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Journal articles on the topic 'Fire-resistant cement'
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1
Saxena, S. K., Mukesh Kumar, and N. B. Singh. "Fire Resistant Properties of Alumino Silicate Geopolymer cement Mortars." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 4 (2017): 5605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.018.
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Gazizov, Asgat, Elena Popova, Vadim Abzalilov, and Aisylu Sagitova. "Increasing the Fire Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Structures." Key Engineering Materials 910 (February 15, 2022): 914–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-1754m8.
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The disadvantage of reinforced concrete structures is their gradual destruction at high temperatures, above 250-300°C under the influence of fire, due to disturbance of cement binder structure. Therefore, the development of a fire-resistant composition for reinforced concrete is urgent. The article describes the study of tetraethoxysilane (TES) 6% and 10% as a fire retardant additive for sand-cement mortar, for building structures made of metal, the experimental study of sand-cement mortar using tetraethoxysilane 6% and 10%, with different methods of application to the metal is stated. An assessment of the effectiveness of TPP in interaction with sand-cement mortar is given.
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Konoplianyk, Oleksandr, Nikolay Kotov, and Illia Iliev. "Specific Design Features of Prefabricated Fire-Resistant Floor Slabs Made from Lightweight Concrete." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2022-0001.
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Abstract Reinforced concrete roof and floor structures have the highest heating temperatures and are exposed to the most difficult conditions during fires that occur in buildings and structures. The standardized fire resistance of hollow-core slabs made of heavy concrete from Portland cement is regulated as REI 45 or REI 60. The aim of the work is to develop a composition of lightweight fire-resistant concrete and architectural engineering for floor slab devices. The composition of lightweight fire-resistant concrete made from expanded clay aggregates and alumina cement was developed as a result of the work. The degree of fire resistance of the lightweight concrete composition with a bulk density of 1475 kg/m3 has been practically determined; i.e., REI 90. The structural solution of the floor slab has been improved; at the same time, we propose to develop a slab with a flat section made of lightweight fire-resistant concrete. Such floor slabs, along with an increase in the fire resistance limit, improve the heat-insulating ability of a floor due to a significant reduction in the coefficient of the thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete.
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Tsapko, N. "RADIATION RESISTANT BINDING MATERIALS BASED ON SILICATE ALUMOBARIUM CEMENTS." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (April 3, 2020): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-67-70.
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The article analyzes the possibility of developing custom binders with a set of set properties. Particular attention is paid to the development of radiation-resistant barium-containing cements based on aluminates and barium silicates. In order to normalize the radiation situation in Ukraine, it is urgent to develop structural materials with specified high protective properties against the effects of radiation, a high degree of biological protection in combination with high strength and fire resistance. The main components of the technological parameters of synthesis of the presented cements are determined. Test results of physical and mechanical properties of refractory radiation resistant cements are presented and general recommendations on the scope of the developed binder materials are given. It is determined that the resulting refractory cement can be used as a bond in the manufacture of special concretes and materials that have high protective properties while exposed to high temperatures and radiation. Thermal stability of concrete based on silicate alumobarium cement with different fillers was determined (cooling of the samples was carried out in air). As a result of the tests, it was found that all concrete specimens withstood more than 20 cycles (1000 ° C - air), while maintaining more than 80 % of the initial strength. These results confirm the known pattern: the higher the material density, the greater the material's ability to absorb radiation. Thus, the obtained data allow us to conclude that concrete based on silicate alumobarium cement have high absorption rates of brake radiation, which is more than 1.5 times higher than currently used concrete based on Portland cement. Therefore, it can be concluded that the concretes obtained are radiation resistant, with a high degree of attenuation of gamma rays and can be recommended as protective materials. Keywords: cement, composition, synthesis parameters, radiation resistance, property, strength
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Pacher, Thomas, Marius Cătălin Barbu, Johannes Urstöger, Alexander Petutschnigg, and Eugenia Mariana Tudor. "Fire Retardancy of Cementitious Panels with Larch and Spruce Bark as Bio-Admixtures." Polymers 14, no. 7 (April 4, 2022): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071469.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the production of fire-resistant panels made out of bark from spruce (Picea abies), larch (Larix decidua Mill.) and cement. This research included test panels produced from bark, cement, water and cement-bonded recycling material aiming for the target density of 750 kg/m3. The physical (density, dimension stability, thickness swelling) and mechanical properties such as tensile strength and compressive strength together with fire resistance were tested. Considering the results, appealing values have been achieved: max. compressive strength: 3.42 N/mm2; max. thickness swelling: 5.48%; and density: 515 to 791 kg/m3. In principle, the properties of the produced panels depend not only on the density, but also on the hydration and, above all, on the compaction and the composition of the boards. The fire tests demonstrated that the produced panels have an enormous potential in terms of fire resistance and could be utilized for fire-retardant applications.
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Konstantinova, N. I., N. V. Smirnov, O. V. Krivoshapkina, and O. I. Molchadskiy. "On the Issue of Safe Use of Fiber Cement Materials in the Buildings and Structures." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 7 (July 2021): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-7-35-41.
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Fiber cement finishing materials are widely used in the construction of industrial buildings and structures due to the complex of valuable operational properties. In the Russian market there are fiber-cement panels with a variety of design solutions for their coloring and application of protective coatings. Fiber cement board is a strong and moisture-resistant composite material made from a cement-sand mixture, reinforcing cellulose fibers and special additives. Not being a non-combustible material, the fiber cement boards in accordance with the current mandatory requirements, as a decorative, finishing and facing material for walls and ceilings have restrictions on their use. Existing domestic requirements regarding the methodology for assessing the combustibility of fiber cement products largely narrow the field of using these materials. Therefore, it is advisable to develop the proposals for amending the test methods and the regulatory framework governing their fire-safe extended scope. In the course of this work execution, the main provisions of the regulatory and methodological framework that establish the requirements for the fire-safe use of fiber cement materials are analyzed. Experimental complex studies of fire hazard properties of various types of samples of the fiber cement finishing panels and slabs were carried out. It is established that fiber-cement materials belong to the class of the least fire-hazardous materials. Advisability is determined concerning the introduction to the national regulatory practice of GOST R «Building materials. Test method for fire hazard under thermal exposure with a single burner (SBI)». Classification parameters of the group of non-combustible materials NG2 were established to amend GOST R 57270—2016 (method 1). Classification parameters of the group of non-combustible materials NG2 for making changes in GOST R 57270—2016 (method 1) are established. Proposals were developed to expand the scope of application of the materials and products made of fiber cement as enclosing structures, partitions, and decorative finishes (cladding) in the buildings and structures.
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Bodnárová, Lenka, Jitka Peterková, Jiri Zach, and Iveta Nováková. "Study of Heat Transport in Structure of Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.302.
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Current trend of construction of ring roads in large cities going often underground emphasizes safety of implementation and using of such constructions, which is closely connected to possible risks of a fire in these predominantly monolithic structures made from steel reinforced concrete. The paper gives results of the research focused on thermally-technical properties of cement based composite materials resistant to high temperature suitable for application in places with higher risk of fire, like secondary lining of tunnels or underground car parks. The aim was verification of appropriateness of testing mix-designs for application in structures possibly endangered by fire.
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Kim, Seong-Deok, Sang-Yun Kim, Ki-Sun Bae, Su-Hee Park, and Bum-Sik Lee. "Field Application of 80MPa High Strength Fire Resistant Concrete using Ternary Blended Cement." Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction 10, no. 5 (October 20, 2010): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5345/jkic.2010.10.5.113.
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Khlystov, A. I., S. V. Sokolova, M. N. Baranova, D. I. Vasilieva, and Yu A. Kholopov. "Prospects for Using Alumina-Containing Industrial Waste in Cement Production." Ecology and Industry of Russia 25, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-7-13-19.
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Local industrial waste from the Samara region (aluminochrome waste of petrochemicals, aluminium sludge of non-ferrous metallurgy) has been studied for use in the production of fire-resistant lining materials with enhanced operational characteristics. The composition and properties of industrial wastes formed at the Samara Metallurgical Plant and their application for obtaining active liquid-steel binder compositions have been studied. The dependence of these compositions refractoriness on the type of hardener and the amount of additive has been analyzed.
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Obodovich, O. M., O. M. Nedbailo, O. G. Chernyshyn, and A. E. Nedbailo. "Intensification of loosening of asbestos fibers by means of hydromechanical processing." Кераміка: наука і життя, no. 1(50) (March 17, 2021): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26909/csl.1.2021.4.
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Acceptance of high-quality aqueous suspensions based on chrysotile asbestos is an urgent technical task in a number of industries. Asbestos-cement mortar is used as an asbestos-cement crust for insulation of walls and other building surfaces, due to this composition of the treated surfaces perfectly retain heat, resistant to moisture, and most importantly - asbestos fibers contribute to the smoothness of the surface and crack is not formed. No less popular is the use of asbestos-cement mortar with a high content of asbestos in the insulation of ventilation ducts and pipelines. This composition of asbestos-cement mortar is used to strengthen the joints of asbestos-cement pipes, as well as as a filler in the laying of cast iron pipes to give the joints additional elasticity.
Asbestos-cement mortar has plasticity, resistance to stretching and reinforcement of asbestos, as well as strength and versatility in the use of cement. Due to these properties, asbestos and cement perfectly adhere to each other to obtain a durable, strong, frost-resistant, virtually waterproof and fire-resistant building material.
The result of the microscopic examination is reason to believe that from the technological process of production of slate can be removed electromechanical mixer for the preparation of a solution of asbestos + water + portland cement. In this case, given the fact of continued loosening of asbestos in the preparation of the mold mixture of asbestos + water + portland cement, it will be sufficient to ensure the degree of loosening of asbestos in the ripper at the minimum required level (for example, not more than 85%). It is assumed to obtain a mold mixture with a high degree of homogeneity of the components with reduced costs of Portland cement due to its physico-chemical activation by hydraulic fluxes.
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Łach, Michał, Kinga Pławecka, Agnieszka Bąk, Katarzyna Lichocka, Kinga Korniejenko, An Cheng, and Wei-Ting Lin. "Determination of the Influence of Hydraulic Additives on the Foaming Process and Stability of the Produced Geopolymer Foams." Materials 14, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 5090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14175090.
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The research described in this article was aimed at determining the influence of hydraulic additives on the foaming process and the stability of the produced geopolymer foams. These foams can be used as insulation materials to replace the currently commonly used insulations such as expanded polystyrene or polyurethane foams. Geopolymers have low thermal conductivity, excellent fire- and heat-resistant properties, and have fairly good mechanical properties. Research on foamed materials shows that they have the highest class of fire resistance; therefore, they are most often used as insulation products in construction. Geopolymer foams were made of aluminosilicate materials (fly ash) and foaming agents (H2O2 and Al powder), and the stabilizers were gypsum and portland cement. Additionally, surfactants were also used. It was found that better foaming effects were obtained for H2O2—it is a better foaming agent for geopolymers than Al powder. When using a hydraulic additive—a stabilizer in the form of cement—lower densities and better insulation parameters were obtained than when using gypsum. Portland cement is a better stabilizer than gypsum (calcium sulfates), although the effect may change due to the addition of surfactants, for example.
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Reiterman, Pavel, Ondřej Holčapek, Filip Vogel, Marcel Jogl, and Jaroslava Koťátková. "Fracture and Mechanical Properties of Fire Resistant Fibre Composites Containing Fine Ground Ceramic Powder." Advanced Materials Research 897 (February 2014): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.897.192.
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Significant advances in the field of building materials leads to increasingly frequent enforcement of these high performance materials in real constructions. Efforts to maximize the efficient use of non-renewable resources and especially energy-intensive materials lead to efforts to achieve maximum efficiency and usability [. Paper presents results of an experimental program focused on development of fire-resistance composites based on aluminous cement with fine ground ceramic powder (FGCP). Studied fibre composites were loaded by temperature 600 °C and 1000 °C. The influence of applied thermal load on composites was evaluated by means of fracture energy, compressive strength, bending strength and modulus of elasticity in bending.
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Błaszczyński, Tomasz Z., and Maciej R. Król. "Geopolymers in Construction / Zastosowanie Geopolimerów W Budownictwie." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2015-0002.
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Abstract Within the framework of quests of supplementary and „healthier” binders to the production of concrete followed the development of geopolymers in construction. However the practical application of these materials is still very limited. The production of each ton of cement introduces one ton of CO2 into the atmosphere. According to various estimations, the synthesis of geopolymers absorbs 2-3 times less energy than the Portland cement and causes a generation of 4-8 times less of CO2. Geopolymeric concretes possess a high compressive strength, very small shrinkage and small creep, and they possess a high resistance to acid and sulphate corrosion. These concretes are also resistant to carbonate corrosion and possess a very high fire resistance and also a high resistance to UV radiation.
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Barbhuiya, Salim, and Edmund Pang. "Strength and Microstructure of Geopolymer Based on Fly Ash and Metakaolin." Materials 15, no. 10 (May 23, 2022): 3732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15103732.
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The production of Portland cement is widely regarded as a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. This contributes to 6–7% of total CO2 emissions, according to the International Energy Agency. As a result, several efforts have been made in recent decades to limit or eliminate the usage of Portland cement in concrete. Geopolymer has garnered a lot of attention among the numerous alternatives due to its early compressive strength, low permeability, high chemical resistance, and great fire-resistant behaviour. This study looks at the strength and microstructure of geopolymer based on fly ash and a combination of metakaolin and fly ash. Compressive strengths were measured at 7, 14, and 28 days, and microstructure was examined using SEM and XRD.
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Shih, Pai-Haung, Yi-Kuo Chang, Hao-An Dai, and Li-Choung Chiang. "Porous Fire-Resistant Materials Made from Alkali-Activated Electric Arc Furnace Ladle Slag." Processes 10, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10040638.
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The application of electric arc furnace ladle slag (EAF ladle slag) in cement products might be limited due to the volume expansion and volume instability created by late hydration. Proper control technique should be developed before the reuse of ladle slag (LS). With the addition of aluminum powder in alkali-activated slag pastes, porous materials were produced. By adjusting the activator modulus between 1.25 and 2.00, fine pores were produced in the foamed pastes, and the material densities were controlled between 594 and 1184 kg/m3. The compressive strengths increased from 0.95 to 9.04 MPa with the increase in density. Direct firing tests showed that the produced porous materials could resist fire damage. With low thermal conductivities range from 0.532 to 1.435 W/m·K, the temperatures in the back panel of the materials were below 100 °C, even under flames of 800 °C for 1 h, which were better than marketing rock wool. The alkali-activated technique was proven to be applicable for the manufacturing of porous fire-resistant materials from ladle slag in this research.
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Caetano, Hugo, Luís Laím, Aldina Santiago, Luísa Durães, and Ashkan Shahbazian. "Development of Passive Fire Protection Mortars." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2022): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042093.
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During a fire event, the stability of steel structures may be compromised, and structural collapse may occur due to the loss of their mechanical resistance as the temperature increases. One of the solutions to reduce this problem is the protection with a coating using enhanced fire-resistant mortars. This paper reports a detailed experimental work aiming to develop gypsum and cement-based mortars for passive fire protection and evaluate their composition’s effect in the final thermal performance. Two types of specimens were tested: (i) small specimens composed of a mortar coating (10 mm thick) and one steel plate and (ii) square section short tubular steel columns with 20 mm of coating. The evaluation of the thermal protection was carried out by (a) measuring the thermal gradient between the exposed surface of the protected steel plate under high temperatures and the mortar-steel interface and (b) assessing the fire resistance of the short steel columns. It was concluded that the compositions with gypsum binder present better thermal insulation than the cementitious compositions. Additionally, the introduction of nano- and microparticles of silica still slightly improved the thermal insulation of the tested compositions.
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Vaiciukynienė, Danutė, Aras Kantautas, Gytis Krusinskas, Andrius Kielė, and Zymantas Rudzionis. "Influence of zeolitized perlite on blended cement properties." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 22, no. 3 (2016): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq150325042v.
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Perlite is the mineral of volcanic origin. Expanded perlite has good heat insulation and sound absorption properties. It is light, resistant to fire, moisture and micro-organisms, harmless to health. However, due to the presence of hyaline phase, its use in Portland cement mixture is problematic. In this paper, the zeolitization of expanded perlite was carried out to improve its hydraulic properties. The conversion of expanded perlite into zeolite material was carried out when Na2O : Al2O3 : SiO2 : H2O molar ratio was equal to 2: 1: 2: 10 and the suspension of starting materials was treated for 3 hours at 100?C temperature. Mechanical and physical properties of hardened cement paste containing 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of pure perlite admixtures, zeolitized perlite, and perlite altered to calcium (Ca2+) zeolite were researched. The results showed that zeolitization of expanded perlite activates its hydraulic properties; after 28 days of hydration under normal conditions, the compressive strength of the specimens modified with 5% of zeolitized perlite admixture was 49-50 MPa, whereas the compressive strength of the specimens containing 5% of pure perlite admixture was only 33 MPa.
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Melichar, Tomáš, and Jiří Bydžovský. "Study of the Parameters of Lightweight Polymer-Cement Repair Mortars Exposed to High Temperatures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 395-396 (September 2013): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.395-396.429.
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The article examines the research aimed at studying the basic physico-mechanical parameters of polymer-cement repair mortars with a modified composition. The objective of a composition modification was to achieve the parameters characteristic of fire-resistant repair mortars. For research purposes, a lightweight sintered aggregate-based ash body was used along with polymer fibres based on polyolefin. It was suggested to use a few recipes that have been subjected to high temperature stress up to 1200 °C. Subsequently the suitability of the formula composition was verified by determining the essential characteristics visual assessment of the structure, density, compressive strength and flexural strength. The results point to the suitability of the proposed formulas, although this will be verified by setting other essential material characteristics.
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Won, Jong-Pil, Sek-Won Choi, Sang-Woo Lee, Chang-II Jang, and Su-Jin Lee. "Mix proportion and properties of fire-resistant wet-mixed high-strength polypropylene fiber-reinforced sprayed polymer cement composites." Composite Structures 92, no. 9 (August 2010): 2166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.09.022.
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Singh, Nakshatra. "Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Binder: A Future Construction Material." Minerals 8, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8070299.
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A large amount of waste coming out from industries has posed a great challenge in its disposal and effect on the environment. Particularly fly ash, coming out from thermal power plants, which contains aluminosilicate minerals and creates a lot of environmental problems. In recent years, it has been found that geopolymer may give solutions to waste problems and environmental issues. Geopolymer is an inorganic polymer first introduced by Davidovits. Geopolymer concrete can be considered as an innovative and alternative material to traditional Portland cement concrete. Use of fly ash as a raw material minimizes the waste production of thermal power plants and protects the environment. Geopolymer concretes have high early strength and resistant to an aggressive atmosphere. Methods of preparation and characterization of fly ash-based geopolymers have been presented in this paper. The properties of geopolymer cement/mortar/concrete under different conditions have been highlighted. Fire resistance properties and 3D printing technology have also been discussed.
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Serrano Somolinos, Rubén, María Isabel Prieto Barrio, María de las Nieves González García, and Kenzo Jorge Hosokawa Menéndez. "Analysis of the Behavior of Mass Concrete with the Addition of Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs) When Exposed to Fire." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010117.
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Due to the importance of concrete as a structural material and the pathologies that can be achieved by reinforced concrete structures when they are subjected to the action of fire both at the level of resistance and deformation, in this research we study the mechanical behavior of mass concrete with the addition of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) when exposed to the action of fire, in order to determine the improvements that this type of addition produces in concrete. To achieve this objective, compression break tests have been carried out on cylindrical concrete specimens incorporating CNFs. From the analysis of results, it can be concluded that the residual resistant capacity of concrete with the addition of 1% of CNFs by weight of cement subjected to the direct action of fire, is greater than that of concrete without additions, not obtaining better results, if the addition of CNFs increases to 2%. The addition of 1% of CNFs has not influenced the temperatures reached in the concrete, but produces a more homogeneous cooling and that the paste-aggregate bond is maintained despite thermal aggression, which decreases the spalling effect.
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Mohd, Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Liyana Jamaludin, Kamarudin Hussin, Mohammed Binhussain, Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali, and Ahmad Mohd Izzat. "Study on Fly Ash Based Geopolymer for Coating Applications." Advanced Materials Research 686 (April 2013): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.686.227.
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Geopolymer is cementitious binders that do not require the presence of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Fly ash with geopolymer formulations prepared with mixing alumino-silicate with the alkaline activator solution has been applied as protective coating material that suitable for high temperature applications such as fire resistant panel. Geopolymer coating samples were cured at 70 °C for 24 hours before sintered using temperatures range from 600 °C to 1500 °C in order to increase strength and improve thermal properties. Curing conditions also have a significant effect on the development of mechanical strength in most cementitious systems. The chemical compositions, microstructure and FTIR were studied. Geopolymer coating samples cures to a glassy texture and effectively used to create a resistant surface. Fly ash geopolymer coating was improved the compressive strength of the coatings materials as high as 40 MPa. This technology develop a geopolymeric mix design that superior use as cementitious coatings with high thermal application.
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Zaki, Harith, Iqbal Gorgis, and Shakir Salih. "Mechanical properties of papercrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 02016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816202016.
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This paper studies the uses, of waste paper as an additional material in concrete mixes. Papercrete is a term as the name seems, to imply a mixture of paper and concrete. It is a new, composite material using waste paper, as a partial addition of Portland cement, and is a sustainable, building material due to, reduced amount of waste paper being put to use. It gains, latent strength due to presence of hydrogen bonds in microstructure of paper. Papercrete has been, reported to be a low cost alternative, building construction, material and has, good sound absorption, and thermal insulation; to be a lightweight and fire-resistant material. The percent of waste paper used (after treating) namely (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) by weight of cement to explore the mechanical properties of the mixes (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, density), as compared with references mixes, it was found that fresh properties affected significantly by increasing the waste paper content. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and density got decreased with increase in the percentage of paper.
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Marx, Hendrig, and Richard Walls. "Thermal behaviour of a novel non-composite cellular beam floor system in fire." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 10, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 354–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-10-2018-0032.
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Purpose The Southern African Institute of Steel Construction has developed a novel cellular beam structure (CBS) for multi-storey buildings that is entirely devoid of concrete. Channel sections between the cellular beams support a complex sandwich flooring system, which contains a fire-resistant ceiling board, metal sheeting, an interior fibre-cement board and an access-flooring system. As for all structures, the CBS requires a fire rating. This paper aims to investigate the thermal behaviour of the CBS using numerical modelling and experimental fire testing, as it has a unique setup. Design/methodology/approach Experimental fire tests on the flooring system were conducted to validate finite element models, which were developed in ABAQUS. These models were then extended to include floor beams and the structural steelwork. Findings Good correlations were found between the experimental and numerical results, with temperature variations typically in the range of 0-5%, although with localised differences of up to 20%. This allowed larger finite element models, representing the sandwich floor system of the CBS, to be developed and analysed. A 1-hour rating can be obtained by the system in terms of insulation and integrity requirements. Practical implications The CBS allows for more economical steel structures, due to the rapid construction of its modular panels. A suitable fire resistance will ensure the safety of the occupants and prevent major structural damage. Steelwork and flooring temperatures are determined which has allowed for global structural analyses to be carried out. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in thermal analysis and testing of a new cellular beam flooring system, through determining behaviour in fire, along with beam temperatures.
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Jun, Zhang, Xu Wei, Weng Xingzhong, Gao Peiwei, Yao Zhihua, Su Lihai, and Wang Jiang. "Application and research status of concrete canvas and its application prospect in emergency engineering." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892502097575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925020975759.
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Concrete Canvas (CC) is a 3D spacer fabric-reinforced cement-based composite, prepared through filling cement-based composite powder into fabric via the porous surface of 3D spacer fabric. When hardened by water, CC forms a water-proof, fire-resistant, and durable concrete layer with outstanding mechanical properties. So far, CC has been applied in inflatable tents, slope protection, structure reinforcement and repair, ditch lining, and other engineering projects, as well as furniture and artwork design. Existing studies on CC primarily focus on the modification and optimization of its component materials, and CC reinforcement using externally bonded FRP and aluminum flakes. CC has a broad application and an enormous application potential in emergency engineering, such as the protection of emergency tents and shelters, emergency repair and construction of airport pavement and positional projects; however, it is necessary to improve the compressive strength, flexural strength, wear resistance, anti-penetration performance, and base course bond performance of CC. To that end, research from the perspectives of modifying CC component materials, reinforcement of CC by externally bonded FRP, the improvement of the anchorage method, and the optimization of anchoring primers can be carried out.
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Jogl, Marcel, Pavel Reiterman, Ondřej Holčapek, Filip Vogel, Karel Kolář, and Jaroslava Koťátková. "Analysis of Mechanical Properties of a Fibre Composite Containing Secondary Raw Materials." Advanced Materials Research 1077 (December 2014): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1077.129.
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Fundamental tasks of material engineers are the application of materials, which can be manufactured from the less valuable materials with conservation or increasing of final properties, predominantly higher strength and durability. Present paper contributes to the category of experimental research of special composites development. Article describes the application of secondary raw materials for the production of special fibre-reinforced composite for high temperature application. These secondary raw materials are arising by the recycling of waste produced in the building industry or by the recycling of cast-off materials. Aim of performed experimental program was to prepare lightweight refractory materials based on aluminous cement with sufficient mechanical properties. Application of secondary raw materials could be interesting solution with environmental benefits. Investigation of new type of fire resistant composites were realized on the base mechanical properties determination after high temperature exposure.
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Aliev, A. A. "Improving the rheological properties of alkaline-activated geopolymers using water-free fluids." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 3(80) (September 30, 2021): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2021-3(80)-60-67.
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Geopolymer systems are quite successfully used in such operations as industrial and civil construction, production of fire - resistant concrete, isolation and disposal of radioactive waste, etc. The oil and gas industry was no exception. They are one of the most promising alternatives to Portland cement in insulation operations. They allow achieving sufficiently high performances of well construction strength, corrosion resistance, and in some compositions these parameters significantly exceed those of Portland cement. In recent years, a significant amount of research has been carried out aimed at the development of geo polymer compositions for cementing oil and gas wells, which showed that these systems have strength characteristics comparable to Portland cement, low permeability, resistance to drilling mud and reservoir conditions, and the ability to self-repair. However, despite all the advantages of Geo polymer systems, their most significant disadvantage is poor regulation of rheological properties. Geo polymers (GP) with low ash content do not provide the proper rheological characteristics for the use in insulation operations. Low values of pumpability of solutions are still a serious restriction for wide practical implementation. The use of geopolymer solutions with the correct selection of the compositional composition capable of demonstrating significant improvements in strength and rheological parameters as a result of mixing with anhydrous drilling fluids is a very promising solution to this problem. The paper presents the results of research on the additives of non-aqueous fluids such as oil- based and synthetic-based drilling fluids and inverted emulsion drilling fluids on rheology of geo polymers. The obtained results allow stating that the rheological parameters of geo polymer compositions improve up to comparable values with Portland cement, which considerably extends the range of application of these solutions to use in operations of primary, squeeze cementing and well workover.
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Kalaw, Martin Ernesto, Joshua Martin Kalaw, and Michael Angelo Promentilla. "GEOPOLYMERS SYNTHESIZED FROM PHILIPPINE COAL ASH AS SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE LOW HEAT TRANSMISSION AND FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIAL FOR BUILDINGS." ASEAN Engineering Journal 11, no. 3 (April 21, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v11.16871.
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Geopolymers are formed from alumina and silica rich materials by alkali dissolution and subsequent polycondensation into a polymeric network. Geopolymerization technology presents a great potential for positive environmental impact since many alumina- and silica- rich industrial waste materials, such as coal ashes, blast furnace slags, mine tailings, etc., can be used as its precursor materials in a process that requires less energy and gives up less emissions vis-à-vis the current conventional OPC (ordinary Portland cement) technology. In this study, geopolymer samples were prepared using an 85% coal fly ash (CFA) - 10% coal bottom ash (CBA) - 5% rice hull ash (RHA) wt/wt mix proportion and activated using an alkali solution of NaOH-Na2SiO3 at an 80%-20% wt/wt solid-to-liquid ratio. With this mix proportion, two types of specimens were used, a slab type with 50 mm thickness, and a cube type, 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm. The slab type specimens were used for evaluating fire resistance using ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials, and the cube type specimens were used to study the effect of foaming agents on the strength and thermal conductivity of the geopolymers formed. Two types of foaming agents, hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate, at an amount of 0.1% to 0.4% of dry mass mixture, were used. Results from the foamed geopolymers gave compressive strength values ranging from 0.37 to 0.71 MPa and densities of 1430-1560 kg/m3 at 0.3% to 0.4% peroxide added. Values of thermal conductivity of the foamed geopolymers were within 0.033-0.037 W/m-K for all foamed geopolymer samples tested which is a significant reduction compared to the thermal conductivity of the unfoamed geopolymer sample at 0.48 W/m-K. The fire resistance tests show that the unfoamed geopolymer samples perform better than OPC concrete. However, the foamed geopolymers have very low strength compared to the unfoamed sample compressive strength of 18.1 MPa and, thus, are suitable for non-load bearing, insulation applications.
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Vásquez Molina, Diego Alejandro, Johanna Mercedes Mejía Arcila, and Ruby Mejía de Gutiérrez. "Mechanical and thermal performance of a geopolymeric and hybrid material based on fly ash." DYNA 83, no. 195 (February 23, 2016): 216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v83n195.50824.
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This article presents an evaluation of the thermal behavior of a hybrid (FA/OPC) and geopolymer (FA100) material. The FA100 system is based on fly ash (FA), which has an elevated content of unburned material (14.8%). The FA/OPC system is comprised of a mixture of fly ash and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at a proportion of 80/20. The thermal performance was evaluated by several tests, such as exposure to high temperatures (up to1000°C) and direct flame resistance. In addition, the effect of cyclic exposure was studied at 700°C for 10 cycles. FA/OPC hybrid material retains 92% of its initial strength and FA100 retains 113.3% of its initial strength at 700°C. Both materials can withstand 10 exposure cycles with a strength loss of less than 45%. In direct flame exposure, a temperature gradient of about 500°C was observed. These results indicate that these types of materials could possibly be used as fire-resistant materials in civil structures.
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Ramesh, Gomasa. "A Study on Strengthening of Concrete Structures." Indian Journal of Structure Engineering 1, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijse.b1311.111221.
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Concrete is the most commonly used building material due to its high strength, moldability, weather-resistant, and fire resistance, among other benefits. In recent years, there has been a growth in the usage of Micro Silica fume. Through the Ore sand Bridge building, records show that Micro Silica was used in the concrete. These fabrics are not only environmentally sustainable, but they also have technological advantages on both new and hardened mortar products. Both goods are agricultural by-products, but their usage decreases the amount of primary raw materials removed from the earth. Latent hydraulic content is micro silica fume and fly ash. It has intrinsic cementation effects, which must be activated. Combining the powder with Portland cement is a popular way to achieve these results. Pozzolana is the name given to pulverized fly ash. These materials may not have intrinsic cementation properties, but a cementation substance is created when mixed with a high alkaline material.
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Ramesh, Gomasa. "A Study on Strengthening of Concrete Structures." Indian Journal of Structure Engineering 1, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijse.b1311.111221.
Full textAbstract:
Concrete is the most commonly used building material due to its high strength, moldability, weather-resistant, and fire resistance, among other benefits. In recent years, there has been a growth in the usage of Micro Silica fume. Through the Ore sand Bridge building, records show that Micro Silica was used in the concrete. These fabrics are not only environmentally sustainable, but they also have technological advantages on both new and hardened mortar products. Both goods are agricultural by-products, but their usage decreases the amount of primary raw materials removed from the earth. Latent hydraulic content is micro silica fume and fly ash. It has intrinsic cementation effects, which must be activated. Combining the powder with Portland cement is a popular way to achieve these results. Pozzolana is the name given to pulverized fly ash. These materials may not have intrinsic cementation properties, but a cementation substance is created when mixed with a high alkaline material.
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Lupu, M. L., D. N. Isopescu, I.-R. Baciu, S. G. Maxineasa, L. Pruna, and R. Gheorghiu. "Hempcrete - modern solutions for green buildings." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1242, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1242/1/012021.
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Abstract It is widely established that the building industry has a negative impact on the environment and a significant influence on the phenomena that contribute to climate change. Traditional construction materials, such as cement, contribute considerably to environmental pollution. Given the enormous quantity of energy and materials used by the construction sector, this industry must adopt more sustainable practices. Nowadays, an increasing number of natural building materials are used in the structural component or the insulation of buildings. As a result, natural construction materials may be a superior alternative to accomplish this goal. This article discusses the features and applications of hempcrete in the building industry. Hempcrete is a sustainable material composed of industrial hemp, lime as a binder, and water. Due to hemp’s porous structure, it has deformation capacity, sound-absorbing qualities, better hygrothermal properties than conventional concrete, and, depending on the proportions of hemp, lime, and water, fire resistant capabilities due to the presence of lime.
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Adosi, Bentolhoda, Seyed Abbas Mirjalili, Mostafa Adresi, Jean-Marc Tulliani, and Paola Antonaci. "Experimental Evaluation of Tensile Performance of Aluminate Cement Composite Reinforced with Weft Knitted Fabrics as a Function of Curing Temperature." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 4385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244385.
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Cement composites (CC) are among the composites most widely used in the construction industry, such as a durable waterproof and fire-resistant concrete layer, slope protection, and application in retaining wall structures. The use of 3D fabric embedded in the cement media can improve the mechanical properties of the composites. The use of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) can accelerate the production process of the CC and further contribute to improving the mechanical properties of the cement media. The purpose of this study is to promote the use of these cementitious composites by deepening the knowledge of their tensile properties and investigating the factors that may affect them. Therefore, 270 specimens (three types of stitch structure, two directions of the fabric, three water temperature values, five curing ages, with three repetitions) were made, and the tensile properties, absorbed energy, and the inversion effects were evaluated. The results showed that the curing conditions of the reinforced cementitious composite in water with temperature values of 7, 23, and 50 °C affect the tensile behavior. The tensile strength of the CCs cured in water with a temperature of 23 °C had the highest tensile strength, while 7 and 50 °C produced a lower tensile strength. The inversion effect has been observed in CC at 23 °C between 7 and 28 days, while this effect has not occurred in other curing temperature values. By examining three commercial types of stitches in fabrics and the performance of the reinforced cementitious composites in the warp direction, it was found that the structure of the “Tuck Stitch” has higher tensile strength and absorbed energy compared to “Knit stitch” and “Miss Stitch”. The tensile strength and fracture energy of the CC reinforced with “Tuck Stitch” fabric in the warp direction, by curing in 23 °C water for 7 days, were found to be 2.81 MPa and 1.65 × 103 KJ/m3, respectively. These results may be helpful in selecting the design and curing parameters for the purposes of maximizing the tensile properties of textile CAC composites.
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Lee, Woo Keun, and Ji Hyeon Lee. "Effect on Compressive Strength of Paste/Mortar/Concrete by Changing Bottom Ash Content and Activator pH." Advanced Materials Research 742 (August 2013): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.742.304.
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Geopolymer is a recently developed inorganic material that can be used to produce cement. In addition to being fire and chemical resistant, geopolymer possesses excellent mechanical properties. Geopolymeric materials are synthesized by alkaline activators such as an alumino-silicate source, which forms a gel binder phase. Toxic contaminants are also immobilized in this process. In this study, inorganic paste, different contents of MBA, and several types of activators are investigated to obtain the optimum condition. In addition, the crystalloid and crystal structure of geopolymer was analyzed by XRD and FTIR. The Korea Standard Leaching Test (KSLT) was also used to evaluate the environmental safety of inorganic paste. This study showed that the compressive strength of the WG activator is approximately twice as great as the NaOH and KOH activators. At pH 13, the WG activator also showed the best pH of the activators. In addition, the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete showed about 30 MPa in this condition. Finally, it was confirmed that all harmful heavy metals in MSWI ash were stabilized.
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Lobacheva, Olga Leonidovna, and Natalia Vladimirovna Dzhevaga. "The Experimental Study of Innovative Methods Regarding the Removal of Sm(III)." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 7726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167726.
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The modern development of the construction materials sector determines the use of rare earth metals (REM) for various purposes. In particular, REM are added as basic alloying elements into magnesium alloys to increase alloy durability and strength. The complex systematic study of structural components and REM interaction are the basis for the phase state monitoring of multicomponent oxide polyfunctional materials. In addition, on the preparatory stage, layers with specified construction material coatings are formed. The paper presents experimental and theoretical results of studies of adsorptive bubble methods in the systems containing Samarium cations and surfactants, namely sodium dodecyl sulphate (NaDS). To identify the process mechanisms and prediction of optimal conditions of metal cations’ removal and separation by extraction, flotation, and ion flotation methods, one should know the pH of metal hydroxo-complexes and pH of the hydrate formation. The possibility of lanthanide ions’ removal (by the example of Samarium ions) by the solvent sublation method with NaDS as a collector and isooctyl alcohol as an extractant was studied. From the obtained experimental data, it was clear that the Sm3+ removal in acidic mediums is practically non-existent. The results obtained in this paper are topical in the production of electrode coating components, welding fluxes, sorbents for nuclear wastewater burial, wastewater treatment, highly porous heat-insulating and fire-resistant materials, cement, and concrete with improved frost resistance.
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Safaryan, Artsruni, and Hripsime Melyan. "Acoustic Materials Based on Expanded Obsidian." Key Engineering Materials 828 (December 2019): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.828.89.
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Increasing attention is paid to noise control and provision of the required acoustic comfort. This is due to an increase in the noise of the environment, the concentration of people in the cities, development of industry, transport and aviation. Currently, mass construction does not have the necessary number of sound-proof products and this demand is constantly increasing. Therefore, the development of new efficient sound-proof products, especially on the base of industrial waste, is of particular importance. While separating obsidian during the production of rubble and sand from lithoid pumice and perlite - it turns into a waste product. With the expansion of obsidian with grain sizes from 5 to 20 mm in a duration of 3-10 minutes at temperatures from 1050 to 11500С, it is possible to obtain a lightweight porous material with the lowest average density of 200–350 kg/m3 (in a piece of stone) and thereby solve environmental issues - to recycle production wastes. The requirements for mechanical strength and decorativeness of sound-absorbing materials are increased, since they are used for tiling internal walls, so they must have low water absorption capacity, low hygroscopicity, and be fire and bio resistant. On the base of expanded obsidian, it is possible to obtain acoustic materials: cellular concrete and plasters with cement and gypsum with an average bending strength of 2.229 and 5.679, and 6.2095 and 12.670 MPa for compression.
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Ozyildirim, H. Celik, Harikrishnan Nair, and Mary Sharifi. "Field Performance of Low-Cracking Concretes for the Closure Pours and Overlays of Bridge Decks." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 5 (April 23, 2020): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120915703.
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Joints, wide cracks, and poor quality concretes facilitate the intrusion of chlorides, causing corrosion in bridge decks and substructures that limit the service lives. Distress in deck concretes can adversely affect ride quality and structural integrity. The objective of this study was to eliminate the joints in existing bridges and to improve the surface conditions of the decks by overlays. Two parallel bridges in Virginia were selected for study. The performance of the closure pours and overlays was observed for 4–5 years. Joints were replaced with closure pours (also known as link slabs) consisting of fiber-reinforced concretes resistant to wide cracking and intrusion of solutions. Polyvinyl alcohol, polypropylene, and steel fibers were used in the closure pours; a compressive strength of 3,000 psi (pounds per square inch) at 24 h was sought. In the overlays, silica fume concrete alone and with shrinkage reducing admixture, lightweight coarse aggregate, and lightweight fine aggregate was investigated for crack control and low permeability, and compared with the control of latex-modified concrete with rapid set cement. A compressive strength of 3,000 psi at 3 days was sought. Test results and surveys showed that satisfactory strengths and permeability were achieved; the closure pours containing steel and polyvinyl alcohol fibers had tight cracks (most less than 0.1 mm with a few up to 0.2 mm). All overlays were performing well except for one section placed in adverse weather conditions and exposed to a truck fire. There were a few areas patched where poor surface preparation had led to delamination.
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Pivák, Adam, Šimon Marušiak, Martina Záleská, Zbyšek Pavlík, and Milena Pavlíková. "MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE CEMENT-BASED COMPOSITE WITH FOAM GLASS USED AS LIGHTWEIGHT ADMIXTURE." Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction 7, no. 1 (August 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.14455/isec.res.2020.7(1).mat-23.
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In this paper, foam glass was used as an aggregate in magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC)-based mixtures. Magnesium oxychloride cement is known as a non-hydraulic, high-strength, and fire-resistant binder that can bond large amounts of miscellaneous fillers. In comparison with Portland cement, MOC has a lower environmental impact over its whole life cycle. The purpose of this paper is to modify thermal and hygric properties of MOC-based composites using lightweight mineral admixture, namely foam glass, and hydrophobic agents. The raw materials were analyzed by XRF spectroscopy and their basic properties characterized. The MOC composites were by their basic material, mechanical, thermophysical, and moisture properties described. Considerable improvement of thermal parameters of MOC composite modified with the foam glass and obvious action of surface hydrophobic agent as moisture barrier were observed. The resulting thermal-insulating, lightweight MOC composite with suitable mechanical properties can be used in the construction of thermal insulation surfaces and envelopes, ceiling or wall panels, reducing the energy consumption of buildings.
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Sahani, Ashok Kumar, Amiya K. Samanta, and Dilip K. Singharoy. "Mechanical behaviour of fire-exposed fibre-reinforced sustainable concrete." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (July 4, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-11-2018-0035.
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Purpose Present study focuses on scope of developing sustainable heat resistant concrete by adding steel fibre (Sf) and polypropylene fibre (PPf) along with partially replacement of ordinary portland cement (OPC) and natural fine aggregate with fly ash (FA) and granular blast furnace slag (GBFS). Replacement percentages of FA and GBFS were 40% and 50%, whereas Sf and PPf for fibre-added mixes were 1% by volume of concrete and 0.25% by weight of cement, respectively. Design/methodology/approach An experimental work had been carried out to make comparison between control mix (CM), fibre-added sustainable mix (SCMF) and fibre-added control mix (CMF) with reference to weight loss, mechanical strength (compressive, split and flexure) after exposed to room temperature (27°C) to 1000°C at the interval of 200°C for 4 h of heat curing followed by furnace cooling and then natural cooling. Furthermore, microstructural analysis was executed at 27°C, 400°C and 800°C, respectively. Findings Colour change and hair line cracks were started to appear at 600°C. Fibre-added control mix and sustainable mix did not exhibit any significant cracks as compared to control mix even at 1000°C. Major losses were occurred at temperature higher than 600°C, loss in compressive strength was about 70% in control mix, while 60% in fibre-added mixes. SCMF exhibited the highest retention of strength with respect to all cases of mechanical strength. Research limitations/implications Present study is based on the slow heating condition followed by longer duration of heat curing at target temperature. Practical implications Present work can be helpful for the design engineer for assessing the fire deterioration of concrete structure existing near the fire establishment such as furnace and ovens. Building fire (high temperature for short duration) might be the further scope of work. Originality/value Concept of incorporating pozzolanic binder and calcareous fine aggregate was adopted to take the advantage pozzolanacity and fire resistivity. To the best of author’s knowledge, there is a scope for fill the research gap in this area.
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"Concrete Canvas: A Multifaceted Construction Material." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 1898–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c4462.098319.
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Cement concrete is a most used construction material, due to its enormous demand worldwide in the construction sector. Concrete serves many purposes in different adverse conditions, there are many advantages but there is one limitation that is concrete is not flexible. Concrete Canvas brought a revolutionary change in the construction materials called Geosynthetic Cementitious Composite Mats (GCCMs) which as many applications and used as an alternative to conventional concrete. It is a flexible, concrete canvas that gets hardens on hydration to form a thin, durable, waterproof and low-carbon concrete layer. Concrete Canvas may find its tremendous scope in the Construction sector as fire resistance and water proofing material. The concrete canvas has a self healing property thereby adds good benefit to the life of material and economically because of its zero percent repairs maintenance. Even though if the concrete canvas gets damaged after a period of time, it gets self healed with the contact of water which helps in the hydration process. This paper mainly focuses on the case study done on the applicability of concrete canvas for fire resistant, Water proof and bulletproofing with the help of AP State Police and to explore different applications in Construction sector as well as Defense sector.
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"Sustainable Rammed Earth Structure: A Structurally Integral, Cost-Effective And Eco-Friendly Alternative to Conventional Construction Material." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 8, no. 11S (October 11, 2019): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.k1077.09811s19.
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While constructing (developing) any structure (asset), its impact on the environment should always be assessed. As we know, cement is a key building material that is commonly used but also creates pollution during its manufacturing, storage handling, transportation and usage. So, what-if this building material can be significantly replaced by some other building material that is far eco-friendlier. Mother Nature i.e. our planet Earth offers us naturally existing and abundant Soil (mud) that can be used as an alternative building material. Cement, as a main component of construction material mix, when replaced by naturally and locally available mineral soil (in different proportions) will result in reduced carbon footprints which otherwise is high for cement supply chain. This nature’s gift in the form of mineral soil has inspired the idea of Rammed Earth Construction. This is not an invention; it is an innovation through traditional (well placed) wisdom. Natural soil with additives (if required) in designed/customized amount are compacted in layers within sturdy formwork. From series of field experiments we conducted, the proportions for the components like Soil, (part) Cement and Fly Ash were determined. The proportion of these constituents mainly depends on local availability and climatic condition in & around the construction site. The resultant construction product mix is a monolithic wall structure with superior thermal insulation properties, fire resistant and most importantly eco-friendly. . The Due to use of soil, the wall absorbs heat during day time and slowly cools down in night time. This phenomenon results in effective insulation system. This moderates daily temperaturevariations and reduces the need for HVAC systems, which helps in attaining the green building objective. One of the prominent features of Rammed Earth Structure is its cost efficiency. The main component is naturally available
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Karthi, Lathi, and Peter Cibi. "Durability of geopolymer concrete exposed to acidic environment – a review." Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.7770/safer-v10n1-art2499.
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Acids attack concrete by dissolving both hydrated and unhydrated cement compounds as well as calcareous aggregates and the subsequent chemical reaction forms water soluble calcium compounds which are then leached away. The aggressiveness of the reaction depends on the pH of the acidic medium and the types of salts formed. Concrete pipes made of ordinary portland cement (OPC) carrying sewage water have always the presence acidic solutions in it. They deteriorate and service life of the pipes is affected along with the increased maintenance costs and that process cause environmental impacts. Geopolymer binders are novel binders that relies on alumina silicate rather calcium silicate bonds for structural integrity so they have been reported as being acid resistant. Those could be produced by the chemical action between alumino-silicate material such as fly ash(FA), granulated blast furnaces slag (GGBS), metakaoline or silica fume with alkaline solutions like sodium silicate or sodium hydroxide. Geopolymers show superior performance in terms of corrosion and fire resistance due to the absence of water and calcium in their structure.Utilisation of waste materials like FA and GGBS makes geopolymer concrete (GPC) an environment friendly construction material. This review paper looks in to the effect of various acids such as sulphuric acid, acetic acid, nitric acids on durability properties of OPC specimens, GPC specimens and GPC composite specimens when immersed in acidic solutions for certain period. The performance of geopolymer is analysed by the visual inspection and studying the parameters like weight loss, loss in compressive strength and maximum depth of penetration.
Keywords- Geopolymer concrete, Sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, metakaoline, silica fume, alumina silicate