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1
Hosokawa, Masafumi. "Research and Development Efforts in Fire Safety and Disaster Preparedness." Journal of Disaster Research 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 584–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0584.
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Fire departments are expected to respond quickly and effectively to disasters by extinguishing fires and rescuing those in harm’s way, for example. They are also required to prevent fires and disasters by enforcing fire-prevention measures at hotels and care facilities and to monitor safety measures in facilities storing hazardous materials. Concerns have arisen that destructive disasters may occur due to environmental changes in local communities or due to the Tokyo Metropolitan earthquake or Nankai Trough earthquake. To ensure that fire departments use their firefighters, materials and equipment effectively to prevent or control fires and reduce damage of disasters, research and development (R&D) on fire safety and disaster preparedness must be conducted actively and resulting findings must be applied in advanced fire safety and disaster preparedness activities. Fire safety R&D in Japan is undertaken by the National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster,which is the research organ of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency. Here R&D is being conducted on safety measures for facilities storing hazardous materials, fire-fighting robot technology, and fire extinguishing techniques. Fire departments in major cities also study firefighting operations and advanced materials and equipment. Although the number of institutions directly conducting fire safety R&D is limited and allotted research and development budget is extremely small. Private-sector R&D in fire safety unfortunately cannot be described as vigorous because it focuses on equipment used by fire department personnel and fire-safety facilities required by law, such as fire engines and rescue materials and equipment, fire sensors, fire extinguishing systems, etc., whose market is limited. To conduct innovative fire extinguishing R&D on equipment that could dramatically improve fire-fighting efficiency, it is important to inform research institutions and private firms of the issues and needs in fire safety rather than to make efforts solely among organizations involved in fire safety and to conduct research by engaging a wide range of researchers from the pure sciences in practical technologies. The Fire and Disaster Management Agency of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications set up a competitive research funding effort in fiscal 2003 called Promoting Program for Scientific Fire and Disaster Prevention Technologies (Competitive Research Funding Program) to promote R&D based on the collaboration of industry, academia, and the national government. This competitive research program solicits research proposals for promoting advances in fire safety and disaster preparedness science and technology and achieving safe and secure society. It involves researchers in industry, academia, and government and provides funding for proposals considered worth promoting. Some 104 studies had been completed under this program by fiscal 2014. The Kitakyushu municipal fire department, for instance, proposed developing a fire extinguishing composition able to extinguish fires using only a small amount of water. After building a system for collaboration with the University of Kitakyushu and local industries, they developed such a composition based on a natural surfactant whose use has greatly reduced the environmental load and whose performance meets the needs of fire-fighting operations conducted by fire department personnel in general fires. The team earned the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications Award in the Fifth Merit Awards for Industry/Academia/Government Collaboration in fiscal 2007. In publishing the special issue on Fire and Disaster Prevention Technologies edited by Prof.Tomonori Kawano, Prof. Kazuya Uezu, and Prof. Takaaki Kato of the Research and Development Center of Fire and Environmental Safety, the University of Kitakyushu, it is shown that fire safety and disaster preparedness R&D undertaken by universities, local industries, and fire departments in Kitakyushu is proceeding on in an expanded scale. It is hoped that such undertakings and their findings will be extended to other areas, thus further promoting R&D in fire safety.
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Garver, Julie N., Kristine Z. Jankovitz, Jane M. Danks, Ashley A. Fittz, Heather S. Smith, and Steven C. Davis. "Physical Fitness of an Industrial Fire Department vs. a Municipal Fire Department." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19, no. 2 (2005): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/r-14934.1.
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Chen, Sheng-Syan, Weifeng Hung, and Yanzhi Wang. "R&D Increases and Long-Term Performance of Rivals." Financial Review 49, no. 4 (October 16, 2014): 765–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fire.12056.
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Ayers, David J. "Klein, Ellen R. Feminism Under Fire." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 1 (1998): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis1998101/219.
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Pan, Jin, Xiaoming Ou, and Liang Xu. "A Collaborative Region Detection and Grading Framework for Forest Fire Smoke Using Weakly Supervised Fine Segmentation and Lightweight Faster-RCNN." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060768.
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Forest fires are serious disasters that affect countries all over the world. With the progress of image processing, numerous image-based surveillance systems for fires have been installed in forests. The rapid and accurate detection and grading of fire smoke can provide useful information, which helps humans to quickly control and reduce forest losses. Currently, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have yielded excellent performance in image recognition. Previous studies mostly paid attention to CNN-based image classification for fire detection. However, the research of CNN-based region detection and grading of fire is extremely scarce due to a challenging task which locates and segments fire regions using image-level annotations instead of inaccessible pixel-level labels. This paper presents a novel collaborative region detection and grading framework for fire smoke using a weakly supervised fine segmentation and a lightweight Faster R-CNN. The multi-task framework can simultaneously implement the early-stage alarm, region detection, classification, and grading of fire smoke. To provide an accurate segmentation on image-level, we propose the weakly supervised fine segmentation method, which consists of a segmentation network and a decision network. We aggregate image-level information, instead of expensive pixel-level labels, from all training images into the segmentation network, which simultaneously locates and segments fire smoke regions. To train the segmentation network using only image-level annotations, we propose a two-stage weakly supervised learning strategy, in which a novel weakly supervised loss is proposed to roughly detect the region of fire smoke, and a new region-refining segmentation algorithm is further used to accurately identify this region. The decision network incorporating a residual spatial attention module is utilized to predict the category of forest fire smoke. To reduce the complexity of the Faster R-CNN, we first introduced a knowledge distillation technique to compress the structure of this model. To grade forest fire smoke, we used a 3-input/1-output fuzzy system to evaluate the severity level. We evaluated the proposed approach using a developed fire smoke dataset, which included five different scenes varying by the fire smoke level. The proposed method exhibited competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art methods.
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Illarionova, Lada Valerevna. "Toxic and fire hazard of flooring." Interactive science, no. 12 (22) (December 20, 2017): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-465392.
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Duchesne, Luc C., and Suzanne Wetzel. "Effect of Fire Intensity and Depth of Burn on Lowbush Blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium, and Velvet Leaf Blueberry, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Production in Eastern Ontario." Canadian Field-Naturalist 118, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i2.913.
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The effects of prescribed fire intensity and depth of burn were investigated on Lowbush Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) and Velvet Leaf Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides) stem density, blueberry production and the number of blueberries/stem in a clear-cut Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana, ecosystem of eastern Ontario. Blueberry production and stem density were significantly (P < 0.001) increased by low intensity prescribed fires of 597 and 1268 kW/m. In contrast, prescribed fires of medium and high intensities did not affect blueberry production and stem density. The number of blueberries/stem was not affected (P = 0.056) by prescribed burning, two years after treatment. Pearson's multiple correlation analysis showed that blueberry production (R: -0.683, P < 0.01), stem density (R: 0.733, P < 0.01) and the number of blueberries/stem (R: 0.803, P < 0.01) correlated with depth of burn. As well, blueberry production (R: 0.507, P < 0.05) and stem density (R: -0.504, P < 0.05) correlated with fire intensity. Depth of burn was a better predictor of berry production and stem density than fire intensity. These results suggest that only low intensity fires with little penetrating effect in the ground should be used to manage blueberry crops.
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Wilkins, Joseph L., George Pouliot, Kristen Foley, Wyat Appel, and Thomas Pierce. "The impact of US wildland fires on ozone and particulate matter: a comparison of measurements and CMAQ model predictions from 2008 to 2012." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 10 (2018): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18053.
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Wildland fire emissions are routinely estimated in the US Environmental Protection Agency’s National Emissions Inventory, specifically for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and precursors to ozone (O3); however, there is a large amount of uncertainty in this sector. We employ a brute-force zero-out sensitivity method to estimate the impact of wildland fire emissions on air quality across the contiguous US using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modelling system. These simulations are designed to assess the importance of wildland fire emissions on CMAQ model performance and are not intended for regulatory assessments. CMAQ ver. 5.0.1 estimated that fires contributed 11% to the mean PM2.5 and less than 1% to the mean O3 concentrations during 2008–2012. Adding fires to CMAQ increases the number of ‘grid-cell days’ with PM2.5 above 35 µg m−3 by a factor of 4 and the number of grid-cell days with maximum daily 8-h average O3 above 70 ppb by 14%. Although CMAQ simulations of specific fires have improved with the latest model version (e.g. for the 2008 California wildfire episode, the correlation r = 0.82 with CMAQ ver. 5.0.1 v. r = 0.68 for CMAQ ver. 4.7.1), the model still exhibits a low bias at higher observed concentrations and a high bias at lower observed concentrations. Given the large impact of wildland fire emissions on simulated concentrations of elevated PM2.5 and O3, improvements are recommended on how these emissions are characterised and distributed vertically in the model.
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Sutherland, Duncan, Jason J. Sharples, and Khalid A. M. Moinuddin. "The effect of ignition protocol on grassfire development." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 1 (2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19046.
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The effect of ignition protocol on the development of grassfires is investigated using physics-based simulation. Simulation allows measurement of the forward rate of spread of a fire as a function of time at high temporal resolution. Two ignition protocols are considered: the inward ignition protocol, where the ignition proceeds in a straight line from the edges of the burnable fire plot to the centre of the plot; and the outwards ignition protocol, where the ignition proceeds from the centre of the burnable fire plot to the edges of the plot. In addition to the two ignition protocols, the wind speed, time taken for the ignition to be completed and ignition line length are varied. The rate of spread (R) of the resultant fires is analysed. The outwards ignition protocol leads to an (approximately) monotonic increase in R, whereas the inward ignition protocol can lead to a peak in R before decreasing to the quasi-equilibrium R. The fires simulated here typically take 50m from the ignition line to develop a quasi-equilibrium R. The results suggest that a faster ignition is preferable to achieve a quasi-equilibrium R in the shortest distance from the ignition line.
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Cattermole, Peter. "Mountains of Fire." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 74, no. 3-4 (December 1992): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(92)90019-r.
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Halsey, Richard W. "Tending Fire: Coping with America's Wildland Fires." Madroño 52, no. 3 (July 2005): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637(2005)52[213:r]2.0.co;2.
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Leonardi, A., A. Meda, and Z. Rinaldi. "Fire-damaged R/C Members Repair With High-Performance Fibre-Reinforced Jacket." Strain 47 (June 10, 2010): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.2010.00731.x.
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Sakaeva, Elvira Zinurovna. "Methods and Results of the Federal Fire Service." Interactive science, no. 6 (52) (August 20, 2020): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-551518.
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In this article, the conditions and features of providing federal and regional government services and municipal, market services are discussed, and the efforts of volunteer fire brigades, as well as companies and citizens, are highlighted. As a result of their interaction, a system of interconnected complementary services is established.
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Recher, Harry F., Daniel Lunney, and Alison Matthews. "Small mammal populations in a eucalypt forest affected by fire and drought. I. Long-term patterns in an era of climate change." Wildlife Research 36, no. 2 (2009): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08086.
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This paper reports a study of ground-dwelling, small mammals in coastal eucalypt forest in south-eastern Australia from 1970 through 2005. During this time, the study area burnt in an intense fire in December 1972 and was partially burnt in November 1980. Both fires were associated with prolonged drought. The mammals studied comprised two dasyurid marsupials, Antechinus agilis and A. swainsonii, two native murid rodents, Rattus fuscipes and R. lutreolus, and the introduced house mouse Mus musculus. After intensive sampling throughout the year from 1970 through 1972 to establish basic ecological and population parameters of the small mammal community, populations were sampled annually during late autumn and early winter before the onset of breeding. There were marked differences in the annual (autumn/winter) abundances of all species; numbers of A. agilis ranged from 4 to 142 individuals; A. swainsonii 0 to 43; R. fuscipes 4 to 54; R. lutreolus 0 to 11; M. musculus 0 to 23. Following the 1972 fire, numbers fell to the lowest level recorded during the study and each population subsequently disappeared from the plot between the 1973 and 1974 winter censuses. The less intense 1980 fire did not lead to extirpation, but numbers of A. agilis, A. swainsonii and R. fuscipes declined as drought conditions persisted through 1983. R. lutreolus occurred consistently only following the fires, when a grassy ground vegetation favoured by this species developed. Similarly, M. musculus colonised within two years of the fires and persisted on the plot for 3–4 years before disappearing. Following the fires, populations of the omnivorous R. fuscipes recovered first followed by the scansorial, insectivorous A. agilis and last by the fossorial, insectivorous A. swainsonii. Two primary conclusions emerged from this study. First, the intense fire of 1972 did not kill all the animals immediately, but led to the disappearance of each species from the plot over 18 months. Thus, intense fire had a delayed but catastrophic impact on small ground-dwelling mammals. The fluctuations in population levels, covering more than an order of magnitude, demonstrate that factors other than fire, such as rainfall and drought, drive the population dynamics of these small mammals. As stability and recovery are not features of local populations, long-term studies of benchmark populations are necessary to manage forest biodiversity.
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Ziegler, Justin P., Chad M. Hoffman, and William Mell. "firebehavioR: An R Package for Fire Behavior and Danger Analysis." Fire 2, no. 3 (July 13, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2030041.
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Wildland fire and ecological researchers use empirical and semi-empirical modeling systems to assess fire behavior and danger. This technical note describes the firebehavioR package, a porting of two fire behavior modeling systems, Crown Fire Initiation and Spread and a Rothermel-based framework, to the R programming language. We also highlight supporting data objects and functions to predict inputs required for fire behavior estimation. Last, this package contains functions for fifteen indices to express fire danger using weather and/or fuels observations. Specific advantages of predicting fire behavior using R, a free-and-open-source programming language, include freedom to adapt calculations to suit users’ needs, transparency of source code, and reduction of workflow inefficiencies, thereby aiding in sophisticated fire behavior analyses.
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Duriez, Colin. "Book Review: Secret Fire: The Spiritual Vision of J. R. R. Tolkien." Theology 108, no. 842 (March 2005): 153–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040571x0510800232.
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Malevich, Steven B., Christopher H. Guiterman, and Ellis Q. Margolis. "burnr: Fire history analysis and graphics in R." Dendrochronologia 49 (June 2018): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2018.02.005.
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Qin, Xianlin, Hou Yan, Zihui Zhan, and Zengyuan Li. "Characterising vegetative biomass burning in China using MODIS data." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 1 (2014): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12163.
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For Chinese fire cases, it was established that the active fire data obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 1-km2 spatial resolution and their subsequent analysis are more accurate and spatially precise than those obtained from the statistical fire data collected by the State Forestry Administration (SFA) of P. R. China. Most (37.5%) of the biomass burning detections from 2000 to 2011 were found in croplands, followed by broadleaf forests (21.2%). Three high-density fire regions were found during the 12-year study period: (1) Heilongjiang Province, where many large forest fires occurred in April–May and September–October; (2) Yunnan Province, where many small forest fires occurred in December–May and (3) Guangdong Province and Guangxi Autonomous Regions, where most fires occurred in croplands in November–March. The largest percentage (10.72%) of the total active fire points was in Heilongjiang Province during 2000–2011, followed by Yunnan Province (10.14%), with several fires taking place in February, April and June.
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Mangeon, Stéphane, Apostolos Voulgarakis, Richard Gilham, Anna Harper, Stephen Sitch, and Gerd Folberth. "INFERNO: a fire and emissions scheme for the UK Met Office's Unified Model." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 8 (August 16, 2016): 2685–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2685-2016.
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Abstract. Warm and dry climatological conditions favour the occurrence of forest fires. These fires then become a significant emission source to the atmosphere. Despite this global importance, fires are a local phenomenon and are difficult to represent in large-scale Earth system models (ESMs). To address this, the INteractive Fire and Emission algoRithm for Natural envirOnments (INFERNO) was developed. INFERNO follows a reduced complexity approach and is intended for decadal- to centennial-scale climate simulations and assessment models for policy making. Fuel flammability is simulated using temperature, relative humidity (RH) and fuel load as well as precipitation and soil moisture. Combining flammability with ignitions and vegetation, the burnt area is diagnosed. Emissions of carbon and key species are estimated using the carbon scheme in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model. JULES also possesses fire index diagnostics, which we document and compare with our fire scheme. We found INFERNO captured global burnt area variability better than individual indices, and these performed best for their native regions. Two meteorology data sets and three ignition modes are used to validate the model. INFERNO is shown to effectively diagnose global fire occurrence (R = 0.66) and emissions (R = 0.59) through an approach appropriate to the complexity of an ESM, although regional biases remain.
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Bashynskiy, O. I., M. Z. Peleshko, and T. G. Berezhanskiy. "FIRE RESISTANCE OF BUILDING STRUCTURES OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS STORES." Fire Safety, no. 34 (July 19, 2019): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.34.2019.01.
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The article is dedicated to the fire resistance limit of building structures of the objects for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids. Today, oil stores are very important elements of the oil supply system in Ukraine. The analysis of literary sources has shown that fires in oil stores cause extra fire hazard of surrounding objects. Increasing of their scales requires further improvement of fire safety measures during planning and using of oil stores. Fires in such buildings are tricky and large; they cause great harm and often lead to the death of people; their liquidation is very difficult. Theoretical calculations shown that the collapse of structures of the packaged oil stores and, as a result, significant material losses and the threat to people's life and health, were resulted from the incorrect selection of building structures and the discrepancy between the fire resistance of these structures and the applicable norms and requirements for such buildings. Fire Safety, №34, 2019 9 Fire resistance limit of the metal double-T pillar made of steel ВСт3пс4 (profile size number 30) was calculated in the article. Such constructions are used in oil stores. The obtained fire resistance limit of a metal double-T pillar is about 16 minutes (R 16). According to the normative documents for buildings of this type (the degree of fire resistance of the building – III), it should be 120 minutes (R 120). Even if the calculation method has an error due to the choice of another steel grade, objectively none of the double-T profiles from the assortment list would provide proper fire resistance limit.
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Trimçev, Eno. "“Flying Spark of Fire”: Thinking (and) Action in Hannah Arendt." Redescriptions: Political Thought, Conceptual History and Feminist Theory 20, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/r.20.2.3.
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Bebawi, F. F., and S. D. Campbell. "Impact of early and late dry-season fires on plant mortality and seed banks within riparian and subriparian infestations of rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 1 (2002): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01047.
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This study compared the efficacy of first and second fires applied during the early (August–September) and late dry season (October–November) on mortality of riparian (climbing) and subriparian (freestanding) infestations of rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br.). The impact of fire treatments on germinable seed banks of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species was also determined. Individually, fire season, habitat type and number of fires significantly affected mortality of rubber vine plants. Late-season fires promoted higher mortality of rubber vine (96%) than early season fires (77%), with rubber vine in subriparian habitats more susceptible (90% mortality) than that growing in riparian areas (68% mortality). On average, fire mortality increased from 32% after the first fire up to 86% following 2 fires. Sensitivity of juvenile, mature, and old rubber vine plants to fire was in the order of mature>juvenile>old. Early fires significantly reduced seed banks of monocotyledonous plants, particularly in riparian habitats. Late fires significantly reduced seed banks of both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants. No rubber vine seeds were detected in the germinable seed bank of either burnt or unburnt plots.
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Yoon, Jonghyun, Geunyoung Kim, and Hyeounjoon Lim. "Performance Analysis for Fire Suppression and Disaster Management R&D Projects." Journal of The Korean Society of Disaster Information 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15683/kosd.2014.10.2.208.
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THOHA, ACHMAD SIDDIK, BAMBANG HERO SAHARJO, RIZALDI BOER, and MUHAMMAD ARDIANSYAH. "Characteristics and causes of forest and land fires in Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200113.
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Thoha AS, Saharjo BH, Boer R, Ardiansyah M. 2019. Characteristics and causes of forest and land fires in Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 110-117. Forest and land fire occurs almost every year in Indonesia. Its impact is very harmful for human and environment. Developing a program in fire management requires identification of forest and land fire characteristics and its causes. The aim of this research was to evaluate the characteristics and causes of forest and land fire in Kapuas District Central Kalimantan Province. Spatial analysis of hotspots with rainfall was used to determine temporal distribution of fire. Spatial distribution between hotspot and causative factors was determined to identify spatial characteristics of fires. Increasing number of hotspots occurs when monthly rainfall decreases. Most high fire activities are located in peatland, swamp shrubs, close to road, close to river and far away from villages. Fire causes from human activities mostly originated from swamp shrub burning and land clearing for farming. Hotspot density has various relationship with peat depth, land cover, accessibility, and human activities.
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Kumar, Sunil, and C. V. S. Kameswara Rao. "Fire load in residential buildings." Building and Environment 30, no. 2 (April 1995): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(94)00043-r.
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Sherrer, J. M., and H. Ferguson. "Sanborn(R) Fire Insurance Maps for Georgia Towns and Cities, 1884-1922, Sanborn(R) Fire Insurance Maps, Utah, Sanborn(R) Fire Insurance Maps of South Carolina, Digital Sanborn Maps, 1867-1970 (access by subscription)." Journal of American History 95, no. 2 (September 1, 2008): 622–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25095782.
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Nguen, Tuan An. "The analysis of improvement and maintenance of fire safety of forestry." Interactive science, no. 11 (January 30, 2017): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-115271.
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Hajny, Kristy M., David C. Hartnett, and Gail W. T. Wilson. "Rhus glabra response to season and intensity of fire in tallgrass prairie." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 5 (2011): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09127.
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Altered fire regimes play a key role in shrub expansion in grasslands worldwide. We assessed how season and type or intensity of fire affected the growth and demography of Rhus glabra, a common woody invader in North American mesic grasslands. Fire during any season killed 99% of ramets but stimulated new ramet recruitment from belowground buds, resulting in a near-complete turnover of ramet populations. During the first 2 years following fire, populations on spring-burned sites had the greatest post-fire ramet densities and population growth rates, and winter- and spring-burned populations showed the highest resprouting rates. However, after 10 years, R. glabra cover on summer-burned sites was 3.5 times greater than on autumn- or winter-burned treatments. Thus, short-term post-fire responses may not be good predictors of long-term changes in abundance. Low-intensity spring backfires resulted in the highest ramet population growth rates, whereas high-intensity headfires in any season resulted in slower growth, and populations burned with low-intensity winter fires declined. In addition, season of fire influenced browsing pressure, suggesting that plant responses may be partially a result of indirect effects of fire on rates of herbivory. Overall, our results demonstrate that the application of frequent autumn or winter backfires is an effective management tool for limiting R. glabra expansion in grasslands, and that long-term data are critical for management decision-making, particularly in systems characterised by high interannual climate variability.
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Suhermanto, Oktavian Dwi, Tatag Muttaqin, and Nugroho Tri Waskitho. "INTERCEPTION AND INFILTRATION OF RAINWATER ON THE LAND OF EX FOREST FIRE ON TAHURA R. SOERJO LEDUG BLOCK." Journal of Forest Science Avicennia 2, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/avicennia.v2i1.8311.
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Forest fires often occur in many islands of indonesia including in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi and other regions. These fires can lead to damage for ecosystems, flora and fauna, even ecosystem hydrology. One of the hydrological system that was disturbed is the interception and infiltration. Interception is the ability of trees to retain water rain then rereleased in steam. Infiltration is the process of water absorbing into the soil, infiltration capacity is the soil’s ability of absorbing water per unit of time. This research is to know the rest of the tree's ability to retain water, and knowing the infiltration of ex forest fire area on TAHURA R. Soerjo, Ledug blocks. This research was carried out on 17-23 January 2019 in ex forest fire area on TAHURA R. Soerjo, with an elevation of 1100-1200 masl. In the ex forest fire area there are 2 dominant trees species to do measurements of interception, there are Tutup (Mallotus paniculatus) and Klerek (Sapindus rarak DC). The results of the interception on Klerek tree is 10% and Tutup is 60%. For the capacity of the infiltration is 27, 6 mm/hour.
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Steady, Wade D., Raquel Partelli Feltrin, Daniel M. Johnson, Aaron M. Sparks, Crystal A. Kolden, Alan F. Talhelm, James A. Lutz, et al. "The Survival of Pinus ponderosa Saplings Subjected to Increasing Levels of Fire Behavior and Impacts on Post-Fire Growth." Fire 2, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2020023.
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Improved predictions of tree species mortality and growth metrics following fires are important to assess fire impacts on forest succession, and ultimately forest growth and yield. Recent studies have shown that North American conifers exhibit a ‘toxicological dose-response’ relationship between fire behavior and the resultant mortality or recovery of the trees. Prior studies have not been conclusive due to potential pseudo-replication in the experimental design and time-limited observations. We explored whether dose-response relationships are observed in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) saplings exposed to surface fires of increasing fire behavior (as quantified by Fire Radiative Energy—FRE). We confirmed equivalent dose-response relationships to the prior studies that were focused on other conifer species. The post-fire growth in the saplings that survived the fires decreased with increasing FRE dosages, while the percentage mortality in the sapling dosage groups increased with the amount of FRE applied. Furthermore, as with lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), a low FRE dosage could be applied that did not yield mortality in any of the replicates (r = 10). These results suggest that land management agencies could use planned burns to reduce fire hazard while still maintaining a crop of young saplings. Incorporation of these results into earth-system models and growth and yield models could help reduce uncertainties associated with the impacts of fire on timber growth, forest resilience, carbon dynamics, and ecosystem economics.
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Gravit, Marina, and Elena Golub. "The fire resistant ceiling construction in a hydrocarbon fire." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824503004.
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Fire protection of building structures under the hydrocarbon fire is becoming more relevant, especially in the design and construction of oil and gas and chemical complex facilities, including offshore fixed platforms, liquefied natural gas production and storage facilities and other objects of the fuel and energy complex. The development dynamics of such a fire requires a different approach to testing the structures in order to determine the fire resistance limit. The fire resistance tests of a steel horizontal structure with a fire resistance suspended ceiling of PROMATECT-T plates were carried out under the condition of creating a hydrocarbon temperature combustion regime. A detailed description of the tested ceiling design is given. It is shown that at the time of the end of the fire action, the limit state due to the loss of load capacity (R) and loss of integrity (E) was not recorded when the test reached 120 minutes.
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Trowbridge, R., and M. C. Feller. "Relationships between the moisture content of fine woody fuels in lodgepole pine slash and the Fine Fuel Moisture Code of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-019.
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Unsuccessful attempts to ignite slash resulting from the mechanical knocking down of lodgepole pine in west central British Columbia led to a short-term investigation of the relationship between the Fine Fuel Moisture Code of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index System and the moisture content of various fine fuel components <1 cm in diameter. Of the types of fuel sampled, the moisture contents of B.C. Forest Service fuel moisture sticks and aged slash were similar to, and well correlated (r = 0.79 and 0.81, respectively) with, the equivalent moisture content calculated from the Fine Fuel Moisture Code. The Fine Fuel Moisture Code was not designed to relate to the moisture content of uncured fuels. Thus, the moisture contents of fresh living slash (material from knocked down trees still attached to living roots) and of fresh dead slash (material unattached to living trees that had not yet experienced a complete fire season in which to fully cure) were poorly correlated with moisture content (r = 0.16 and 0.42, respectively). The moisture content of the progressively curing, needle-bearing fresh dead slash was relatively high at the beginning of the fire season, but became similar to the moisture content during the first half of July. This suggests that the Fine Fuel Moisture Code can also be used to predict the moisture content of such fine slash after these fuels have cured for approximately 3 months during the snow-free period.
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Björkman, Jouni, and Olavi Keski-Rahkonen. "Fire Safety Risk Analysis of a Community Centre." Journal of Fire Sciences 14, no. 5 (September 1996): 346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419601400503.
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A systems approach to fire safety is a way to evaluate fire safety of buildings, especially large and complex buildings. One tool for building fire risk analysis is the computer programme FIRE (Fire Simulation Program) de veloped at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) in USA by Professor R. Fitz gerald and his group. The computational utility of the code was improved and adapted to the Finnish environment by Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) and two engineering consultants, Rakennus-Ekono and LCA-Engin eering. We simulated fires in a four-floor building where one wing (single fire com partment) was selected for simulation. We chose four representative room types in the building for which fire engineering data were selected. By simulation, we studied the impact of different design alternatives to fire risk of the total building. Fire risk in each design alternative was computed as expectation of loss. Costs caused by structural changes and active fire safety systems were taken into account. The compilations proved that it is possible to design differently from the current fire code and still reduce the fire risk level. FIRE does not yet support the evaluation of life safety, but the results can be used for that purpose indirectly.
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Radford, Ian J., and Richard Fairman. "Fauna and vegetation responses to fire and invasion by toxic cane toads (Rhinella marina) in an obligate seeder-dominated tropical savanna in the Kimberley, northern Australia." Wildlife Research 42, no. 4 (2015): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14259.
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Context Changed fire regimes are an important threatening process to savanna biodiversity. Fire-sensitive vegetation such as pindan and its fauna may be particularly susceptible to fire impacts. Invasion by alien species is an additional threatening process. The toxic anuran Rhinella marina is a well publicised invader of savannas. Little is known of impacts in many habitats. Aims To test the hypotheses (1) that fire responses among pindan fauna are greater than general savanna responses, and (2) that cane toad-invasion impacts will be reduced relative to riparian habitats. Methods Reptiles, frogs, invertebrates and mammals were surveyed seven times from 2008 to 2012, four times before and three times following R. marina invasion. Time since last fire was recorded during each survey. Vegetation change was measured. Key results Pindan vegetation structural recovery took 4–5 years, whereas fauna recovery took only 1 year. Ground active agamids, combined Scincidae, fossorial skinks and ground-layer invertebrates responded positively to recent fire. Skinks of Ctenotus spp. declined in size after fire. Short-term fauna responses reflect rapid re-establishment of herbaceous cover. Fauna responses were detected following R. marina invasion, including increases in frogs of Uperoleia spp. and skinks of Carlia spp., and decreases in Lerista griffini and ground-layer invertebrates. Insufficient data were available to test for responses among large predators; however, >50% lower Varanus spp. trap success occurred post-invasion. No invasion response was detected among small mammals. Conclusions Pindan fauna fire responses were similar to those of savannas. Fauna responses to Rhinella marina invasion were relatively minor compared with those previously reported in riparian habitats and this may be related to the lower abundance of the invader here than in previous studies in riparian or more fertile habitats. Implications The dominant obligate seeding tree in pindan woodland, A. tumida, requires >4 years with no high-intensity fires for re-establishment of the dominant tree. Fire management should aim to minimise extensive fires to reduce impacts on fire-sensitive fauna. Persistence of large predators after cane-toad invasion suggests possible refuge value of low-productivity pindan savannas.
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Margolis, Ellis Q. "Fire regime shift linked to increased forest density in a piñon–juniper savanna landscape." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 2 (2014): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13053.
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Piñon–juniper (PJ) fire regimes are generally characterised as infrequent high-severity. However, PJ ecosystems vary across a large geographic and bio-climatic range and little is known about one of the principal PJ functional types, PJ savannas. It is logical that (1) grass in PJ savannas could support frequent, low-severity fire and (2) exclusion of frequent fire could explain increased tree density in PJ savannas. To assess these hypotheses I used dendroecological methods to reconstruct fire history and forest structure in a PJ-dominated savanna. Evidence of high-severity fire was not observed. From 112 fire-scarred trees I reconstructed 87 fire years (1547–1899). Mean fire interval was 7.8 years for fires recorded at ≥2 sites. Tree establishment was negatively correlated with fire frequency (r=–0.74) and peak PJ establishment was synchronous with dry (unfavourable) conditions and a regime shift (decline) in fire frequency in the late 1800s. The collapse of the grass-fuelled, frequent, surface fire regime in this PJ savanna was likely the primary driver of current high tree density (mean=881treesha–1) that is >600% of the historical estimate. Variability in bio-climatic conditions likely drive variability in fire regimes across the wide range of PJ ecosystems.
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Plax, Martin J. "Earl R. Anderson, Friendly Fire in the Literature of War." Society 55, no. 3 (May 9, 2018): 293–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12115-018-0254-x.
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Sudasinghe, Hiranya, Jayampathi Herath, Rohan Pethiyagoda, and Madhava Meegaskumbura. "Undocumented translocations spawn taxonomic inflation in Sri Lankan fire rasboras (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae)." PeerJ 6 (December 20, 2018): e6084. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6084.
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A recent (2013) taxonomic review of the freshwater-fish genus Rasboroides, which is endemic to Sri Lanka, showed it to comprise four species: R. vaterifloris, R. nigromarginatus, R. pallidus and R. rohani. Here, using an integrative-taxonomic analysis of morphometry, meristics and mitochondrial DNA sequences of cytochrome b (cytb) and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi), we show that R. nigromarginatus is a synonym of R. vaterifloris, and that R. rohani is a synonym of R. pallidus. The creation and recognition of unnecessary taxa (‘taxonomic inflation’) was in this case a result of selective sampling confounded by a disregard of allometry. The population referred to R. rohani in the Walawe river basin represents an undocumented trans-basin translocation of R. pallidus, and a translocation into the Mahaweli river of R. vaterifloris, documented to have occurred ca 1980, in fact involves R. pallidus. A shared haplotype suggests the latter introduction was likely made from the Bentara river basin and not from the Kelani, as claimed. To stabilize the taxonomy of these fishes, the two valid species, R. vaterifloris and R. pallidus, are diagnosed and redescribed, and their distributions delineated. We draw attention to the wasteful diversion of conservation resources to populations resulting from undocumented translocations and to taxa resulting from taxonomic inflation. We argue against translocations except where mandated by a conservation emergency, and even then, only when supported by accurate documentation.
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Leahy, Lily, Sarah M. Legge, Katherine Tuft, Hugh W. McGregor, Leon A. Barmuta, Menna E. Jones, and Christopher N. Johnson. "Amplified predation after fire suppresses rodent populations in Australia’s tropical savannas." Wildlife Research 42, no. 8 (2015): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15011.
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Context Changes in abundance following fire are commonly reported for vertebrate species, but the mechanisms causing these changes are rarely tested. Currently, many species of small mammals are declining in the savannas of northern Australia. These declines have been linked to intense and frequent fires in the late dry season; however, why such fires cause declines of small mammals is unknown. Aims We aimed to discover the mechanisms causing decline in abundance of two species of small mammals, the pale field rat, Rattus tunneyi, and the western chestnut mouse, Pseudomys nanus, in response to fire. Candidate mechanisms were (1) direct mortality because of fire itself, (2) mortality after fire because of removal of food by fire, (3) reduced reproductive success, (4) emigration, and (5) increased mortality because of predation following fire. Methods We used live trapping to monitor populations of these two species under the following three experimental fire treatments: high-intensity fire that removed all ground vegetation, low-intensity fire that produced a patchy burn, and an unburnt control. We also radio-tracked 38 R. tunneyi individuals to discover the fates of individual animals. Key results Abundance of both species declined after fire, and especially following the high-intensity burn. There was no support for any of the first four mechanisms of population decline, but mortality owing to predation increased after fire. This was related to loss of ground cover (which was greater in the high-intensity fire treatment), which evidently left animals exposed to predators. Also, local activity of two predators, feral cats and dingoes, increased after the burns, and we found direct evidence of predation by feral cats and snakes. Conclusions Fire in the northern savannas has little direct effect on populations of these small mammals, but it causes declines by amplifying the impacts of predators. These effects are most severe for high-intensity burns that remove a high proportion of vegetation cover. Implications To prevent further declines in northern Australia, fire should be managed in ways that limit the effects of increased predation. This could be achieved by setting cool fires that produce patchy burns, avoiding hot fires, and minimising the total area burnt.
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Miesel, J. R., R. E. J. Boerner, and C. N. Skinner. "Soil nitrogen mineralization and enzymatic activities in fire and fire surrogate treatments in California." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, no. 6 (November 2011): 935–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss10098.
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Miesel, J. R., Boerner, R. E. J. and Skinner, C. N. 2011. Soil nitrogen mineralization and enzymatic activities in fire and fire surrogate treatments in California. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 935–946. Forest thinning and prescribed fire are management strategies used to reduce hazardous fuel loads and catastrophic wildfires in western mixed-conifer forests. We evaluated effects of thinning (Thin) and prescribed fire (Burn), alone and in combination (Thin+Burn), on N transformations and microbial enzyme activities relative to an untreated control (Control) at 1 and 3 yr following treatment in northern California. N mineralization and net nitrification were reduced by Thin and by Burn in year 1, and N mineralization was increased by Thin+Burn in year 3, relative to the Control. In general, all experimental treatments reduced soil enzyme activity. To identify overall treatment effects on the below-ground ecosystem, we combined these data with soil physicochemical data from this site to perform non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination. NMS ordination showed that Burn and Thin+Burn produced the greatest overall effects on soil, and that overall differences in soil characteristics among treatments diminish over time. These results provide an important benchmark for monitoring ecosystem effects of large-scale wildfire hazard reduction strategies over the long term.
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Park, Kyung Hoon, Heung Youl Kim, and Byung Youl Min. "An Experimental Study on the Fire Behavior of Concrete Segments in Tunnel Linings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (July 2011): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.527.
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As soon as the plan to build deep and long tunnels in Korea was announced, guaranteeing fire-resistance of R/C tunnel linings became an important issue. As a matter of fact, the R/C segments used in bored tunnels are structural members which are requested to resist both the transverse pressure of the soil and the longitudinal thrust of the TBM. Because of the temperature sensitivity of the high-performance concrete (compressive strength>40 MPa) that will be used, proper measures should be taken against possible fire-induced damage, like surface spalling and deterioration of the reinforcement. In the past, concrete linings were built in Korea with scanty attention to their fire safety, as demonstrated by the lack of studies on fire resistance of both materials and structures. Therefore, in this study the objective is how to improve the safety of R/C tunnel linings in case of fire, by comparing the damage observed in some full-scale tests recently performance in Korea with the damage observed in the tests performed by EFNARC (European Federation of Producer and Applicators of Specialist Products for Structures) and by investigating the fire behavior of a concrete lining as a whole.
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Zhang, Jin Feng, and Yan Min Zheng. "Study on Fire Accident of Cotton Plant Based on L-R Fuzzy Numerals." Advanced Materials Research 716 (July 2013): 581–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.716.581.
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A reliability analysis on fire accident was made by using the L-R fuzzy number with the function of fuzzy fault tree theory. According to the statistics of running condition of field equipment and the fuzzy information provided by expert experience, the fault tree of fire accident in the cotton plant was built, and the fuzzy probability distribution of the explosion was gained. The structural importance of each basic event also was analyzed, and the most important factors which influence the system were established. It provides a new way and means for the safety analysis of the system and preventing fire accidents.
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Semerak, M., D. Kharyshyn, N. Ferents, and T. Berezhanskyi. "INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STEEL TUBE CONFINEMENT CONCRETE PILLARS PROTECTION BY FIRE-RETARDANT MATERIALS." Fire Safety, no. 33 (December 31, 2018): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.33.2018.13.
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Currently, in Ukraine and abroad for the construction of high-rise buildings and structures using pipe-like structures. Wide application of pipe concrete columns is due to their high carrying capacity at relatively smaller overall dimensions due to the blocking of cracking in concrete by a steel clasp. The advantages of concrete columns should include more simplified conditions of technology of manufacturing and installation on their basis of bearing structures of floor covering.
Piping constructions consist of steel shells and concrete core. Since the steel pipe mainly provides the bearing capacity of the concrete column, its failure or reduction of stiffness, which is characteristic of the fire under the influence of its thermal factors, leads to destruction. Investigation of fire resistance of concrete structures, which are not protected by flame retardant coatings, showed that a steel clasp during a fire after 15 minutes is heated to a critical temperature of 500 ° C.The use of flame retardant coatings is an effective method of fire protection of concrete constructions, which prevents the rapid heating of steel welds and provides a normalized fire resistance limit for such structures. In this work, studies were carried out on the effectiveness of fire protection of concrete columns with different types of fire-retardant materials - mineral wool slabs, special flame retardants and flame-retardant coatings. For fire protection mineral wool materials were used ROCKWOOL plates of the series "Conlit SL150". Mineral wool plates "Conlit SL 150" consist of fibers of rocks of a basalt group, they can withstand, without melting, temperature more than 1000 ° С. The silica-based adhesive "Conlit Glue" can withstand temperatures above 900 ° C, has good adhesion when bonding Conlit SL 150 mineral wool slabs with protective structures. From the second type of fire-retardant materials, the fire-proof composition "Naktresk" was chosen on the basis of gypsum. The coating is formed in the process due to hardening of the mixture on protected surfaces. The third type of flame retardant materials is the flame-retardant intumessent coating "Pyro-Safe Flammoplast SP-A2".It has been established that with the use of fire protection systems on the basis of mineral wool plates "Conlit SL150" and fire retardant "Nutresc", the fire resistance class of reinforced concrete columns increases from R 15 to R 180. The fire protection system on the basis of the painted paint "Pyro-Safe Flammoplast SP-A2" »Increases fire resistance from R 15 to R 75
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Inkster-Draper, Tamara E., Marcus Sheaves, Christopher N. Johnson, and Simon K. A. Robson. "Prescribed fire in eucalypt woodlands: immediate effects on a microbat community of northern Australia." Wildlife Research 40, no. 1 (2013): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12133.
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Context Fire is a major ecological factor in many landscapes. Prescribed fires are often used in the management of vegetation for ecological values, wildlife habitat and reduction of risk of wildfire. However, debate continues over whether active fire management is beneficial to flora and fauna. Although bats comprise ~20% of the world’s extant mammal fauna, they have been largely ignored in studies investigating ecosystem response to fire, especially in Australia. Aims In the present study, we aim to investigate the immediate responses of microbats to prescribed fires in a tropical eucalypt woodland.Methods We used a replicated paired experimental design, consisting of burned and unburned treatment and control sites, to investigate how bat activity and community structure change following a prescribed fire. Key results Total bat activity increased significantly following fire. Fire also resulted in changes in the bat species assemblage. Changes in community structure were driven by the following five species: Saccolaimus spp., Chalinolobus nigrogriseus, Chaerephon jobensis, Rhinolophus megaphyllus and unidentified Species c35. Activity of C. nigrogriseus, Saccolaimus spp., C. jobensis and Species c35 increased in the burned sites, whereas changes in the activity of R. megaphyllus were uncorrelated with the effects of fire. Conclusions The effect of fire on these species is consistent with flight patterns and habitat use; species with higher wing aspect ratios, such as Saccolaimus spp., which are capable of fast flight but with limited manoeuvrability, became more active in the open conditions created by fire. Implications The results of the present study suggest that prescribed fire as an environmental management tool may be beneficial to bats, at least in the short term, because it increases habitat suitability for a wider range of species.
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Jeong, Jae-Han, Yong-Woon Na, and Yong-Taek Han. "R&D Capability Analysis of Domestic Fire-fighting Safety and Rescue Research Program." Fire Science and Engineering 30, no. 5 (October 31, 2016): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2016.30.5.130.
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Dewi, Sri Safrina, Dedi Satria, Elin Yusibani, and Didik Sugiyanto. "Prototipe Sistem Informasi Monitoring Kebakaran Bangunan Berbasis Google Maps dan Modul GSM." Jurnal JTIK (Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi) 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.35870/jtik.v1i1.31.
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a b s t r a c tThe fire disaster was one of the disasters that frequently occurred in Indonesia. Fires often occur in particular in the area of dense population average is affected by the presence of shorting electric and gas leakage from household kitchens. many cases fires are known at the time of the fire, and little has happened can be detected early. Based on community-based information system that has been done today, then needed a fire disaster information systems that can provide information and notification in real-time in the form of initial conditions information from source fire and its location to the firefighter or the community effectively and efficiently. The purpose of the research was the design of a prototype fire information system building based Google Map using lines of communication the GSM module. The prototype was built using the DHT11 temperature sensor, Sensor Smoke MQ2, Arduino Uno, GPS module and GSM modem SIM9000. The research produces information systems monitoring fires in two systems namely fire detection system and information systems fire location based Google Maps. Both systems have been run in accordance with experiments that have been conducted resulting in fire occurrence data location information with data on the condition of the presence of smoke and temperature/temperature. And expected with this prototype development research community or parties associated with catastrophic fires can be helped to anticipate disasters and takes a lot of sacrifice.Keywords: Early Warning Systems, Fire, GSM, Google Maps, Arduino a b s t r a kBencana kebakaran merupakan salah satu bencana yang kerap terjadi di Indonesia. Kebakaran sering kali terjadi khususnya di kawasan padat penduduk yang rata-rata dipengaruhi oleh adanya korslet listrik dan kebocoran gas dari dapur rumah tangga. banyak kasus kebakaran diketahui pada saat sudah terjadi kebakaran dan sedikit dapat dideteksi lebih awal. Berdasarkan sistem informasi berbasis masyarakat yang telah dilakukan saat ini, maka diperlukan sebuah sistem informasi bencana kebakaran yang dapat memberikan notifikasi dan informasi secara real-time dalam bentuk informasi dari awal kondisi sumber kebakaran dan lokasinya kepada pihak petugas pemadam kebakaran maupun masyarakat secara efektif dan efesien. Tujuan penelitian adalah perancangan prototipe sistem informasi kebakaran gedung berbasis Google Map dengan menggunakan jalur komunikasi modul GSM. Prototipe dibangun menggunakan sensor suhu DHT11, Sensor Asap MQ2, Arduino Uno, modul GPS dan modem GSM SIM9000. Penelitian menghasilkan sistem informasi monitoring kebakaran dalam dua sistem yaitu sistem deteksi kebakaran dan sistem informasi lokasi kebakaran yang berbasis Google Maps. Kedua sistem telah berjalan sesuai dengan percobaan yang telah dilakukan sehingga menghasilkan informasi data lokasi terjadinya kebakaran beserta data kondisi adanya asap dan suhu/temperatur. Dan diharapkan dengan penelitian pengembangan prototipe ini maka masyarakat atau pihak terkait dengan bencana kebakaran dapat terbantu untuk mengantisipasi bencana yang lebih besar dan memakan banyak korban.Kata Kunci:Sistem Peringatan Dini, Kebakaran, GSM, Google Maps, Arduino
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Parisien, Marc-André, and Luc Sirois. "Distribution and dynamics of tree species across a fire frequency gradient in the James Bay region of Quebec." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-182.
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This study examines how forest structure and composition change with spatial variations in the fire cycle across a shore-hinterland gradient. Twenty-one well-drained sites were sampled at different distances from James Bay to describe the forest stands. To quantify the role of fire in tree species distribution, a spatial analysis of fire polygons from 1930 to 1998 was undertaken in a 43 228 km2 study area adjacent to James Bay. Results from this analysis reveal an important decrease in the fire cycle, from 3142 to 115 years, from the shore to the hinterland. In forests bordering James Bay, white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) is found in pure stands. It is gradually replaced by black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) at 0.5 km from the shore. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) abruptly appears at 22 km from the shore. There is a positive correlation between the frequency of white spruce and the fire cycle (R = 0.893), whereas this correlation is negative for black spruce (R = 0.753) and jack pine (R = 0.807) (Spearman correlations). Jack pine is confined to regions having a short fire cycle, while black spruce can seemingly maintain itself with or without fire. The exclusion of white spruce hinterland seems to be mainly due to a short fire cycle; however, other factors, such as soil development and species abundance, presumably have a marked influence on the distribution of this species.
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Lim, You-Ri, Young-Min Shin, and Yong-Han Ahn. "Analysis on Factors that affect Fire Safety R&D Performance - Focused on the Field-oriented Support of Fire Fighting Technology R&D Program-." Fire science and engineering 33, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2019.33.1.171.
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Braun, P. G., P. D. Hildebrand, and A. R. Jamieson. "Resistance of Raspberry Cultivars to Fire Blight." HortScience 39, no. 6 (October 2004): 1189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.6.1189.
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Twenty-five cultivars of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and one purple raspberry (R. occidentalis L. × R. idaeus L.) were evaluated for their resistance to fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al. Actively growing raspberry cane tips were wound inoculated with three isolates of the pathogen and disease development was assessed over 17 days. Three methods of evaluating resistance were used: area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), a weighted AUDPC called the area under the disease severity curve (AUDSC), and lesion length. A wide range of resistance levels was observed, but no cultivars were symptomless. Primocane-fruiting cultivars tended to be more resistant than floricane-fruiting ones. Of the three E. amylovora isolates used in this study, one was significantly more virulent than the other two, but no cultivar × isolate interaction was detected.
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Roberts, Gareth, Martin Wooster, Weidong Xu, and Jiangping He. "Fire Activity and Fuel Consumption Dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa." Remote Sensing 10, no. 10 (October 5, 2018): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10101591.
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African landscape fires are widespread, recurrent and temporally dynamic. They burn large areas of the continent, modifying land surface properties and significantly affect the atmosphere. Satellite Earth Observation (EO) data play a pivotal role in capturing the spatial and temporal variability of African biomass burning, and provide the key data required to develop fire emissions inventories. Active fire observations of fire radiative power (FRP, MW) have been shown to be linearly related to rates of biomass combustion (kg s−1). The Meteosat FRP-PIXEL product, delivered in near real-time by the EUMETSAT Land Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility (LSA SAF), maps FRP at 3 km resolution and 15-min intervals and these data extend back to 2004. Here we use this information to assess spatio-temporal variations in fire activity across sub-Saharan Africa, and identify an overall trend of decreasing annual fire activity and fuel consumption, agreeing with the widely-used Global Fire Emissions Database (GFEDv4) based on burned area measures. We provide the first comprehensive assessment of relationships between per-fire FRE-derived fuel consumption (Tg dry matter, DM) and temporally integrated Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) net photosynthesis (PSN) (Tg, which can be converted into pre-fire fuel load estimates). We find very strong linear relationships over southern hemisphere Africa (mean r = 0.96) that are partly biome dependent, though the FRE-derived fuel consumptions are far lower than those derived from the accumulated PSN, with mean fuel consumptions per unit area calculated as 0.14 kg DM m−2. In the northern hemisphere, FRE-derived fuel consumption is also far lower and characterized by a weaker linear relationship (mean r = 0.76). Differences in the parameterization of the biome look up table (BLUT) used by the MOD17 product over Northern Africa may be responsible but further research is required to reconcile these differences. The strong relationship between fire FRE and pre-fire fuel load in southern hemisphere Africa is encouraging and highlights the value of geostationary FRP retrievals in providing a metric that relates very well to fuel consumption and fire emission variations. The fact that the estimated fuel consumed is only a small fraction of the fuel available suggests underestimation of FRE by Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) and/or that the FRE-to-fuel consumption conversion factor of 0.37 MJ kg−1 needs to be adjusted for application to SEVIRI. Future geostationary imaging sensors, such as on the forthcoming Meteosat Third Generation (MTG), will reduce the impact of this underestimation through its ability to detect even smaller and shorter-lived fires than can the current second generation Meteosat.
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Gravit, M. V., V. A. Prusakov, I. G. Korotin, N. S. Timofeev, and Ya B. Simonenko. "Intumescent structural curve-following fire protection of civil structures and cable lines." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 29, no. 3 (July 19, 2020): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/pvb.2020.29.03.18-32.
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Introduction. The authors claim to have originally invented and introduced structural curve-following intumescent fire protection not only for cabling, but also for civil structures of investment construction projects (also those of buildings and facilities of the oil&gas complex since the operation of the structures is possible also in the maritime and the Arctic climate areas). The fire-protection is roll material with structural reinforcement capable of 3D-swelling at a thermal shock.Statement of method. Tests have been conducted of retained operability of a cable line in a fire (as per GOST R 533162009) and of the fire-protection efficiency for a cable (as per GOST R 53311–2009). A magnitude 9 seismic impact as per MSK-64 was modeled. To determine the fir-resistance ratings, the fire-protection net was wrapped around columns and beams, as per GOST 30247.1–1994. A check of the fire-protection efficiency of the net (as per GOST 53295–2009) and a thermal analysis of the coating (as per GOST R 53293–2009) were executed.Results and discussion. In the course of the standard tests, the following fire-protection net parameters were obtained: fire-protection efficiency — 15, 45 and 60 min; fire-resistance ratings of structures (beam) with the fire-protection net R15, R45 and R60; seismic resistance at least magnitude 9 as per MSK; category 1 as per GOST 15150–69 (HL, UHL, Т, ОМ climate designs, open grounds in the specified macro-climatic areas), allowing for retained operation properties of the fire-protection net in Arctic climate within at least 10 years; possibility of dry installation within a temperature range –60...90 °С at 100 % humidity.Conclusions. A range of intumescent structural curve-following fire-protection materials for different civil structures (also for light thin-wall steel structures (LTWSS)) and cable lines in form of a frost- and oil-resistant polymer compound on non-flammable net base has been developed, certified and launched into serial manufacturing.