Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fire Loading

Academic literature on the topic 'Fire Loading'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Fire Loading"

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Skowronski, Nicholas S., Michael R. Gallagher, and Timothy A. Warner. "Decomposing the Interactions between Fire Severity and Canopy Fuel Structure Using Multi-Temporal, Active, and Passive Remote Sensing Approaches." Fire 3, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3010007.

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Within the realms of both wildland and prescribed fire, an understanding of how fire severity and forest structure interact is critical for improving fuels treatment effectiveness, quantifying the ramifications of wildfires, and improving fire behavior modeling. We integrated high resolution estimates of fire severity with multi-temporal airborne laser scanning data to examine the role that various fuel loading, canopy shape, and other variables had on predicting fire severity for a complex of prescribed fires and one wildfire and how three-dimensional fuels changed as a result of these fires. Fuel loading characteristics were widely variable, and fires were ignited using a several techniques (heading, flanking, and backing), leading to a large amount of variability in fire behavior and subsequent fire effects. Through our analysis, we found that fire severity was linked explicitly to pre-fire fuel loading and structure, particularly in the three-dimensional distribution of fuels. Fire severity was also correlated with post-fire fuel loading, forest structural heterogeneity, and shifted the diversity and abundance of canopy classes within the landscape. This work demonstrates that the vertical distribution of fuel is an important factor and that subtle difference has defined effects on fire behavior and severity.
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Lutes, Duncan C., Robert E. Keane, and John F. Caratti. "A surface fuel classification for estimating fire effects." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 7 (2009): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08062.

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We present a classification of duff, litter, fine woody debris, and logs that can be used to stratify a project area into sites with fuel loading that yield significantly different emissions and maximum soil surface temperature. Total particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter and maximum soil surface temperature were simulated using the First Order Fire Effects Model. Simulation results were clustered into 10 Effects Groups using an agglomerative routine where each Effects Group defined a unique range of soil temperature and emissions. Classification tree analysis was used to estimate the critical duff, litter, fine woody debris, and log loadings associated with the soil temperature and emissions of each Effects Group. The resulting 21 fuel classes are called Fuel Loading Models and classified the study dataset with an ~34% misclassification rate. The classification can be used to describe fuel loadings for a plot or stand, or as map units for mapping fuel loadings across large regions. The classification process can be used to develop finer-scale fuel classifications for specific regions or ecosystems.
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Saura-Mas, S., S. Paula, J. G. Pausas, and F. Lloret. "Fuel loading and flammability in the Mediterranean Basin woody species with different post-fire regenerative strategies." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 6 (2010): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09066.

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The flammability and combustibility of plant communities are determined by species features related to growth-form, structure and physiology. In some ecosystems, such as the Mediterranean ones, these characteristics may contribute to the existence of fire-prone species. We measured several parameters associated with the flammability and fuel loading of dominant woody species with different post-fire regenerative strategies (seeders and non-seeders) in shrublands in the western Mediterranean Basin. Overall, seeder species show lower fuel load but are more prone to burning owing to a higher dead-to-live fuel ratio, live fine-fuel proportion and dead fine-fuel proportion. Moreover, they burst into flame at lower temperatures than non-seeders. In the Mediterranean Basin, most seeder species emerged mainly during the Quaternary, under a highly fluctuating Mediterranean climate and during recurrent fires. We propose that properties related to the combustibility and flammability of seeders may be the result of selective pressures associated with both fire and climate. These results suggest that ecosystems dominated by seeder species are more susceptible to fire risk than those dominated by non-seeder species in the Mediterranean Basin. Therefore, the proportion of these types of species resulting from previous fire or management history is likely to determine the characteristics of future fire events.
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Lemmerer, Johann, Wolfgang Kusterle, Wolfgang Lindlbauer, Matthias Zeiml, Rudolf Hörhan, and Johannes Steigenberger. "Fire Loading of Highly Fire-Resistant Concrete Tunnel Linings." IABSE Symposium Report 90, no. 7 (January 1, 2005): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137805796270919.

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Zhao, Fengjun, Yongqiang Liu, Scott Goodrick, Benjamin Hornsby, and Jeffrey Schardt. "The contribution of duff consumption to fire emissions and air pollution of the Rough Ridge Fire." International Journal of Wildland Fire 28, no. 12 (2019): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf18205.

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It is typically difficult to burn duff because of high fuel moisture; however, under persistent drought conditions, duff will burn readily. This study investigates the burning of a deep duff layer by the 2016 Rough Ridge Fire, in the southern United States, under drought conditions and evaluates the contribution of duff consumption to fire emissions and air pollution. Fuel loading was measured and used to evaluate the BlueSky framework. Smoke was simulated for three fuel loading and moisture scenarios of field measurement, BlueSky estimated fuel loading, and a hypothetical moist condition. The measured fuels had a very deep duff layer that had accumulated over decades due to the lack of historical fires, most of which was burned by the fire. The burning of this deep duff layer contributed substantially to the increased fire emissions at the fire site and the air pollution in metro Atlanta. In contrast, BlueSky under-predicted duff loading and fire emissions. As a result, no major air pollution episodes were predicted for metro Atlanta. The high-moisture scenario also failed to produce a major air-pollution episode within Atlanta, which highlights the contribution of the drought to the air-pollution episode within Atlanta.
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Skibicki Ł, Dariusz, Łukasz Pejkowski, and Michał Stopel. "Finite Element Analysis of Ventilation System Fire Damper Dynamic Time-History." Polish Maritime Research 24, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2017-0143.

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Abstract The paper presents results of the numerical analysis of the fire damper used in ventilation systems under the earthquake loading. The research was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the Nuclear Safety Standards Commission. The aim of the analysis was to examine the fire damper with respect to its resistance to service loadings, structural integrity, and capability to stay operative after an earthquake. The analysis was carried out using the Finite Element Method in LS-Dyna software. The earthquake loading was modelled as accelerations, measured in three directions during the earthquake. For modelling of the materials behaviour, material models taking into account the influence of strain rate on hardening were used. The analysis consisted of three stages, which were: loading the construction with the earth gravity, earthquake simulation by loading with accelerations in three directions, and, finally, closing the fire damper. The analysis has shown that some of the construction elements undergo plastic deformations. However, the performed simulation of fire damper closing showed that despite these deformations, the device remains capable to keep its functionality and the damper closes hermetically. The results of the analysis were important design indications for the fire damper prototype.
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Balázs, György L., and Olivér Czoboly. "Fibre Cocktail to Improve Fire Resistance." Key Engineering Materials 711 (September 2016): 480–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.711.480.

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Favourable experience with fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) resulted in its increasing use worldwide. The properties of fibre reinforced concrete are mostly influenced by the type and the amount of fibres. Our experimental study was directed to the possible improvements of the residual flexural strength and the properties of concrete exposed to high temperatures with different fibre cocktails including steel, micro polymer or cellulose fibres. The influence of type and amount of fibres on residual flexural strength in cold state were tested after 300, 500 or 800 °C temperature loading.
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Kukavskaya, Elena A., Galina A. Ivanova, Susan G. Conard, Douglas J. McRae, and Valery A. Ivanov. "Biomass dynamics of central Siberian Scots pine forests following surface fires of varying severity." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 6 (2014): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13043.

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In 2000–2002 nine 4-ha prescribed fires of various severities were conducted on experimental plots in mature Scots pine forest in the central Siberian taiga, Russia. Total above-ground living biomass decreased after low- and moderate-severity fires by 10 and 15%, whereas high-severity fire reduced living above-ground biomass by 83%. We monitored changes in fuel structure and biomass for 6–8 years following these fires. By 6–8 years after burning the ground fuel loading had recovered to 101, 96 and 82% of pre-fire levels after fires of low-, moderate- and high-severity. Down woody fuel loading increased by 0.18±0.04kgm–2year–1. We developed regressions relating time since fire to changes in above-ground biomass components for fires of different severity for feather moss–lichen Scots pine forest of Siberia. Our results demonstrate the importance of both burn severity and composition of pre-fire surface vegetation in determining rates and patterns of post-fire vegetation recovery on dry Scots pine sites in central Siberia.
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Perryman, Holly A., Christopher J. Dugaw, J. Morgan Varner, and Diane L. Johnson. "A cellular automata model to link surface fires to firebrand lift-off and dispersal." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 4 (2013): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11045.

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In spite of considerable effort to predict wildland fire behaviour, the effects of firebrand lift-off, the ignition of resulting spot fires and their effects on fire spread, remain poorly understood. We developed a cellular automata model integrating key mathematical models governing current fire spread models with a recently developed model that estimates firebrand landing patterns. Using our model we simulated a wildfire in an idealised Pinus ponderosa ecosystem. Varying values of wind speed, surface fuel loading, surface fuel moisture content and canopy base height, we investigated two scenarios: (i) the probability of a spot fire igniting beyond fuelbreaks of various widths and (ii) how spot fires directly affect the overall surface fire’s rate of spread. Results were averages across 2500 stochastic simulations. In both scenarios, canopy base height and surface fuel loading had a greater influence than wind speed and surface fuel moisture content. The expected rate of spread with spot fires occurring approached a constant value over time, which ranged between 6 and 931% higher than the predicted surface fire rate of spread. Incorporation of the role of spot fires in wildland fire spread should be an important thrust of future decision-support technologies.
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Zhang, Qian, Wen-yu Wang, Song-song Bai, and Ying-hua Tan. "Response analysis of tunnel lining structure under impact and fire loading." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 3 (March 2019): 168781401983447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019834473.

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Accidents and fires in tunnels hinder traffic and threaten the safety of personal and material resources, moreover, impact and temperature effects often cause damage to structures, affect structural performance, and shorten the service life of structures. In this article, the response behavior of the tunnel lining under the action of vehicle impact and fire load is simulated and analyzed. As the failure criterion of the lining dome settlement and the sidewall convergence displacement, the system compares the two interaction effect of the load, namely, the influence of the fire load on the impact resistance of the lining and the influence of the impact load on its fire resistance. The results show that the fire load reduces the impact resistance of the lining. Compared with the initial static load, the impact of temperature on the impact resistance is more significant; the impact load has an adverse effect on the fire resistance of the lining, when the tunnel lining is subject to explosion first. After the impact load working on the fire, the fire resistance of the lining will be significantly reduced with the increase of the static load ratio and the dynamic load ratio. The research can provide the reference for the design of fire protection and explosion protection parameters of tunnel support structures.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fire Loading"

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Pirzadeh, Davoud [Verfasser]. "Analysis of framed structures under fire loading / Davoud Pirzadeh." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190649608/34.

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Jeffers, Ann E. "A Fiber-Based Approach for Modeling Beam-Columns under Fire Loading." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38692.

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The work described herein emphasizes a new fiber-based approach to modeling the response of structural frames subjected to realistic fire conditions. The proposed approach involves the development and validation of two finite elements that can be used collectively to simulate the thermal and mechanical response of structural frames at elevated temperatures. To model the thermal response, a special-purpose fiber heat transfer element is introduced. The first of its kind, the fiber heat transfer element uses a combination of finite element and finite difference methods to provide an accurate and highly efficient solution to the three-dimensional thermal problem. To simulate the mechanical response, a flexibility-based fiber beam-column element is used. The element presented here extends the formulation of Taucer et al. (1991) to include thermal effects, geometric nonlinearities, and residual stresses. Both fiber elements are implemented in ABAQUS (2007) using the user-defined element (UEL) subroutine. The element formulations are verified by analyses of benchmark experimental tests and comparisons with traditional finite elements. Results indicate that both elements offer superior accuracy and computational efficiency when compared to traditional methods of analysis. Analyses of structures subjected to non-uniform heating emphasize the advantages of the fiber-based approach. To demonstrate a realistic application of the proposed approach, the work concludes with an investigation of the response of unprotected steel beams subjected to localized fires. Because realistic fires are considered, the treatment of strain reversal upon cooling is also addressed. The analyses are used to demonstrate that the standard fire test is generally unconservative at predicting the time at failure of a structure subjected to realistic fire conditions, since failure depends more on the evolution of temperatures within the steel beams than the duration of fire exposure. The analyses also show that critical temperatures from the standard fire test are conservative and thus offer a better means for predicting failure in steel structures within the scope of the standard fire test.
Ph. D.
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Fogle, Emily Johanna. "Compression Failure of Aluminum Plates Exposed to Constant Heat Flux." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33011.

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Aluminum is used as a structural member in marine applications because of its low weight. One challenge is to design against failure of aluminum structures in fire. A parametric study was performed to quantify the effects of parameters on the compression failure of aluminum plates during a fire. A thermo-structural apparatus was designed to perform compression tests on aluminum samples consisting of a compression load frame, a hydraulic system, and electric heaters. The effect of dimensional variation on failure behavior was examined. Aluminum 5083 and 6082 alloys were tested with three thicknesses, two lengths and two widths. Three heat fluxes and various buckling stresses were used. Micro Vickerâ s hardness values were measured before and after testing to quantify the effect of heating on the strength of the aluminum. In general, lower applied stress resulted in higher failure temperature and longer time to failure. Dimensional variations had a negligible effect on failure behavior. The 5083 alloy has a minimum stress level of 50% of the buckling stress at 10kW/m2 and 10% of the buckling stress at 20kW/m2, while the 6082 alloy has a minimum stress level of 75% of the buckling stress at 10kW/m2 and 25% of the buckling stress at 20kW/m2. The 6082 failed at higher temperatures and longer failure times than the 5083. The presence of insulation on the exposed surface decreased the temperature rise, resulting in longer failure times. Vickerâ s hardness decreased with heating in general. The results describe the effects of parameters of the failure of aluminum.
Master of Science
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Tsolakis, Thomas. "Thermal response analysis of process vessels in the presence of fire loading." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8858.

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Ab, Kadir Mariyana Aida. "Fire resistance of earthquake damaged reinforced concrete frames." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7969.

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The topic of structural damage caused by fires following an earthquake (FFE) has been discussed extensively by many researchers for over a decade in order to bring the two fields closer together in the context of performance based structural engineering. Edinburgh University, Heriot-Watt University, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IIT Roorkee) and Indian Institute of Science initiated a collaboration to study this problem under a UK-India Engineering Research Initiative (UKIERI) funded project. The first construction of a single-storey reinforced concrete frame at IIT Roorkee was completed in summer 2011; this is known as the Roorkee Frame Test 1 throughout this thesis. This thesis presents the modelling of the Roorkee Frame Test 1 using the finite element method and assesses the capability of the numerical methodologies for analysing these two sequential events. Both two and three dimensional finite element models were developed. Beam and shell elements were chosen for the numerical modelling, which was carried out using the general purpose finite element package ABAQUS (version 6.8). The variation in material properties caused by these two types of loading, including strength and stiffness degradation, compressive hardening, tension stiffening, and thermal properties, is implemented in the numerical modelling. Constitutive material calculations are in accordance with EC4 Part 1.1, and all loading is according to IS 1893:2002 Part 1 (Indian Standard). The time-temperature curve used in the analysis is based on data from the test carried out. The behaviour of the Roorkee Frame Test 1 when subjected to monotonic, cyclic lateral loading followed by fire is presented. The capacity of the frame when subjected to lateral loading is examined using a static non-linear pushover method. Incremental lateral loading is applied in a displacement-controlled manner to induce simulated seismic damage in the frame. The capacity curve, hysteresis loops and residual displacements are presented, discussed and compared with the test results. The heat transfer analysis using three dimensional solid elements was also compared against temperature distributions recorded during the Roorkee frame fire test. Based on the smoke layer theory, two emissivity values were defined. In this study, the suitability of numerical modelling using ABAQUS to capture the behaviour of Roorkee frame test is examined. The results from this study show that the 3D ABAQUS model predicted more reliable hysteresis curves compared to the 2D ABAQUS model, but both models estimated the lateral load capacity well. However neither model was able to simulate the pinching effect clearly visible in the hysteresis curves from the test. This was due to noninclusion of the bond slip effect between reinforcing bars and concrete. The residual displacement obtained at the end of the cyclic lateral loading analysis from the 2D ABAQUS model is higher than that seen in the test. However, the result in the 3D ABAQUS model matched the trend obtained in the test. The both columns appear to stiffen under the heating and the residual displacement seems to recover slightly. Lateral displacements, obtained in the thermo-mechanical analysis of the numerical models, show that thermal expansion brings the frame back towards its initial position. Finally, correlation studies between analytical and experimental results are conducted with the objective to establish the validity of the proposed model and identify the significance of various effects on the local and global response of fire resistance earthquake damaged of reinforced concrete frames. These studies show that the effect of tension stiffening and bond-slip are very important and should always be included in finite element models of the response of reinforced concrete frame with the smeared crack model when subjected to lateral and thermal loading. The behaviour of reinforced concrete frames exposed to fire is usually described in terms of the concept of the fire resistance which defined in terms of displacement limit. This study shows the global displacement of the frame subjected to fire recover slightly due to the thermal expansion during the heating.
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Arthur, Katherine Marie. "Predicting the Failure of Aluminum Exposed to Simulated Fire and Mechanical Loading Using Finite Element Modeling." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32670.

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The interest in the use of aluminum as a structural material in marine applications has increased greatly in recent years. This increase is primarily due to the low weight of aluminum compared to other structural materials as well as its ability to resist corrosion. However, a critical issue in the use of any structural material for naval applications is its response to fire. Past experience has shown that finite element programs can produce accurate predictions of failure of structural components. Parameter studies conducted within finite element programs are often easier to implement than corresponding studies conducted experimentally. In this work, the compression-controlled failures of aluminum plates subjected to an applied mechanical load and an applied heat flux (to simulate fire) were predicted through the use of finite element analysis. Numerous studies were completed on these finite element models. Thicknesses of the plates were varied as well as the applied heat flux and the applied compressive stresses. The effect of surface emissivity along with the effect of insulation on the exposed surface of the plate was also studied. The influence of the initial imperfection of the plates was also studied. Not only were the physical conditions of the model varied but the element type of both the solid and shell models as well as the mesh density were also varied. Two different creep laws were used to curve fit raw creep data to understand the effects of creep in the buckling failure of the aluminum plates. These predictions were compared with experiments (from a previous study) conducted on aluminum plates of approximately 800mm in length, 200mm in width, 6-9mm in thickness and clamped at both ends to create fixed boundary conditions. A hydraulic system and a heater were used to apply the compressive load and the heat flux respectively. Comparisons between predicted and experimental results reveal that finite element analysis can accurately predict the compression-controlled failure of aluminum plates subjected to simulated fire. However, under certain combinations of the applied heat flux and compressive stress, the mesh density as well as the choice of element may have a significant impact on the results. Also, it is undetermined which creep curve-fitting model produces the most accurate results due to the influence of other parameters such as the initial imperfection.
Master of Science
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Manu, Christopher Corneliu. "Finite element analysis of stress rupture in pressure vessels exposed to accidental fire loading." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1295.

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Kolaks, Jeremy. "Fuel loading and fire behavior in the Missouri Ozarks of the Central Hardwood Region /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1420928.

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Escobedo, Montoya Francisco Javier 1969. "Fire frequency effects on fuel loading in pine-oak ecosystems of the Madrean Province." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291850.

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There is increasing interest in the use of prescribed fire to reduce fuel loadings and other management objectives in ecosystems of the Madrean Province. Fuel loadings were measured on the same pine-oak ecosystem occurring on five different sites with a range of different fire frequencies. To determine the effects of fire frequencies on fuel loading. Study sites located in Mexico were characterized by a high fire frequency. Study sites in the United States were characterized by low and intermediate fire frequencies. Heavy fuel loadings on sites with high fire frequencies were below the recommended amounts for coarse woody debris. Sites with intermediate fire frequencies were within recommended amounts of coarse woody debris while sites with low fire frequencies were above recommended amounts for coarse woody debris. There was no difference in fine fuel loading among sites with 2, 5, 9, and 13 fires since 1900. Total fuel loading was inversely related to fire frequency. The effects of intermediate fire frequencies can be used to assess ecosystem function and meet multiple use management objectives.
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Summers, Patrick T. "Predicting Compression Failure of Fiber-reinforced Polymer Laminates during Fire." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32770.

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A thermo-structural model was developed to predict the failure of compressively loaded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates during fire. The thermal model was developed as a one-dimensional heat and mass transfer model to predict the thermal response of a decomposing material. The thermal properties were defined as functions of temperature and material decomposition state. The thermal response was used to calculate mechanical properties. The structural model was developed with thermally induced bending caused by one-sided heating. The structural model predicts out-of-plane deflections and compressive failure of laminates in fire conditions. Laminate failure was determined using a local failure criterion comparing the maximum combined compressive stress with the compressive strength. Intermediate-scale one-sided heating tests were performed on compressively loaded FRP laminates. The tests were designed to investigate the effect of varying the applied stress, applied heat, and laminate dimensions on the structural response. Three failure modes were observed in testing: kinking, localized kinking, and forced-response deflection, and were dependent on the applied stress level and independent of applied heating. The times-to-failure of the laminates followed an inverse relationship with the applied stress and heating levels. The test results were used to develop a relationship which relates a non-dimensionalized applied stress with a non-dimensionalized slenderness ratio. This relationship relates the applied stress, slenderness ratio, and temperature of the laminate at failure and can be used to determine failure in design of FRP laminate structures. The intermediate-scale tests were also used to validate the thermo-structural model with good agreement.
Master of Science
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Books on the topic "Fire Loading"

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Sikkink, Pamela G. Field guide for identifying fuel loading models. Fort Collins, CO: United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2009.

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Sikkink, Pamela G. Field guide for identifying fuel loading models. Fort Collins, CO: United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2009.

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G, Hetherington J., ed. Blast and ballistic loading of structures. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994.

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Harrington, Michael G. Comparison of forest floor depth to loading relationships from several Arizona ponderosa pine stands. [Fort Collins, CO]: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1986.

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Institution of Chemical Engineers (Great Britain). Safe tank farms and (un)loading operations: A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them. 4th ed. Rugby, U.K: Institution of Chemical Engineers, 2008.

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Brose, Patrick. Photo guide for estimating fuel loading and fire behavior in mixed-oak forests of the Mid-Atlantic Region. Newtown Square, PA: USDA Forest Service, 2009.

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Brose, Patrick. Photo guide for estimating fuel loading and fire behavior in mixed-oak forests of the Mid-Atlantic Region. Newtown Square, PA: USDA Forest Service, 2009.

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Brose, Patrick. Photo guide for estimating fuel loading and fire behavior in mixed-oak forests of the Mid-Atlantic Region. Newtown Square, PA: USDA Forest Service, 2009.

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K, Brown James. Surface fuel loadings and predicted fire behavior for vegetation types in the northern Rocky Mountains. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1986.

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K, Brown James. Surface fuel loadings and predicted fire behavior for vegetation types in the northern Rocky Mountains. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fire Loading"

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Wills, Rosalie, James A. Milke, Sara Royle, and Kristin Steranka. "Structural Loading." In SpringerBriefs in Fire, 9–12. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2883-5_2.

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Gašpercová, Stanislava, and Miroslava Vandlíčková. "Effect of Thermal Loading on Various Types of Wood Beams." In Wood & Fire Safety, 311–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41235-7_46.

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Natesh, Priya S., and Anil Agarwal. "Numerical Modelling of Continuous Composite Beam Under Fire Loading." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 73–88. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4079-0_7.

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Osipov, A., and D. Egerev. "Investigation of the Loading of Fire Carriage Barrel Mounts." In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Industrial Engineering, 110–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14125-6_12.

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Avasthy, Ankit, and Nihal A. Siddiqui. "Quantitative Estimation of Risk to Community Near an Ammonia Rail Wagon Loading Facility." In Advances in Fire and Process Safety, 115–22. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7281-9_9.

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Hemanth Kumar, Chinthapalli, B. Subash, and Anil Agarwal. "Response of RC Short Column Under Combined Fire and Axial Loading." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 121–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4079-0_11.

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Walls, R., and M. Botha. "Towards a structural fire loading code for buildings in South Africa." In Insights and Innovations in Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation, 1761–65. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315641645-291.

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Simões da Silva, Luís, Aldina Santiago, and Paulo Vila Real. "Application of the Component Method to Steel Joints under Fire Loading." In The Paramount Role of Joints into the Reliable Response of Structures, 425–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0950-8_37.

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Gadhiya, Jaykumar, Rahul Singh Dhari, Milanpuri Goswami, and Nirav Patel. "Comparative Investigation of Alloy Plates Against Ballistic Impact, Blast, and Fire Loading." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 451–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9931-3_43.

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Borgohain, Ankit, and Sriman Kumar Bhattacharyya. "A Study on Moment–Curvature Relationships for REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS with Varying Fire Loading Conditions." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 335–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5235-9_25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fire Loading"

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Westhoff, Kevin, and Justin Hahn. "Fire Modeling of a Facility for Combustible Loading." In Fire Modeling of a Facility for Combustible Loading. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1846652.

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Choe, Lisa, Amit H. Varma, and Andrea Surovek. "Behavior of Steel Columns under Fire Loading." In Structures Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41171(401)40.

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Cedeno, Guillermo, Amit H. Varma, and Anil Agarwal. "Behavior of Floor Systems under Realistic Fire Loading." In Structures Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41031(341)224.

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Mynarz, Miroslav. "THERMAL LOADING OF PRESSURE CYLINDERS IN A FIRE." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/5.2/s20.096.

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Marrion, Chris. "Design of Structures for Fire Loading and Understanding Fire/Life Safety System Interdependencies." In Structures Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40753(171)49.

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Li, Zhibiao, Xunjia Zhuo, Tao Huang, Lan Peng, Zeming Zheng, Chaoliang Xing, and Xianjia Huang. "Numerical Investigation of Aircraft Impacting Nuclear Power Plant with Different Fuel Loading." In 2019 9th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (ICFSFPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfsfpe48751.2019.9055810.

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BHATT, P., V. KODUR, A. SHAKYA, and T. ALKHRDAJI. "Fire resistance of insulated FRP-strengthened concrete flexural members." In 9th International Conference On Concrete Under Severe Conditions - Environment and Loading. MENVIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31808/5ca6e03f5ca4f0d406ac88ba.

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DIAS, D. M., J. L. CALMON, and G. L. VIEIRA. "Concrete reinforced with polypropylene and polyester fibers exposed to fire." In 9th International Conference On Concrete Under Severe Conditions - Environment and Loading. MENVIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31808/5ca6e03b5ca4f0d406ac888c.

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Snell, R. O., and R. B. Corr. "Resistance of Module Structures to Blast and Fire Loading." In SPE Latin America Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/23665-ms.

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Hong, Sangdo, Amit H. Varma, Anil Agarwal, and Kuldeep Prasad. "Behavior of Steel Building Structures under Realistic Fire Loading." In Structures Congress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41016(314)247.

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Reports on the topic "Fire Loading"

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Myott, C. F. Fire loading calculations for 300 Area N Reactor Fuel Fabrication and Storage Facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10169313.

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Brose, Patrick H. Photo guide for estimating fuel loading and fire behavior in mixed-oak forests of the Mid-Atlantic Region. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-gtr-45.

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Varma, Amit H., Jan Olek, Christopher S. Williams, Tzu-Chun Tseng, Dan Huang, and Tom Bradt. Post-Fire Assessment of Prestressed Concrete Bridges in Indiana. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317290.

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This project focused on evaluating the effects of fire-induced damage on concrete bridge elements, including prestressed concrete bridge girders. A series of controlled heating experiments, pool fire tests, material tests, and structural loading tests were conducted. Experimental results indicate that the portion of concrete subjected to temperatures higher than 400°C loses significant amounts of calcium hydroxide (CH). Decomposition of CH increases porosity and causes significant cracking. The portion of concrete exposed to temperatures higher than 400°C should be repaired or replaced. When subjected to ISO-834 standard fire heating, approximately 0.25 in. and 0.75 in. of concrete from the exposed surface are damaged after 40 minutes and 80 minutes of heating, respectively. Prestressed concrete girders exposed to about 50 minutes of hydrocarbon fire undergo superficial concrete material damage with loss of CH and extensive cracking and spalling extending to the depth of 0.75–1.0 in. from the exposed surface. These girders do not undergo significant reduction in flexural strength or shear strength. The reduction in the initial stiffness may be notable due to concrete cracking and spalling. Bridge inspectors can use these findings to infer the extent of material and structural damage to prestressed concrete bridge girders in the event of a fire and develop a post-fire assessment plan.
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Narlesky, Joshua Edward, Curtis W. Emms, David C. Tung, Jared Tyler Stritzinger, Dakota James Gregory, Kraig Paul Deike, Sheldon K. Apgar, et al. LANL Phase 3 Container Loading in Support of the Fire-Induced Pressure Response and Failure Characterization of PCV/SCV/3013 Containers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1623402.

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Narlesky, Joshua Edward, Curtis W. Emms, David C. Tung, Jared Tyler Stritzinger, Luke Simms, Dakota James Gregory, and Laura Ann Worl. LANL Phase 3 Test Plan For Container Loading to Support the Fire-Induced Pressure Response and Failure Characterization of PCV/SCV/3013 Containers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1566078.

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Stakes, Keith, and Joseph Willi. Study of the Fire Service Training Environment: Safety, Fidelity, and Exposure -- Acquired Structures. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/ceci9490.

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Previous FSRI led research projects have focused on examining the fire environment with regards to current building construction methods, synthetic fuel loading, and best-practices in firefighting strategies and tactics. More than 50 experiments have been previously conducted utilizing furniture to produce vent-limited fire conditions, replicating the residential fire environment, and studying the methods of horizontal ventilation, vertical ventilation, and positive pressure attack. Tactical considerations generated from the research are intended to provide fire departments with information to evaluate their standard operating procedures and make improvements, if necessary, to increase the safety and effectiveness of firefighting crews. Unfortunately, there still exists a long standing disconnect between live-fire training and the fireground as evident by continued line of duty injury and death investigations that point directly to a lack of realistic yet safe training, which highlights a continued misunderstanding of fire dynamics within structures. The main objective of the Study of the Fire Service Training Environment: Safety, Fidelity, and Exposure is to evaluate training methods and fuel packages in several different structures commonly used across the fire service to provide and highlight considerations to increase both safety and fidelity. This report is focused on the evaluation of live-fire training in acquired structures. A full scale structure was constructed using a similar floor plan as in the research projects for horizontal ventilation, vertical ventilation, and positive pressure attack to provide a comparison between the modern fire environment and the training ground. The structure was instrumented which allowed for the quantification of fire behavior, the impact of various ventilation tactics, and provided the ability to directly compare these experiments with the previous research. Twelve full scale fire experiments were conducted within the test structure using two common training fuel packages: 1) pallets, and 2) pallets and oriented strand board (OSB). To compare the training fuels to modern furnishings, the experiments conducted were designed to replicate both fire and ventilation location as well as event timing to the previous research. Horizontal ventilation, vertical ventilation, and positive pressure attack methods were tested, examining the proximity of the vent location to the fire (near vs. far). Each ventilation configuration in this series was tested twice with one of the two training fuel loads. The quantification of the differences between modern furnishings and wood-based training fuel loads and the impact of different ventilation tactics is documented through a detailed comparison to the tactical fireground considerations from the previous research studies. The experiments were compared to identify how the type of fuel used in acquired structures impacts the safety and fidelity of live-fire training. The comparisons in this report characterized initial fire growth, the propensity for the fire to become ventilation limited, the fires response to ventilation, and peak thermal exposure to students and instructors. Comparisons examined components of both functional and physical fidelity. Video footage was used to assess the visual cues, a component of the fire environment that is often difficult to replicate in training due to fuel load restrictions. The thermal environment within the structure was compared between fuel packages with regards to the potential tenability for both students and instructors.
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Kopper, Karen E., Donald McKenzie, and David L. Peterson. The evaluation of meta-analysis techniques for quantifying prescribed fire effects on fuel loadings. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rp-582.

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Escobedo, Francisco J., Peter F. Ffolliott, Gerald J. Gottfried, and Florentino Garza. Fire frequency effects on fuel loadings in pine-oak forests of the Madrean Province. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-rn-10.

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Sprankle, Ray. Analysis of Filter System Soot Loading for postulated Fires in the K-Area Complex Container Surveillance and Storage Capability Project (U), WCRC-TR-2007-00216. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1379505.

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Hassan, Tarek A., Jesse Schreger, Markus Schwedeler, and Ahmed Tahoun. Country Risk. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp157.

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We construct new measures of country risk and sentiment as perceived by global investors and executives using textual analysis of the quarterly earnings calls of publicly listed firms around the world. Our quarterly measures cover 45 countries from 2002-2020. We use our measures to provide a novel characterization of country risk and to provide a harmonized definition of crises. We demonstrate that elevated perceptions of a country's riskiness are associated with significant falls in local asset prices and capital outflows, even after global financial conditions are controlled for. Increases in country risk are associated with reductions in firm-level investment and employment. We also show direct evidence of a novel type of contagion, where foreign risk is transmitted across borders through firm-level exposures. Exposed firms suffer falling market valuations and significantly retrench their hiring and investment in response to crises abroad. Finally, we provide direct evidence that heterogeneous currency loadings on global risk help explain the cross-country pattern of interest rates and currency risk premia.
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