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1
Lewis, M. J. "Field modelling of flame spread for enclosure fires." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264350.
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Marin, John A. "A model for optimizing field artillery fire." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26083.
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A microcomputer-based optimization model for short-term allocation of field artillery fire is developed and evaluated. The Artillery Optimization Model utilizes a mixed integer linear program that takes available targets, weights the targets by performing Target Value Analysis, and assigns firing units specific amounts and types of ammunition to fire at designated targets. In determining the optimal near-term allocation of artillery resources the model considers the target's intrinsic value, current ammunition levels, future ammunition re-supply, capabilities and limitations of the firing units, the ability of the artillery to mass fires, and the commander's criteria for target distribution. The model has been evaluated via direct competition with three experienced artillery officers using the Janus(T) high-resolution combat simulation. The results of the evaluation have shown that the Artillery Optimization Model produces a greater destruction, per projectile, than any of the artillery officers. If the results of the evaluation are projected over the course of a battle, the combat power of the field artillery would be substantially increased using the Artillery Optimization Model. Keywords: Theses, Command and control systems
3
Taylor, Stephen John. "An investigation into automation of fire field modelling techniques." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1997. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6318/.
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The research described in this thesis has produced a prototype system based on fire field modelling techniques for use by members of the Fire Safety Engineering community who are not expert in modelling techniques. The system captures the qualitative reasoning of an experienced modeller in the assessment of room geometries in order to setup important initial parameters of the problem. The prototype system is based on artificial intelligence techniques, specifically expert system technology. It is implemented as a case based reasoning (CBR) system, primarily because it was discovered that the expert uses case based reasoning when manually dealing with such problems. The thesis answers three basic research questions. These are organised into a primary question and two subsidiary questions. The primary question is: how can CFD setup for fire modelling problems be automated? From this, the two subsidiary questions are concerned with how to represent the qualitative and quantitative knowledge associated with fire modelling; and selection of the most appropriate method of knowledge storage and retrieval. The thesis describes how knowledge has been acquired and represented for the system, pattern recognition issues, the methods of knowledge storage and retrieval chosen, the implementation of the prototype system and validation. Validation has shown that the system models the expert’s knowledge in a satisfactory way and that the system performs competently when faced with new problems. The thesis concludes with a section regarding new research questions arising from the research, and the further work these questions entail.
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Oliveira, Sofia Luísa de Jesus. "Frequency, patchiness and intensity of tropical savanna fires: analysis using field data and remote sensing." Doctoral thesis, ISA/UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7322.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaIn tropical savannas, one of the most fire-prone biomes on Earth, fire management is a continuous and iterative process that can only be effectively achieved with thorough consideration of fire regimes. Based on remotely sensed imagery and in-situ field data, key fire regime components were assessed for tropical savannas of northern Australia (frequency, patchiness, intensity, and severity) and Brazil (frequency). The discrete lognormal model was found to be the best method for modelling fire frequency in tropical savannas, and demonstrated that fire frequency is very high in both countries. In northern Australia, fire patchiness was lower in the late dry season, characterized by shorter and fewer unburned patches, than in the early dry season. Fire intensity and severity were highest in the late dry season. The observed temporal differences are consistent with the hypothesis that climate is the main driver of fire regime seasonality. Fuel load and fuel continuity explained fire regime differences between vegetation types. Fire season was bimodal, with peaks in May and October, related to periods of anthropogenic fire and optimal fire weather conditions. Prescribed burning in the early dry season can increase the patchiness and reduce the intensity of late dry season fires, with substantial benefits for biodiversity and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
5
Burton, Daniel John. "Development of a novel hybrid field and zone fire model." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2011. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/9086/.
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This thesis describes the design and implementation of a novel hybrid field/zone fire model, linking a fire field model to a zone model. This novel concept was implemented using SMARTFIRE (a fire field model produced at the University of Greenwich) and two different zone models (CFAST which is produced by NIST and FSEG-ZONE which has been produced by the author during the course of this work). The intention of the hybrid model is to reduce the amount of computation incurred in using field models to simulate multi-compartment geometries, and it will be implemented to allow users to employ the zone component without having to make further technical considerations, in line with the existing paradigm of the SMARTFIRE suite. In using the hybrid model only the most important or complex parts of the geometry are fully modelled using the field model. Other suitable and less important parts of the geometry are modelled using the zone model. From the field model‘s perspective the zone model is represented as an accurate pressure boundary condition. From the zone model‘s perspective the energy and mass fluxes crossing the interface between the models are seen as point sources. The models are fully coupled and iterate towards a solution ensuring both global conservation along with conservation between the regions of different computational method. By using this approach a significant proportion of the computational cells can be replaced by a relatively simple zone model, saving computational time. The hybrid model can be used in a wide range of situations but will be especially applicable to large geometries, such as hotels, prisons, factories or ships, where the domain size typically proves to be extremely computationally expensive for treatment using a field model. The capability to model such geometries without the associated mesh overheads could eventually permit simulations to be run in ‘faster-real-time’, allowing the spread of fire and effluents to be modelled, along with a close coupling with evacuation software, to provide a tool not just for research objectives, but to allow real time incident management in emergency situations. Initial ‘proof of concept’ work began with the development of one way coupling regimes to demonstrate that a valid link between models could allow communication and conservation of the respective variables. This was extended to a two-way coupling regime using the CFAST zone model and results of this implementation are presented. Fundamental differences between the SMARTFIRE and CFAST models resulted in the development of the FSEG-ZONE model to address several issues; this implementation and numerous results are discussed at length. Finally, several additions were made to the FSEG-ZONE model that are necessary for an accurate consideration of fire simulations. The test cases presented in this thesis show that a good agreement with full- field results can be obtained through use of the hybrid model, while the reduction in computational time realised is approximately equivalent to the percentage of domain cells that are replaced by the zone calculations of the hybrid model.
6
Svarnas, Ilias. "The artillery fire direction center simulation." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03sep%5FScarnas.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science and M.S. in Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation (MOVES))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Rudolph Darken, Joseph Sullivan. Includes bibliographical references (p. 51). Also available online.
7
Nielsen, Christian. "An Analysis of Pre-Flashover Fire Experiments with Field Modelling Comparisons." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8284.
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Firstly, this report investigates the behaviour of pre-flashover fires conducted in a two-compartment structure. Secondly, it looks at preliminary field modelling results of the pre-flashover fires using the SMARTFIRE program.
A two-compartment structure was built so that pre-flashover fire experiments could be conducted. Each room in the compartment measured 2.4 m wide, 3.6 m long, and 2.4 m high. A doorway, with dimensions 2.0 m high and 0.8 m wide separated the rooms.
All fires were placed in one room (the fire room) where seven fire experiments were conducted consisting of four differently sized fires. Six of the fires, 55 kW, 110 kW, and 160 kW in size were located in the centre of the fire room. The seventh fire was located in the corner of the fire room and was 110 kW in size. Thermocouple trees were located along the centre-line of the compartment so that vertical temperature profiles could be measured; floor and ceiling thermocouples accompanied the thermocouple trees. In addition, gas sampling points measuring O₂ and CO₂ concentrations were positioned evenly throughout the compartment.
Temperature profiles in the fire room revealed constant cool lower layer and hot upper layer temperatures with a sharp temperature gradient between the two layers.
Temperatures in the upper layer for the centrally located fires reached 130°C for the 55 kW fire, 200°C for the 110 kW fire, and 250°C for the 160 kW fire. Temperature profiles in the upper layer for the comer fire were not constant with height but showed a temperature gradient, where the temperature reached 335°C near the ceiling. Temperature profiles in the room next to fire room (the adjacent room) showed constant temperature profiles that were close to the ambient temperature in the lower layer. The upper layer temperature profiles displayed temperature gradients that continued up to the ceiling. Temperatures in the upper layer for the centrally located fires in the adjacent room reached 110°C for the 55 kW fire, 160°C for the 110 kW fire, 200°C for the 160 kW fire, and 225°C for the comer fire.
Preliminary simulations of the four different fire experiments were conducted using the SMARTFIRE field modelling program. Each fire size simulated twice - one with and one without the six-flux radiation sub-model. A qualitative analysis revealed temperatures in the lower layer of the fire room were under predicted. Temperature gradients were predicted for the upper layer temperature profiles for the centrally located fires, rather than the constant upper layer temperature profiles that were seen experimentally. Overall, simulations predicted closer temperature profiles to the experimental results when the six-flux radiation sub-model was incorporated.
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Wang, Zhaozhi. "Predicting toxic gas concentrations resulting from enclosure fires using the local equivalence ratio concept linked to fire field models." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2007. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6338/.
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The central idea behind the newly developed toxicity model is the use of the Local Equivalence Ratio (LER). The species yields as functions of the Global Equivalence Ratio (GER) and temperature are input parameters of this model. Correlations for most building materials are available from small-scale fire experiments. Similar approaches to this method are also developed using the CO/CO2 and H2/H2O mole ratios. The LER methodology is further refined by an approach which divides the computational domain for the calculation of toxic gases into two parts, a control region in which the toxic gases are dependent on the LER and temperature, and a transport region in which the toxic gas concentrations are dependent on the mixing of hot gases with fresh air. The toxicity model is then extended to two-fuel cases. In the two-fuel model, the LER is a function of the two mixture fractions, which are used to represent the mixture of the two different fuels, oxygen and combustion products. This model is useful in simulating residential fires, in which wood lining of sidewalls or ceilings is the second fuel. Finally, the transportation of HCI within fire compartments is considered. A mathematical model is developed to simulate the exchange of HCI between gas boundary and wall surfaces and the reaction of HCI with walls. All the toxicity models developed in this study can be integrated into the practical volumetric heat source approach and the Eddy Break-up (EBU) combustion model typically used in practical engineering analysis.
9
Mueller, Eric Victor. "Examination of the underlying physics in a detailed wildland fire behavior model through field-scale experimentation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22039.
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Complex computer models, built on basic physical principles, have the potential to aid in the understanding and prediction of wildland fire behavior. However, there remain significant uncertainties and assumptions in the way such models describe the fire, the vegetation, and the interaction of the two. To understand a model’s capabilities, limitations, and the improvements which are still necessary, comparison of model predictions to experimental measurement is critical. Unfortunately, collecting such measurements is particularly difficult at the large scale over which real wildland fires occur and, as a result, this happens infrequently. To address this, an opportunity was seized to collect a detailed set of measurements of fire behavior in a real forest environment. These measurements are thoroughly analyzed for the description they provide of the fire behavior. They are then used as a benchmark to test the capabilities of a particular complex model to describe such a fire and to highlight the limitations and uncertainties. As a result of this evaluation, a set of recommendations for future research, both in experiments and modeling, are offered, in order provide a coherent strategy for the future which will significantly advance these models.
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Thorkildsen, Kenneth J. "Numerical field model simulation of fire and heat transfer in a rectangular compartment." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23995.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedShipboard fires have been the bane of mariners since man's earliest attempts to sail the sea. Understanding the behavior of fire in an enclosed space such as those found on today's modern seagoing vessels will greatly enhance the mariner's ability to combat or prevent them. In a joint effort between the Naval Postgraduate School and the University of Notre Dame a computer code has been developed to model a full scale fire in a closed compartment. The code uses finite volume formulation to obtain numerical solutions to the unsteady, three-dimensional conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy. Included are the effects of turbulence, strong buoyancy, surface radiation and wall conduction. The code gives velocities, pressure, temperatures and densities throughout the field. This thesis applies that computer code to the U.S. Navy's full scale fire test chamber at Naval Air Warfare Center, China Lake, California. Advance computer graphics techniques, including color contouring and three dimensional vector field plotting have been applied to make output more informative. It is hoped that someday this model could provide a useful tool for naval architects in the design of a fire safe ship, and a cost effective means for developing/evaluation of new firefighting equipment and techniques.
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Bergenheim, Veronica. "Effekter av naturliga och antropogena bränder i skogar inom Norrköpings kommun." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105126.
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Tätortsnära naturreservat med vandringsleder och stigar bidrar till mycket mänsklig aktivitet. Denna aktivitet kan mynna ut i skogsbränder och naturvårdsbränningar som påverkar mark, träd och annan vegetation och bidrar tillhögre naturvärden och gynnar de få arter som är beroende av brand. Syftet med studien var att inventera brandfält i naturreservat som uppkommit spontant eller av antropogena aktiviteter. Studien innefattade att utvärdera hur träden reagerat på brand och om branden lett till en förändrad biologisk mångfald.Tolv talldominerade brandfält i fyra naturreservat inventerades. Ett brandfält är efter en kontrollerad naturvårdsbränning medan orsaken till de andra är okända. Resultaten visar på lågt antal skadade och stående döda träd samt en låg andel föryngring i flera brandfält. Dessa bränder påverkar biodiversiteten genom att de har gett en förändrad struktur och livsmiljö i jämförelse med obrända miljöer.
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Koslosky, Barrow Arthur. "4 Elements of Deer Field Inn." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32494.
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Architectural orientation of wood surfaces is the primary study of this thesis. To understand different wood surfaces, they are ordered into 4 elements of Architecture; Earth, Air, Fire, Water. This thesis is structured from these 4 elements in a simple legible form. Deer Field Inn would serve the local communities of Ritchie County, West Virginia for family, social, and organization gatherings.Master of Architecture
13
Yedinak, Kara M. "Characterization of smoke plume emissions and dynamics from prescribed and wildland fires using high-resolution field observations and a coupled fire-atmosphere model." Thesis, Washington State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3611321.
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Smoke plumes associated with wildland fires are difficult to characterize due to the non-linear behavior of the variables involved. Plume chemistry is largely modeled using emission factors to represent the relative trace gas and aerosol species emitted. Plume dynamics are modeled based on assumptions of plume vertical distribution and atmospheric dispersion. In the studies presented here, near and in-source measurements of emissions from prescribed burns are used to characterize the variability of emission factors from low-intensity fires. Emissions factors were found to be in the same range as those from other, similar studies in the literature and it appears that the emission factors may be sensitive to small differences in surface conditions such as fuel moisture, surface wind speed, and the ratio of live to dead fuels. We also used two coupled fire atmosphere models, which utilize the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model called WRF-Fire and WRF-Sfire, to investigate the role that atmospheric stability plays in influencing plume rise as well as developing a technique for assessing plume rise and the vertical distribution of pollutants in regional air quality models. Plume heights, as well as rate of growth of the fire, were found to be sensitive to atmospheric stability while fire rate of spread was not. The plume center-of-mass technique was demonstrated to work well but has slightly low estimates compared to observations.
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Landmann, Tobias. "A case study for Skukuza : estimating biophysical poperties of fires using EOS-MODIS satellite data ; a field and remote sensing study to quantify burnt area and fire effects in South African semi-arid savannas /." Aachen : Shaker-Verl, 2004. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0708/2006485603.html.
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Hinds-Aldrich, Matthew I. "The way of the smoke eater : rethinking firefighter culture in the field of structural fire protection." Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580375.
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Firefighters occupy a special place in modern society. The fire service provides a rich cultural script to understand how firefighters, like other workers in dangerous occupations, organise themselves as well as derive meaning from their work. One conclusion that emerges regularly in this literature is that firefighters tend to share a distinctive firefighter culture that binds firefighters to one another and makes their work meaningful. Yet in practice this concept proves exceedingly difficult to empirically or even theoretically explain. Here I critique the traditional concept of firefighter culture arguing that it is a myth. I draw heavily upon Pierre Bourdieu's Field Analytic Perspective to provide an alternative explanation for the underlying organisational and interpersonal dynamics observed in fire departments. Accordingly, I argue that what is often referred to, as "firefighter culture" is simply the most visible manifestation of the competitive struggle to monopolise control of the profession, police its boundaries and maintain legitimacy in the field of structural fire protection. This boundary-work suggests that we should reconceptualisefirefighter cultures as imagined moral communities, as they are necessarily fluid and contextual.
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Von, Schaumburg Dana Marie. "A Study of Post-Fire Recovery in Invaded Coastal Sage Scrub at the Bernard Field Station." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/338.
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Coastal sage scrub (CSS), a lowland plant community native to California, is home to many rare, threatened, or endangered plants and animals. Fire, a natural feature of CSS, is essential for maintaining species diversity. However, the invasion of non-native grasses has altered the fire regime in CSS, increasing fire frequency and fire season length and decreasing fire intensity. Changes in the historical fire regime may in turn cause feedbacks that favor non-native species, resulting in the loss of biodiversity in invaded CSS sites. Numerous studies have examined patterns of post-fire succession in CSS; however, the role that the pre-fire seed bank and the relative abundance of natives to non-natives play in vegetation regrowth and community recovery is unclear. A lack of adequate pre-fire data on community composition makes testing hypotheses about the role of seed banks in post-fire recovery challenging. I propose to study recovery of the plant community in two differentially invaded CSS sites (East and West field) following a fire at the Bernard Field Station in September 2013. Data collected at the two sites from 2009-2013 reveal that non-native grass cover was significantly higher than native cover at both sites, though the West field had slightly higher native forb cover. Furthermore, the invasive grass Bromus diandrus almost entirely dominated the East field. Vegetation cover in the West field was more diverse with the abundance of other non-natives (Bromus hordeaceus, Bromus madritensis, Vulpia myuros) and natives (Amsinckia menziesii, Lupinus spp.) significantly higher than in the East field. To determine the effects of these pre-fire differences on recovery processes, I will carry out a randomized block experiment with four treatments (control, native seed addition, non-native grass removal, and both native seed addition and removal of non-native grasses). Twelve blocks will be evenly divided between the East and West fields. I propose to measure relative seedling abundance for both native and non-native species after each significant rainstorm over a three-year study period. I hypothesize that the composition of seed banks pre-fire will predict vegetation regrowth post-fire. Specifically, I predict that, under control conditions, B. diandrus will dominate the East field post-fire given its high abundance pre-fire. Further, I predict that regrowth in controls plots in the West field will be more variable given its more diverse seed bank pre-fire. Lastly, I predict that native forbs will exhibit the greatest degree of recovery in plots where active restoration methods (seeding and non-native grass removal) are employed; the effects of these restoration methods should be strongest in the East field because the pre-fire vegetation community was more heavily weighed towards non-native species. This study will add crucial knowledge to our understanding of how the pre-fire seed bank in CSS affects its recovery post-fire, which may inform future conservation efforts to ensure the continued health and protection of CSS sites around California.
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Delaney, Michael A. "Numerical field model simulation of full scale fire tests in a closed and an open compartment." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/23994.
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SHUFEI, WANG, and NIKOLA SCHWAIGER. "Study in the field of product development about Illuminating material for fire-fighter garments & others in the future." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20153.
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Mounaud, Laurent Georges. "A Parametric Study of the Effect of Fire Source Elevation in a Compartment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30916.
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The objective of the present study was to acquire a better understanding of parameters controlling the species generation and transport from compartment fires. The experiments were performed in a half-scale ISO 9705 compartment and a 6.1 m long hallway connected in a head-on configuration. The buoyancy driven propane fire was provided by a burner and a continuous gaseous fuel supply system. All the measurements were obtained during the steady state of the fire. The ventilation conditions were fixed and three different fire source elevations were studied for heat release rates ranging from 20 kW to 150kW.
The species yields were obtained from performing detailed mapping measurements at the compartment and hallway exit planes. The measurements included local specie mole fractions of oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. The local temperature and the local pressure (for local gas velocity calculations) were also measured. In addition, visual observations of the flow dynamic were performed through a window and the vents to give useful insights and lead to a better understanding of the combustion process.
The data obtained from the species generation study was analyzed using previously developed methods. The method based on equivalence ratio was presented and determined inappropriate for the present study where the global equivalence ratio was not equal to the plume equivalence ratio due to the complexity of the fire dynamic taking place. The method consisting of correlating the species yields based on the combustion within the compartment as a function of a non dimensional heat release rate allowed qualitative conclusions to be made. The non-dimensional heat release rate was based on the fuel load and the geometric parameters of the compartment. This methodology revealed similarities in the species production between the three fire source elevations investigated. A correlation of the data was obtained based on experimental data.
The transport of species to remote locations was studied for the three fire source elevations and fixed ventilation conditions. Species mole fractions and yields were obtained at the compartment exit plane (compartment/hallway interface) and at the hallway exit plane. The results were compared for various heat release rates and showed differences for some scenarios attributed to mixing along the hallway and oxidation reactions outside the compartment.Master of Science
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Wang, Yanbo. "An investigation of techniques to assist with reliable specification and successful simulation of fire field modelling scenarios." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2007. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8472/.
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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based Fire Field Modelling (FFM) codes offer powerful tools for fire safety engineers but their operation requires a high level of skill and an understanding of the mode of operation and limitations, in order to obtain meaningful results in complex scenarios. This problem is compounded by the fact that many FFM cases are barely stable and poor quality set-up can lead to solution failure. There are considerable dangers of misuse of FFM techniques if they are used without adequate knowledge of both the underlying fire science and the associated numerical modelling. CFD modelling can be difficult to set up effectively since there are a number of potential problems: it is not always clear what controls are needed for optimal solution performance, typically there will be no optimal static set of controls for the whole solution period to cover all stages of a complex simulation, there is the generic problem of requiring a high quality mesh - which cannot usually be ascertained until the mesh is actually used for the particular simulation for which it is intended and there are potential handling issues, e.g. for transitional events (and extremes of physical behaviour) which are likely to break the solution process. In order to tackle these key problems, the research described in this thesis has identified and investigated a methodology for analysing, applying and automating a CFD Expert user's knowledge to support various stages of the simulation process - including the key stages of creating a mesh and performing the simulation. This research has also indicated an approach for the control of a FFM CFD simulation which is analogous to the way that a FFM CFD Expert would approach the modelling of a previously unseen scenario. These investigations have led to the identification of a set of requirements and appropriate knowledge which have been instantiated as the, so called, Experiment Engine (EE). This prototype component (which has been built and tested within the SMARTFIRE FFM environment) is capable, both of emulating an Expert users' ability to produce a high quality and appropriate mesh for arbitrary scenarios, and is also able to automatically adjust a key control factor of the solution process.
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Landmann, Tobias. "A case study for Skukuza : estimating biophysical properties of fires using EOS-MODIS satellite data : a field and remote sensing study to quantify burnt area and fire effects in South African semi-arid savannas /." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0708/2006485603.html.
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Plucinski, Matthew Paul Mathematics & Statistics Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "The investigation of factors governing ignition and development of fires in heathland vegetation." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Mathematics and Statistics, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38702.
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Heathlands typically experience regimes consisting of frequent and intense fires. These fire regimes play important roles in the lifecycles and population dynamics of all species in these communities. Prescribed fire is commonly applied to heathlands to minimise the risk of wildfires as well as to promote biodiversity. Ignitions in heathlands tend to either be unsustainable, or quickly develop into rapidly spreading intense fires. This presents a major problem for the application of prescribed fire and is the primary focus of this thesis. Heathland ignition has been investigated in three sections; litter ignition; vertical development of fire into the shrub layer; and horizontal spread through the shrub layer. These were studied in laboratory experiments using miniature versions of field fuels. Ignition success in litter layers was related to the dead fuel moisture content. Litter type, ignition source, and presence of wind were found to affect the range of ignitable fuel moisture contents of a litter bed. The effect of litter type was best explained by density. Dense litter beds required drier conditions for ignition than low density litter beds. The vertical development of fire into shrubs was mostly dependent on live fuel moisture content, but crown base height, presence of wind, ignition source, shrub height and the percentage of dead elevated fuel were also important. Horizontal spread of fires through shrub layers was most affected by the presence of a litter layer, with nearly all ignitions successful when there was an underlying litter fire. Fire spread would only occur in shrubs without a litter layer when the shrub layer was dense and dry, or had a substantial dead fuel component. Spread was more likely to be sustained when there was wind. Models predicting the moisture content of dead fuels were tested in heathlands, and as would be expected those that can be calibrated for different fuel types were found to have the best performance. Fuel moisture content and fuel load models were reviewed for heathlands, and a number of recommendations for future research were made.
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Esnaola, Acebes Jose M. "Patterns of spike synchrony in neural field models." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663871.
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Els models neuronals de camp mig són descripcions fenomenològiques de
l'activitat de xarxes de neurones espacialment organitzades. Gràcies a
la seva simplicitat, aquests models són unes eines extremadament útils
per a l'anàlisi dels patrons espai-temporals que apareixen a les
xarxes neuronals, i s'utilitzen àmpliament en neurociència
computacional. És ben sabut que els models de camp mig tradicionals no
descriuen adequadament la dinàmica de les xarxes de neurones si
aquestes actuen de manera síncrona. No obstant això, les simulacions
computacionals de xarxes neuronals demostren que, fins i tot en estats
d'alta asincronia, fluctuacions ràpides dels inputs comuns que arriben a
les neurones poden provocar períodes transitoris en els quals les
neurones de la xarxa es comporten de manera síncrona. A més a més, la
sincronització també pot ser generada per la mateixa xarxa, donant
lloc a oscil·lacions auto-sostingudes.
En aquesta tesi investiguem la presència de patrons espai-temporals deguts a la
sincronització en xarxes de neurones heterogènies i espacialment distribuïdes.
Aquests patrons no s'observen en els models tradicionals de camp mig,
i per aquest motiu han estat àmpliament ignorats en la literatura.
Per poder investigar la dinàmica induïda per l'activitat sincronitzada de les neurones,
fem servir un nou model de camp mig que es deriva exactament d'una població de
neurones de tipus quadratic integrate-and-fire. La
simplicitat del model ens permet analitzar l'estabilitat de la xarxa
en termes del perfil espacial de la connectivitat sinàptica, i obtenir
fórmules exactes per les fronteres d'estabilitat que caracteritzen la
dinàmica de la xarxa neuronal original. Aquest mateix anàlisi també
revela l'existència d'un conjunt de modes d'oscil·lació que es deuen
exclusivament a l'activitat sincronitzada de les neurones. Creiem que
els resultats presentats en aquesta tesi inspiraran nous avenços
teòrics relacionats amb la dinàmica col·lectiva de les xarxes neuronals,
contribuïnt així en el desenvolupament de la neurociència computacional.Neural field models are phenomenological descriptions of the activity of spatially organized, recurrently coupled neuronal networks. Due to their mathematical simplicity, such models are extremely useful for the analysis of spatiotemporal phenomena in networks of spiking neurons, and are largely used in computational neuroscience. Nevertheless, it is well known that traditional neural field descriptions fail to describe the collective dynamics of networks of synchronously spiking neurons. Yet, numerical simulations of networks of spiking neurons show that, even in the case of highly asynchronous activity, fast fluctuations in the common external inputs drive transient episodes of spike synchrony. Moreover, synchronization may also be generated by the network itself, resulting in the appearance of robust large-scale, self-sustained oscillations. In this thesis, we investigate the emergence of synchrony-induced spatiotemporal patterns in spatially distributed networks of heterogeneous spiking neurons. These patterns are not observed in traditional neural field theories and have been largely overlooked in the literature. To investigate synchrony-induced phenomena in neuronal networks, we use a novel neural field model which is exactly derived from a large population of quadratic integrate-and-fire model neurons. The simplicity of the neural field model allows us to analyze the stability of the network in terms of the spatial profile of the synaptic connectivity, and to obtain exact formulas for the stability boundaries characterizing the dynamics of the original spiking neuronal network. Remarkably, the analysis also reveals the existence of a collection of oscillation modes, which are exclusively due to spike-synchronization. We believe that the results presented in this thesis will foster theoretical advances on the collective dynamics of neuronal networks, upgrading the mathematical basis of computational neuroscience.
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Sandström, Joakim. "Thermal boundary conditions based on field modeling of fires : Heat transfer calculations in CFD and FE models with special regards to fire exposure represented with adiabatic surface temperatures." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och -produktion, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17367.
Full textAbstract:
Combining computer fluid dynamic, CFD, models with finite element, FE, models to calculate temperature in fire exposed structures can reduce design temperatures in structures while still obtaining the level of structural fire safety stipulated by society. A better understanding of heat transfer and the concept of adiabatic surface temperatures, AST, the transition of data between models can be simplified and more accurate temperature predictions can be made.The thesis focuses on heat transfer calculations by employing AST in particular, and how this can be used as a means of coupling any CFD and FE-analysis code. The thesis presents a method for performing FE-analysis of the thermal response with input data calculated with the computer code FDS, Fire Dynamics Simulator. Parallel to this, the heat balance equation in FDS is tested and an alternate numerical algorithm is developed and tested.Firstly, a verification model is developed to test the radiative and convective part of the existing heat balance equation in FDS. An alternate numerical algorithm for calculation of the heat transfer at surfaces is developed as a more homogenous alternative for CFD codes.Secondly is a study on how to extract AST from an arbitrary point with direction in a CFD calculation using an infinitesimal surface. Instead of modeling numerous small surfaces for extracting AST, a post processor is developed to calculate AST independent of any modeled surface. For CFD codes, such as FDS that depend on a rectilinear grid, this enables calculation of AST in any direction, not only directions normal to the Cartesian planes.Finally, a comparison is made between different methods for calculating temperatures in steel with AST from numerical fire dynamics/modeling calculations. In this thesis there is a comparison between simplified Eurocode techniques, simple finite element analysis and advanced finite element analysis. This study shows the benefit of understanding heat transfer in numerical codes and to implement the concept of AST in a proper way.This way, the concept of combining numerical fire dynamics calculation with numerical (or simplified) thermal calculations can be better understood and implemented.Godkänd; 2013; 20131010 (joasan); Tillkännagivande licentiatseminarium 2013-11-15 Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Joakim Sandström Ämne: Stålbyggnad/Steel Structures Uppsats: Thermal Boundary Conditions Based on Field Modelling of Fires Heat Transfer Calculations in CFD and FE Models With Special Regards to Fire Exposure Represented With Adiabatic Surface Temperatures Examinator: Professor Ulf Wickström, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Teknologie doktor, Lektor Stephen Welch, the University of Edinburgh, UK Tid: Torsdag den 5 december 2013 kl 13.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
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McCarthy, Timothy G. "Numerical field model simulation of full-scale fire tests in a closed spherical/cylindrical vessel using advanced computer graphics techniques." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26656.
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Conner, Laura. "Evaluation of field sampling and analysis methods for fire investigation including electronic noses and adsorption sampling/gas chromatography mass spectrometry." FIU Digital Commons, 2005. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2422.
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This study evaluates the use of commercially available instruments for locating and collecting accelerants in the field. Electronic noses can be used to scan a fire scene for the possible presence of an accelerant. The TLV Sniffer® was found to be able to detect accelerants at low levels but did alert to some burned matrix alone. When subjected to a proficiency test designed for canines, the TLV Sniffer® was able to locate accelerants in two of the three tests. The tpi®Pocket was found not to be sensitive or selective enough to be useful in locating accelerants. Once the location of possible accelerants has been determined, they can be collected by dynamic headspace sampling in the field with the Portable Arson Sampler (PAS). The PAS was found to be able to collect a broad range of compounds from ignitable liquids and had comparable efficiency to a conventional method.
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Lautenberger, Christopher W. "CFD simulation of soot formation and flame radiation." Link to electronic thesis, 2002. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0115102-002543.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.Keywords: soot formation; FDS; flame radiation; soot oxidation; field modeling; diffusion flames; soot. Includes bibliographical references (p. 14-15).
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Botha, Susan. "The influence of fire severity on recruitment of fynbos with particular emphasis on seed size : a field study in the Cape Peninsula." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25912.
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Fifty-two sites throughout the Cape Peninsula area burnt in the January 2000 fires were sampled to investigate the effects of fire severity on the recruitment of invasive and fynbos plants with particular emphasis on seed size. Four hundred fynbos species were divided into big- (>l0mg) and small-seeded (<10mg) species. Different measurements of burnt plant skeletons were examined to find the most appropriate indicator of the biological effects of a fire. It was found that the measurement of thinnest branch diameter of plant species with similar growth forms can be used as estimates of fire severity. Seedling density of fynbos species decline with an increase in fire severity, whereas recruitment of alien seedlings is not affected by fire severity. Big-seeded species and seedlings showed no significant correlation with fire severity, whereas the density of small-seeded species and seedlings correlated significantly with fire severity. It is likely that variations in fire severity that influences the depth to which seeds are killed will affect the ability of small seeds to emerge. High severity burns may thus have a different community composition by favouring the survival of big-seeded species.
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Burot, Daria. "Transported probability density function for the numerical simulation of flames characteristic of fire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0026/document.
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La simulation de scenarios d’incendie nécessite de modéliser de nombreux processus complexe, particulièrement la combustion gazeuse d’hydrocarbure incluant la production de suie et les transferts radiatifs dans un écoulement turbulent. La nature turbulente de l’écoulement fait apparaitre des interactions qui doivent être prises en compte entre ces processus. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’implémenter une méthode de transport de la fonction de densité de probabilité afin de modéliser ces interactions de manière précise. En conjonction avec un modèle de flammelettes, le modèle de Lindstedt et un modèle à large-bande k-corrélé, l’équation de transport de la PDF jointe de composition est résolue avec la méthode des Champs Eulérien Stochastiques. Le modèle est validé en simulant 12 flammes turbulentes recouvrant une large gamme de nombre de Reynolds et de propension à former de la suie par les combustibles. Dans un second temps, les effets des interactions rayonnement-turbulence (TRI) sur l’émission de la suie sont étudiés en détails, montrant que la TRI tend à augmenter l’émission radiative de la suie à cause des fluctuations de température, mais que cette augmentation est plus faible pour des nombres de Reynolds élevés ou des quantités de suie plus élevées. Ceci est dû à la corrélation négative entre le coefficient d’absorption des suies et la fonction de Planck. Finalement, l’influence de la corrélation entre la fraction de mélange et le paramètre de non-adiabaticité est étudiée sur une flamme d’éthylène, montrant qu’elle a peu d’effet sur la structure moyenne de flamme mais tend à limiter les fluctuations de température et les pertes radiativesThe simulation of fire scenarios requires the numerical modeling of various complex process, particularly the gaseous combustion of hydrocarbons including soot production and radiative transfers in a turbulent. The turbulent nature of the flow induces interactions between these processes that need to be taken accurately into account. The purpose of this thesis is to implement a transported Probability Density function method to model these interactions precisely. In conjunction with the flamelet model, the Lindstedt model, and a wide-band correlated-k model, the composition joint-PDF transport equation is solved using the Stochastic Eulerian Fields method. The model is validated by simulating 12 turbulent jet flames covering a large range of Reynolds numbers and fuel sooting propensity. Model prediction are found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental data. Second, the effects of turbulence-radiation interactions (TRI) on soot emission are studied in details, showing that TRI tends to increase soot radiative emission due to temperature fluctuations, but that this increase is smaller for higher Reynolds numbers and higher soot loads. This is due to the negative correlation between soot absorption coefficient and the Planck function. Finally, the effects of taking into account the correlation between mixture fraction and enthalpy defect on flame structure and radiative characteristics are also studied on an ethylene flame, showing that it has weak effect on the mean flame structure but tends to inhibit both temperature fluctuations and radiative loss
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Chen, Wei. "Detection of forest disturbance and recovery after a serious fire in the Greater Hinggan Mountain area of China based on remote sensing and field survey data." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/192219.
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Wowk, Janna P. "Assessment and mapping of fire severity on rangeland in the fescue grass ecoregion of southwestern Alberta using resource satellite data, field observations, and digital terrain models." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0008/MQ59902.pdf.
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Landmann, Tobias [Verfasser]. "A case study for Skukuza: Estimating biophysical properties of fires using EOS-MODIS satellite data : A field and remote sensing study to quantify burnt area and fire effects in South African semi-arid savannas / Tobias Landmann." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1172610657/34.
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Ferreira, Vitor De Oliveira. "Firs under field extensions." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313778.
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YANG, JUI-HSIUNG, and 楊瑞雄. "Fire Field Model Simulation for Tour bus." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cjqufz.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
105
It is the large bus that dominated the tourism mode in Taiwan still, between the counties and cities around the scenic area in Taiwan. The elderly persons for the temple tours and school-age children for outdoor teaching are the major proportion for the buses taking. In the event of a fire accident, casualty risk factors relatively increase. The case occurred at about 12:50 pm on July 19, 2016, on the 2nd Highway, 2.9 km westbound, located in Taoyuan City. A driving tour bus had a fire phenomenon, The vehicle at the rear immediately reported the fire, The tour bus kept going a distance while the smoke emerging until hitting the fence of the highway, the flame soon swallowed the whole tour bus, and although enthusiastic passers broke the windows of the tour bus, trying to rescue the tourists, the Fire Department was reported and rushed to rescue, they extinguish the fire in 12 minutes, because of the rapid fire, the emergency exit door on the left side of the tour bus could not be opened and the entrance door on the right hand side of the tour bus was blocked by the fence that was hit on, no one escaped from the tour bus, including the tour bus driver together with all tourists, a total of 26 people were all killed. This study is based on the actual case, using the FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) developed by NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) to carry out disaster simulation, to study the fire smoke flow, carbon dioxide concentration and gas level changes when gets fire, to understand the temperature in the fire spreads in each region, smoke spreads and so on, and to study the influence of the relevant parameters on the fire, and to verify the simulation results. Hope to improve the parts that are easy to be harmed. Simulation results are expected to be valuable for fire protection projects in vehicles, so that designers can consider to use for fire prevention materials and escape planning to be taken when designing, to reduce the loss of property and personal injury.
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Chan, Chen-Chieh, and 陳均杰. "Field Model for Fire Thermal Fluid Field in Wei-Er-Kang Restaurant." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73702860332743401731.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
96
Taiwan is populous in recent years, according to the statistics data of the Ministry Of Interior. Between 1997 and 2006, the population density of Taiwan is 618.7 persons per square kilometer. The security problems in public places are relatively important too. In accordance with the data of Fire Agency, from 1997 to 2006, there are 10% of building fire occurred in public places. Although there is merely 10%, yet the fires in public places are easy to be neglected and difficult to be controlled. If once there is a fire, it will often lead to great casualties and property losses. This thesis utilizes Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) field model to simulate the residential fire accident occurred in Wei Er Kang restaurant , and research heat transmission phenomenon、smoke flows、upper layer temperatures and change of CO concentrations. To aim at main influence factor of a fire scene, change all kinds of parameters, and analysis fire field under different conditions, such as main fire source position, fire sizes, sprinkler to be set up and size of opening and position, that effect to a fire scene. The results expect to be a reference for the design of fire fighting engineering.
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Lin, Jun-Liang, and 林俊良. "Fire Field Model Simulation and Analysis for a Residential Fire in Ta-Li City." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27693956028939314084.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
95
Taiwan population density is 1,583 peoples per square mile which is the 9th high in the world, higher population density ofen accompany with higher residential density. According to National Fire Agency, MOI Statistical data, there were 125 persons dead within 4,332 times of fire accidents in Taiwan, 2006. MOI Statistical information made further analysis, a highest 62.13% of fire accidents(2,039 times) caused by the building fire prevention for old style buildings in early years of Taiwan, when residential fire occurred that always caused serious casualties, so that the research of residential fire is really important. This thesis utilizes FDS field model to simulate the residential fire accident occurred in Ta-Li city. Computational method has been used to study the smoke flow and temperature distribution, gas layer hight and CO concentration in the fire site, the effect of parameters to the fire scenario has been discussed either. The results expect to be the reference for the design of fire fighting enginnering.
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Chien, Po-Hsun, and 簡伯勳. "Fire Field Model Simulation and Analysis for a Residential Fire in Guoching Road Banchiau City." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47289888334177373070.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
96
When a fire occurs in the city apartment, people often not easy to escape and the fire rescue is also difficulty. In addition, people commonly lacks correct concept for fire protection and insufficient escaping knowledge to seek asylum, thus often cause life and property loss. This research is taking an apartment fire case in Ban-Ciao City for fire study, uses Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) which develops by NIST, to simulate fire model for investigating the change of smoke flow, carbon monoxide (CO) concentration and air layer height in fire scene. The simulation result is identified and hoped worth for reference in fire protection engineering design, and considering the quality of fire protection material as well as escape planning in the newly built buildings, in order to reduce the property loss and personnel''s casualties.
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Chang, S. F., and 章素芳. "Fire Field Model Simulation for A Residence on City." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84996017798356704851.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
96
At the population intensive Taiwan, high-rise building has obviously become the essential trend of city development. But high-rise building fire rescue is one of the most difficult missions for firefighters to conquer, sometimes they will meet with a scaling-ladder not enough high, or shortage of water pressure problems, at this time they have to lay pipe lines artificially for sending water. With a narrow ground and dense population in Taiwan, to strive for biggest living space in the limited scope, buildings raise up in the clouds have already become special features. However, how to avoid/reduce serious personnel''s casualties and property losses caused in high-rise building fire that is obviously more important in doing good fire prevention works and safety measures. Residence is the most familiar activity place for ordinary people, but its latent danger is often neglected. The causes of residence fire are divided into insecure behavior and insecure environment according to attribute generally. Through education training can strengthen fire prevention knowledge to correct insecure behavior; and enhance material selection, fire safety design, periodically check, keep good maintenance etc. to eliminate insecure environment. Therefore, to reduce a residence fire and casualty tolls, and build security of living environment, draw up a plan for suppressing fire ignition, personnel flee for their lives, fire control etc. is necessary for fire prevention works. This research aims at Pacific Ocean daintiness building fire case on Hsien-Dai road in Ta-Li City, Tai-Chung County. for research and uses FDS simulation program to situate fire scenario, and the changes of different parameter (analysis fire field under the different condition main fire source position, vice- fire source position and amount, combustible amount, the different parameters such as opportune moment of the front door opens and elevator piston effect etc.) and offer the time flee for life based on analyzing changes of temperature and CO density. The result provides reference for related organization and the direction of improvement, as well as information for strengthening fire fight idea and facilities to do good fire prevention preparation in peacetime.
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Sung, Alex, and 宋正雄. "Fire Field Simulation and Analysis for Si-Ji Hotel." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78700636038963367544.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
93
Fire Field Simulation and Analysis for Si-Ji Hotel Student：Alex Sung Advisor：C.S. Lin Institute of Mechanical Engineering YUAN-ZE University ABSTRACT Following the rapid economic development in Taiwan, the populations in urban area grew in both number and in density. The continued improvement of living standard, recreational entertainment expands in diversified direction. In the meantime, the progress in science and technology, industrial products are growing in varieties and in quantity. All these factors putting together, alarming, even devastating fires, followed with loss of life, personal injury and property damage are becoming daily expectation. Therefore, it is necessary to make an in-depth research and analysis to be able to prevent such tragedies and losses. In this research, computer numerical simulation is applied to understand the physical and chemical phenomena in the fire field. Zone Model structure and the CFAST software, developed by Fire Laboratory in American National Bureau of Standards, are adopted to do simulation of Si-Ji Hotel Fire, to study the temperature distribution, gas layer height (smoke settling),concentration of CO and percentage of oxygen contents in the fire site at the time of fire. Based on the simulation, it was planned to increase fire fighting and smoke exhausting equipment, sprinkler equipment, changing material of partition and changing the heating releasing rate of main fire source to study the impact on personnel of the fire under different scenarios. The data generated from computer simulation was analyzed and studied, and by incorporating current firefighting law and regulation and fire management information, we have developed a favorable escaping method, which may be followed by persons encountering fire to keep the loss of life and property it their minimums.
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Hsu, Hung-An, and 許宏安. "Application of Field model Simulation in Business Hotel Fire." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84006839581344512019.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
97
The probability of fire incident increased with the concentrated city population, and when the fire broke out in the business hotel which will be more easily leading to human casualties, property damage and other losses, the wasted social cost is considerable as well. However, to carry out fire-related experiments needs a lot of manpower and funds. Therefore, a ripe numerical simulation technology, and computer simulation software has been used to study the changes in the fire, which not only save a lot of manpower and material resources, but also quantify the fire changes to get an easier way of compare/ analysis for understanding the heat, smoke, the fire flashover phenomenon ... and so on. Fire statistical analysis over the years found that, 1. Electrical equipment induced fire is the main cause of fire, 2. The densely populated city districts, fire frequency is much higher than other counties and cities 3. Flame ignition and toxic gas is the main factors which lead to casualties. Therefore, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) field mode software has been proposed in this study for investigating/ analyzing the above characteristics of a business hotel fire. This study has discussed on the temperature and smoke field as well as the distribution and concentration of fire changes. The changes for different parameters are offered to explore the possible causes of fires and the impact of related parameters on fire, in order to understand the impact of various parameters on the staff to escape and provide a reference for hotel to design fire prevention planning. The simulation results present that fully use of the fireproof building materials might help extending the escape time, and partial use of fireproof materials will help reducing the CO concentration but is ineffective. The density distribution of sprinkler heads which create more significant impact than the discharge of water does.
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Chen, Yen-Zhang, and 陳彥章. "Numerical Simulation of Flow Field in Fire Safety Furnace." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74659568654301466390.
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碩士國立成功大學
航空太空工程學系碩博士班
96
This thesis uses the numerical method to study the homogeneous temperature phenomenon of heating process in the fire safety furnace. The method applies the incompressible or compressible Navier-stokes to simulate the distribution of flow field in fire safety furnace. Numerical simulations obtained from commercial software (FLUENT) were also performed to validate experimental results. Here the SIMPLE algorithm is chosen in this software. In this study, four simple examples, 3D cavity flows, 3D natural convection, natural convection and forced convection, are chosen for programming verification. Numerical Simulations confirms the accuracy and credibility in performing with the four physical models. Among them, the 3D cavity flows is used to identify the credibility of incompressible flow in the 3D structure. The purpose of 3D natural convection and natural convection is to understand the characteristic of the heat transfer. The inlet velocity, v=22.15815 m/s and is imposed. The CNS elevated temperature is used as inlet temperature. The flow structures and temperature fields are investigate in this study. The simulation results indicate the temperature distribution in the fire safety furnace is very uniform. It suggests that the furnace can be used as a fire safety facility.
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Fan, Chen-Hsin, and 范振信. "Fire Field Model Simulation and Analysis for a Residents Fire in Hsin-Chu Village Jhudong City." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31793794773747308655.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
98
ABSTRACT Townhouse is a very common building style in Sin-Chu area. Despite of building materials, most people consider the indoor layout or the price of materials as the most important factors, but ignore the safety of living conditions. It will cause serious casualties and property losses if fire occurred. Therefore, building fire study is important in decreasing the fire damages and avoid similar event occurring again. This paper examines a building fire case, which happened in Chu-Tung Town, Sin-Chu County. Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) software is used to simulate the real fire scenario and analyze physical phenomena with different levels of temperature, carbon monoxide concentration and compartment materials. The conclusion provides some useful suggestions for fire prevention reference and for people to escape during a fire.
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Jen-HaoLo and 羅人豪. "Numerical Simulation of Flow Field in Fire-Resistence Test Furance and Heat Transfer for Fire Door." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18836848498110430716.
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碩士國立成功大學
航空太空工程學系碩博士班
101
This paper uses Ansys CFX to analyze the flow field in a fire-resisitence furnace and the heat transfer for a fire door. One can numerically compute the air temperature and pressure in the furnace, investigate the temperature distribustion on the unexposed side of a fire door. First,two cases are tested to verify the reliability and accuracy of CFX . These two problems are three-dimensional cavity flow and three-dimensional natural convection. The results are compared well with the known data .Second,the fire-resistence testing furnace model is (width)3.0m x (height)3.1m x (depth)1.05m , the furance injects the high temperature gas from the inlet according to a elevated temperature curve, then the temperature distribution and pressure distribution in the furnace are simulated.The numerical results are compared well with the experimental data. Finally,The fire door chosen is (width) 1170mm x (height) 2100mm x (thickness) 64mm , after two hours of simulation , the temperature distribution on the unexposed side are computed
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Liao, Shu-Wei, and 廖書偉. "Fire Field Model Simulation and Analysis for a Residents Fire in Tao-Yuan Village Bade City." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53166353690998907101.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
97
In Taiwan, bricks and tiles buildings are the most common construction that can be seen in towns and villages. Fire accidents often occur in this kind of buildings and cause property losses as well as personnel casualties, but that is always neglected by people. Therefore, a close study on the building fire is necessary indeed. This research is taking the bricks and titles built residents in Tao-Yuan Village City, as fire research object. The study uses Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) software to simulate the fire model, and analyzes physical phenomena in order to get data about the variation of upper temperature response and carbon monoxide concentration for discussion. The result expected to help people doing good fire prevention in normal time.
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Tseng, Hsiang-Mao, and 曾享茂. "Fire Field Model Simulation and Analysis for a Residential Fire in Heping Military dependants’ village Taipei City." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05871002045051919776.
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碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
97
During the past decades in Taiwan, there were many fire cases occurred in apartment buildings, and most of which were often rebuilt with illegal constructions using old sheet. In recent years, despite of the fast development of economy, there still standing a lot of this kind of houses in villages and towns because of none overall rebuild plan. Once the fire happens, it will often cause great casualties and property losses, due to dense population and residential environment, the research in old-fashioned building fires is really important. This case fire occurs at about 10:27 am, from thedormitories of the Ministry of National Defense, on Sec.3, Hoping E. Rd, Taipei City. Because fire building belongs to the wooden cottage house, fire intensity was fleeing and burning rapidly. Fire Department received the report and rushed to put out the fire within 30 minutes. A motion defect, 80s years old man died in the house because of too late to escape from the fire, and another old man got body burns was sent to hospital urgently. When a fire occurs in the city apartment, people often not easy to escape and the fire rescue is also difficulty. In addition, people commonly lacks correct concept for fire protection and insufficient escaping knowledge to seek asylum, thus often cause life and property loss. This research is taking an apartment fire case in Ban-Ciao City for fire study, uses Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) which developed by NIST has been used to simulate fire model for investigating the change of smoke flow, carbon monoxide (CO) concentration and air layer height in fire scene. The simulation result is identified and hoped worth for reference in fire protection engineering design, and considering the quality of fire protection material as well as escape planning in the newly built buildings, in order to reduce the property loss and personnel''s casualties.
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Lu, Shiue-Chih, and 呂學治. "A Study of Fire-Fighting Coat of Field Firefighters - a Case Study of the Fire Bureau at Tainan." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w6jc7s.
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碩士嘉南藥理大學
職業安全衛生系
102
This study investiged field firefighter understanding of fire-fighting coat following EN 469 and NFPA 1971 requirements. Evaluating the protective performance of fire-fighting coat and exploring the way to improve were conducted through the point of view of ergonomics and anthtopometrics. Fire-fighting coat and the other protective suits provide the first line of defence when fireman face hazard caused by disaster, also offer the last line of defence when accident occurred. Questionare including “Awareness”, “attribute importance” and “fittness” scales were used to find out the protective dead space and usage difficulty of fire-fighting coat. The findings provide firefighters serving at Ttainan fire bureau learn more and more secure while on duty. Three indexes “cover”, “flexibility” and “protection” were used to investigate the overall performance of fire-fighting coat. We can improve and provide the better fire-fighting coat to firefighters by education, training and equipment renew.
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Chang, Chun-Ming, and 張俊銘. "Fire Field Model Simulation and Analysis in Ci-en Nursing Home." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36094574354504794671.
Full textAbstract:
碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
96
The innovation of medical technology has extended human life. The increasing number of elderly people boosts a demand for nursing homes. Because some of them are incapable in motion or even have chronic problems. Consequently, the safety and fire protection are considerably important in these nursing homes. However, the facilities of private nursing homes are irregular and not complete. Therefore, further study and analysis of nursing institutes’ architecture characteristics are significantly necessary. This paper discusses the fire case in Ci-en nursing home to investigate different impacts of decorations and fire protection to people inside the building. The simulation utilizes field model of Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software to simulate the fire case. Several fire parameters have been changed in order to obtain the temperature distribution and CO concentration of dense smoke in a fire at that time and calculate the escape time for the patients.
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Hao-YuWang and 王顥宇. "Numerical Simulations of Flow Field in Towered-Type Fire Safety Furnace." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76032674658375745863.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
航空太空工程學系碩博士班
98
In this paper, the numerical simulations were performed for the flow and temperature analysis of furnace for fire safety. The research objective is to use proportional furnace model to discuss the temperature curve and speed, which were detected by the temperature and speed detectors in the furnace, accord with the stipulated range after internal combustion through burning ignition. In addition, the heat effect of furnace can be observed by the changes of internal flow field and temperature field in the furnace. This study used the PISO solution equation in the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) program FLUENT to simulate the problems. Three test cases, two-dimensional non-premixed combustion model, three-dimensional cavity flow and three-dimensional natural convection problem, are simulated to see the accuracy of the numerical method. The real physical model is a towered-type fire safety furnace for UL790 test. The roof has an exhaust device, as well as high speed air which is at the room temperature and gas which is mixed by propane and a little butane inject into the air entry and gas entry, respectively. The internal temperature flow field and the tendency of the flame were observed after burning ignition. The numerical show that the design of results can satisfy the specification temperature range in the furnace. In this paper, the towered-type fire safety furnace is standard non-premixed combustion model. The flame temperature can reach the assigned range. The time period of simulation is 10 minutes.
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ZENG, WEI-WEN, and 曾偉文. "Numerical simulation and analysis of the thermal field in compartment fire." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bmxt42.
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Du, Bo-Wen, and 杜博文. "Numerical Simulations of Flow Field in Closed-Type Fire Safety Furnace." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12462305219032260207.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
航空太空工程學系碩博士班
97
In this paper, the flow fields in a fire safety furnace have analyzed by a numerical software. The purpose of this research is to analyze the flow structures and temperature distribution when the high temperature gas go through close-type fire safety furnace. The numerical simulations of flow field in the closed-type fire safety furnace is made by commercial program Fluent.The PISO method is chosen in this program. Three test cases,three-dimensional t-junctions, three-dimensional cavity flow and three-dimensional natural convection problem, are simulated to see the accuracy of the numerical method. The physical model of the closed-type fire safety furnace has the size of 2m*2m*2m , and a circular pipe with diameter 0.2m of added. By injecting the elevated temperature gas from the inlet, the temperature distribution in the furnace is observed and is designed to conform the CNS elevated temperature standard. According to the computed data at the inlet, the work consumption in the Closed-Type Fire Safety Furnace is calculated. Our simulation results show, the proposed Closed-Type Fire Safety Furnace achieves the CNS elevated temperature standard and by The work consumption is reduced by time. After 30 minutes of simulation, the work consumption needed is 853J.