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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fire prevention

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Academic literature on the topic 'Fire prevention'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Fire prevention"

1

Landmesser, Stephanie. "Surgical fire prevention." OR Nurse 5, no. 3 (May 2011): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.orn.0000394310.45283.3c.

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William and Jori Miller. "Barn fire prevention." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 15, no. 4 (April 1995): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0737-0806(06)81851-4.

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Wang, Ruo Jun, Bin Jiang, and Yan Ying Xu. "Subway Station Fire Prevention System Safety Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1861.

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Fire prevention system of subway station plays an important role in ensuring passenger safety. The Shenyang Youth Street subway station fire prevention system safety was studied, applying performance-based fire protection design analysis method, using of FDS simulation software on the station fire prevention safety system for the calculation and analysis. Three working conditions were set when subway fire happens. Fire smoke flow characteristics and the distribution of temperature, CO concentration and visibility were analyzed and compared. The results show that the automatic sprinkler system and smoke control system have great effect on the preventing spread of fire. In the automatic sprinkler system and smoke control system conditions, fire hazards have not reached the standards of passengers tolerance.

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IWASAKI, Tetsuya. "Fire prevention by Trees." Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology 44, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7211/jjsrt.44.451.

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Bochkarev, A. N. "Fire prevention in transport." Okhrana truda i tekhnika bezopasnosti na promyshlennykh predpriyatiyakh (Labor protection and safety procedure at the industrial enterprises), no. 12 (November 16, 2021): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-4-2112-05.

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The article describes the fire safety requirements for the operation of vehicles and the procedure for the driver of a vehicle in the event of a fire, the actions that the driver must take in order to prevent an emergency.

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Culp, William C., Bradly A. Kimbrough, Sarah Luna, and Aris J. Maguddayao. "Operating Room Fire Prevention." Annals of Surgery 260, no. 2 (August 2014): 214–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000000654.

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Frattaroli, Shannon, Andrea C. Gielen, Jennifer Piver-Renna, Keshia M. Pollack, and Van M. Ta. "Fire Prevention in Delaware." Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 17, no. 6 (2011): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phh.0b013e318211396b.

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SAITO, Yohei, Nobufumi IWAKAWA, and Katumi NAKAMURA. "SATOYAMA and Fire Prevention." Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 66, no. 3 (2003): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5632/jila.66.195.

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FURS, V. "THE ROLE OF SOCIAL EXPERIMENT IN FIRE PREVENTION." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 1 (2021): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2021.1.78-81.

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Ameenuddin, N. "Fighting Fire With Fire: Internet-Based Obesity Prevention." AAP Grand Rounds 29, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/gr.29-4-46.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fire prevention"

1

Tsang, Mo-chau. "Fire research & education centre." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31982190.

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Bai, Yang. "Investigation of the natural smoke exhaust of an atrium by the CFD method." Thesis, University of Macau, 2017. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3691690.

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Hansen, Richard L. "Risk-based fire research decision methodology." Link to electronic version, 1999. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-051399-154048/unrestricted/thesis.pdf.

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Candy, Katherine. "Mapping fire affected areas in northern Western Australia - towards an automatic approach." Thesis, Candy, Katherine (2004) Mapping fire affected areas in northern Western Australia - towards an automatic approach. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/500/.

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Wildfires across northern Australia are a growing problem with more than 2.5 million hectares being burnt each year. Accordingly, remote sensing has been used as a tool to routinely monitor and map fire histories. In northern Western Australia, the Department of Land Information Satellite Remote Sensing Services (DLI SRSS) has been responsible for providing and interpreting NOAA-AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data. SRSS staff utilise this data to automatically map hotspots on a daily basis, and manually map fire affected areas (FAA) every nine days. This information is then passed on to land managers to enhance their ability to manage the effects of fire and assess its impact over time. The aim of this study was to develop an algorithm for the near real-time automatic mapping of FAA in the Kimberley and Pilbara as an alternative to the currently used semimanual approach. Daily measures of temperature, surface reflectance and vegetation indices from twenty nine NOAA-16 (2001) passes were investigated. It was firstly necessary to apply atmospheric and BRDF corrections to the raw reflectance data to account for the variation caused by changing viewing and illumination geometry over a cycle. Findings from the four case studies indicate that case studies 1 and 2 exhibited a typical fire response (visible and near-infrared channels and vegetation indices decreased), whereas 3 and 4 displayed an atypical response (visible channel increased while the near-infrared channel and vegetation indices decreased). Alternative vegetation indices such as GEMI, GEMI3 and VI3 outperformed NDVI in some cases. Likewise atmospheric and BRDF corrected NDVI provided better performance in separating burnt and unburnt classes. The difficulties in quantifying FAA due to temporal and spatial variation result from numerous factors including vegetation type, fire intensity, rate of ash and charcoal dispersal due to wind and rain, background soil influence and rate of revegetation. In this study two different spectral responses were recorded, indicating the need to set at least two sets of thresholds in an automated or semi-automated classification algorithm. It also highlighted the necessity of atmospheric and BRDF corrections. It is therefore recommended that future research apply atmospheric and BRDF corrections at the pre-processing stage prior to analysis when utilising a temporal series of NOAAAVHRR data. Secondly, it is necessary to investigate additional FAA within the four biogeographic regions to enable thresholds to be set in order to develop an algorithm. This algorithm must take into account the variation in a fire's spectral response which may result from fire intensity, vegetation type, background soil influence or climatic factors.

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Candy, Katherine. "Mapping fire affected areas in northern Western Australia - towards an automatic approach." Candy, Katherine (2004) Mapping fire affected areas in northern Western Australia - towards an automatic approach. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2004. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/500/.

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Wildfires across northern Australia are a growing problem with more than 2.5 million hectares being burnt each year. Accordingly, remote sensing has been used as a tool to routinely monitor and map fire histories. In northern Western Australia, the Department of Land Information Satellite Remote Sensing Services (DLI SRSS) has been responsible for providing and interpreting NOAA-AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data. SRSS staff utilise this data to automatically map hotspots on a daily basis, and manually map fire affected areas (FAA) every nine days. This information is then passed on to land managers to enhance their ability to manage the effects of fire and assess its impact over time. The aim of this study was to develop an algorithm for the near real-time automatic mapping of FAA in the Kimberley and Pilbara as an alternative to the currently used semimanual approach. Daily measures of temperature, surface reflectance and vegetation indices from twenty nine NOAA-16 (2001) passes were investigated. It was firstly necessary to apply atmospheric and BRDF corrections to the raw reflectance data to account for the variation caused by changing viewing and illumination geometry over a cycle. Findings from the four case studies indicate that case studies 1 and 2 exhibited a typical fire response (visible and near-infrared channels and vegetation indices decreased), whereas 3 and 4 displayed an atypical response (visible channel increased while the near-infrared channel and vegetation indices decreased). Alternative vegetation indices such as GEMI, GEMI3 and VI3 outperformed NDVI in some cases. Likewise atmospheric and BRDF corrected NDVI provided better performance in separating burnt and unburnt classes. The difficulties in quantifying FAA due to temporal and spatial variation result from numerous factors including vegetation type, fire intensity, rate of ash and charcoal dispersal due to wind and rain, background soil influence and rate of revegetation. In this study two different spectral responses were recorded, indicating the need to set at least two sets of thresholds in an automated or semi-automated classification algorithm. It also highlighted the necessity of atmospheric and BRDF corrections. It is therefore recommended that future research apply atmospheric and BRDF corrections at the pre-processing stage prior to analysis when utilising a temporal series of NOAAAVHRR data. Secondly, it is necessary to investigate additional FAA within the four biogeographic regions to enable thresholds to be set in order to develop an algorithm. This algorithm must take into account the variation in a fire's spectral response which may result from fire intensity, vegetation type, background soil influence or climatic factors.

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Yuen, Pong-ming Dixon. "The Main Building of The University of Hong Kong fire services installation guidelines for maintaining authenticity /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31474925.

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Yau, Wai-keung. "A study on fire protection policy in Hong Kong devolution from bureaucracy /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36443311.

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Schon, Trent E. "A best practices investigation into the presence and control of micorbiologically influenced corrosion in water-based fire protection systems in the fabrication areas of a major semiconductor manufacturing organization in the United States." Online version, 2000. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2000/2000schont.pdf.

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LeBlanc, David. "Fire Environments Typical of Navy Ships." Digital WPI, 2002. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/610.

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Current test methodologies used to evaluate the performance of protective clothing do not adequately determine the provided level of protection. The heat fluxes imposed by current evaluation methods are not specifically related to fire environments typical to those the clothing is designed provide protection against. The U.S. Navy is in the process of developing an improved process for testing the fire resistance of daily wear uniforms and protective gear. The first phase of this project involves evaluating currently used evaluation methods and identifying the severity of fire environments that would be expected aboard Navy ships. The examination of the test protocols currently in use identifies major weaknesses, providing the justification for a new test protocol. The first step in developing an improved test protocol is to determine the types of fire scenarios that would be expected aboard Navy vessels. The nearly infinite number of possible fires are reduced to 6 typical cases involving spray fires, pool fires and furniture fires in both compartmented and unconfined cases. An analysis of the environments produced by these types of fires is presented. The effects of compartmentation parameters are also investigated to determine the critical factors that affect the expected fire environment. Expected heat fluxes for all scenarios are presented at a number of distances from the fire.

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Brani, David M. "Development of a computer model for a single room fire." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17863.

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Books on the topic "Fire prevention"

1

Group, Rockliff. Residential fire prevention. [Edmonton, Alta.?]: Alberta Municipal Affairs, 1988.

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2

ill, Lewis Anthony 1966, ed. Fire prevention. New York: Scholastic, 2010.

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Brigade, London Fire, ed. Fire prevention. London: Brunel Research Unit for the Blind, 1985.

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James, Derek. Fire prevention handbook. London: Butterworths, 1986.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology. Prevention of residential fire fatalities. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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6

Ladwig, Thomas H. Industrial fire prevention andprotection. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.

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Wentworth, Franklin H. Fire prevention and fire protection. Ottawa: [s.n.], 1997.

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Maritime Training Advisory Board (U.S.). Marine fire prevention, firefighting, and fire safety. [Washington, D.C.]: Maritime Training Advisory Board, 1998.

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United States. Forest Service. Fire and Aviation Management, ed. Faces of fire: Prevention, suppression, prescribed fires. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Fire and Aviation Management, 1998.

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United States. Forest Service. Fire and Aviation Management. Faces of fire: Prevention, suppression, prescribed fires. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Fire and Aviation Management, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fire prevention"

1

Venn, Christopher C. "Fire Dynamics." In Handbook of Loss Prevention Engineering, 959–97. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527650644.ch38.

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Brown, Craig Arthur. "Fire Prevention and Protection." In Handbook of Loss Prevention Engineering, 999–1039. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527650644.ch39.

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Yates, W. David. "Fire Protection and Prevention." In Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide, 315–32. Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429293054-10.

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Banerjee, Sudhish Chandra. "Exogenous Fire and Its Prevention." In Prevention and Combating Mine Fires, 16–28. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003211228-2.

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Hall, Fred, and Roger Greeno. "Fire Prevention and Control Services." In Building Services Handbook, 649–98. 10th ed. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003434894-13.

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Andersson, Ragnar, and Marcus Runefors. "Implications for Prevention." In The Society of Fire Protection Engineers Series, 111–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06325-1_7.

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Planas-Cuchi, E., and J. Casal. "Modelling of Fire Effects on Equipment Engulfed in a Fire." In Prevention of Hazardous Fires and Explosions, 273–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4712-5_19.

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Reichert, Joshua. "Fire: Prevention, Protection, and Life Safety." In Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_79-1.

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Reichert, Joshua. "Fire: Prevention, Protection, and Life Safety." In Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_79-2.

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Wallace, Deborah, and Rodrick Wallace. "Pandemic Firefighting vs. Pandemic Fire Prevention." In SpringerBriefs in Public Health, 57–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59624-8_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fire prevention"

1

Ceccaldi, Francesca-Maria, and Philippe Pesteil. "Fire, Risk and Prevention." In 2006 First International Symposium on Environment Identities and Mediterranean Area. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iseima.2006.345045.

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CANCELLIERE, PIERGIACOMO, MARA LOMBARDI, LUCA PONTICELLI, EMANULE GISSI, GIORDANA GAI, and MAURO CACIOLAI. "ITALIAN HYBRID FIRE PREVENTION CODE." In SAFE 2017. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/safe170101.

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Mullerova, Jana, and Maros Krajcir. "FIRE MODELLING AS A PREVENTION OF INTERIOR FIRE FATALITIES." In 20th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Proceedings 2020. STEF92 Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2020v/4.2/s06.19.

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Shouxiang Xu, Tao He, and Yongsheng Liang. "Fire prevention virtual reality architecture based on fire model." In 2010 International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccasm.2010.5620411.

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Prakoso, Bayu Aji, Rizka Reza Pahlevi, Febryanti Sthevanie, and Rio Guntur Utomo. "Fire Detection Warning System in House Fire Accident Prevention." In 2023 11th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icoict58202.2023.10262552.

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Malykhina, G. F., A. I. Guseva, and A. V. Militsyn. "Early fire prevention in the plant." In 2017 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieam.2017.8076375.

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M. T. Venem and J. M. Shutske. "Combine Fire Prevention and Control Summit." In 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.11218.

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Zaher, Ashraf, Ahmed Al-Faqsh, Hasan Abdulredha, Husain Al-Qudaihi, and Mohamad Toaube. "A Fire Prevention/Monitoring Smart System." In 2021 2nd International Conference On Smart Cities, Automation & Intelligent Computing Systems (ICON-SONICS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icon-sonics53103.2021.9617198.

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Janiec, Carsten, and Eugen Nachtigall. "Can Fire Prevention Officers Judge Structural and Technical Fire Protection Measures?" In Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL). Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-11-2724-3_0567-cd.

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Yeh, Chunshing, Ban-Jwu Shih, and Chuan-Wei Wu. "Fire Prevention Strategy for Buildings in Construction." In 17th International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction. International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.22260/isarc2000/0184.

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Reports on the topic "Fire prevention"

1

Dow, Nick, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Residential Flashover Prevention with Reduced Water Flow: Phase 2. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/nuzj8120.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a residential flashover prevention system with reduced water flow requirements relative to a residential sprinkler system designed to meet NFPA 13D requirements. The flashover prevention system would be designed for retrofit applications where water supplies are limited. In addition to examining the water spray’s impact on fire growth, this study utilized thermal tenability criteria as defined in UL 199, Standard for Automatic Sprinklers for Fire-Protection Service. The strategy investigated was to use full cone spray nozzles that would discharge water low in the fire room and directly onto burning surfaces of the contents in the room. Where as current sprinkler design discharges water in a manner that cools the hot gas layer, wets the walls and wets the surface of the contents in the fire room. A series of eight full-scale, compartment fire experiments with residential furnishings were conducted with low flow nozzles. While the 23 lpm (6 gpm) of water was the same between experiments, the discharge density or water flux around the area of ignition varied between 0.3 mm/min (0.008 gpm/ft2) and 1.8 mm/min (0.044 gpm/ft2). Three of the experiments prevented flashover. Five of the experiments resulted in the regrowth of the fire while the water was flowing. Regrowth of the fire led to untenable conditions, per UL 199 criteria, in the fire room. At approximately the same time as the untenability criteria were reached, the second sprinkler in the hallway activated. In a completed system, the activation of the second sprinkler would reduce the water flow to the fire room, which would potentially lead to flashover. The variations in the burning behavior of the sofa resulted in shielded fires which led to the loss of effectiveness of the reduced flow solid cone water sprays. As a result of these variations, a correlation between discharge density at the area of ignition and fire suppression performance could not be determined given the limited number of experiments. An additional experiment using an NFPA 13D sprinkler system, flowing 30 lpm (8 gpm), demonstrated more effective suppression than any of the experiments with a nozzle. The success of the sprinkler compared with the unreliable suppression performance of the lower flow nozzles supports the minimum discharge density requirements of 2 mm/min (0.05 gpm/ft2) from NFPA 13D. The low flow nozzle system tested in this study reliably delayed fire growth, but would not reliably prevent flashover.

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Madrzykowski, Daniel, and Nicholas Dow. Residential Flashover Prevention with Reduced Water Flow: Phase 1. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/jegf7178.

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This study was designed to be an initial step to investigate the potential of low flow nozzles as part of a retrofit flashover prevention system in residential homes with limited water supplies. Not all homes have water supplies that can meet the needs of a residential sprinkler system. Current alter- natives, such as including a supplemental tank and pump, increase the cost of the system. These homes could benefit from an effective fire safety system with lower water supply requirements. The experiments in this study were conducted in a steel test structure which consisted of a fire room attached to a hallway in an L-shaped configuration. Three types of experiments were conducted to evaluate nozzles at different flow rates and under different fire conditions. The performance of the nozzles was compared to the performance of a commercially available residential sprinkler. The first set of experiments measured the distribution of the water spray from each of the nozzles and the sprinkler. The water spray measurements were made without the presence of a fire. The other two sets of experiments were fire experiments. The first set of fire experiments were designed to measure the ability of a water spray to cool a hot gas layer generated by a gas burner fire. The fire source was a propane burner which provided a steady and repeatable flow of heat into the test structure. Two water spray locations were examined, in the fire room and in the middle of the hallway. In each position, the burner was shielded from the water spray. The results showed that for equivalent conditions, the nozzle provided greater gas cooling than the sprinkler. The tests were conducted with a fire size of approximately 110 kW, and water flow rates in the range of 11 lpm (3 gpm) and 19 lpm (5 gpm). The second set of fire experiments used an upholstered sofa as the initial source of the fire with the water spray located in the same room. As a result of the compartment size and water spray distribution, the nozzle flowing water at 23 lpm (6 gpm) provided more effective suppression of the fire than the sprinkler flowing 34 lpm (9 gpm) did. The nozzle was similarly effective with the ignition location moved 1.0 m (3.2 ft) further away. However, the nozzle failed to suppress the fire with a reduced water flow rate of 11 lpm (3 gpm). The results of this limited study demonstrate the potential of low flow nozzles, directly flowing water on to the fuel surface, with the goal of preventing flashover. Additional research is needed to examine larger room sizes, fully furnished rooms, and shielded fires to determine the feasibility of a reduced water flow flashover prevention system.

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Doolittle, Larry, and Linda R. Donoghue. Status of wildland fire prevention evaluation in the United States. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nc-rp-298.

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Weiss, Pam. Safety, Health, and Fire Prevention Guide for Hospital Safety Managers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada265518.

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Williamson, Robert Brady. Manual of evaluation procedures for passive fire prevention following earthquakes. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.gcr.99-768.

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Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. Canadian Wildland Fire Prevention and Mitigation Strategy: Taking Action Together. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/st000011.

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Petersen, Karen, Michael Witt, Katherine Morton, Murrey Olmsted, Harlan Amandus, Steven Proudfoot, and James Wassell. Fire fighter fatality investigation and prevention program: Findings from a national evaluation. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI Press, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2010.rr.0007.1003.

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Wang, Jiaxuan, Xindong Wang, Hongyan Xia, Na Zhang, Shiyu Lin, Jingchun Zeng, and Guohua Lin. An update of fire needle acupuncture for acute herpes zoster and prevention of postherpetic neuralgia in adults: a protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.12.0058.

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Backstrom, Robert, and David Dini. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Systems Summary. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/kylj9621.

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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems is well known, PV systems present unique safety considerations. A very limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exists to understand the risks to the extent that the fire service has been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV installations. This data provides the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. A functioning PV array was constructed at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL to serve as a test fixture. The main test array consisted of 26 PV framed modules rated 230 W each (5980 W total rated power). Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of power isolation techniques and the potential hazard from contact of typical firefighter tools with live electrical PV components. Existing fire test fixtures located at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center were modified to construct full scale representations of roof mounted PV systems. PV arrays were mounted above Class A roofs supported by wood trusses. Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series represented a room of content fire, extending into the attic space, breaching the roof and resulting in structural collapse. Three PV technologies were subjected to this fire condition – rack mounted metal framed, glass on polymer modules, building integrated PV shingles, and a flexible laminate attached to a standing metal seam roof. A second series of experiments was conducted on the metal frame technology. These experiments represented two fire scenarios, a room of content fire venting from a window and the ignition of debris accumulation under the array. The results of these experiments provide a technical basis for the fire service to examine their equipment, tactics, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of potential electrical shock hazard from PV installations during and after a fire event.

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10

Backstrom, Robert, and David Backstrom. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Installations Research Project. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/viyv4379.

Full text

Abstract:

Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems is well known, PV systems present unique safety considerations. A very limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exists to understand the risks to the extent that the fire service has been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV installations. This data provides the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. A functioning PV array was constructed at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL to serve as a test fixture. The main test array consisted of 26 PV framed modules rated 230 W each (5980 W total rated power). Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of power isolation techniques and the potential hazard from contact of typical firefighter tools with live electrical PV components. Existing fire test fixtures located at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center were modified to construct full scale representations of roof mounted PV systems. PV arrays were mounted above Class A roofs supported by wood trusses. Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series represented a room of content fire, extending into the attic space, breaching the roof and resulting in structural collapse. Three PV technologies were subjected to this fire condition – rack mounted metal framed, glass on polymer modules, building integrated PV shingles, and a flexible laminate attached to a standing metal seam roof. A second series of experiments was conducted on the metal frame technology. These experiments represented two fire scenarios, a room of content fire venting from a window and the ignition of debris accumulation under the array. The results of these experiments provide a technical basis for the fire service to examine their equipment, tactics, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of potential electrical shock hazard from PV installations during and after a fire event.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

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