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Journal articles on the topic 'Fire scenarios'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Watts, John M. "Fire scenarios." Fire Technology 27, no. 4 (November 1991): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01039881.

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2

Brannigan, V. "Fire Scenarios Or Scenario Fires? Can Fire Safety Science Provide The Critical Inputs For Performance Based Fire Safety Analyses?" Fire Safety Science 6 (2000): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.6-207.

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3

Tymstra, Cordy, Mike D. Flannigan, Owen B. Armitage, and Kimberley Logan. "Impact of climate change on area burned in Alberta's boreal forest." International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, no. 2 (2007): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf06084.

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Eight years of fire weather data from sixteen representative weather stations within the Boreal Forest Natural Region of Alberta were used to compile reference weather streams for low, moderate, high, very high and extreme Fire Weather Index (FWI) conditions. These reference weather streams were adjusted to create daily weather streams for input into Prometheus – the Canadian Wildland Fire Growth Model. Similar fire weather analyses were completed using Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) output for northern Alberta (174 grid cells) to generate FWI class datasets (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, Fine Fuel Moisture Code, Duff Moisture Code and Drought Code) for 1 ×, 2 × and 3 × CO2 scenarios. The relative differences between the CRCM scenario outputs were then used to adjust the reference weather streams for northern Alberta. Area burned was calculated for 21 fires, fire weather classes and climate change scenarios. The area burned estimates were weighted based on the historical frequency of area burned by FWI class, and then normalized to derive relative area burned estimates for each climate change scenario. The 2 × and 3 × CO2 scenarios resulted in a relative increase in area burned of 12.9 and 29.4% from the reference 1 × CO2 scenario.
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4

Dowling, V., and G. Ramsay. "Building Fire Scenarios - Some Fire Incident Statistics." Fire Safety Science 5 (1997): 643–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.5-643.

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5

Choi, Yoo-Jeong, Su-Gil Choi, and Si-Kuk Kim. "Basic Research for the Development of Fire Response Training Scenarios for Fire Safety Managers through Fire Case Analysis." Fire Science and Engineering 36, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.e7d07c53.

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This is a study on the development of education and training scenarios to enable fire safety managers to improve their fire response-ability. Based on 10 fire accidents that occurred in Korea, we analyzed the fire response problems that occurred in fire recognition, fire situation propagation, 119 reports, evacuation guidance, and initial fire extinguishing. We derived scenarios by designing sample scenario events based on fire response failure factors observed from accidents for scenario development. Additionally, a fire response scenario was developed including psychological conflict factors so that fire safety managers can solve various situations without falling into a panic in the event of a fire. Based on this study, if repeated education and training are conducted by implementing content similar to the actual situation, it is judged that fire safety managers will be able to make quick judgments and correct responses in the case of a fire.
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Nigro, Emidio, Anna Ferraro, and Giuseppe Cefarelli. "The Influence of Fire Scenarios on the Structural Behaviour of Composite Steel-Concrete Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (July 2011): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.368.

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Fire Safety Engineering can be defined as a multi-discipline based on the application of scientific and engineering principles to the effects of fire in order to reduce the loss of life and damage to property by quantifying the risks and hazards involved and provide an optimal solution to risk mitigation. The correct identification of fire scenarios is the central stage in the process of the structural fire design. A design fire scenario is the description of the spread of a particular fire with respect to time and space. In the process of identification of design fire scenarios for the structural fire safety check, all fires must be assessed realistically, choosing those most severe for the structural response. This paper is devoted to evaluate the influence of fire scenarios on the structural behaviour of composite steel-concrete buildings. In order to that, an office building subjected to different fire scenarios was considered. In particular the fire scenarios were defined by both standard fire (prescriptive approach) and natural fire (performance approach). Finally, a comparison between the prescriptive approach and the FSE approach is presented.
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7

Amezketa, Esperanza, Raquel Ciriza, and Mikel Viñuales. "A forest fire hazard model and map for a wildland urban interface not meteorologically prone to forest fires." Territorium, no. 30(II) (October 25, 2023): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-7723_30-2_4.

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Fire Hazard (FH) modelling is a relevant fire prevention/assessment tool. This work proposes a FH model and generates a FH map for a wildland urban interface area in Germany that is not prone to extreme fires. The main input data include weather, topography, fuel, and anthropic-related potential ignition points. The main steps include (1) identification/description of weather scenarios, and for each scenario (2) analysis of potential fire ignition through simulation of Fire Probability (FP), (3) modelling the potential fire behaviour through simulation of Fireline Intensity (FLI), (4) generation of a FH map by combining FP and FLI maps, and (5) integration of all maps into a final FH map. Extreme ignition and propagation conditions were considered: (1) a fuel model that describes the fire performance in an extreme drought scenario, (2) the human influence through mechanistic ignitions, and (3) the worst case of all scenarios. As results, four weather scenarios were identified and described. FP maps, FLI maps, and FH maps were created for each of them, and finally an integrated FH map (IFHM) was derived.
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Godakandage, Rajeendra, Pasindu Weerasinghe, Kumari Gamage, Hani Adnan, and Kate Nguyen. "A Systematic Review on Cavity Fires in Buildings: Flame Spread Characteristics, Fire Risks, and Safety Measures." Fire 7, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7010012.

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Fire spread scenarios associated with concealed cavity spaces have been relatively less discussed. The variation in studies with respect to geometry, influential parameters, and protection strategies has been an obstacle to deriving more generalized solutions in terms of cavity fire in buildings. A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA method to identify the conclusive fire behaviour, safety risks, and protection strategies to enable future researchers to address cavity fire scenarios effectively, avoiding catastrophic disasters. This study identified that relative to open-fire scenarios, cavity fires could result in up to 10 times higher flame spread, up to 14 times higher heat exposure, and temperature conditions 13 times higher. Increased toxicity and smoke velocity are also found with cavity fires. Fire protection strategies and their efficiency were identified for a range of cavity geometries. Altogether, cavity spaces, especially narrow ones, cannot be neglected during fire safety, and proper risk identification is required to ensure the safety of the buildings and the occupants in a fire scenario.
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9

Alasiri, Muhannad R., and Mustafa Mahamid. "A comparison between CFD and thermal-structural analysis of structural steel members subjected to fire." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 12, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 234–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-03-2020-0011.

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Purpose Standard fire resistance curves such as ASTM E119 have been used for so long in structural fire practice. The issue with use of these curves that they do not represent real fire scenarios. As a result, the alternatives have been to either conduct experiments or find other tools to represent a real fire scenario. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to understand the temperature effects resulted from a designed fire on steel beams and whether the standard fire curves represent a designed fire scenario. Design/methodology/approach Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models were developed to simulate a designed fire scenario and to understand the structural responses on the beams under elevated temperatures. Consequently, the results obtained from the CFD models were compared with the results of three-dimensional (3D) non-linear finite element (FE) models developed by other researchers. The developed FE models were executed using a standard fire curve (ASTM E119). A parametric study including two case studies was conducted. Findings Results obtained from performing this study showed the importance of considering fire parameters such as fuel type and flame height during the thermal analysis compared to the standard fire curves, and this might lead to a non-conservative design as compared to the designed fire scenario. The studied cases showed that the steel beams experienced more degradation in their fire resistance at higher load levels under designed fires. Additionally, the models used the standard fire curves underestimated the temperatures at the early stages. Originality/value This paper shows results obtained by performing a comparison study of models used ASTM E119 curve and a designed fire scenario. The value of this study is to show the variability of using different fire scenarios; thus, more studies are required to see how temperature history curves can be used to represent real fire scenarios.
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10

Hostikka, Simo, and Olavi Keski-Rahkonen. "Probabilistic simulation of fire scenarios." Nuclear Engineering and Design 224, no. 3 (October 2003): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-5493(03)00106-7.

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11

Kim, Hak kuen, and Ji-hee Lee. "Scenarios for Effective Fire Fighting Operations during Tunnel Fires." Fire science and engineering 31, no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2017.31.5.107.

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12

Choi, Yoo-Jeong, Su-Gil Choi, and Si-Kuk Kim. "The Scenarios to Improve Job Competence of Fire Safety Managers." Fire Science and Engineering 37, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.c48d43e6.

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This study attempted to design a scenario to improve a fire safety manager's actual fire response-ability based on elements that may occur in actual fire situations. The scenario was linked with revised educational subjects, starting with fire recognition, propagation, occupant evacuation guidance, use of fire extinguishers and indoor (outdoor) fire hydrants considering combustion characteristics, and protection safety. Finally, it covered fire brigade induction and police handover. The scenario demonstrates the procedures to respond to fire from the fire safety manager's perspective and includes seven stages. These are fire outbreaks, fire situation propagation, initial fire extinguishing, evacuation guidance, firefighting facility operation and action, protective measures and first aid, fire brigade guidance, and collaboration. The study concluded that it would be helpful to improve the fire safety manager's decision-making ability to respond to critical situations and prepare for recurring diverse situations by developing scenarios by utilizing fire safety manager instructional and practical training.
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13

Mahamid, Mustafa, Ataollah Taghipour Anvari, Ines Torra-Bilal, Tom Brindley, and Michael McNallan. "Comparison of fire resistance of damaged fireproofed steel beams under hydrocarbon pool fire and ASTM E119 fire exposure." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 10, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 193–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-02-2018-0004.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate different types of fire on structural steel members with damaged fireproofing. Two types of fire scenarios are considered, ASTM E119 fire and Hydrocarbon fire. In industrial facilities such as oil refineries, certain units maybe subjected to hydrocarbon fire, and its effect might be different than standard fire. The purpose of this study is to compare both types of fire scenarios on steel beams with damaged fireproofing and determine the fire rating of the damaged beams under each fire scenario. Design/methodology/approach The study is performed using computational methods, thermal-stress finite element analysis that is validated with experimental results. The results of practical beam sizes and typical applied loads in such structures have been plotted and compared with steel beams with non-damaged fireproofing. Findings The results show significant difference in the beam fire resistance between the two fire scenarios and show the fire resistance for beam under each case. The study provides percentage reduction in fire resistance under each case for the most commonly used cases in practice under different load conditions. Originality/value Extensive literature search has been performed by the authors, and few studies were found relevant to the topic. The question this study answers comes up regularly in practice. There are no standards to codes that address this issue.
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14

Lei, Ming, Wei Zhang, Jicheng Zhang, Dandan Wang, Min Yang, and Xinhua Li. "Modeling of Safe Evacuation Conditions at the Construction Site for Building Type “I”." Buildings 13, no. 8 (August 21, 2023): 2121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082121.

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To ensure the safety of construction site personnel and to improve the efficiency of emergency safety evacuation of site personnel, this study analyzes the risk reasons for fire accidents and the characteristics of combustion fires on construction sites. Based on a refined BIM model, a numerical simulation of the fire situation is performed using PyroSim (2019 version) software on a construction site. In the Pyrosim fire simulation model, fire scenarios with distinct construction stages and fire source locations are set up to simulate, compare, and analyze the varying pattern of each fire product in various fire scenarios. Using this information with the Pathfinder (2019 version) simulation model, a coupled simulation test of fire evacuation is conducted to assess the safety of evacuating individuals in each fire scenario. The results show that flammable materials in open spaces are more risky to burn than in confined spaces. After optimizing the utilization of safety exits and the density of people in the second simulation, it was found that the required safety evacuation time was reduced to 267 s, which is lower than the available safety evacuation time of 318.5 s for each scenario. All fire scenarios meet the safe evacuation criteria. The study results can provide a theoretical basis for developing fire response strategies for construction units and contribute to site safety management.
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15

Lin, Edmond C. Y., and J. R. Mehaffey. "Modeling the Fire Resistance of Wood-Frame Office Buildings." Journal of Fire Sciences 15, no. 4 (July 1997): 308–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419701500403.

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A fire safety engineering analysis has been undertaken to deter mine the fire resistance of gypsum protected wood stud walls in six simulated of fice fire scenarios. Each scenario consists of an office-furnishing fire in an unsprinklered compartment with windows shut and doors closed at the initiation of fire. Employing three computer models, CFAST 2.0, BREAK 1, and WALL 2D, temperature throughout the compartment of fire origin, heat transfer from the fire to the walls, and the structural degradation of the walls are calculated. The times to failure of the windows and the doors are also calculated. The fire growth caused by the increased air flow through the windows and doors is determined. It is demonstrated that the three computer models could be employed to deliver performance-based design for fire resistance of wood-frame buildings.
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16

Lin, Jiayang, Qiang Fan, Jie Lu, Yuhui Peng, and Wencheng Sun. "A Hybrid Fire Warning Model Based on Cellular Automata." E3S Web of Conferences 299 (2021): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129902018.

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The rapid development of cities and the increasing complexity of its internal structure have led to pressing fire security problems, which calls for an effective and accurate comprehensive fire warning model. Most existing fire warning models predict only for a single fire scenario and can hardly balance the speed and accuracy in their predictions, which are not suitable for large-scale scenarios with complex structures. This paper proposes a fire warning model that includes both forest and building area based on Cellular Automata. Experimental areas were established to simulate fire warning according to the proposed hybrid model. The experimental results have shown that the model can quickly and accurately simulate the fire spread process and provide effective support for emergency decision-making in complex scenarios.
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17

Luo, Xu, Hong He, Yu Liang, Jacob Fraser, and Jialin Li. "Mitigating the Effects of Climate Change through Harvesting and Planting in Boreal Forests of Northeastern China." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 3531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103531.

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The ecological resilience of boreal forests is an important element of measuring forest ecosystem capacity recovered from a disturbance, and is sensitive to broad-scale factors (e.g., climate change, fire disturbance and human related impacts). Therefore, quantifying the effects of these factors is increasingly important for forest ecosystem management. In this study, we investigated the impacts of climate change, climate-induced fire regimes, and forest management schemes on forest ecological resilience using a forest landscape model in the boreal forests of the Great Xing’an Mountains, Northeastern China. First, we simulated the effects of the three studied variables on forest aboveground biomass, growing space occupied, age cohort structure, and the proportion of mid and late-seral species indicators by using the LANDIS PRO model. Second, we calculated ecological resilience based on these four selected indicators. We designed five simulated scenarios: Current fire only scenario, increased fire occurrence only scenario, climate change only scenario, climate-induced fire regime scenario, and climate-fire-management scenario. We analyzed ecological resilience over the five scenarios from 2000 to 2300. The results indicated that the initialized stand density and basal area information from the year 2000 adequately represented the real forest landscape of that year, and no significant difference was found between the simulated landscape of year 2010 and the forest inventory data of that year at the landscape scale. The simulated fire disturbance results were consistent with field inventory data in burned areas. Compared to the current fire regime scenario, forests where fire occurrence increased by 30% had an increase in ecological resilience of 12.4–43.2% at the landscape scale, whereas increasing fire occurrence by 200% would decrease the ecological resilience by 2.5–34.3% in all simulated periods. Under the low climate-induced fire regime scenario, the ecological resilience was 12.3–26.7% higher than that in the reference scenario across all simulated periods. Under the high climate-induced fire regime scenario, the ecological resilience decreased significantly by 30.3% and 53.1% in the short- and medium-terms at landscape scale, while increasing slightly by 3.8% in the long-term period compared to the reference scenario. Compared to no forest management scenario, ecological resilience was decreased by 5.8–32.4% under all harvesting and planting strategies for the low climate-induced fire regime scenario, and only the medium and high planting intensity scenarios visibly increased the ecological resilience (1.7–15.8%) under the high climate-induced fire regime scenario at the landscape scale. Results from our research provided insight into the future forest management and have implications for improving boreal forest sustainability.
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Herr, Vincent, Adam K. Kochanski, Van V. Miller, Rich McCrea, Dan O'Brien, and Jan Mandel. "A method for estimating the socioeconomic impact of Earth observations in wildland fire suppression decisions." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 3 (2020): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18237.

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A method for estimating the socioeconomic impact of Earth observations is proposed and deployed. The core of the method is the analysis of outcomes of hypothetical fire suppression scenarios generated using a coupled atmosphere–fire behaviour model, based on decisions made by an experienced wildfire incident management team with and without the benefits of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite observations and the WRF-SFIRE wildfire behaviour simulation system. The scenarios were based on New Mexico’s 2011 Las Conchas fire. For each scenario, fire break line location decisions served as inputs to the model, generating fire progression outcomes. Fire model output was integrated with a property database containing thousands of coordinates and property values and other asset values to estimate the total losses associated with each scenario. An attempt to estimate the socioeconomic impact of satellite and modelling data used during the decision-making process was made. We analysed the impact of Earth observations and include considerations for estimating other socioeconomic impacts.
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Tang, Wenfu, Simone Tilmes, David M. Lawrence, Fang Li, Cenlin He, Louisa K. Emmons, Rebecca R. Buchholz, and Lili Xia. "Impact of solar geoengineering on wildfires in the 21st century in CESM2/WACCM6." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, no. 9 (May 16, 2023): 5467–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-5467-2023.

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Abstract. We quantify future changes in wildfire burned area and carbon emissions in the 21st century under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios and two SSP5-8.5-based solar geoengineering scenarios with a target surface temperature defined by SSP2-4.5 – solar irradiance reduction (G6solar) and stratospheric sulfate aerosol injections (G6sulfur) – and explore the mechanisms that drive solar geoengineering impacts on fires. This study is based on fully coupled climate–chemistry simulations with simulated occurrence of fires (burned area and carbon emissions) using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model version 6 (WACCM6) as the atmospheric component of the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2). Globally, total wildfire burned area is projected to increase over the 21st century under scenarios without geoengineering and decrease under the two geoengineering scenarios. By the end of the century, the two geoengineering scenarios have lower burned area and fire carbon emissions than not only their base-climate scenario SSP5-8.5 but also the targeted-climate scenario SSP2-4.5. Geoengineering reduces wildfire occurrence by decreasing surface temperature and wind speed and increasing relative humidity and soil water, with the exception of boreal regions where geoengineering increases the occurrence of wildfires due to a decrease in relative humidity and soil water compared with the present day. This leads to a global reduction in burned area and fire carbon emissions by the end of the century relative to their base-climate scenario SSP5-8.5. However, geoengineering also yields reductions in precipitation compared with a warming climate, which offsets some of the fire reduction. Overall, the impacts of the different driving factors are larger on burned area than fire carbon emissions. In general, the stratospheric sulfate aerosol approach has a stronger fire-reducing effect than the solar irradiance reduction approach.
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Diakostefanis, Michail, Suresh Sampath, Akhil Dinesh, Rainer Beuermann, and Areti Malkogianni. "Nitrogen as an environmentally friendly suppression agent for aircraft cargo fire safety." Journal of Fire Sciences 39, no. 5 (August 3, 2021): 400–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07349041211034456.

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Fire suppression systems in cargo compartments are a certification requirement for commercial aircraft safety. Halon production was banned and usage ends in 2040 according to Montreal Protocol for environmental reasons. This necessitates an alternative environmentally friendly agent. Quantitative analysis of nitrogen as agent established suitability of the suppression system. The Minimum Performance Standards specifies the qualification procedure of an agent through four scenarios – bulk load; containerised load; surface burning; and aerosol can explosion. Empirical sources from Airbus, independent computational fluid dynamics studies and small-scale cup-burner tests indicate suitability of nitrogen specific to aircraft cargo fire suppression. The nitrogen delivery system and the experimental apparatus are presented. Extensive commissioning tests verified instrumentation reliability. All the four scenarios were conducted at Cranfield University, in a replica of a wide-body aircraft cargo compartment. In a reduced oxygen environment (11%) obtained with nitrogen discharge, the aerosol can explosion tests were performed without any evidence of explosion or pressure increase beyond the expected baseline value. The surface burning scenario was completed successfully and passed the Minimum Performance Standard criteria. The maximum average temperature was found to be 220°C (limit – 293°C). All the scenarios passed the Minimum Performance Standard criteria for indicating successful prevention of Class B fire re-ignition. Similarly, the containerised and bulk-load scenarios obtained results that passed the Minimum Performance Standard criteria for successfully maintaining continued fire suppression for a specified period of time. The maximum average temperature in containerised-load fire scenario was found to be 210°C (limit – 343°C) and in bulk-load scenario was 255°C (limit – 377°C). Additional qualification criteria and system design are presented in this article according to the Minimum Performance Standard format. This work can be extended to introduce standard testing for safety critical systems, such as engine bay and lithium-ion fires.
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Lim, Ho-Gon, Sang-Hoon Han, and Joo-Hyun Moon. "FIRE PROPAGATION EQUATION FOR THE EXPLICIT IDENTIFICATION OF FIRE SCENARIOS IN A FIRE PSA." Nuclear Engineering and Technology 43, no. 3 (June 25, 2011): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5516/net.2011.43.3.271.

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22

BRANNIGAN, VINCENT, and ANTHONY KILPATRICK. "Fire Scenarios in the Enforcement of Performance-Based Fire Safety Regulations." Journal of Fire Sciences 18, no. 5 (September 1, 2000): 354–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1106/vukx-6tgv-eruw-k1yc.

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Brannigan, Vincent, and Anthony Kilpatrick. "Fire Scenarios in the Enforcement of Performance-Based Fire Safety Regulations." Journal of Fire Sciences 18, no. 5 (September 2000): 354–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490410001800502.

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24

Tiemessen, Ivo JH, Eric Mol, Joseph D. Layden, and Susan Vrijkotte. "Cognitive Response Of Fire Instructors To Repeated Live Fire Fighting Scenarios." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42 (May 2010): 769–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000386230.26215.71.

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Layden, Joseph D., Eric Mol, Ivo JH Tiemessen, and Susan Vrijkotte. "Physiological Response Of Fire-instructors To Repeated Live Fire Fighting Scenarios." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42 (May 2010): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000386310.57161.db.

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26

Glusker, Stephanie A., Nicki Jo Chadwick, and Curt C. Braun. "Framing Effect in Decision Making in Wildland Fire Safety Officers." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 16 (October 1996): 830–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604001608.

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Two studies were conducted to investigate factors influencing decision making in fire safety officers. In Experiment 1, 59 fire safety officers and trainees, and 24 undergraduate students read decision scenarios. For each scenario, participants were required to chose one of two possible outcomes, a sure thing or a gamble. All scenarios were framed both positively, in terms of gains, and negatively, in terms of losses. It was hypothesized that safety officers and trainees would be more risk aversive in their decision making than other populations. It was also hypothesized that participants would be risk aversive in the positive frame and risk seeking in the negative frame. The results showed no significant difference between groups. However, there was a significant main effect for frame. Further analysis revealed a significant Frame x Scenario interaction. Varying resources and probabilities in the scenarios made conclusions regarding this interaction impossible. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine if resource, probability, probability of gain, and value influence risk seeking/aversion. 114 fire safety officers responded to scenarios as in Experiment 1. Scenarios and possible outcomes were created using a factorial combination of resource, probability, probability of gain, value, and frame. Probability and probability of gain served as between subjects variables. It was hypothesized that there would be differences in risk seeking/aversion within resource, probability of gain, value, and frame. The results showed a statistically significant effect for resource, probability, probability of gain and value. All main effects were qualified by significant interactions which are discussed. The findings indicate that for fire safety officers the framing effect is a function resource, probability, probability of gain and value.
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Rudge Ramos Ribeiro, Rodrigo, Miguel Angel Trejo-Rangel, and Samia Nascimento Sulaiman. "Fire hazard forecast by the regional climate change projection using the ETA model: a case study in Bahia, Brazil." Territorium, no. 29(I) (December 17, 2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-7723_29-1_5.

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This article proposes a method for predicting fire occurrence, considering regional climate change projection using the Eta model, with a 20 km resolution, for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Fire occurrence in the state of Bahia was calculated as a function of the three main sensitivity factors on a daily time-scale: days without precipitation, precipitation, and maximum temperature. Historical fire occurrences from 1998 to 2018 and meteorological data from 1960 to 2018 were obtained from official institutes, and weather forecast parameters from 2018 to 2050 were downscaled from the web platform PROJETA. The correlations between the meteorological factors and fire occurrence were calculated for the historical data and a weight factor corresponding to a control simulation. Afterwards, a correction factor was determined, based on the historical fire occurrence data used for the forecast in the two scenarios. The results indicate that between 2018 and 2050, risk of fire will have an average increase of 27% at the RCP4.5 and 38% at the RCP8.5 scenario.
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Bergerhausen, Ulrich, Joerg Schmidt, and Frank Dehn. "Effects of extreme fire scenarios on bridges." IABSE Symposium Report 102, no. 38 (September 1, 2014): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137814814027990.

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29

Kaundinya, I., U. Bergerhausen, and J. Schmidt. "Effects of extreme fire scenarios on bridges." Bridge Structures 13, no. 4 (April 2, 2018): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/brs-170117.

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30

Kadlic, Matej, and Vladimír Mózer. "Uncertainties Associated with Tunnel Design Fire Scenarios." Procedia Engineering 192 (2017): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.067.

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31

LaCroix, Jacob J., Soung-Ryoul Ryu, Daolan Zheng, and Jiquan Chen. "Simulating Fire Spread with Landscape Management Scenarios." Forest Science 52, no. 5 (October 1, 2006): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/52.5.522.

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Abstract Collectively, landscape structure, fuel loading, and weather control wildland fires. Our objective was to examine the impacts of landscape structure, weather and fire-ignition location on fire spread using FARSITE. We simulated surface fires in the Chequamegon National Forest, Wisconsin, on five landscapes: a control and four harvested landscapes created using HARVEST by varying the amount (2% and 4%) and method of harvesting (i.e., clustered and dispersed), labeled C2, C4, D2, and D4. We applied three levels of precipitation and wind speed to examine weather influences. We found that fire-ignition location had the strongest effect on fire spread, followed by rain. The high-rain scenario (twice the actual rainfall) decreased burned area by an average of 241 ha (6.1%) for simulated 15-day surface fires, whereas the low-rain scenario (half of actual rainfall) increased burned area by an average of 74 ha (1.8%). The maximum size of burned area decreased in all harvest scenarios by 90 ha (1.6%), 143 ha (2.6%), 168 ha (3.1%), and 201 ha (3.7%), respectively, for landscapes D2, C2, D4, and C4. We concluded that management at the ignition location is critical and landscape-level management may be adapted to influence landscape predisposition to fire spread.
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Li, Xuewei, Jingfeng Yuan, Limao Zhang, and Dujuan Yang. "RISK ASSESSMENT OF SUBWAY STATION FIRE BY USING A BAYESIAN NETWORK-BASED SCENARIO EVOLUTION MODEL." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 30, no. 3 (April 4, 2024): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2024.20846.

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Subway station fires frequently result in massive casualties, economic losses and even social panic due to the massive passenger flow, semiconfined space and limited conditions for escape and smoke emissions. The combination of different states of fire hazard factors increases the uncertainty and complexity of the evolution path of subway station fires and causes difficulty in assessing fire risk. Traditional methods cannot describe the development process of subway station fires, and thus, cannot assess fire risk under different fire scenarios. To realise scenario-based fire risk assessment, the elements that correspond to each scenario state during fire development in subway stations are identified in this study to explore the intrinsic driving force of fire evolution. Accordingly, a fire scenario evolution model of subway stations is constructed. Then, a Bayesian network is adopted to construct a scenario evolution probability calculation model for calculating the occurrence probability of each scenario state during subway station fire development and identifying critical scenario elements that promote fire evolution. Xi’an subway station system is used as a case to illustrate the application of Bayesian network-based scenario evolution model, providing a practical management tool for fire safety managers. The method adopted in this study enables managers to predict fire risk in each scenario and understand the evolution path of subway station fire, supporting the establishment of fire response strategies based on “scenario–response” planning.
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Lefferts, Elizabeth C., Alexander J. Rosenberg, Georgios Grigoriadis, Sang Ouk Wee, Stephen Kerber, Kenneth W. Fent, Gavin P. Horn, Denise L. Smith, and Bo Fernhall. "Firefighter hemodynamic responses to different fire training environments." Vascular Medicine 26, no. 3 (February 19, 2021): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863x20987608.

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Firefighting is associated with an increased risk for a cardiovascular (CV) event, likely due to increased CV strain. The increase in CV strain during firefighting can be attributed to the interaction of several factors such as the strenuous physical demand, sympathetic nervous system activation, increased thermal burden, and the environmental exposure to smoke pollutants. Characterizing the impact of varying thermal burden and pollutant exposure on hemodynamics may help understand the CV burden experienced during firefighting. The purpose of this study was to examine the hemodynamic response of firefighters to training environments created by pallets and straw; oriented strand board (OSB); or simulated fire/smoke (fog). Twenty-three firefighters had brachial blood pressure measured and central blood pressure and hemodynamics estimated from the pressure waveform at baseline, and immediately and 30 minutes after each scenario. The training environment did not influence the hemodynamic response over time (interaction, p > 0.05); however, OSB scenarios resulted in higher pulse wave velocity and blood pressure (environment, p < 0.05). In conclusion, conducting OSB training scenarios appears to create the largest arterial burden in firefighters compared to other scenarios in this study. Environmental thermal burden in combination with the strenuous exercise, and psychological and environmental stress placed on firefighters should be considered when designing fire training scenarios and evaluating CV risk.
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Nguyen, Xuan Tung, and Jong Sup Park. "Inelastic Strength for Fire Resistance of Composite I-Beam Covered by Insulation Material Subjected to Basic Loading Condition." Metals 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050739.

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This paper presents a nonlinear numerical study on the moment resistance of composite steel-concrete beam using fire insulation subjected to various fire scenarios and basic loading conditions. The temperature-dependent material properties of fire insulation, concrete and steel were taken into consideration. The nonlinear finite element analysis was done by utilizing a commercial finite element program, ABAQUS. The obtained moment capacity of the composite I-beam from the current fire code was also performed and compared. The results showed that the fire scenarios and the fire insulation thickness have a great influence on the temperature distribution and strength degradation of the composite beam. The capacity of the beam in hydrocarbon fires, which is the most severe scenario, decreases faster than that in ISO834 standard fire and external fire. The fire resistance of the beam increases as the fire insulation thickness increases due to the temperature degradation in the steel beam. The calculated results from the current fire codes give conservative value at normal temperature and low temperature. The current fire codes can give unconservative values at high temperature when there is a great temperature discrepancy between parts of the beam. A new factor was proposed to determine the fire moment resistance of the composite beam with non-uniform temperature.
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Liu, Zhezheng, Zhe Li, Xiang Lin, Liang Xie, and Jishui Jiang. "Study on Fire Prevention in Dong Traditional Villages in the Western Hunan Region: A Case Study of Gaotuan Village." Fire 6, no. 9 (August 25, 2023): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6090334.

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Fire accidents have been reported frequently in Chinese townships over the past few years, where people’s lives and properties have been subjected to huge losses. As a result, a considerable number of traditional villages have disappeared. In this study, field surveys and on-site monitoring were used to study the village of Gao Tuan, while seven scenarios were set up in Pyrosim for simulation and analysis. As indicated by the results of this study, the hidden dangers of Dong traditional settlements in the western Hunan region were identified in terms of the construction materials, street width, and fire use. The Pyrosim simulation analysis results were as follows: scenarios 1/2 show that by utilizing the topography and layout, the wind speed was reduced layer by layer, which reduced the fire spreading disaster by nearly half; scenarios 3/4/5/6 show that, except for the 1000 mm wide street, the degree of fire spreading was negatively correlated with the width of the street, and the fire could no longer be spread to the other side of the street when it was 8000 mm; and scenario 7 shows that, in the case of a fire in a residential house, it is safer to evacuate the people in the building in a unit within 320 s. Based on the survey and Pyrosim simulation results of fire spreading, the strengths and weaknesses of Gaotuan Village in the face of fire events were analyzed, and targeted recommendations are made based on the study for the Dong traditional settlement in the western Hunan region for fire prevention.
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Loboda, Tatiana V. "Modeling fire danger in data-poor regions: a case study from the Russian Far East." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 1 (2009): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07094.

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Wildland fire is a widespread phenomenon that affects how many ecosystems function and often threatens human life and property. Development of fire danger rating systems, aimed at identifying critical periods of high fire danger at early stages of its occurrence, is an important step for proactive fire and resource management. Development of such systems relies on long-term records of fire occurrence as well as numerous data sources for supporting information, but accurate and spatially explicit information is not available in many regions of the world affected by fire. Global satellite systems are becoming a major source of information for data-poor regions. The present paper describes a framework for modeling fire danger at a regional scale using publicly available data sources and global satellite imaging. It details a fuzzy logic-driven fire danger model developed for the Russian Far East using remotely sensed data. Fire activity recorded by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) active fire product was analyzed for 2001–05 as a function of various parameters. Model performance was evaluated against 2006 data. Fire danger was evaluated within the model using the ordered weighted averaging approach with fuzzification. The model produces three scenarios. All output model scenarios provide a meaningful representation of fire danger levels in the region with the ‘trade-off’ scenario being the most applicable to mapping fire danger during low fire activity seasons.
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Tanygina, A. A., and R. V. Khalikov. "Algorithm for assessing fire damage based on multi-factor analysis of fires development from gas compressor stations." Technology of technosphere safety 90 (2020): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2020.4.90.74-84.

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Introduction. The article provides an algorithm for assessing the damage from a fire on the territory of gas compressor stations using a multifactor model of scenarios for the development of a fire. The causes of fires at the facilities of gas compressor stations are analyzed on the basis of statistical data. The established algorithm was verified by calculating the damage from fires, and the most dangerous causes of fires on the territory of gas compressor stations were established by the values of the frequency of emergency ruptures. The purpose of the study is establishing an algorithm for assessing fire damage based on a multivariate analysis of scenarios for the development of fires at gas compressor stations. Research methods. To obtain the results, general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge were used. These are analysis, generalization, economic analysis, analysis of empirical data, which were based on the general provisions of the theory of analysis and systems analysis. The results of the study. A multivariate analysis of scenarios for the development of fires on the territory of gas compressor stations is carried out. An algorithm is found for assessing fire damage based on a multivariate analysis of scenarios for the development of fires at gas compressor stations. Conclusion. Using the results of the analysis of scenarios of fire development on the territory of gas compressor stations and calculations of indicators of economic damage from fires at these facilities, it is possible to draw up an algorithm for assessing fire damage on the territory of gas compressor stations. Key words: efficiency, analysis, statistics, fire, gas compressor stations, state fire control authorities, damage calculation.
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38

Scherbachenko, O. "ESTABLISHING SCENARIOS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT IN UNITED TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES." Bulletin of Lviv State University of Life Safety, no. 17 (August 8, 2018): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20784643.17.2018.02.

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Modern fire extinguishing systems and legal acts on their developing has been analyzed. Expediency of fire extinguishing systems developing projects within united territorial communities has been proved and a method allowing development the scenario of fire extinguishing systems improving has been developed.The proposed method provides system execution of eight interconnected stages, that gives an opportunity to figure on variable configuration of project environment, to form a set of possible scenarios and to choose the most effective one. Specific tools should be used to implement each of the stages of proposed method. The tools should be based on developing of conceptual models of fire extinguishing systems in existing and desirable states, imitation model of fire extinguishing systems functioning and also on using iteration models, objects configuration identification and price evaluation.
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39

Sarazin, Johan, Pierre Bachelet, and Serge Bourbigot. "Fire behavior of simulated low voltage intumescent cables with and without electric current." Journal of Fire Sciences 35, no. 3 (March 20, 2017): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904117698843.

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Many circumstances can lead to an electrical fire. It is then helpful to reproduce those circumstances in laboratory conditions to duplicate fire scenarios in order to increase knowledge and to develop safer and flame-retarded materials and electrical systems. Our approach was to develop specific bench scale tests. The mass loss cone calorimeter coupled with Fourier transform infrared was used to mimic a fire scenario on simulated low voltage cable (flame-retarded polymer molded around copper wire) and to characterize the gas phase. The electric current creates an additional heating condition (Joule effect) which can modify the decomposition of the flammable material (e.g. the cable jacket made in thermoplastic), and so its fire behavior in case of fire. It is the reason why we performed the experiments mimicking different fire scenarios with and without electric current. Specific test was also developed to investigate the flame spread and the delamination of the polymer around the wire. The bench scale tests presented in this article were applied on intumescent polymers (ethylene-vinyl acetate containing commercial intumescent additive). The results were discussed with a special emphasis on the influence of electric current on the fire behavior.
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40

Hakimzadeh, Behtash, and Mohammad Reza Talaee. "Analysis of a new strategy for emergency ventilation and escape scenario in long railway tunnels in the fire mode." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 233, no. 3 (July 26, 2018): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718789541.

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The creation of a safe path for evacuating passengers from a tunnel during fire accidents is an important function of a mechanical ventilation system in tunnels. In this work, the operation of emergency ventilation in the fire mode in a long railway tunnel with push–pull ventilation shafts is analyzed using a fire dynamics simulator. As the passenger trains are lengthy – and so is a tunnel – when trains pass through a tunnel, the position of fire on the train becomes an important parameter for rescuing the passengers through a safe path. The novelty of this study is in the design of emergency ventilation scenarios that consider the position of fire on the train in addition to the tunnel ventilation shafts. For this case study, a lengthy (8 km) urban railway tunnel in Tehran with four rail tracks and eight ventilation shafts is considered for designing emergency ventilation scenarios and control of fire products. The fire source is a passenger train wagon with a 25-MW heat release rate. It is shown that, during the rescue operation of the passengers, the location of fire on the train may lead to reverse the ventilation scenario compared with the traditional ones that use only the tunnel shafts. Also, it is observed that there is a region with 50 m radius around each ventilation shaft, i.e. the absolute exhaust zone, where the ventilation system must be set at the exhaust mode due to the presence of fire, to minimize the spreading of fire products downstream. All the logical scenarios of the tunnel ventilation system are designed and demonstrated to create a critical ventilation velocity in the tunnel, which would help in developing a more precise control panel of the tunnel in the fire mode.
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41

Suwondo, Riza, Lee Cunningham, Martin Gillie, and Colin Bailey. "Analysis of the robustness of a steel frame structure with composite floors subject to multiple fire scenarios." Advances in Structural Engineering 24, no. 10 (February 5, 2021): 2076–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433221992494.

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This study presents robustness analyses of a three-dimensional multi-storey composite steel structure under the action of multiple fire scenarios. The main objective of the work is to improve current understanding of the collapse resistance of this type of building under different fire situations. A finite element approach was adopted with the model being firstly validated against previous studies available in the literature. The modelling approach was then used to investigate the collapse resistance of the structure for the various fire scenarios examined. Different sizes of fire compartment are considered in this study, starting from one bay, three bays and lastly the whole ground floor as the fire compartment. The investigation allows a fundamental understanding of load redistribution paths and member interactions when local failure occurs. It is concluded that the robustness of the focussed building in a fire is considerably affected by the size of fire compartments as well as fire location. The subject building can resist progressive collapse when the fire occurs only in the one-bay compartment. On the other hand, total collapse occurs when fire is located in the edge three-bay case. This shows that more than one fire scenario needs to be taken into consideration to ensure that a structure of this type can survive from collapse in the worst-case situation.
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42

Hwang, Ju-young, Hyo-Gyoung Kwak, and Yonghoon Lee. "Numerical Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures Under Various Fire Scenarios." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2020.20.2.189.

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Since structural damage by fire in modern Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures causes significant loss of human life and property, it is important to evaluate the residual capacity of fire-damaged RC structures exposed to high temperatures. In this study, the behavior of fire-damaged RC frame structures (single-bay & three-bay frame), considering non-mechanical strain, was investigated by applying numerical analysis. The behavior mechanism was analyzed by numerical results of the single-bay frame and similar behavior was observed in each member of the three-bay frame. Principally, regarding the three-bay frame structure, the time of fire-resistance was evaluated under various fire scenarios, which included symmetrical and asymmetrical fires within the structure. The results of numerical analysis showed that, as the story load action on the structure increases, the fire-resistance time decreases. Finally, asymmetric fires should be considered for safety assessment against fire because the fire-resistance time under asymmetric fire conditions is shorter than that under symmetric fire conditions for all load conditions.
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43

Karunaratne, Tharindu Lakruwan Wickremanayake, and Cheuk Lun Chow. "Upward Fire Spread Hazard of Vertical Greenery Systems: A Comparative Study with External Thermal Insulation Composite System and Double-Skin Façade." Fire 6, no. 5 (May 12, 2023): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6050200.

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Recent studies have shown that vertical greenery systems (VGS) carry a significant fire threat when not properly looked after. Building on this, the fire hazard of VGS was compared to two other thermally efficient building façade systems (TEBFS), namely external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) and double-skin façade (DSF). Numerical simulations were conducted in the fire dynamic simulator (FDS). A fire initiated as a room fire of 1 MW followed by a window-ejected flame on a 12 m tall and 9 m wide front façade with a TEBFS. Three scenarios for each TEBFS were simulated for better comparison. Rapid upward fire spread (UFS) was observed in the VGS scenarios, recording average UFS rates of 8.97, 5.51 and 2.86 cms−1 compared to the scenarios of the other 2 TEBFS where the flame failed to reach the top of the façade within the stipulated simulation time of 300 s. The maximum temperatures reached along the façade in VGS scenarios were much higher than those in the other two TEBFS. In conclusion, the fire hazard of VGS in certain conditions is much higher compared to the fire scenarios of ETICS and DSF that are scrutinised by building codes in many countries for fire safety.
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44

Tian, Xiaorui, Wenbin Cui, and Lifu Shu. "Evaluating fire management effectiveness with a burn probability model in Daxing’anling, China." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, no. 7 (July 2020): 670–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0413.

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Fire is an important disturbance agent in the boreal forests of China. The aggressive fire suppression policy of China since 1988 has resulted in a large financial investment in support of fire brigade capabilities and the maintenance of fire management infrastructure. We developed a spatially explicit burn probability (BP) model to evaluate the effectiveness of improved fire management in Daxing’anling, China. The BP model can emulate the burn probability of the forest landscape by simulating daily wildfire occurrences, spread, and suppression for simulated years. Two scenarios were used for fire simulations in this study. The base scenario used the infrastructure data and parameters of fire suppression capability from the 1968–1987 period, and the intensive scenario used the data and parameters from the 1988–2012 period. The simulated annual burned areas for 1968–2012 showed a fluctuating trend similar to the historical fire records. Compared with the base scenario, the burn probability decreased by 73.6% under the intensive scenario, which suggests that improved fire management could significantly reduce the burn probability. This study shows that the BP model can model the effects of fire management activities on the forest landscape level and evaluate the effectiveness of fire management strategies or management measures.
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45

Marciniak, Andrzej. "Analysis of the influence of the heating process on the charring depth of wooden elements." MATEC Web of Conferences 247 (2018): 00007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824700007.

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In accordance with European standards in the field of designing wooden structures in the design process and in fire safety engineering, differentiated fire impacts should be applied, depending on the expected scenario of its development. These interactions describe the time-temperature relationship. Fire resistance is generally related to the thermal interaction determined by a logarithmic relationship called a standard curve describing a fire developed in a room in the form. It is possible to use other, more realistic scenarios characterizing the thermal impact determined by the so-called nominal curves covering the effects of fire emanating from a window or hydrocarbon fires (eg in fuel depots). Individual fire scenarios can also be used. The basis for determining the time to the loss of the load bearing capacity of the wooden structure (fire resistance due to the load capacity criterion for a given temperature course over time) is the geometric characteristics of the uncut core of the cross-section. The dimensions of the uncut, working cross section are determined so far only for rods heated according to the standard curve, assuming a charring speed for glued laminated timber of 0.50 -0.80 mm / min depending on the type of wood and product. For other curves, research in this area is lacking.
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46

Hostikka, S., T. Korhonen, and O. Keski-Rahkonen. "Two-model Monte Carlo Simulation Of Fire Scenarios." Fire Safety Science 8 (2005): 1241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.8-1241.

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47

Shoaei, Mozhdeh, R. Maddahin, H. Afshin, and B. Farhanie. "Designing Fire Scenarios for Subway Stations and Tunnels Based on Regional Approach." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 983–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.983.

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Development of cities as well as population growth causes to development of public transportation especially subway lines. The high capacity besides the high speed in transportation makes them the popular transportation system. Fire is the one of the most important issues that may occur in subways. The difference in flame size, emissionheat, smoke and pollutants generation of subway fires attracts an especial attention of fire investigators. The emergency ventilation of subways in the case of fire should have the ability of discharging heat, smoke and pollutants from passenger escape route and preparing a safe place for a specific duration. The optimal performance of emergency ventilation system has a close relation with fire scenarios. In this research the fire scenarios of Tehran subway are designed based on regional approach. In order to show the performance of ventilation systems in emergency mode, the fire scenarios are simulated using computational fluid dynamics. Simulations are conducted for steady and unsteady modes. In transient simulations, a fast t2 growth curve is used for the heat and smoke release rate. Simulation results show that new regional scenarios could provide safe escape routes to evacuate passengers during the fire.
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Tuhuț, Ligia Ioana, Vlad Mihai Pasculescu, Nicolae Ioan Vlasin, and Florin Manea. "A case study on using the FDS tool for on-site fire investigation." MATEC Web of Conferences 354 (2022): 00015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235400015.

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When investigating a fire type event, one has to have in mind that maybe the most important aspect is the identification of the source of ignition. Nowadays, commercial and open-source software are available and can be used during such investigations. The fire field model - Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is one of the most popular numerical model used for fire investigation. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of computer simulations when two hypotheses, Arson effect with multiple fireplaces and electric short circuit are taken into consideration as the cause of the fire. To virtually simulate the findings at the fire site, the FDS tool (Computational Fluid Dynamics) was used. Computational simulations for the two scenarios revealed that the multiple fireplaces scenario, the initial ignition at both the warehouse and the roof of the annex, illustrates the effects of the fire in a similar way to those found at the site, while the scenario with the initial source on the wall of the room with the electrical panel produces a fire located at the level of the construction and is not transmitted to the annex. Consequently, the results obtained validate the multiple outbreak (Arson effect) scenario.
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Suntharalingam, Thadshajini, Irindu Upasiri, Perampalam Gatheeshgar, Keerthan Poologanathan, Brabha Nagaratnam, Heshachanaa Rajanayagam, and Satheeskumar Navaratnam. "Fire resistance of 3D printed concrete composite wall panels exposed to various fire scenarios." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 12, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 377–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-10-2020-0029.

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Purpose Fire safety of a building is becoming a prominent consideration due to the recent fire accidents and the consequences in terms of loss of life and property damage. ISO 834 standard fire test regulation and simulation cannot be applied to assess the fire performance of 3D printed concrete (3DPC) walls as the real fire time-temperature curves could be more severe, compared to standard fire curve, in terms of the maximum temperature and the time to reach that maximum temperature. Therefore, this paper aims to describe an investigation on the fire performance of 3DPC composite wall panels subjected to different fire scenarios. Design/methodology/approach The fire performance of 3DPC wall was traced through developing an appropriate heat transfer numerical model. The validity of the developed numerical model was confirmed by comparing the time-temperature profiles with available fire test results of 3DPC walls. A detailed parametric study of 140 numerical models were, subsequently, conducted covering different 3DPC wall configurations (i.e. solid, cavity and rockwool infilled cavity), five varying densities and consideration of four fire curves (i.e. standard, hydrocarbon fire, rapid and prolong). Findings 3DPC walls and Rockwool infilled cavity walls showed superior fire performance. Furthermore, the study indicates that the thermal responses of 3DPC walls exposed to rapid-fire is crucial compared to other fire scenarios. Research limitations/implications To investigate the thermal behaviour, ABAQUS allows performing uncoupled and coupled thermal analysis. Coupled analysis is typically used to investigate combined mechanical-thermal behaviour. Since, considered 3DPC wall configurations are non-load bearing, uncouple heat transfer analysis was performed. Time-temperature variations can be obtained to study the thermal response of 3DPC walls. Originality/value At present, there is limited study to analyse the behaviour of 3DPC composite wall panels in real fire scenarios. Hence, this paper presents an investigation on the fire performance of 3DPC composite wall panels subjected to different fire scenarios. This research is the first attempt to extensively study the fire performance of non-load bearing 3DPC walls.
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Chen, Jun Min, Sun Tao Lin, Xiao Lin Yao, and Hai Bin Ye. "Study on the Equivalent Width Coefficient of Tunnel Entrance in Metro Station." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2105.

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The numerical simulation results of 12 typical fire scenarios prove that the boundary conditions of tunnel entrance exert a significant influence on the accuracy and reliability of the fire numerical simulation results in metro station. In the fire scenarios with four 400-metre-long tunnels at both ends of the platform, the fire numerical simulation result is the most accurate, but the total numerical calculation time is twice more than the other fire scenarios, due to the additional volume of the computational meshes of the 4 tunnels. In order to guarantee the accuracy and reliability of the fire numerical simulation results on the condition that the computational mesh volume and numerical calculation time have not to be increased, 18 new fire scenarios with the different width of the tunnel entrance have been designed to simulate fire smoke movement in metro station, and the results are inserted into Lagrange's Interpolation Equation, then the equivalent width coefficient ε of tunnel entrance is found to be in the range of 0.34～0.55. In consideration of the mesh cell size and evacuation safety, ε is suggested to be 0.375.
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