight aggregate concretes. Material saving of 9%–14% could be obtained when pumice aggregate is used as the lightweight aggregate material. Hydrocarbon fire has shown aggressive effect during the first two hours of fire exposure; hence, wall panels with lesser thickness were adversely affected. Originality/value Finding of this study could be used to determine the optimum lightweight concrete wall type and the optimum thickness requirement of the wall panels for a required application.
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Birk, A. M. "Theoretical Investigation of Internal Wall Cooling of a Pressure Vessel Engulfed in Fire." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 112, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2928625.
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When a pressure vessel is exposed to an engulfing fire, the vessel can fail due to a combination of high internal pressure and material degradation due to high wall temperatures. In fire-engulfed vessels containing pressurized liquids in equilibrium with their vapors, high wall temperatures will occur in the upper regions of the vessel where the wall is in contact with vapor. Several methods exist for thermal protection of vessels, including thermal insulation and external water spray cooling. Recent tests have shown internal spray cooling to be potentially effective as thermal protection. The present paper presents a theoretical evaluation of a new concept in thermal protection which involves cooling the upper regions of vessel during fire engulfment by directing 2-phase fluid along the upper regions of the vessel wall during pressure relief. Based on observations of the internal cooling device from small-scale tests, a model was formulated and integrated with an existing vessel-in-fire computer model. This model was then used to study the effectiveness of internal spray cooling on an example system consisting of a rail tank-car carrying propane. Simulation results indicate that internal wall cooling could be effective at reducing the risk of thermal ruptures of vessels. The simulation results for internally cooled vessels are compared with previously validated simulations of an uninsulated tank-car filled with propane exposed to engulfing fires.
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Semerak, Mykhailo, Sergii Pozdeev, Roman Yakovchuk, Olga Nekora, and Oleksandr Sviatkevych. "Mathematical modeling of thermal fire effect on tanks with oil products." MATEC Web of Conferences 247 (2018): 00040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824700040.
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The aim of the work is the development of mathematical models for research that allows to determine the ultimate indicators of the thermal effect on tanks with oil products in a fire. A calculation method was developed to implement the calculation for various scenarios for the development of a fire in a tank with oil. After the calculations, the results of mathematical modeling of the temperature on the walls of the reservoir in the conditions of a fire in neighboring reservoirs in the form of temperature distributions were obtained. Analysis of the temperature distributions showed that the most dangerous scenario is when the fire occurs according to scheme No. 3 in the case of burning an oil torch at a temperature of 1500 K. In each case, the maximum temperature of heating the tank wall is almost unaffected by the oil, which is confirmed by the curves of the maximum temperature curves heating of the reservoir wall, depending on the time of fire impact on adjacent tanks. The maximum temperature of the reservoir wall was determined at the place of its connection with the oil product, it is preserved.
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Tarhan, Muge, Baran Tarhan, and Tuna Aydin. "The effects of fine fire clay sanitaryware wastes on ceramic wall tiles." Ceramics International 42, no. 15 (November 2016): 17110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.07.222.
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Guan, Tu Hua, Cheng Qun Wu, Hong Mei Liu, Yang Shen, and Yuan Bin Xu. "Influence of Reflective Insulation Coating on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Composite Thermal Insulation Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 633-634 (September 2014): 909–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.633-634.909.
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In the downstream of Yangtze River where there is abundant silt resources, perforated brick which fired by sludge, supplemented by reflective insulation coating to replace the widely used polystyrene insulation materials. It can achieve requirement of A-class fire prevention for heat preservation wall. The heat insulation performance of not painted thermal wall and composite thermal insulation wall painted by reflective insulation coating were compared. Data results show that heat insulation performance of the wall painted is much better than that of the not painted wall.
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Gong, Ling Feng, Yin Bai, and Si Qi Li. "Mechanical Performance Calculation of Single-Layer Cable Mesh Point-Supported Glass Curtain Wall under Fire Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2702.
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High-strength prestressed cables were main bearing parts in single-layer cable mesh point-supported glass curtain wall structures, and it was always unable to take effective fire prevention measures on steel cables due to small sections. That the elastic modulus and yield strength of prestressed cables decreased sharply under fire conditions would threaten safety performance of the whole structure seriously. When glass breakage is considered and not considered, nonlinear finite element complete-process analysis for the single-layer cable mesh point-supported glass curtain wall structure was conducted. Influences of various factors on structure mechanical performance were studied under fire conditions. Through the calculation analysis of different joint constraint models, the ultimate temperature table suitable for different sizes and cable spacing of glass curtain walls was obtained under uniform heating conditions, and proposals for fire-resisting design were given.
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Bamonte, Patrick, Roberto Felicetti, Nataša Kalaba, Francesco Lo Monte, Nicholas Pinoteau, Md Jihad Miah, and Pierre Pimienta. "On the Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Walls Exposed to Fire." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.580.
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The present work deals with numerical simulations concerning the international benchmark “Vulcain tests on 3 Walls” regarding fire tests conducted in CSTB in Paris, France. To this aim, sequentially-coupled thermo-mechanical analyses have been performed on three reinforced concrete walls, characterized by different load levels and boundary conditions. The numerical results show that the imposed compressive load and boundary conditions significantly influence the magnitude of the displacements. In the case of simply supported walls, the wall with the lower load level exhibited a gradual and monotonic increase of the displacements at mid-height (both in the tests and in the numerical analyses), while the wall with the higher load level exhibited a displacement reversal due to second-order effects after approximately 60 minutes of fire exposure. This reversal, which was obtained in the analyses, was not observed in the test. Load bearing capacity of all the three specimen walls was maintained in such a way that the collapse did not take place during two hours of fire exposure.
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Kostić, Radinko, Nikolay Vatin, and Vera Murgul. "Fire Safeguards of “Plastbau” Construction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.138.
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There are exposed the results of resistance testing on effects of fire in interfloor construction and wall panel made according to “plastbau” system technology out of expandable polystyrene, when they are protected by mortar extension as an insulator. The applied testing method is prescribed by standard form EN 13501-2. Based on testing results, there is affirmed that interfloor construction fulfills resistance criteria on effects of fire of 180 min, and wall panel fulfills resistance criteria on effects of fire of 60 min, when it is protected by mortar extension as an insulator..
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Peng, Xuan Wei. "Numerical Analysis on the Influence of Thermal Insulation Way of Closure on Smoke Flow Properties in Building Fire." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 3020–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.3020.
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The fire smoke flow prediction software developed successfully was applied to simulate a simple building. The effect of different wall structures on the fire smoke flow properties were compared under the condition of same thermal resistance of external wall. Heat absorption of wall has a cooling effect on indoor air in fire process. Wall with external insulation has the most significant cooling effect on indoor air, and that with internal insulation has the weakest. The effect of intermediate insulation is close to external insulation and that of bilateral insulation close to internal insulation. Room temperature and smoke concentration of internal insulation are both higher markedly than of external insulation. The effect of intermediate insulation is close to external insulation and bilateral insulation close to internal insulation. External insulation added to the closure helps to cool indoor air in the fire process. Intermediate insulation should be chosen to add to the inner wall when needed because of the uncertainty of fire location.
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Perminov, V. A., and K. O. Fryanova. "Mathematical modeling of the initiation and spread of forest fires and their impact on buildings and structures." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 99, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020ph3/54-61.
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Currently, methods of mathematical modeling are used to study processes in emergency situations. Forest fires are extremely complex and destructive natural phenomena which depend on availability of fuel, meteorological and other conditions. Mathematical model of forest fire is based on an analysis of known experimental data and using concept and methods from reactive media mechanics. In this paper the theoretical study of the problems of crown forest fire spread in windy condition and their thermal impact on the wooden building were carried out. The research was based on numerical solution of two-dimensional Reynolds equations. The boundary-value problem is solved numerically using the method of splitting according to physical processes. A discrete analogue for the system of equations was obtained by means of the control volume method. A study of forest fire spreading made it possible to obtain a detailed picture of the change of the component concentration of gases and temperature fields in forest fire and on the wall of building with time. It let to determine the limiting distances between forest fire and building for possibility of wooden walls ignition for different meteorology conditions, size of building and intensity of fire impact.
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Yao, Xiaobo, and André W. Marshall. "Quantitative Salt-Water Modeling of Fire-Induced Flows for Convective Heat Transfer Model Development." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 10 (February 23, 2007): 1373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2754943.
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This research provides a detailed analysis of convective heat transfer in ceiling jets by using a quantitative salt-water modeling technique. The methodology of quantitative salt-water modeling builds on the analogy between salt-water flow and fire induced flow, which has been successfully used in the qualitative analysis of fires. Planar laser induced fluorescence and laser doppler velocimetry have been implemented to measure the dimensionless density difference and velocity in salt-water plumes. The quantitative salt-water modeling technique has been validated through comparisons of appropriately scaled salt-water measurements, fire measurements, and theory. This analogy has been exploited to develop an engineering heat transfer model for predicting heat transfer in impinging fire plumes using salt-water measurements along with the adiabatic wall modeling concept. Combining quantitative salt-water modeling and adiabatic wall modeling concepts introduces new opportunities for studying heat transfer issues in basic and complex fire induced flow configurations.
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Tuśnio, Norbert, and Paweł Wolny. "New techniques and a new approach to the effective extinguishing of fully developed fires in enclosed spaces." Internal Security 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2016): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/20805268.1231596.
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An example of modern water mist extinguishing technology is presented in the article. Water mist systems are firefighting systems which uses very fine water sprays. The smallest water droplets allow a water mist to control, suppress or extinguish fires by cooling both the flame and hot gases by evaporation, displacing oxygen by evaporation and reducing radiant heat through the small droplets themselves. The effectiveness of water mist systems in fire suppression depends on its spray characteristics, which include the droplet size and distribution, flux density and spray dynamics, phase of fire development, fire size and the ventilation conditions. The COBRA (known as PyroLance in USA) systems presented use of a cutting extinguisher is a fire extinguishing technique that combines abrasive waterjet cutting with water spray extinguishing, through a single handpiece or nozzle. The firefighter approaches the fire from outside the main fire area, then uses the cutting action to drill a small hole through a barrier such as a door, wall, roof or floor. Switching to a water spray then allows the fire to be fought, as with a conventional fog nozzle. An analysis of the benefits of using high-pressure water mist in conjunction with new firefighting tactics is described. State Fire Service should aim to minimize water consumption and thus reduce the post-fire losses, take care of environmental protection and improve safety conditions for firefighters.
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Rubtsov, D. N., and A. N. Egorov. "Experimental estimation of the temperature regime of the model reservoir with a protective wall type "glass in glass" under fire conditions." Technology of technosphere safety 90 (2020): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2020.4.90.32-48.
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Introduction. The publication contains a description and results of a series of fire tests of a model of a "glass in a glass" oil product tank, obtained inter alia using the method of contact temperature measurement. The paper presents the formulation of the problem of experimental research, the conditions and methods for their implementation, a description of the instrumental base and the results obtained. The aims and goals. An experimental study is carried out to assess the effect of heat loads of a fire on the body of the protective wall in the event of a fire in the main tank as well as for further use of the obtained empirical dependences of the temperature of the body of the protective wall on the heating time for carrying out the verification procedure of the mathematical model for its adequacy to the investigated physical process. Methodology. Experimental research method, contact method of temperature measurement, observation, analysis, generalization. The results of the study. The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the basis of which empirical dependences were obtained for calculating the change in the temperature values of the protective wall model depending on the time of its heating. Fire tests made it possible to establish the general thermal state of the "main reservoir with oil product – protective wall" system. The contribution of the influence of different speeds of wind flows on the heating of the protective wall of the reservoir is determined. Conclusion. The data obtained in the experiments will be used for the numerical assessment of the stress-strain state of the steel shell of the tank protective wall in case of fire in the main tank, which is necessary for the design of fire-fighting systems for water sprinkling and foam fire extinguishing on the protective wall of the tank of the "glass in glass" type. Key words: protective wall, model, oil product, fire tests, fire, tank, stand, thermocouple, experiment.
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Bertin, Gilles, Jean-Michel Most, and Mickaël Coutin. "Wall fire behavior in an under-ventilated room." Fire Safety Journal 37, no. 7 (October 2002): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(02)00016-4.
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