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1
Georgescu, Iulia. "Field of fire." Nature Physics 9, no. 10 (October 2013): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys2780.
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RUBAJ, Tomasz. "FIELD ARTILLERY IN JOINT FIRE SUPPORT." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 164, no. 2 (March 1, 2012): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.2782.
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Joint fires are defined as fires produced during the employment of forces from two or more components in coordinated action to produce desired effects in the support of a common objective. When joint fires assist air, land, maritime, and SOF to move, manoeuvre, and control territory, populations, airspace, and key waters are called Joint Fire Support (JFS).According to the latest standardization agreements, the range of capabilities to influence enemy forces has been extended to the sphere of influence in order to achieve the desired effect, not only a physical one but also a psychological one. That way Joint Fire Support (JFS) and Effects is the coordinated and integrated employment of all weapon platforms delivering fires (including land, air, naval indirect fires) to achieve the required effects on ground targets to support land operations in the full spectrum of conflict. It encompasses the integration of indirect fires and effects in order to influence the adversary forces, installations or functions. Joint Fire Support Element (JFSE) could either encompass influence elements as, for example, PSYOPS, CIMIC, EW, or be incorporated in a wider cell dealing with overall influence activities.The necessity of conducting JFS more often occurs at the tactical level because of the complexity of contemporary operational environment (non-linear and non-continuous battlespace, dispersion of forces, high operations tempo, and short time of reaction). For this reason, JFS should be coordinated, synchronized and integrated in the framework of three vital components: surveillance and target acquisition (STA), command and control (C2), weapon (delivering) systems. Among them, Field Artillery Forces possess a relevant part of each of the abovementioned subsystems and their capabilities. The article presents selected solutions from different countries, experimented so far, and experiences from current military, peace and stabilization operations, indicating the plans and directions for further development of Joint Fire Support and Effect.
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Finney, MA, and RE Martin. "Calibration and Field Testing of Passive Flame Height Sensors." International Journal of Wildland Fire 2, no. 3 (1992): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9920115.
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The concept of a passive flame height sensor involves thin strings permeated with fire retardant or solder which record heights of flame contact. Both types of sensors were calibrated during 12 experimental test fires with respect to flame heights measured on video tape. Three thresholds of fire damage to string-type sensors were identified: singeing of fine string fibers, complete blackening of the string, and thorough charring or consumption. These damage thresholds were found to exceed95%, 71% and48% of all flame heights measured from video tape, respectively. 18-gauge solder melted to a height exceeding 86% of measured flame heights. Field testing of 512 sensors during prescribed burning affirmed the potential practicality of this technique for estimating flame length.
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Parik, Madhav, Pritha Roy, Ramanuj Mukherjee, and Gouri Mukhopadhyay. "A Field Fire Ulcer." Indian Journal of Surgery 79, no. 4 (May 11, 2017): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12262-017-1652-9.
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Anderson, Stuart A. J., and Wendy R. Anderson. "Ignition and fire spread thresholds in gorse (Ulex europaeus)." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 5 (2010): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09008.
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Field experiments were carried out in stands of gorse (Ulex europaeus L.) in New Zealand to determine the conditions under which fires would both ignite and spread. Research and operational experience in shrub fuels suggest that there is a clear difference between conditions that support ignition only (fuel ignites but does not spread beyond a single bush or clump) and conditions that are conducive to fire spread (fuel ignites and develops into a spreading fire). It is important for fire management agencies to be equipped with knowledge of these thresholds, because the different conditions require different levels of preparedness and response. Results indicate that the major variable influencing both fire ignition and fire spread development in gorse is the moisture content of the elevated dead fine fuel layer. Fires were observed to spread successfully in this elevated fuel layer only, independently of the surface fuels and the near-surface fuels. Elevated dead fuels failed to ignite at a moisture content of greater than 36%, and ignition only resulted in a spreading fire at moisture contents below 19%. The results correlate well with field observations and fire practitioners’ experience in these fuels, and provide reliable guidelines for fire management planning.
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Iga, Yuto, and Kazunori Kuwana. "Flow Field around a Fire Whirl over Line Fire." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2020 (October 9, 2020): 0159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2020.0159.
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Antonchenko, V. V. "Problems of Preventive Work in the Field of Fire Safety." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.98.1.073-079.
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The article analyzes the activities of supervisory authorities in implementing control and supervisory measures in the field of fire safety. The author believes that today the society lives in the conditions of imitation of activity in this important area, which is not related to the real provision of fire safety. One of the circumstances allowing drawing such a conclusion is the transfer of fire safety supervisory functions and control powers to nongovernmental institutions.Based on the analysis of the mechanisms of fire safety control and supervision — both the state fire supervision bodies under the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia and companies providing services for the fire audit — the conclusion is made about inadmissibility of eliminating the State from the principal, active and purposeful work on fire prevention and narrowing the powers of state bodies in this extremely important and, at the same time, very problematic area. The author believes that the neglect of the need to maintain a high level of fire safety, including by legal means, significantly weakens the level of protection of an individual and a society from fires.
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Morgan, Penelope, Robert E. Keane, Gregory K. Dillon, Theresa B. Jain, Andrew T. Hudak, Eva C. Karau, Pamela G. Sikkink, Zachary A. Holden, and Eva K. Strand. "Challenges of assessing fire and burn severity using field measures, remote sensing and modelling." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 8 (2014): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13058.
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Comprehensive assessment of ecological change after fires have burned forests and rangelands is important if we are to understand, predict and measure fire effects. We highlight the challenges in effective assessment of fire and burn severity in the field and using both remote sensing and simulation models. We draw on diverse recent research for guidance on assessing fire effects on vegetation and soil using field methods, remote sensing and models. We suggest that instead of collapsing many diverse, complex and interacting fire effects into a single severity index, the effects of fire should be directly measured and then integrated into severity index keys specifically designed for objective severity assessment. Using soil burn severity measures as examples, we highlight best practices for selecting imagery, designing an index, determining timing and deciding what to measure, emphasising continuous variables measureable in the field and from remote sensing. We also urge the development of a severity field assessment database and research to further our understanding of causal mechanisms linking fire and burn severity to conditions before and during fires to support improved models linking fire behaviour and severity and for forecasting effects of future fires.
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CRAWFORD, M. "Overseas Field Tests Under Fire." Science 234, no. 4780 (November 28, 1986): 1068–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.234.4780.1068-a.
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Sharma, P. K., V. Verma, J. Chattopadhyay, and G. Vinod. "Large eddy fire simulation applications from nuclear industry." Kerntechnik 86, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kern-2020-0052.
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Abstract A computational study has been carried out for predicting the behaviour of a pool fire source using the field-model based code Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Time dependent velocity and temperature fields are predicted along with the resulting changes in the plume structure and its width. Firstly, a grid study was performed to find out the best grid size for this purpose. Then calculations were done which showed a very good agreement with earlier reported experimental based correlations for the temperature of the plume region. These studies have been extended to use this field-model based tools for modelling particular separate effect phenomena like puffing frequency and to validate against experimental data. There are several applications in nuclear industry like room fires, wildland fires, smoke or ash disposal, hydrogen transport in nuclear reactor containment, natural convection in building flows etc. In this paper the use of FDS with the advanced Large Eddy Simulation (LES) based CFD turbulence model is described for various applications: Fire simulation for Alpha storage, Bhabhatran teletherapy, pool fire for transport casks, fire PSA of a representative NPP, exhaust air fan buildings of a process plant and smoke dispersion in large fires around NPPs.
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Nelson Jr., Ralph M., and Carl W. Adkins. "Flame characteristics of wind-driven surface fires." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 1293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-229.
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Twenty-two fires in a laboratory wind tunnel and 8 field fires were studied with video techniques to determine relationships between their flame characteristics and fire behavior. The laboratory fires were in pine needle fuel beds with and without an overlying stratum of live vegetation. These fuels simulated 2-year roughs in southeastern fuel types. The field bums were in 1- and 2-year roughs in similar fuels. Byram's fire intensity ranged from 98 to 590 kW/m in the laboratory, and from 355 to 2755 kW/m in the field. Flame lengths were proportional to the square root of fire intensity when fuel consumption exceeded 0.5 kg/m2, in agreement with predictions from buoyant flame theory. However, for burns in the needle layer (consumption approximately 0.5 kg/m2), flame lengths were constant at about 0.5 m, regardless of intensity. Similar values were observed on two of the field fires. It is speculated that flame length is limited by a boundary layer pattern for the overall flow, even though the flames themselves did not exhibit boundary layer characteristics. Also, laboratory correlations of flame tilt angle and fire intensity with other fire and weather variables depart from buoyant flame theory. Further study under field conditions is needed before relationships involving flame tilt angle, fire intensity, and wind speed should be used in practical applications.
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Clements, Craig B., Shiyuan Zhong, Scott Goodrick, Ju Li, Brian E. Potter, Xindi Bian, Warren E. Heilman, et al. "Observing the Dynamics of Wildland Grass Fires: FireFlux—A Field Validation Experiment." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 88, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 1369–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-88-9-1369.
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Grass fires, although not as intense as forest fires, present a major threat to life and property during periods of drought in the Great Plains of the United States. Recently, major wildland grass fires in Texas burned nearly 1.6 million acres and destroyed over 730 homes and 1320 other buildings. The fires resulted in the death of 19 people, an estimated loss of 10,000 head of livestock, and more than $628 million in damage, making the 2005/06 fire season the worst on record for the state of Texas. As an aid to fire management, various models have been developed to describe fire behavior. However, these models strongly emphasize fuels and fail to adequately consider the role of convective dynamics within the atmosphere and its interaction with the fire due to the lack of observational data. To fill this gap, an intensive field measurement campaign called FireFlux was conducted during February 2006 near Houston, Texas. The campaign employed a variety of instrument platforms to collect turbulence data at multiple levels within and immediately downwind of a 155 acre tall-grass prairie burn unit. This paper presents some first-time observations of atmospheric turbulent structures/fluxes associated with intense grass fires and provides a basis to further our understanding of the dynamics of grass fires and their interactions with the atmosphere.
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Prichard, Susan, N. Larkin, Roger Ottmar, Nancy French, Kirk Baker, Tim Brown, Craig Clements, et al. "The Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment—A Plan for Integrated, Large Fire–Atmosphere Field Campaigns." Atmosphere 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10020066.
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The Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment (FASMEE) is designed to collect integrated observations from large wildland fires and provide evaluation datasets for new models and operational systems. Wildland fire, smoke dispersion, and atmospheric chemistry models have become more sophisticated, and next-generation operational models will require evaluation datasets that are coordinated and comprehensive for their evaluation and advancement. Integrated measurements are required, including ground-based observations of fuels and fire behavior, estimates of fire-emitted heat and emissions fluxes, and observations of near-source micrometeorology, plume properties, smoke dispersion, and atmospheric chemistry. To address these requirements the FASMEE campaign design includes a study plan to guide the suite of required measurements in forested sites representative of many prescribed burning programs in the southeastern United States and increasingly common high-intensity fires in the western United States. Here we provide an overview of the proposed experiment and recommendations for key measurements. The FASMEE study provides a template for additional large-scale experimental campaigns to advance fire science and operational fire and smoke models.
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Yershov, A. V., V. B. Korobko, I. M. Zheleznichenko, E. N. Kiyatkina, and I. O. Voropaev. "PREVENTION OF PROBLEMATIC SITUATIONS IN THE FIELD OF FIRE SAFETY." Engineering and Construction Bulletin of the Caspian Region 112 (2021): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52684/2312-3702-2021-36-2-80-87.
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This article discusses a new procedure for regulating social relations in the technosphere, which requires the verification of the presence of a causal relationship between the harm being prevented and the technical solution from the standardization document (from the technical norm or from the technical requirement) in relation to the specific circumstances of fire and death. This fact not only increases the accuracy in the investigation of crimes, but also significantly reduces the time for conducting investigations (examinations). The authors believe that the proposed changes to the practice of conducting fire investigations will have a direct impact on the design, construction and operation of capital construction projects, as well as on the production of control and supervisory and licensing activities, in terms of increasing the level of protection of citizens from fire damage, and will also contribute to a higher level of protection of firefighters in extinguishing fires and removing unfounded charges from officials of the fire extinguishing service and state fire supervision. Keywords: loss of life,
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Loudermilk, E. Louise, Gary L. Achtemeier, Joseph J. O'Brien, J. Kevin Hiers, and Benjamin S. Hornsby. "High-resolution observations of combustion in heterogeneous surface fuels." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 7 (2014): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13160.
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In ecosystems with frequent surface fires, fire and fuel heterogeneity at relevant scales have been largely ignored. This could be because complete burns give an impression of homogeneity, or due to the difficulty in capturing fine-scale variation in fuel characteristics and fire behaviour. Fire movement between patches of fuel can have implications for modelling fire spread and understanding ecological effects. We collected high resolution (0.8×0.8-cm pixels) visual and thermal imaging data during fire passage over 4×4-m plots of mixed fuel beds consisting of pine litter and grass during two prescribed burns within the longleaf pine forests of Eglin Air Force Base, FL in February 2011. Fuel types were identified by passing multi-spectral digital images through a colour recognition algorithm in ‘Rabbit Rules,’ an experimental coupled fire-atmosphere fire spread model. Image fuel types were validated against field fuel types. Relationships between fuel characteristics and fire behaviour measurements at multiple resolutions (0.8×0.8cm to 33×33cm) were analysed using a regression tree approach. There were strong relationships between fire behaviour and fuels, especially at the 33×33-cm scale (R2=0.40–0.69), where image-to-image overlap error was reduced and fuels were well characterised. Distinct signatures were found for individual and coupled fuel types for determining fire behaviour, illustrating the importance of understanding fire-fuel heterogeneity at fine-scales. Simulating fire spread at this fine-scale may be critical for understanding fire effects, such as understorey plant community assembly.
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Bryanin, Semyon V., and Kobayashi Makoto. "Fire-derived charcoal affects fine root vitality in a post-fire Gmelin larch forest: field evidence." Plant and Soil 416, no. 1-2 (March 22, 2017): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3217-x.
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Raposo, J. R., D. X. Viegas, X. Xie, M. Almeida, A. R. Figueiredo, L. Porto, and J. Sharples. "Analysis of the physical processes associated with junction fires at laboratory and field scales." International Journal of Wildland Fire 27, no. 1 (2018): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf16173.
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Junction fires, which involve the merging of two linear fire fronts intersecting at a small angle, are associated with very intense fire behaviour. The dynamic displacement of the intersection point of the two lines and the flow along the symmetry plane of the fire are analysed for symmetric boundary conditions. It is observed that the velocity of displacement of this point increases very rapidly owing to strong convective effects created by the fire that are similar to those of an eruptive fire. The change of fire geometry and of its associated flow gradually blocks the rate of spread increase and creates a strong deceleration of the fire, which ends up behaving like a linear fire front. Results from laboratory and field-scale experiments, using various fuel beds and slope angles and from a large-scale fire show that the processes are similar at a wide range of scales with little dependence on the initial boundary conditions. Numerical simulation of the heat flux from two flame surfaces to an element of the fuel bed show that radiation can be considered as the main mechanism of fire spread only during the deceleration phase of the fire.
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Bugaytsov, Sergey Georgiyovych, and Vasyl Anatoliyovych Shoyko. "IMPROVEMENT OF MECHANISMS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN FIELD OF FIRE SAFETY AS A COMPLEX NATIONAL SECURITY." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 12 (February 14, 2018): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i12.81.
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The article describes the objects of administrative influences from the position of development of the sphere of fire safety. Mechanisms of state management of the fire safety sphere in Ukraine are investigated. The main causes of fires in Ukraine are identified according to experts. Proposals have been made on the necessary changes to the law of Ukraine “On the Fundamentals of National Security of Ukraine”. The proposed scientific and theoretical foundations of mechanisms for the implementation of state governance in the field of fire safety. It was determined that the state should always act as a reliable guarantor of mandatory liability of organizations operating hazardous industrial facilities, establish criteria for determining the amount of financial security for civil liability for damage caused by an emergency situation related to the occurrence of a fire; introduction of scientifically sound approaches to the assessment of fire damage with the involvement of independent expert organizations; development of the regulatory and legal framework for the implementation of supervisory functions and ensuring the responsibility of managers of enterprises (institutions, organizations) and executive authorities in the field of fire safety. At the same time, it is justified that the main indicators in the state regulation should be considered: the frequency of fires, losses, the costs of measures to prevent and eliminate emergencies associated with the occurrence of a fire and prevented damage. It is specified that the understanding of the importance of fire safety as a priority component of national security is not very deep in our opinion, is also due to the fact that the losses that result from the occurrence of fires are not always properly calculated. In our opinion, the calculations of only a set of known losses can not expose all the costs that the state and society bear on the results of fires. The most obvious example is the consequences of a fire in the forest.
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Maynard, Trevor, Marko Princevac, and David R. Weise. "A Study of the Flow Field Surrounding Interacting Line Fires." Journal of Combustion 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6927482.
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The interaction of converging fires often leads to significant changes in fire behavior, including increased flame length, angle, and intensity. In this paper, the fluid mechanics of two adjacent line fires are studied both theoretically and experimentally. A simple potential flow model is used to explain the tilting of interacting flames towards each other, which results from a momentum imbalance triggered by fire geometry. The model was validated by measuring the velocity field surrounding stationary alcohol pool fires. The flow field was seeded with high-contrast colored smoke, and the motion of smoke structures was analyzed using a cross-correlation optical flow technique. The measured velocities and flame angles are found to compare reasonably with the predicted values, and an analogy between merging fires and wind-blown flames is proposed.
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Zobkov, D. V., A. A. Poroshin, and A. A. Kondashov. "Model for assigning security objects to a specific risk category in the field of fire safety." Technology of technosphere safety 90 (2020): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2020.4.90.19-31.
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Introduction. A mathematical model is presented for assigning protection objects to certain risk categories in the field of fire safety. The model is based on the concepts of the probability of adverse effects of fires causing harm (damage) of various extent and severity to the life or health of citizens, and the acceptable risk of harm (damage) from fires. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study is to develop the procedure for assigning protection objects to a certain category of risk of harm (damage) based on estimates of the probability of fires with the corresponding severity consequences, to determine the acceptable level of risk of harm (damage) due to the fires, to calculate and develop numerical values of criteria for assigning objects of protection to the appropriate risk categories. Methods. The boundaries of the intervals corresponding to certain risk categories are determined by dividing the logarithmic scale of severity of adverse effects of fires into equal segments. Classification methods are used to assign objects of protection to a specific risk category. Results and discussion. Based on the level of severity of potential negative consequences of a fire, risk categories were determined for groups of protection objects that are homogeneous by type of economic activity and by functional fire hazard classes. The risk category for each individual object of protection is proposed to be determined using the so-called index of "identification of a controlled person" within a group of objects that are homogeneous by type of economic activity and class of functional fire hazard. Depending on the risk category, the periodicity of planned control and supervision measures in relation to the specific object of protection under consideration is determined, taking into account its socio-economic characteristics and the state of compliance with fire safety requirements by the controlled person. Conclusions. To develop criteria for classifying protection objects that are homogeneous in terms of economic activity and functional fire hazard classes, the probability of negative consequences of fires, that are causing harm (damage) of various extent and severity to the life or health of citizens, and the acceptable risk of causing harm (damage) as a result of fires, is used. The risk category for each individual object of protection is determined taking into account socio-economic characteristics of the object that affect the level of ensuring its fire safety, as well as the criteriaof integrity of the subordinate person that characterize the probability of non-compliance with mandatory fire safety requirements at the object of protection. Calculations are made and numerical values of criteria for assigning protection objects that are homogeneous in terms of economic activity and functional fire hazard classes to a certain category of risk are proposed. Key words: object of protection, probability of fire, acceptable level of risk, risk category, dangerous factor of fire, death and injury of people.
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Kremens, R., J. Faulring, A. Gallagher, A. Seema, and A. Vodacek. "Autonomous field-deployable wildland fire sensors." International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, no. 2 (2003): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf02055.
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An Autonomous Fire Detector (AFD) is a miniature electronic package combining position location capability [using the Global Positioning System (GPS)], communications (packet or voice-synthesized radio), and fire detection capability (thermal, gas, smoke detector) into an inexpensive, deployable package. The AFD can report fire-related parameters, like temperature, carbon monoxide concentration, or smoke levels via a radio link to firefighters located on the ground. These systems are designed to be inserted into the fire by spotter planes at a fire site or positioned by firefighters already on the ground. AFDs can also be used as early warning devices near critical assets in the urban–wildland interface. AFDs can now be made with commercial off-the-shelf components. Using modern micro-electronics, an AFD can operate for the duration of even the longest fire (weeks) using a simple dry battery pack, and can be designed to have a transmitting range of up to several kilometers with current low power radio communication technology. A receiver to capture the data stream from the AFD can be made as light, inexpensive and portable as the AFD itself. Inexpensive portable repeaters can be used to extend the range of the AFD and to coordinate many probes into an autonomous fire monitoring network.
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Galea, E. R., and C. S. Ierotheou. "Fire-field modelling on parallel computers." Fire Safety Journal 19, no. 4 (January 1992): 251–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(92)90008-z.
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Dembsey, N. A., P. J. Pagni, and R. B. Williamson. "Compartment fire near-field entrainment measurements." Fire Safety Journal 24, no. 4 (January 1995): 383–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(95)00030-5.
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Delcourt, Clement J. F., Alisha Combee, Brian Izbicki, Michelle C. Mack, Trofim Maximov, Roman Petrov, Brendan M. Rogers, et al. "Evaluating the Differenced Normalized Burn Ratio for Assessing Fire Severity Using Sentinel-2 Imagery in Northeast Siberian Larch Forests." Remote Sensing 13, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 2311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13122311.
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Fire severity is a key fire regime characteristic with high ecological and carbon cycle relevance. Prior studies on boreal forest fires primarily focused on mapping severity in North American boreal forests. However, the dominant tree species and their impacts on fire regimes are different between North American and Siberian boreal forests. Here, we used Sentinel-2 satellite imagery to test the potential for using the most common spectral index for assessing fire severity, the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR), over two fire scars and 37 field plots in Northeast Siberian larch-dominated (Larix cajanderi) forests. These field plots were sampled into two different forest types: (1) dense young stands and (2) open mature stands. For this evaluation, the dNBR was compared to field measurements of the Geometrically structured Composite Burn Index (GeoCBI) and burn depth. We found a linear relationship between dNBR and GeoCBI using data from all forest types (R2 = 0.42, p < 0.001). The dNBR performed better to predict GeoCBI in open mature larch plots (R2 = 0.56, p < 0.001). The GeoCBI provides a holistic field assessment of fire severity yet is dominated by the effect of fire on vegetation. No significant relationships were found between GeoCBI components (overall and substrate stratum) and burn depth within our fires (p > 0.05 in all cases). However, the dNBR showed some potential as a predictor for burn depth, especially in the dense larch forests (R2 = 0.63, p < 0.001). In line with previous studies in boreal North America, the dNBR correlated reasonably well with field data of aboveground fire severity and showed some skills as a predictor of burn depth. More research is needed to refine spaceborne fire severity assessments in the larch forests of Northeast Siberia, including assessments of additional fire scars and integration of dNBR with other geospatial proxies of fire severity.
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Hodgson, Amy K., William T. Morgan, Sebastian O'Shea, Stéphane Bauguitte, James D. Allan, Eoghan Darbyshire, Michael J. Flynn, et al. "Near-field emission profiling of tropical forest and Cerrado fires in Brazil during SAMBBA 2012." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 8 (April 24, 2018): 5619–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5619-2018.
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Abstract. We profile trace gas and particulate emissions from near-field airborne measurements of discrete smoke plumes in Brazil during the 2012 biomass burning season. The South American Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA) Project conducted during September and October 2012 sampled across two distinct fire regimes prevalent in the Amazon Basin. Combined measurements from a Compact Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (C-ToF-AMS) and a Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) are reported for the first time in a tropical biomass burning environment. Emissions from a mostly smouldering tropical forest wildfire in Rondônia state and numerous smaller flaming Cerrado fires in Tocantins state are presented. While the Cerrado fires appear to be representative of typical fire conditions in the existing literature, the tropical forest wildfire likely represents a more extreme example of biomass burning with a bias towards mostly smouldering emissions. We determined fire-integrated modified combustion efficiencies, emission ratios and emission factors for trace gas and particulate components for these two fire types, alongside aerosol microphysical properties. Seven times more black carbon was emitted from the Cerrado fires per unit of fuel combustion (EFBC of 0.13 ± 0.04 g kg−1) compared to the tropical forest fire (EFBC of 0.019 ± 0.006 g kg−1), and more than 6 times the amount of organic aerosol was emitted from the tropical forest fire per unit of fuel combustion (EFOM of 8.00 ± 2.53 g kg−1, EFOC of 5.00 ± 1.58 g kg−1) compared to the Cerrado fires (EFOM of 1.31 ± 0.42 g kg−1, EFOC of 0.82 ± 0.26 g kg−1). Particulate-phase species emitted from the fires sampled are generally lower than those reported in previous studies and in emission inventories, which is likely a combination of differences in fire combustion efficiency and fuel mixture, along with different measurement techniques. Previous modelling studies focussed on the biomass burning season in tropical South America have required significant scaling up of emissions to reproduce in situ and satellite aerosol concentrations over the region. Our results do not indicate that emission factors used in inventories are biased low, which could be one potential cause of the reported underestimates in modelling studies. This study supplements and updates trace gas and particulate emission factors for fire-type-specific biomass burning in Brazil for use in weather and climate models. The study illustrates that initial fire conditions can result in substantial differences in terms of their emitted chemical components, which can potentially perturb the Earth system.
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Chou, Kuo Da, Cherng Shing Lin, Chia Chun Yu, and Shih Cheng Wang. "Ultimate Strength Analysis for a Concrete Beam after a Sustained Building Fire." Advanced Materials Research 566 (September 2012): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.566.331.
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More than 90% of the buildings in Taiwan use reinforced concrete (RC) structures. It is crucial to human life and property to determine whether the RC structure is safe after fire damage. However, it is impossible to obtain fire thermal parameters quantitative data from actual building fires. Therefore, numerical simulation software that simulates fire scenarios was used to model fires for fire protection engineering. Beam strength decreases because of high temperature. To obtain precise beam temperature profiles in a building fire, this study used the fire model FDS and field model PHOENICS software to simulate fire development and beam inner temperature variation. Fire scenarios and beam surface temperatures in a room fire were analyzed by the FDS fire model. Beam boundary temperatures were transferred into the PHOENICS field model to compute the detailed temperature profile within the beam. The structural strength was estimated by using beam various cross-section temperatures to investigate dynamic ultimate bending moment of a RC beam in a room fire. Through the various simulations and calculations, this investigation obtained the influence of various beam positions, fire intensity, fire duration and fire damage sustained (whether two or three faces) by a RC beam after a building fire.
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Long, Russell W., Andrew Whitehill, Andrew Habel, Shawn Urbanski, Hannah Halliday, Maribel Colón, Surender Kaushik, and Matthew S. Landis. "Comparison of ozone measurement methods in biomass burning smoke: an evaluation under field and laboratory conditions." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 1783–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1783-2021.
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Abstract. In recent years wildland fires in the United States have had significant impacts on local and regional air quality and negative human health outcomes. Although the primary health concerns from wildland fires come from fine particulate matter (PM2.5), large increases in ozone (O3) have been observed downwind of wildland fire plumes (DeBell et al., 2004; Bytnerowicz et al., 2010; Preisler et al., 2010; Jaffe et al., 2012; Bytnerowicz et al., 2013; Jaffe et al., 2013; Lu et al., 2016; Lindaas et al., 2017; McClure and Jaffe, 2018; Liu et al., 2018; Baylon et al., 2018; Buysse et al., 2019). Conditions generated in and around wildland fire plumes, including the presence of interfering chemical species, can make the accurate measurement of O3 concentrations using the ultraviolet (UV) photometric method challenging if not impossible. UV photometric method instruments are prone to interferences by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are present at high concentrations in wildland fire smoke. Four different O3 measurement methodologies were deployed in a mobile sampling platform downwind of active prescribed grassland fire lines in Kansas and Oregon and during controlled chamber burns at the United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana. We demonstrate that the Federal Reference Method (FRM) nitric oxide (NO) chemiluminescence monitors and Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) gas-phase (NO) chemical scrubber UV photometric O3 monitors are relatively interference-free, even in near-field combustion plumes. In contrast, FEM UV photometric O3 monitors using solid-phase catalytic scrubbers show positive artifacts that are positively correlated with carbon monoxide (CO) and total gas-phase hydrocarbon (THC), two indicator species of biomass burning. Of the two catalytic scrubber UV photometric methods evaluated, the instruments that included a Nafion® tube dryer in the sample introduction system had artifacts an order of magnitude smaller than the instrument with no humidity correction. We hypothesize that Nafion®-permeating VOCs (such as aromatic hydrocarbons) could be a significant source of interference for catalytic scrubber UV photometric O3 monitors and that the inclusion of a Nafion® tube dryer assists with the mitigation of these interferences. The chemiluminescence FRM method is highly recommended for accurate measurements of O3 in wildland fire plume studies and at regulatory ambient monitoring sites frequently impacted by wildland fire smoke.
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Lin, Cherng Shing, Te Chi Chen, and Tai Yi Lee. "Fire Computer-Simulated Fire Scene Verification of Entertainment Establishments." Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (August 2013): 630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.630.
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Entertainment establishments generally have a high volume of visitors and must pay special attention to enhance fire prevention and safety. In the past 30 years, many cases of serious fires have occurred in entertainment establishments in Taiwan, causing numerous casualties and significant property losses. Examples include the fire incidents at the Welcome Restaurant in Taichung City (64 people were dead) and at the Lunch in Restaurant and the Mythology World KTV in Taipei City (33 people were dead). Consequently, fire protection engineering research for entertainment establishments is extremely important. In this study, a specific bar-type entertainment establishment located in Taichung in 2011 was used as the research subject (9 people were dead).Field model-based fire dynamics simulator (FDS) software was used to reconstruct a numerical model for conducting a case study of the fire scene. Changes in the heat transfer, smoke flow, upper layer temperature, and CO concentration were investigated. This study also verified the fire field the evacuation of people. It is hoped that the results can provide a useful reference for fireproofing or prevention projects in similar entertainment establishments.
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Nunohiro, Eiji, Kei Katayama, Kenneth J. Mackin, and Jong Geol Park. "Forest and Field Fire Search System Using MODIS Data." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 11, no. 8 (October 20, 2007): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2007.p1043.
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Tokyo University of Information Sciences receives MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data from NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites, and provides the processed data to universities and research institutes as part of the academic frontier project. This paper considers the utilization of MODIS data for a system to search for fire regions in forests and fields. For the search system to be effective, the system must be able to extract the location, range and distribution of fires in forests and fields from a large scale image database quickly with high accuracy. In order to achieve high search response time and to improve the accuracy of the analysis, we propose a forest and field fire search system which implements a) a parallel distributed system configuration using multiple PC clusters, and b) MOD02, MOD03 and MOD09 process levels of MODIS data for input data which provide higher resolution and more accurate readings than the standard MOD14 process level data.
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Toki, Kenzo. "Protection of Cultural Heritage from Post-Earthquake Fire." Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0004.
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The cultural property protection field is wide and varied, with the problem of natural disaster alone often being overlooked, especially in seismic hazard measures. Cultural property preservation field experts recognize that fire-prevention measures, for example, having focused on accidental fires and arson within shrine and temple precincts that have been ineffective in preventing fires from spreading to historical buildings during simultaneous fire outbreaks in surroundings of concern during earthquakes. In 2003, the Japanese government recognized the importance of cultural heritage disaster mitigation, and a National Committee was organized whose first report was released in 2004, leading, in turn, to the first national project for protecting cultural assets against natural disasters. The project focused on two 1,500-ton underground water storage tanks near Kiyomizudera and Sanneizaka. With a pressurized water sprinkler system and other fire control facilities, the facility is expected to be used to fight fires during earthquakes and to provide easy-to-use fire hydrants for other fires.
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Poulos, Lauren P., and Bitty A. Roy. "Fire and False Brome: How Do Prescribed Fire and Invasive Brachypodium sylvaticum Affect Each Other?" Invasive Plant Science and Management 8, no. 2 (June 2015): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-14-00024.1.
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Brachypodium sylvaticum, a shade-tolerant, forest dwelling, and aggressive invasive grass native to Eurasia, is a noxious weed in California, Oregon, and Washington. This species could cause ecosystem collapse by altering forest fire regimes. To examine interactions with fire, we divided two Willamette National Forest sites into eight units and randomly selected half for treatment with prescribed fire in spring 2011. We assessed the effect of B. sylvaticum on fire (severity and intensity) as well as the effect of fire on B. sylvaticum (cover, seedling emergence, and dispersal). We found that B. sylvaticum cover decreased fire severity but had no effect on intensity. Furthermore, fire severity influenced B. sylvaticum cover; in areas receiving low-severity fire, the grass increased from 21 ± 15.05 to 34 ± 15.81%, but in areas of high-severity fire, cover remained consistently around 0% (0 ± 0% cover in yr 1 to 0.2 5± 0.25% in yr 3). In the field, prescribed fire decreased seedling emergence by 32% compared to controls, but not in an associated greenhouse experiment. However, in the greenhouse, severely burned plots had zero emergence, compared to 0.29 ± 0.14 seedlings low-severity m−2 plot. Fire severity also influenced dispersal in the field; we monitored plots with < 0.5% cover B. sylvaticum initially; when these plots experienced low severity fire, they had greater B. sylvaticum cover (increasing 1,200%), suggesting increased dispersal with less severe fires. High-severity dispersal plots did not experience increased cover. High severity fires have the potential to control the grass, but low-severity fires will likely increase its cover.
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Nelson Jr., Ralph M., and Carl W. Adkins. "A dimensionless correlation for the spread of wind-driven fires." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-058.
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Data for the behavior of 59 experimental wind-driven fires were extracted from the literature for use in determining a correlation among several variables known to influence the rate of forest fire spread. Also included in the correlation were unpublished data from six field fires. This information consisted of behavior measurements on small-scale burns of artificial fuels in the laboratory and measurements on field fires in diverse fuels such as grass and logging slash. Fire intensities ranged from about 40 to 4600 kW/m. Dimensional analysis was used to derive three variables governing the fire spread process. These variables, rearranged into a dimensionless rate of spread and a dimensionless wind speed, are strongly correlated and lead to a simple expression for fire spread rate in terms of fuel consumption, ambient wind speed, and flame residence time.
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Зобков, Денис Валерьевич, Александр Алексеевич Порошин, Андрей Александрович Кондашов, Евгений Васильевич Бобринев, and Елена Юрьевна Удавцова. "Methodology for assigning objects of protection to a certain risk category in the field of fire safety." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 4(101) (December 7, 2020): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2020.101.4.002.
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Проанализирован международный опыт реформирования проверок соблюдения требований пожарной безопасности и внедрения риск-ориентированного подхода. Разработана модель отнесения объектов защиты к категориям риска в зависимости от вероятного причинения вреда, который рассчитывается исходя из количества погибших и травмированных при пожарах людей. Сформулированы критерии отнесения объектов защиты к категориям риска. Выполнен расчет категорий риска для групп объектов, однородных по группам экономической деятельности и классам функциональной пожарной опасности. Проведено сравнение с существующей классификацией объектов защиты по категориям риска. The international experience of reforming of fire safety compliance checks and implementing a risk-based approach is considered. There are presented methodological approaches to calculating the risk of causing harm (damage) in buildings (structures) as a result of fire for the purpose of assignment of buildings and structures according to risk categories as well as justification of the frequency of scheduled inspections at these facilities. There is calculated the probability of fire occurrence for a group of objects of protection that are homogeneous by type of economic activity and functional fire hazard classes in order to assign objects of protection to certain risk categories. The social damage expressed in the death and injury of people as a result of fire is also calculated in order to assign objects of protection to certain risk categories. Classification of objects of protection according to the risk categories is performed using the indicator of the severity of potential negative consequences of fires. This indicator characterizes the degree of excess of the expected risk of negative consequences of fires for the corresponding group of objects of protection in relation to the value of the permissible risk of negative consequences of fire. The permissible risk of negative consequences of fires is calculated on the basis of statistical data, taking into account the value of the individual fire risk of exposure of critical values of fire hazards on person in buildings and structures. The criteria for assigning groups of objects of protection to the appropriate risk categories are formulated on the basis of formation of distribution of numerical values of the severity of potential negative consequences of fires. There are carried out the assessment of the severity of potential negative consequences of fires for objects of protection that are homogeneous by type of economic activity and functional fire hazard classes, and also the risk categories of the corresponding groups of objects are determined. The proposed classification of objects of protection according to risk categories is compared with the existing classification. The obtained results of calculations showed that scheduled inspections of objects of protection by the Federal state supervision bodies, depending on the assigned risk category and with corresponding frequency, have significant role in improving the level of fire safety of objects. The decrease in the intensity of scheduled inspections, at the same time, may lead to a corresponding decrease in the level of fire protection of objects.
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Marcoux, Hélène M., Sarah E. Gergel, and Lori D. Daniels. "Mixed-severity fire regimes: How well are they represented by existing fire-regime classification systems?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, no. 7 (July 2013): 658–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0449.
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Maps depicting historic fire regimes provide critical baselines for sustainable forest management and wildfire risk assessments. However, given our poor understanding of mixed-severity fire regimes, we asked if there may be considerable errors in fire-regime classification systems used to create landscape-level maps. We used dendrochronological field data (fire scars and tree establishment dates) from 20 randomly selected sites in southern British Columbia to evaluate two classification systems (Natural Disturbance Type (NDT) and Historical Natural Fire Regime (HNFR)) used by managers to map fire regimes. We found evidence of mixed-severity fires at 55% of sites. Each classification system made considerable and contrasting errors predicting mixed-severity regimes (relative to field data), and the discrepancies varied with elevation. The NDT system underrepresented low-to-moderate-severity fires at lower elevations, whereas the HNFR system overpredicted their occurrence at higher elevations. Errors are attributed to underlying assumptions about disturbances in the two classification systems, as well as limitations of the research methods used to estimate fire frequency in mixed-severity regimes (i.e., methods more relevant to high- versus low-severity regimes). Ecological heterogeneity created by mixed-severity regimes potentially influences decisions related to conservation, silviculture, wildfire, and fuel mitigation. Thus, understanding underlying assumptions and errors in mapping fire regimes is critical.
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Daibes, L. Felipe, Talita Zupo, Fernando A. O. Silveira, and Alessandra Fidelis. "A field perspective on effects of fire and temperature fluctuation on Cerrado legume seeds." Seed Science Research 27, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096025851700006x.
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AbstractInformation from a field perspective on temperature thresholds related to physical dormancy (PY) alleviation and seed resistance to high temperatures of fire is crucial to disentangle fire- and non-fire-related germination cues. We investigated seed germination and survival of four leguminous species from a frequently burned open Neotropical savanna in Central Brazil. Three field experiments were conducted according to seed location in/on the soil: (1) fire effects on exposed seeds; (2) fire effects on buried seeds; and (3) effects of temperature fluctuations on exposed seeds in gaps and shaded microsites in vegetation. After field treatments, seeds were tested for germination in the laboratory, together with the control (non-treated seeds). Fire effects on exposed seeds decreased viability in all species. However, germination of buried Mimosa leiocephala seeds was enhanced by fire in an increased fuel load treatment, in which we doubled the amount of above-ground biomass. Germination of two species (M. leiocephala and Harpalyce brasiliana) was enhanced with temperature fluctuation in gaps, but this condition also decreased seed viability. Our main conclusions are: (1) most seeds died when exposed directly to fire; (2) PY could be alleviated during hotter fires when seeds were buried in the soil; and (3) daily temperature fluctuations in gaps also broke PY of seeds on the soil surface, so many seeds could be recruited or die before being incorporated into the soil seed banks. Thus seed dormancy-break and germination of legumes from Cerrado open savannas seem to be driven by both fire and temperature fluctuations.
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Kerrison, L., N. Mawhinney, E. Galea, N. Noffmann, and M. Patel. "A Comparison Of Two Fire Field Models With Experimental Room Fire Data." Fire Safety Science 4 (1994): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.4-161.
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Shapiro-Miller, Lauren B., Emily K. Heyerdahl, and Penelope Morgan. "Comparison of fire scars, fire atlases, and satellite data in the northwestern United States." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 10 (October 2007): 1933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-054.
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We evaluated agreement in the location and occurrence of 20th century fires recorded in digital fire atlases with those inferred from fire scars that we collected systematically at one site in Idaho and from existing fire-scar reconstructions at four sites in Washington. Fire perimeters were similar for two of three 20th century fires in Idaho (1924 and 1986). Overall spatial agreement was best in 1924 (producer’s accuracy = 94% and 68% and user’s accuracy = 90% and 70% for the 1924 and 1986 fires, respectively). In 1924, fire extent from the atlas was greater than for fire scars, but the reverse was true for 1986. In 1986, fire extent interpreted from the delta normalized burn ratio derived from pre- and post-fire satellite imagery was similar to that inferred from the fire-scar record (producer’s accuracy = 92%, user’s accuracy = 88%). In contrast, agreement between fire-scar and fire-atlas records was poor at the Washington sites. Fire atlases are the most readily available source of information on the extent of late 20th century fires and the only source for the early 20th century. While fire atlases capture broad patterns useful at the regional scale, they should be field validated and used with caution at the local scale.
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Coen, Janice L. "Simulation of the Big Elk Fire using coupled atmosphere - fire modeling." International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, no. 1 (2005): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf04047.
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Models that simulate wildland fires span a vast range of complexity; the most physically complex present a difficult supercomputing challenge that cannot be solved fast enough to become a forecasting tool. Coupled atmosphere–fire model simulations of the Big Elk Fire, a wildfire that occurred in the Colorado Front Range during 2002, are used to explore whether some factors that make simulations more computationally demanding (such as coupling between the fire and the atmosphere and fine atmospheric model resolution) are needed to capture wildland fire parameters of interest such as fire perimeter growth. In addition to a Control simulation, other simulations remove the feedback to the atmospheric dynamics and use increasingly coarse atmospheric resolution, including some that can be computed in faster than real time on a single processor. These simulations show that, although the feedback between the fire and atmosphere must be included to capture accurately the shape of the fire, the simulations with relatively coarse atmospheric resolution (grid spacing 100–500 m) can qualitatively capture fire growth and behavior such as surface and crown fire spread and smoke transport. A comparison of the computational performance of the model configured at these different spatial resolutions shows that these can be performed faster than real time on a single computer processor. Thus, although this model still requires rigorous testing over a wide range of fire incidents, it is computationally possible to use models that can capture more complex fire behavior (such as rapid changes in intensity, large fire whirls, and interactions between fire, weather, and topography) than those used currently in the field and meet a faster-than-real-time operational constraint.
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Caillault, Sébastien, Paul Laris, Cyril Fleurant, Daniel Delahaye, and Aziz Ballouche. "Anthropogenic Fires in West African Landscapes: A Spatially Explicit Model Perspective of Humanized Savannas." Fire 3, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3040062.
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Fire regimes are important components of environmental dynamics, but our understanding of them is limited. Despite recent advances in the methodologies used to remotely sense and map fires and burned areas and new case studies that shed light on local fire use and management practices, the scientific community still has much to learn about anthropogenic fire regimes. We identify two areas for improvement: first, the fine-scale heterogeneity of fire dynamics for specific regions is often masked by global-scale approaches, and second, barriers between the disciplines focusing on fire impacts hamper the development of knowledge of the human dimensions of fire regimes. To address the “blind spot” that these limitations create, we present a simple dynamic model of fire ignition in savanna systems. The aim is to connect the local and global scales of fire regimes by focusing on human fire management (anthropogenic fire). Our dynamical model is based on a study area in Western Burkina Faso and integrates biophysical elements (climate and soil data), land cover, and fire management scenarios based on field surveys. The simulation results offer contrasting views of the impact of local fire management practices on regional fire regimes observed in savannas. Fire density and frequency are local variables that clearly change the fire regimes despite a complex and constrained biophysical system. This experience, drawing from fieldwork and modelling, may be a way to integrate some key aspects of anthropogenic fire research in savanna systems.
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Akagi, S. K., I. R. Burling, A. Mendoza, T. J. Johnson, M. Cameron, D. W. T. Griffith, C. Paton-Walsh, D. R. Weise, J. Reardon, and R. J. Yokelson. "Field measurements of trace gases emitted by prescribed fires in southeastern US pine forests using an open-path FTIR system." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 1 (January 8, 2014): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-199-2014.
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Abstract. We report trace-gas emission factors from three pine-understory prescribed fires in South Carolina, US measured during the fall of 2011. The fires were more intense than many prescribed burns because the fuels included mature pine stands not subjected to prescribed fire in decades that were lit following an extended drought. Emission factors were measured with a fixed open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) system that was deployed on the fire control lines. We compare these emission factors to those measured with a roving, point sampling, land-based FTIR and an airborne FTIR deployed on the same fires. We also compare to emission factors measured by a similar OP-FTIR system deployed on savanna fires in Africa. The data suggest that the method used to sample smoke can strongly influence the relative abundance of the emissions that are observed. The majority of fire emissions were lofted in the convection column and were sampled by the airborne FTIR. The roving, ground-based, point sampling FTIR measured the contribution of individual residual smoldering combustion fuel elements scattered throughout the burn site. The OP-FTIR provided a ~ 30 m path-integrated sample of emissions transported to the fixed path via complex ground-level circulation. The OP-FTIR typically probed two distinct combustion regimes, "flaming-like" (immediately after adjacent ignition and before the adjacent plume achieved significant vertical development) and "smoldering-like." These two regimes are denoted "early" and "late", respectively. The path-integrated sample of the ground-level smoke layer adjacent to the fire from the OP-FTIR provided our best estimate of fire-line exposure to smoke for wildland fire personnel. We provide a table of estimated fire-line exposures for numerous known air toxics based on synthesizing results from several studies. Our data suggest that peak exposures are more likely to challenge permissible exposure limits for wildland fire personnel than shift-average (8 h) exposures.
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Viegas, Domingos Xavier, and Luis Paulo Pita. "Fire spread in canyons." International Journal of Wildland Fire 13, no. 3 (2004): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03050.
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Canyons or ridges are associated with a large number of fatal accidents produced during forest fires all over the world. A contribution to the understanding of fire behaviour in these terrain conditions is given in this paper. The basic geometrical parameters of the canyon configuration are described. An analytical model assuming elliptical growth of point ignition fires and constant values of rate of spread is proposed. A non-dimensional formulation to transfer results from analytical, numerical, laboratory or field simulations to other situations is proposed. An experimental study at laboratory scale on a special test rig is described. A wide set of canyon configurations were covered in the experimental program. In spite of the relatively small scale of the experiments they were able to put in evidence some of the main features found in fires spreading in this type of terrain. They show that in practically all cases the rate of spread of the fire front is non-constant. On the contrary, the fire has a dynamic behaviour and its properties depend not only on the canyon geometry but on the history of fire development as well. The convection induced by the fire is enhanced by terrain curvature and the fire accelerates causing the well-known blow-up that is associated with canyon fires. The rate of spread of the head fire increases continuously even in the absence of wind or any other special feature or change of boundary conditions that are sometimes invoked to justify such fire behaviour. The results of the present study confirm the predictions of a previous numerical study of the flow and fire spread in canyons that showed the important feedback effect of the fire on the atmospheric flow and how this affects fire behaviour in canyons. Results from a field experiment carried out in a canyon-shaped plot covered by tall shrubs were used to validate the laboratory scale experiments. Case studies related to fatal accidents that occurred in canyon-shaped configurations are analysed and recommendations to deal with this problem are made. It is shown that these accidents may occur even in the absence of special fuel or atmospheric conditions as they are intrinsically related to terrain configuration.
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Lippitt, Caitlin L., Douglas A. Stow, John F. O'Leary, and Janet Franklin. "Influence of short-interval fire occurrence on post-fire recovery of fire-prone shrublands in California, USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, no. 2 (2013): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10099.
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In recent decades, fire frequency has increased with population growth at the wildland–urban interface in southern California, USA. Short intervals (<5 years) between successive fires can be detrimental to plant species that require longer intervals between fires to reach reproductive maturity. The resilience of vegetation to changes in fire regimes is of particular interest for shrublands in Mediterranean climates, which in general are susceptible to high frequencies of wildfire. Research on how fire has shaped the life histories of shrubs in Mediterranean climates is central to understanding how to protect sensitive habitat while allowing for the natural occurrence of wildfire in these regions. Frequently burned chamise chaparral shrublands in San Diego County, California, were mapped in the field with the aid of satellite imagery and analysed to investigate changes in vegetation condition and composition associated with short intervals between fires. Fire history, terrain and land-cover characteristics of mapped stands were tested to determine the factors associated with disturbed and converted vegetation. Results indicate that number of burns and mean fire interval are contributing factors in post-fire change in chaparral stands. Chamise chaparral is vulnerable to alteration and type conversion when fire return intervals are 4–5 years or less.
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Linn, Rodman, Kerry Anderson, Judith Winterkamp, Alyssa Brooks, Michael Wotton, Jean-Luc Dupuy, François Pimont, and Carleton Edminster. "Incorporating field wind data into FIRETEC simulations of the International Crown Fire Modeling Experiment (ICFME): preliminary lessons learned." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 5 (May 2012): 879–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-038.
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Field experiments are one way to develop or validate wildland fire-behavior models. It is important to consider the implications of assumptions relating to the locality of measurements with respect to the fire, the temporal frequency of the measured data, and the changes to local winds that might be caused by the experimental configuration. Twenty FIRETEC simulations of International Crown Fire Modeling Experiment (ICFME) plot 1 and plot 6 fires were performed using horizontally homogenized fuels. These simulations enable exploration of the sensitivity of model results to specific aspects of the interpretation and use of the locally measured wind data from this experiment. By shifting ignition times with respect to dynamic measured tower wind data by up to 2 min, FIRETEC simulations are used to examine possible ramifications of treating the measured tower winds as if they were precisely the same as those present at the location of the fire, as well as possible implications of temporal averaging of winds or undersampling. Model results suggest that careful consideration should be paid to the relative time scales of the wind fluctuations, duration of the fires, and data collection rates when using experimentally derived winds as inputs for fire models.
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Astid Putera, Trie Islamy Pangestu, and Tri Meidya Rahmawati. "Fire Control Efforts in a Cement Company in East Java." Indonesian Journal Of Occupational Safety and Health 10, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v10i1.2021.128-136.
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Introduction: The cement production process uses high technology machines and uses coal as fuel. The potential for fires is huge because in the cement company there are areas that are very vulnerable to fires such as in the coalmill, preheater, and klin areas. The purpose of this study is to describe the description of the causes of fires, fire prevention technical efforts, OSH organization in the field of fire prevention, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Methods: The method used in this research was a descriptive method with cross sectional study design. Data collection was done by means of observation. The research variables used were the causes of fire, fire prevention technical efforts, OSH organization in the field of fire prevention, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for firefighters. The sample used in this study was the entire unit in the cement company. Result: Cement company causes fires, classified in medium criteria. Meanwhile, fire prevention efforts in the cement company is classified in good criteria. Moreover, organizations in the cement company in the fire prevention sector is included in good criteria and the personal protective equipment provided in the cement company is included in good criteria. Conclusion: The cause of the fire in the cement company is the use of coal as the main fuel for the process of making cement, which is also the source of fire. Efforts made by the cement company include the installation of layouts and the installation of evacuation signs on each building. Personal Protective Equipment in the cement company has also been well managed.Keywords: cement, coal, fire, occupational safety and health, personal protective equipment
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Hambling, David. "Army to field rapid-fire rubber bullets." New Scientist 209, no. 2799 (February 2011): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(11)60320-5.
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Baum, H., and B. Mccaffrey. "Fire Induced Flow Field - Theory And Experiment." Fire Safety Science 2 (1989): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.2-129.
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Åkesson, Bernt M., Esa Lappi, Ville H. Pettersson, Eric Malmi, Sampo Syrjänen, Marko Vulli, and Kari Stenius. "Validating indirect fire models with field experiments." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 10, no. 4 (May 7, 2013): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1548512913484400.
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Reiterman, Pavel, Ondřej Holčapek, Filip Vogel, Marcel Jogl, and Jaroslava Koťátková. "Fracture and Mechanical Properties of Fire Resistant Fibre Composites Containing Fine Ground Ceramic Powder." Advanced Materials Research 897 (February 2014): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.897.192.
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Significant advances in the field of building materials leads to increasingly frequent enforcement of these high performance materials in real constructions. Efforts to maximize the efficient use of non-renewable resources and especially energy-intensive materials lead to efforts to achieve maximum efficiency and usability [. Paper presents results of an experimental program focused on development of fire-resistance composites based on aluminous cement with fine ground ceramic powder (FGCP). Studied fibre composites were loaded by temperature 600 °C and 1000 °C. The influence of applied thermal load on composites was evaluated by means of fracture energy, compressive strength, bending strength and modulus of elasticity in bending.
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Linn, Rodman R., Judith L. Winterkamp, James H. Furman, Brett Williams, J. Kevin Hiers, Alexandra Jonko, Joseph J. O’Brien, Kara M. Yedinak, and Scott Goodrick. "Modeling Low Intensity Fires: Lessons Learned from 2012 RxCADRE." Atmosphere 12, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020139.
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Coupled fire-atmosphere models are increasingly being used to study low-intensity fires, such as those that are used in prescribed fire applications. Thus, the need arises to evaluate these models for their ability to accurately represent fire spread in marginal burning conditions. In this study, wind and fuel data collected during the Prescribed Fire Combustion and Atmospheric Dynamics Research Experiments (RxCADRE) fire campaign were used to generate initial and boundary conditions for coupled fire-atmosphere simulations. We present a novel method to obtain fuels representation at the model grid scale using a combination of imagery, machine learning, and field sampling. Several methods to generate wind input conditions for the model from eight different anemometer measurements are explored. We find a strong sensitivity of fire outcomes to wind inputs. This result highlights the critical need to include variable wind fields as inputs in modeling marginal fire conditions. This work highlights the complexities of comparing physics-based model results against observations, which are more acute in marginal burning conditions, where stronger sensitivities to local variability in wind and fuels drive fire outcomes.
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Song, Li Wei. "Subway Platform RF Electromagnetic Field Strength Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 419 (October 2013): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.419.445.
Full textAbstract:
Since in their tenders for subway fire alarm system contracts some fire detector manufacturers recently claimed that the RF electromagnetic field strength to which their products can resist is much higher than the requirements of the relevant national technical standards on fire, we have conducted tests on the RF electromagnetic field strength around the fire detectors installed on the platform of a number of selected subway stations in Guangzhou, and the performances of the electromagnetic radiation analyzer used for the tests are strictly in compliance with the specified use conditions for fire detectors installed on the platform in subway stations. The test results show that the RF electromagnetic field strength applied in the RF radiated immunity test as specified in relevant national standards conforms to the current application conditions.