Journal articles on the topic 'Fire extinction – Great Britain'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Fire extinction – Great Britain.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Fire extinction – Great Britain.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Gilbert, O. L., and O. W. Purvis. "Teloschistes Flavicans in Great Britain: Distribution and Ecology." Lichenologist 28, no. 6 (November 1996): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1996.0047.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractOver the last century, the distribution of Teloschistes flavicans has contracted from being widespread in the southern half of England and Wales to being limited to South-West England with outlying populations in Pembrokeshire and North Wales. Twelve core sites have been identified where the species is well established: ten of these are saxicolous/terricolous habitats on windy coastal cliff tops; the other two are lines of sycamore trees near the coast. At 39 further localities, some inland, the species is in very small amounts (often on one tree) and vulnerable to extinction. It is normally a member of the Parmelietum revolutae or Ramalinetum scopularis associations. The conservation of the species is discussed.
2
Shu, Yong Bao, Wen Jun Li, and Zhong Xue Li. "The Technology of Liquid CO2 Used for Fire Prevention and the Related Device." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1642.
Full textAbstract:
In order to avoid spontaneous combustion of coal, reduce cost and improve the effect of fire prevention and extinction, this essay brings about the technology and related device to prevent and control the spontaneous combustion of coal based on the properties of fire prevention and extinction of the liquid CO2 toward fire area, such as: asphyxiation oxygen, cooling down and inerting. The technical difficulties such as the safety packing, transportation and perfusion to the fire area underground of liquid CO2 are solved. The liquid CO2 is transported safely to the fire area underground and are infused to fire area in the form of liquid. The on site operation and test proved that the fire-fighting technology and device has the following advantages: high speed, simple operation, adjusted continuously, stable operation, and significant and reliable fire prevention effect. It accords with the actual application and has great practical value.
3
EWEN, SHANE. "Insuring the industrial revolution: fire insurance in Great Britain, 1700–1850." Economic History Review 57, no. 4 (November 2004): 777–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_6.x.
Full text
4
SHIROKOVA, Nadezhda S. "The art of the British Celts. A critical review." STUDIA ANTIQUA ET ARCHAEOLOGICA 21, no. 2 (2015): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saa-2015-21-2-5.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses Celtic art in pre-Roman Britain. The author of the article disagrees with the opinion expressed by R.G. Collingwood and certain other scholars that the art of British Celts, being fragile, linear and abstract, having shallow social foundations (since it was the art of the nobility), was doomed to decline and extinction, even if the Roman conquest of Britain had not taken place. The sources referred to in the article demonstrate that Celtic art, whose intrinsic feature was that bent for poetic abstraction which was typical of Celtic mentality in general, had great potential for growth that lay dormant during the Roman period. The view that the artistic style of British Celts possessed creative capacity which remained hidden under Roman reign is confirmed by the Celtic art’s revival in medieval Britain during the Anglo-Saxon domination.
5
Broadhurst, Kensa. "The Death and Subsequent Revival of the Cornish Language." Open Review 6 (November 26, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47967/qhkf3791.
Full textAbstract:
Cornish is the vernacular language of Cornwall, the most South-Western part of Great Britain. It is widely believed the language died out in the eighteenth century with the death of Dolly Pentreath, the so-called last speaker of the language. What caused the language to become extinct, and why do minority languages fall into disuse? After the subsequent Cornish language revival at the beginning of the twentieth century, what lessons can the language community learn from linguists who have researched language extinction and revival?
6
Djohar, Hasnul Insani, Iin Dwi Jayanti, and Nada Tayem. "Combating the War on Terror in Kamila Shamsie’s Home Fire (2017)." Muslim English Literature 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/mel.v3i1.30854.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates how Kamila Shamsie’s Home Fire (2017) resists the ideas of the War on Terror by using symbols, metaphors, and irony. This paper employs a qualitative method particularly close textual analysis. It engages with Bill Ascroft’s theory of postcolonialism to reveal the resistance of British Pakistanis to fight against the mantra of the War on Terror, which led to anti-Muslim racism in Britain. In doing so, Shamsie’s Home Fire undermines the ideology of the War on Terror by using literary devices mentioned previously and by representing how the three protagonists use essays and news to fight against neo-imperialist policies. Thus, Shamsie’s novel delves into the slogan of the War on Terror, using essays and news to challenge anti-Muslim racism in Great Britain, particularly in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack in the US. This novel reveals the connection between British colonialism and US imperialism in periods of global transnational capitalism rooted in white supremacy.
7
Gavrilenko, Vladimir, Natalia Kovaleva, and Anna Medvedeva. "Fire protection legislation of Great Britain on the example of the Law on Fire Prevention in the Metropolis of 1774." Аграрное и земельное право, no. 12 (2021): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1329_2021_12_102.
Full text
8
Ritterbush, Kathleen A., Yadira Ibarra, David J. Bottjer, Frank A. Corsetti, Silvia Rosas, A. Joshua West, William M. Berelson, and Joyce A. Yager. "Marine Ecological State-Shifts Following the Triassic–Jurassic Mass Extinction." Paleontological Society Papers 21 (October 2015): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002989.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most severe extinction events in Earth history, the Triassic–Jurassic extinction, struck against a backdrop of radical increases in atmospheric CO2and supercontinent breakup. This juxtaposition of first-order geophysical and biotic changes produced excellent case studies in Earth-Life Transitions. Recent recognition of a worldwide “carbonate gap” following the extinction has focused attention on causes, often invoked as eustacy or ocean acidification, but the ecology of the extinction aftermath remains poorly understood. Results from paleoecological studies on three separate Triassic–Jurassic records are presented and incorporated into regional depositional models. Examination of the Penarth Group of Great Britain reveals a widespread, laterally homogenous, level-bottom microbial stromatolite regime across the innermost ramp. The Sunrise Formation in Nevada, USA, was deposited during a biosiliceous (“glass”) regime dominated by demosponges across the inner ramp that lasted at least two million years. Investigations of the Pucará group in the central Andes of Peru revealed a demosponge-dominated level-bottom glass ramp with many similarities to the Nevada deposits, but offering broader regional extent and variation in recorded depositional settings. This suite of studies demonstrates state-shifts in marine ecological systems that also profoundly altered regional sedimentation regimes. The sponge-dominated systems produced glass ramp conditions instead of carbonate ramps, and indicate the importance of marine silica concentrations. The post-extinction changes in regional marine ecology demonstrate connectivity to changes in global climate and terrigenous weathering driven by global-scale geophysical processes.
9
Pénisson, Sophie, and Christine Jacob. "Stochastic Methodology for the Study of an Epidemic Decay Phase, Based on a Branching Model." International Journal of Stochastic Analysis 2012 (December 4, 2012): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/598701.
Full textAbstract:
We present a stochastic methodology to study the decay phase of an epidemic. It is based on a general stochastic epidemic process with memory, suitable to model the spread in a large open population with births of any rare transmissible disease with a random incubation period and a Reed-Frost type infection. This model, which belongs to the class of multitype branching processes in discrete time, enables us to predict the incidences of cases and to derive the probability distributions of the extinction time and of the future epidemic size. We also study the epidemic evolution in the worst-case scenario of a very late extinction time, making use of the Q-process. We provide in addition an estimator of the key parameter of the epidemic model quantifying the infection and finally illustrate this methodology with the study of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy epidemic in Great Britain after the 1988 feed ban law.
10
Dantas, Daniela. "Britons in blue: A contextual analysis of corporeal painting in Great Britain, from the Iron Age to the early Middle Ages." Studia Historica. Historia Antigua 41 (December 7, 2023): e31320. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/shha31320.
Full textAbstract:
Ancient sources frequently mention body painting as a practice in Great Britain. This custom, which is mentioned in continuity from the days of Julius Caesar to the Anglo-Saxon era, has not yet been confirmed by archaeological and iconographic evidence, but there are enough indicators to promote continued research. Textual and archaeological analysis shows there may have been an evolution in the practice between the Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages, when new religious and cultural spheres would have led to eventual extinction. Although presented by Caesar as a military practice, corporeal painting may have extended to other spheres of ancient societies, including aesthetic purposes and religious rites.
11
Thompson, F. M. L. "Presidential Address: English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century III. Self-Help and Outdoor Relief." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 2 (December 1992): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679097.
Full textAbstract:
An ultra-slow motion serial whose episodes appear at intervals of twelve months needs a recapitulation of the story so far, however excellent the retentive capacity of scholars in comparison with soap opera audiences. The characters in question are the landowners, great and not so great, and the landed families who were already wellestablished on their estates and in their country houses in late Victorian Britain: and also the newcomers who have continued, throughout the twentieth century, to purchase landed estates and country houses. The main plot concerns the structure and distribution of landownership, and I have suggested that reports of the virtual disappearance of great estates in the last hundred years have been greatly exaggerated. There have been great changes, but while some individuals or entire families have fallen off the boat others have clambered aboard, so that in the 1990s perhaps one-third or more of the land of Britain is held in sizeable estates of 1,000 acres and upwards, compared with radier over one-half in the 1890s. The changing composition of the cast of landowners, and the wildly fluctuating fortunes of particular members of the cast, have fascinated many observers of the social and political scene, and these features provide the sub-plots. The undoubted decline of landed and aristocratic political and social predominance, leading to the virtual elimination of their influence on public life, and the equally undoubted decline, impoverishment, and extinction of some once great and famous landed families, have tended to become confused as cause and effect in some accounts.
12
Komisarenko, Serhii. "How We Started our Work in Not-So-Foggy Albion." Diplomatic Ukraine, no. XIX (2018): 186–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2018-9.
Full textAbstract:
The article describes separate and the most interesting episodes of work of its author Serhii Komisarenko during his service as the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Being the academician of the NAS and NAMS of Ukraine, Serhii Komisarenko was appointed Ambassador in London in 1992 and worked in this position for six years – until 1998.The article also describes the building of the Embassy, how it was established, reconstructed and designed, tells about authors of presented works of art. In his article, the author draws special attention to the communication with the Queen of the Great Britain – during the ceremony of presenting credentials in Buckingham Palace and the annual diplomatic royal reception of ambassadors. At the end of author’s appointment in London, he paid several parting visits to the members of the Royal family and ministers. The author had also an opportunity to meet the Queen before the leave. The author also mentions the fire at Windsor Palace, when the oldest and most important part of the palace, St. George’s Chapel, was destroyed. During the work, the Embassy constantly felt the support of the Foreign Office and other official circles of Britain. They showed great interest in the Ukrainian diplomatic mission and the development of cooperation with Ukraine. The result was the opening of the British-Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce in London in 1997, which still operates today. The author of the article expresses sincere gratitude to his colleagues for the creative and friendly atmosphere that prevailed at the Embassy, and for the fruitful work they have done in those years for the benefit of our country. Keywords: the United Kingdom, the Queen of the Great Britain, Antarctic station, Ukrainian-British Chamber, Ukraine, Embassy.
13
Parks, W. Hays. "The Protocol on Incendiary Weapons." International Review of the Red Cross 30, no. 279 (December 1990): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400200089.
Full textAbstract:
From the time that man discovered fire and devised ways to use it as a tool for survival and advancement, it also has been employed as a weapon for destruction. Sun Tsu's The Art of War (500 B.C.) refers to incendiary arrows, while Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War describes a flame weapon used by the Spartans in 42 B.C. Edward Gibbon, in The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ascribes Roman success at Constantinople (1453 A.D.) to “Greek fire,” ignited naptha mixed with pitch and resin and spread upon the surface of the water. Great Britain employed Greek fire almost five centuries later as a defence along its coastlines in anticipation of an invasion in 1940.In the European wars of the 16th and 17th centuries, armies employed compulsory taxation of the countryside in lieu of looting to finance their activities. A defaulting town would have some of its buildings burned, leading to the tax being referred to as Brandschatzung, “burning money.” This practice became widespread during the Thirty Years war.
14
Romanova, I., and Yu Ferapontova. "Combinability and Contradiction of Communicative Systems of English and Russian Languages in the Fire and Technical Communication." Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies 9, no. 4 (August 3, 2020): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9103-2020-35-39.
Full textAbstract:
To exchange information in some joint activities the communication is necessary which can be both verbal and non-verbal. The authors compare possible links between Russian and English elements of in the field of fire safety communication which will help to receive, process and transmit information from one subject to another both in Russian and English. The problem of understanding cultural codes performing certain functions in a particular language communication system (Russian and English) is discussed. The principles of communication systems combinability of Russian and English languages enables interaction are considered. The article presents the basic functions of the word as a unit of foreign language professional communication. Special attention is paid to monologue and dialogue speech which is important for mutual understanding. Clichéd speech patterns used in professional speech of fire-fighting services in Russia and Great Britain are presented. It is described non-verbal means of communication play an important role in transmitting certain information in the professional activity of fire safety specialists on the example of two countries.
15
Wiggam, Marc. "At Home and Under Fire: Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz." Contemporary British History 27, no. 1 (March 2013): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13619462.2013.766066.
Full text
16
Martin, Nancy. "At Home and Under Fire: Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz." Textual Practice 26, no. 6 (December 2012): 1131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0950236x.2012.739305.
Full text
17
Khalilova, Lyudmila A. "BATTLE OF BRITAIN: LONDON IN LONDONERS’ COMMEMORATIONS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 4 (2020): 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2020-4-84-98.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the Blitz commemorations of the citizens of London. Such WWII memoirs are extremely precious since they give the reader a first-person view of the witness’s actions, feelings, experiences. Reminiscences make us deeply involved in different events of the Blitz, showing both the unbelievable ruthlessness of the enemy and the endeavor of the citizens of the British capital to retain their human nature. The Blitz period has originated a lot of accounts connected with the scale of bombardment. The present papertacklesthe recollections ofrenownedwriters,war correspondents, artists, people at work – firefighters and local defense volunteers. Ordinary citizens – grown-ups and children – were also among the onlookers. Ernie Pyle, a famous journalist, presented a description of blanket night bombings, one of which resulted in the Second Great Fire of London. Virginia Woolf did not only describe her feelings during an air raid but also reflected on future peace. Eyewitnesses’ accounts convey the images of devastation, sufferings, horror. And, at the same time, people stayed heroic and defiant, they continued living among the ruins – sheltering, developing their own mini-governments in the Tube, playing cricket amidst debris, digging for victory. Moreover, as Henry Morton, another famous journalist and traveler, reported, Londoners had not lost their sense of humor even under unrelenting bombardment. The documentary sources indicate that the spirits were high: the old and the young, the rich and the poor were getting along, joined together. Those people were
18
Joy, Jody. "‘Fire Burn and Cauldron Bubble’: Iron Age and Early Roman Cauldrons of Britain and Ireland." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80 (October 28, 2014): 327–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2014.7.
Full textAbstract:
‘A man can live to 50 but a cauldron will live to 100’ – Old Kazakh sayingThis paper presents a re-examination of Iron Age and early Roman cauldrons, a little studied but important artefact class that have not been considered as a group since the unpublished study of Loughran of 1989. Cauldrons are categorised into two broad types (projecting-bellied and globular) and four groups. New dating evidence is presented, pushing the dating of these cauldrons back to the 4th centurybc. A long held belief that cauldrons are largely absent from Britain and Ireland between 600 and 200bcis also challenged through this re-dating and the identification of cauldrons dating from 600–400bc. Detailed examination of the technology of manufacture and physical evidence of use and repair indicates that cauldrons are technically accomplished objects requiring great skill to make. Many have been extensively repaired, showing they were in use for some time. It is argued that owing to their large capacity cauldrons were not used every day but were instead used at large social gatherings, specifically at feasts. The social role of feasting is explored and it is argued that cauldrons derive much of their significance from their use at feasts, making them socially powerful objects, likely to be selected for special deposition.
19
BRUSHLINSKY, Nikolay N., Sergey V. SOKOLOV, Margarita P. GRIGORIEVA, and Peter WAGNER. "How the fire statistics was created." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 1 (2024): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2024.1.69-77.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose. The article presents a brief history of the world fire statistics creation since the formation of the Center for World Fire Statistics in 1995. The article presents the results of the main indicators statistical study of the fire situation in the world for 30 years and the distribution of integral fire risks using the example of several countries (Russia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Austria, Great Britain, Poland, USA). The main objectives of the study are to review the periods of global fire statistics development, to analyze indicators characterizing the number of fires and their consequences in the world for the period from 2012 to 2021. Methods. Methods of mathematical statistics have been used. Findings. The article presents the main historical milestones in the creation of a system for recording global indicators of the situation with fires and their consequences. The results of a statistical analysis of the fire situation in the world for the period from 1993 to 2021 are summarized. The dynamics of relative indicators of the fires and death toll in fires in the above countries is presented. Research application field. The results of the study can be used by fire service specialists from around the world for a comparative analysis of the fire risk level in countries and cities. Conclusions. Over 28 years the Center for Fire Statistics (hereinafter referred to as CFS) has analyzed 104 million fires, in which 1.1 million people died. At the same time the Center annually collects statistical data from 35–40 countries and the largest cities in the world (with a delay of 2 years). In total, CFS reports have been translated into 8 languages. Since 1993 the CFS has published 28 statistical reports in the public domain. Thus, it becomes possible to analyze the fire situation in countries and cities around the world.
20
Podrezov, Yury V. "Principal Directions for Prevention of Emergency Fire Situations in Forests." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 2 (April 15, 2023): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-172-182.
Full textAbstract:
The study investigates the central current issues in extreme forest fire extinction from organizational and technological perspectives. An analysis of the problems in the field of forest pyrology is established on the principles of systematic approach, methods of logical analysis and synthesis of ongoing processes. It indicates the need to develop modern mechanisms against forest fires of various types, which are often the origins of emergency forest fires of various scales. It has been determined that the scientifically substantiated ways of arrangement and implementation of measures for fire prevention and elimination should be supported by an adequate functioning system for scientifically based management decisions. Such a system should be grounded on the processes of the integrated fire monitoring and predicting of the forest fire situation, supervising and estimating the dynamics as well as consequences of the forest fires, their sources of various types and emergency scenarios with gradated threat scales. There are multiple fire extinguishing techniques with various productivity, environmental friendliness, cost efficiency, speed response that have been practically proven over a long period of time. Although the elevation of the results, according to the parameters of the reduced number of burns and the forest areas covered by fire, shows the need for improvement, as well as the generation and realization of the new modern methods against burns on wooded areas especially with the damaging factors. It is recommended to reduce the fire hazard class caused by weather conditions by using an environmentally compatible and efficient electrophysical principals. Such response procedures have gone through an extensive practical examination in different geographical conditions of the Russian Federation and in several foreign countries. It should be mentioned that this approach has a great potential for prevention and termination of large forest fires, reducing the damaging factors coming from the sources of emergency fire situations. For citation: Podrezov Yu.V. Principal Directions for Prevention of Emergency Fire Situations in Forests. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 2, pp. 172–182. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-172-182
21
Mason, W. L. "Silviculture and stand dynamics in Scots pine forests in Great Britain; implications for biodiversity." Forest Systems 9 (January 1, 2000): 175–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/683.
Full textAbstract:
There are 241,000 hectares of Scots pine forest in Great Britain or about 10 percent of the total forest area. Traditionally, a distinction has been drawn between a small area of native pinewoods with high conservation value in northern Scotland and the younger plantations of Scots pine to be found in many parts of Britain. The latter have been primarily managed for timber although they are now expected to meet multipurpose objectives including enhanced biodiversity. Silvicultural practices in the plantations are based upon a system of clear felling and artificial regeneration. However, older plantation stands can be colonised by rare species previously thought to be confined to the native pinewoods. The structure of Scots pine stands of different ages is examined using modern concepts of stand dynamics. The analysis highlights that the native pinewood stands have features characteristic of «old-growth» such as: a lower stocking density; more large trees; greater variation in diameter; a clumped distribution of stems; and appreciable quantities of standing deadwood. By contrast, most plantation stands have higher stocking densities, less variation in diameter, more uniform spacing and limited amounts of deadwood. By quantifying these structures it becomes possible to propose thinning regimes which can be introduced into plantations to accelerate the development of old-growth conditions without undue sacrifice of timber values. Natural disturbance histories in British pinewoods indicate a return period for stand replacing events (fire, windthrow) of once every 100 years which suggests that a maximum of 10 per cent of the pine resource should be managed as old growth stands. The age structure of some remnant pinewoods shows a lack of younger age classes and the desired old-growth habitat will diminish over time unless suitable plantation stands are managed as potential old-growth habitat. The maintenance of biodiversity in British pinewoods requires an integrated approach that applies to both the native pinewoods and the plantation stands.
22
Brushlinsky, Nikolay N., Sergey V. Sokolov, and Margarita P. Grigorieva. "Analysis of fires in the USA." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 3 (2023): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2023.3.98-104.
Full textAbstract:
PURPOSE. The article provides statistical study results of the situation with fires and their consequences, the “cost” of fires in 1959–2014 in the USA. The main objectives of the study are: analysis of statistical indicators characterizing the number of fires and their consequences for the period from 1980 to 2020, as well as cost assessment for fire protection reduced to a quantitative indicator of “losses” from fires. METHODS. Methods of mathematical statistics, system analysis. FINDINGS. The article summarizes the results of the statistical analysis of fires in the USA for the period from 1980 to 2020. The integral fire risks comparative analysis for the USA, India, Great Britain, Germany, Russia and the USSR for the period from 1959 to 2020 was carried out. The “cost” of fires was estimated as cost relative indicator for ensuring fire safety and losses from fires. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The results of the study can be applied by specialists of fire services of world countries for comparative analysis of fire hazard level of countries and cities. CONCLUSIONS. For the period of 2018–2020 in the USA for every 1,000 people there were 4.8 fires, while for every 100 fires – 0.2 casualties that indicates a satisfactory situation with fires relative to other countries (for example, India). When estimating fire safety costs, it was found out that the “cost” of fires in the USA for the period from 1980 to 2014 had increased from $220 billion to $328.5 billion (including inflation) but the “cost” of fires in shares of GDP had decreased from 7.6% to 1.9% (due to the growth of US economic indicators). It can be stated that the increase in costs for firefighting since 1980 has contributed to keeping a successful trend towards a decrease in number of fires and fire casualties taking into account constantly increasing population rate.
23
Winter, J. "SUSAN R. GRAYZEL. At Home and under Fire: Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz." American Historical Review 118, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.1.259.
Full text
24
Field, G. "At Home and Under Fire. Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz. By Susan R. Grayzel." Twentieth Century British History 24, no. 2 (September 2, 2012): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hws022.
Full text
25
Francis, M. "At Home and Under Fire: Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz, by Susan R. Grayzel." English Historical Review 128, no. 535 (November 27, 2013): 1614–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cet310.
Full text
26
De Jong, M. C., M. J. Wooster, K. Kitchen, C. Manley, and R. Gazzard. "Calibration and evaluation of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System for improved wildland fire danger rating in the UK." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 11 (November 23, 2015): 6997–7051. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-6997-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Wildfires in the United Kingdom (UK) can pose a threat to people, infrastructure and the natural environment (e.g. to the carbon in peat soils), and their simultaneous occurrence within and across UK regions can periodically place considerable stress upon the resources of Fire and Rescue Services. "Fire danger" rating systems (FDRS) attempt to anticipate periods of heightened fire risk, primarily for early-warning purposes. The UK FDRS, termed the Met Office Fire Severity Index (MOFSI) is based on the Fire Weather Index (FWI) component of the Canadian Forest FWI System. MOFSI currently provides operational mapping of landscape fire danger across England and Wales using a simple thresholding of the final FWI component of the Canadian System. Here we explore a climatology of the full set of FWI System components across the entire UK (i.e. extending to Scotland and Northern Ireland), calculated from daily 2 km gridded numerical weather prediction data, supplemented by meteorological station observations. We used this to develop a percentile-based calibration of the FWI System optimised for UK conditions. We find the calibration to be well justified, since for example the values of the "raw" uncalibrated FWI components corresponding to a very "extreme" (99th percentile) fire danger situation can vary by up to an order of magnitude across UK regions. Therefore, simple thresholding of the uncalibrated component values (as is currently applied) may be prone to large errors of omission and commission with respect to identifying periods of significantly elevated fire danger compared to "routine" variability. We evaluate our calibrated approach to UK fire danger rating against records of wildfire occurrence, and find that the Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), Initial Spread Index (ISI) and final FWI component of the FWI system generally have the greatest predictive skill for landscape fires in Great Britain, with performance varying seasonally and by land cover type. At the height of the most recent severe wildfire period in the UK (2 May 2011), 50 % of all wildfires occurred in areas where the FWI component exceeded the 99th percentile, and for each of the ten most serious wildfire events that occurred in the 2010–2012 period, at least one FWI component per event was found to surpass the 95th percentile. Overall, we demonstrate the significant advantages of using a calibrated, percentile-based approach for classifying UK fire danger, and believe our findings provide useful insights for any future redevelopment of the current operational UK FDRS.
27
Stala-Szlugaj, Katarzyna. "Trends in the consumption of hard coal in Polish households compared to EU households." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2016-0024.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Due to the important role of hard coal in the Polish residential sector, the article traced the changes that have occurred in the use of this fuel in the European Union and in Poland in the years 1990–2014. Throughout the European Union, hard coal has an important place in the structure of primary energy consumption. In the years 1990–2014, primary energy consumption in the European Union (calculated for all 28 Member States) has changed between 1507 and 1722 million toe. Between 2014 and 1990, there was a decrease of primary energy consumption, and the average rate of decline amounted to −0.2%. According to Council Directive 2013/12/EU, by the year 2020 energy consumption throughout the EU is expected to be no more than 1483 Mtoe of primary energy, and already in 2014 total primary energy consumption in the EU28 was higher than assumed by this target by only about 24 million toe (2%). Actions taken to protect the climate result in reducing the consumption of hard coal in the European Union. Between 1990 and 2014, the consumption of hard coal decreased by 41% (a decrease of 126 million toe), and the average rate of decline in consumption of this fuel amounted to −2.1%. Throughout the EU, households are not as significant a consumer of hard coal, as in Poland. Although EU28’s coal consumption in this sector in the years 1990 to 2014 varied between 6.5–15.8 million toe, its share in the overall consumption of this fuel usually maintained at around 3–5%. The changing fuel mix, closing of mines or gradual extinction of coal mining, environmental policy of the individual countries meant that coal has lost its position in some of them. Analyzing the structure of hard coal consumption by households in the EU28 countries in the years 1900 to 2014, one may notice that the leaders are those countries that have their own coal mines. Due to the structure of consumption of hard coal by the customers, the article discussed two countries: Poland and Great Britain in greater detail. In 1990, Poland (50%) and Britain (18%) were close leaders, and twenty-five years later, only Poland has remained in first place (84%) and Great Britain has fallen to fourth place (4%). Between 2014 and 1990, the consumption of hard coal by the British residential sector decreased by 88% to only 0.3 million toe. In the case of Poland, it admittedly decreased by 6%, but still exceeds 6 million toe. The decrease in hard coal consumption in Great Britain was largely a consequence of The Clean Air Act introduced in 1956. In Britain, the process of replacing coal with other fuels (mostly natural gas) lasted several decades. Domestic coal was replaced with another mainly domestic resource – natural gas which ensured the security of its supply. The article also describes the households in the European Union and in Poland. The overall housing stock was taken into account, together with the distribution of population according to the degree of urbanization. Regulations that have a significant impact on the consumption of energy in the European Union were also discussed.
28
de Jong, Mark C., Martin J. Wooster, Karl Kitchen, Cathy Manley, Rob Gazzard, and Frank F. McCall. "Calibration and evaluation of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System for improved wildland fire danger rating in the United Kingdom." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 5 (May 30, 2016): 1217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1217-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Wildfires in the United Kingdom (UK) pose a threat to people, infrastructure and the natural environment. During periods of particularly fire-prone weather, wildfires can occur simultaneously across large areas, placing considerable stress upon the resources of fire and rescue services. Fire danger rating systems (FDRSs) attempt to anticipate periods of heightened fire risk, primarily for early-warning and preparedness purposes. The UK FDRS, termed the Met Office Fire Severity Index (MOFSI), is based on the Fire Weather Index (FWI) component of the Canadian Forest FWI System. The MOFSI currently provides daily operational mapping of landscape fire danger across England and Wales using a simple thresholding of the final FWI component of the Canadian FWI System. However, it is known that the system has scope for improvement. Here we explore a climatology of the six FWI System components across the UK (i.e. extending to Scotland and Northern Ireland), calculated from daily 2km × 2km gridded numerical weather prediction data and supplemented by long-term meteorological station observations. We used this climatology to develop a percentile-based calibration of the FWI System, optimised for UK conditions. We find this approach to be well justified, as the values of the "raw" uncalibrated FWI components corresponding to a very "extreme" (99th percentile) fire danger situation vary by more than an order of magnitude across the country. Therefore, a simple thresholding of the uncalibrated component values (as is currently applied in the MOFSI) may incur large errors of omission and commission with respect to the identification of periods of significantly elevated fire danger. We evaluate our approach to enhancing UK fire danger rating using records of wildfire occurrence and find that the Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), Initial Spread Index (ISI) and FWI components of the FWI System generally have the greatest predictive skill for landscape fire activity across Great Britain, with performance varying seasonally and by land cover type. At the height of the most recent severe wildfire period in the UK (2 May 2011), 50 % of all wildfires occurred in areas where the FWI component exceeded the 99th percentile. When all wildfire events during the 2010–2012 period are considered, the 75th, 90th and 99th percentiles of at least one FWI component were exceeded during 85, 61 and 18 % of all wildfires respectively. Overall, we demonstrate the significant advantages of using a percentile-based calibration approach for classifying UK fire danger, and believe that our findings provide useful insights for future development of the current operational MOFSI UK FDRS.
29
Bird, John R. E. "Settler Salvation and Indigenous Survival: George Copway’s Reconciliatory Vision, 1849–1851." London Journal of Canadian Studies 35, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2020v35.007.
Full textAbstract:
From 1849 to 1851, Canada’s first international literary celebrity, the Mississauga writer Kahgegagahbowh, or George Copway, travelled the United States, Great Britain and Europe promoting his vision for the future of Indigenous peoples in the United States. Building on a theological critique of settler colonialism, he called for the creation of a new Indigenous territory west of the Mississippi led by a legislature made up of English-speaking Indigenous Christians. Copway believed that through the establishment of this territory he called Kahgega, European settlers would be able to atone for the sins committed against Indigenous North Americans, thus escaping the impending wrath of God. More importantly, believing that Indigenous peoples faced imminent extinction, he saw Kahgega as a permanent means of preserving his people and safeguarding their shrinking lands and political agency. Though Kahgega failed to impress the public, Copway’s vision offers a fascinating window into an early attempt at reconciling the Indigenous and non-Indigenous halves of North American society. Using the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s definition of ‘reconciliation’, this article shows that past, often failed, Indigenous political visions reveal the complexities and tensions inherent in dialogue surrounding reconciliation.
30
Daria, Ostrikova, Bodnar Taras, and Yasinskyi Maksym. "INFLUENCE OF THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON IN 1666 ON SPECIFICS OF CREATING BAROQUE STYLE OF CHURCHES IN ENGLAND." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Arhìtektura 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sa2022.01.108.
Full textAbstract:
At the same time, when Baroque became the dominant style in Italy, in English architecture in the 17th century architects continued using the Classical forms. After that, in the architecture of England appeared a style called Palladian architecture and Jacobean architecture. Style of Baroque became prevalent just at the end of this century. After the Great Fire of London on 5 September 1666 most of the city's buildings were destroyed, all these constructions had to be restored or built new ones. The 17th and 18th centuries were a painful period, not only for the history of Britain but also affected religion. London was full of immigrants from the Continent who brought a part of their culture and religion to English culture. So, during that period, there was a problem of the persistence of the leading position of the Anglican Church of England. Through the hard work of the British architects who have fully dedicated themselves to the work, positions were strengthened. 310 years passed since the intensified struggle against the Anglican Church of England and Catholicism with another popular at that time sects. It started with creating the Act establishing the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches in the Cities of London and Westminster and or the Suburbs thereof. The fact that the Act was passed because of overcrowded with worshipers in the non-conformist chapels around London. In the end, it did not achieve its goal, just twelve churches were built under the tutelage of the Commissioners. A number of these churches became known as the Queen Anne Churches. However, these churches became the main building of Baroque Style in London.
31
Misyura, Sergey, Vladimir Morozov, Igor Donskoy, Nikita Shlegel, and Vadim Dorokhov. "Combustion of Liquid Fuels in the Presence of CO2 Hydrate Powder." Fire 6, no. 8 (August 15, 2023): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6080318.
Full textAbstract:
The process of combustion of a liquid fuel layer (diesel, kerosene, gasoline, separated petroleum, and oil) in the presence of CO2 hydrate has been studied. These fuels are widely used in engineering, which explains the great interest in effective methods of extinguishing. Extinguishing liquid fuels is quite a complicated scientific and technical task. It is often necessary to deal with fire extinction during oil spills and at fuel burning in large containers outdoors and in warehouses. Recently, attention to new extinguishing methods has increased. Advances in technology of the production, storage, and transportation of inert gas hydrates enhance the opportunities of using CO2 hydrate for extinguishing liquid fuels. Previous studies have shown a fairly high efficiency of CO2 hydrate (compared to water spray) in the extinction of volumetric fires. To date, there are neither experimental data nor methods for determining the dissociation rate of CO2 hydrate powder at the time of the gas hydrate fall on the burning layer of liquid fuel. The value of the dissociation rate is important to know in order to determine the temperatures of stable combustion and, accordingly, the mass of CO2 hydrate required to extinguish the flame. For the first time, a method jointly accounting for both the combustion of liquid fuel and the dissociation rate of the falling powder of gas hydrate at a negative temperature is proposed. The combustion stability depends on many factors. This paper defines three characteristic modes of evaporation of a liquid fuel layer, depending on the prevalence of vapor diffusion or free gas convection. The influence of the diameter and height of the layer on the nature of fuel evaporation is investigated.
32
Santana, V. M., J. G. Alday, H. Lee, K. A. Allen, and R. H. Marrs. "Prescribed-burning vs. wildfire: management implications for annual carbon emissions along a latitudinal gradient of <i>Calluna vulgaris</i>-dominated vegetation." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 21 (November 9, 2015): 17817–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-17817-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. A~present challenge in fire ecology is to optimize management techniques so that ecological services are maximized and C emissions minimized. Here, we model the effects of different prescribed-burning rotation intervals and wildfires on carbon emissions (present and future) in British moorlands. Biomass-accumulation curves from four Calluna-dominated ecosystems along a north–south, climatic gradient in Great Britain were calculated and used within a matrix-model based on Markov Chains to calculate above-ground biomass-loads, and annual C losses under different prescribed-burning rotation intervals. Additionally, we assessed the interaction of these parameters with an increasing wildfire return interval. We observed that litter accumulation patterns varied along the latitudinal gradient, with differences between northern (colder and wetter) and southern sites (hotter and drier). The accumulation patterns of the living vegetation dominated by Calluna were determined by site-specific conditions. The optimal prescribed-burning rotation interval for minimizing annual carbon losses also differed between sites: the rotation interval for northern sites was between 30 and 50 years, whereas for southern sites a hump-backed relationship was found with the optimal interval either between 8 to 10 years or between 30 to 50 years. Increasing wildfire frequency interacted with prescribed-burning rotation intervals by both increasing C emissions and modifying the optimum prescribed-burning interval for C minimum emission. This highlights the importance of studying site-specific biomass accumulation patterns with respect to environmental conditions for identifying suitable fire-rotation intervals to minimize C losses.
33
Heitz, Jesse A. "British Reaction to American Civil War Ironclads." Vulcan 1, no. 1 (2013): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00101004.
Full textAbstract:
By the 1840’s the era of the wooden ship of the line was coming to a close. As early as the 1820’s and 1830’s, ships of war were outfitted with increasingly heavy guns. Naval guns such as the increasingly popular 68 pounder could quickly damage the best wooden hulled ships of the line. Yet, by the 1840’s, explosive shells were in use by the British, French, and Imperial Russian navies. It was the explosive shell that could with great ease, cripple a standard wooden hulled warship, this truth was exposed at the Battle of Sinope in 1853. For this reason, warships had to be armored. By 1856, Great Britain drafted a design for an armored corvette. In 1857, France began construction on the first ocean going ironclad, La Gloire, which was launched in 1859. This development quickly caused Great Britain to begin construction on HMS Warrior and HMS Black Prince. By the time HMS Warrior was commissioned in 1861, the Royal Navy had decided that its entire battle fleet needed to be armored. While the British and the French naval arms race was intensifying, the United States was entering into its greatest crisis, the United States Civil War. After the outbreak of the Civil War, the majority of the United States Navy remained loyal to the Union. The Confederacy, therefore, gained inspiration from the ironclads across the Atlantic, quickly obtaining its own ironclads. CSS Manassas was the first to enter service, but was eventually brought down by a hail of Union broadside fire. The CSS Virginia, however, made an impact. Meanwhile, the Union began stockpiling City Class ironclads and in 1862, the USS Monitor was completed. After the veritable stalemate between the CSS Virginia and USS Monitor, the Union utilized its superior production capabilities to mass produce ironclads and enter them into service in the Union Navy. As the Union began armoring its increasingly large navy, the world’s foremost naval power certainly took notice. Therefore, this paper will utilize British newspapers, government documents, Royal Naval Reviews, and various personal documents from the 1860’s in order to examine the British public and naval reaction to the Union buildup of ironclad warships.
34
Baranoff, Dalit. "Robin Pearson. Insuring the Industrial Revolution: Fire Insurance in Great Britain, 1700–1850. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2004. xiii + 434 pp. ISBN 0-7546-336302, $99.95 (cloth)." Enterprise & Society 6, no. 4 (December 2005): 728–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700015020.
Full text
35
Hoppit, Julian. "Robin Pearson, Insuring the Industrial Revolution: Fire Insurance in Great Britain, 1700–1850. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004. xiii + 434pp. 17 figures. 52 tables. 5 maps. Bibliography. £49.95." Urban History 32, no. 3 (December 2005): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926805263472.
Full text
36
Baranoff, D. "Robin Pearson. Insuring the Industrial Revolution: Fire Insurance in Great Britain, 1700-1850. Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2004. xiii + 434 pp. ISBN 0-7546-336302, $99.95 (cloth)." Enterprise and Society 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 728–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/khi097.
Full text
37
Samardžić, Nemanja, Dragan Klisarić, and Milivoj Dopsaj. "Analysis of the testing system of overall and specific physical preparedness of firefighters in Serbia and abroad." Bezbednost, Beograd 66, no. 1 (2024): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2401023s.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to carry out a comparative analysis of different methodologies for testing the basic and specific physical preparation of firefighters that are applied in different countries of the world and, based on the application of the synthesis of knowledge, to provide a theoretical basis for the optimization and definition of the most adequate model of testing the fire service in the Republic of Serbia. Adequate levels of firefighting skills, physical abilities and energetic mechanisms of energy generation, contribute to reducing the risk of injuries and enable firefighters to resist the overall stress in the profession and to be efficient in specific task realization. Different countries worldwide have different methodologies for testing basic and specific physical preparedness of firefighters. Current testing systems implemented in the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Spain, Sweden and South Korea were analyzed. The analysis found that there is a significant correlation between the values of the basic and specific tests of the physical abilities of firefighters, with the fact that the specific tests are performed in complete personal protection. Based on the synthesis of applied tests and abilities in the analyzed countries, it was established that 24 tests are used to assess basic physical abilities, 14 for specific abilities and 29 for specific physical abilities. In accordance with the established results, it can be concluded that it is necessary to develop specific standardized test procedures for use throughout the fire service in Serbia. In addition to a more efficient assessment of specific physical preparedness, this would also enable control of the state of our firefighters through a more valid comparison of results, which would help in the development of normative data and new methodology needed for more efficient professionalization of the fire service. Established results imply that testing should be conducted biannually with the implementation of specific tests in complete personal protective equipment (PPE) with firefighting equipment. Also, it is necessary to enable adequate testing conditions for firefighters in smaller firefighting units in corresponding testing conditions with equipment.
38
Lunney, Daniel, Martin Predavec, Indrie Sonawane, Rodney Kavanagh, George Barrott-Brown, Stephen Phillips, John Callaghan, et al. "The remaining koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) of the Pilliga forests, north-west New South Wales: refugial persistence or a population on the road to extinction?" Pacific Conservation Biology 23, no. 3 (2017): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc17008.
Full textAbstract:
In the 1990s, the Pilliga forests were carrying the largest population of koalas west of the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales (NSW). Whereas the NSW koala population in its entirety was thought to be in decline, the Pilliga population stood out as potentially increasing. By 2007, anecdotal evidence suggested that the population was in decline. We undertook surveys of koalas in the Pilliga forests that repeated surveys undertaken between 1991 and 2011. We found that koalas had declined and were found in only 21% of sites in which they were observed in the initial surveys – by any measure, a 5-fold drop in occupancy in less than two decades is severe. Declines occurred evenly across the Pilliga, with persistence at a site seemingly related to a high initial density of koalas rather than to a slower rate of decline. Sites where koalas persisted were characterised as having higher temperatures and lower rainfall relative to other sites, being close to drainage lines with deeper soils and having a lower occurrence of fire. This pattern fits with the observation in the recent surveys that koalas were next to drainage lines in the western half of the Pilliga and fits with the suggestion that koalas show refugial persistence. Recovery from this point is not assured and will depend on how we manage the landscape, particularly with the threat of climate change. This will likely require active management within an adaptive management framework, such as restoration of refuges, and not simply habitat reservation.
39
Cherry, Bridget. "London’s Public Events and Ceremonies: an Overview Through Three Centuries." Architectural History 56 (2013): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00002434.
Full textAbstract:
A revised and abridged record of the Annual Lecture of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain, given at the Courtauld Institute of Art, London, on 12 November 2012Two exceptional events in London in 2012, the queen’s Diamond Jubilee and the Olympics, provoked questions about the origins and legacy of major public events of the past. This article explores the impact on the fabric of London since the eighteenth century of occasional planned spectacles through discussion of two main types of event, namely the procession along a predetermined route and occasions requiring a large organized space.George, Elector of Hanover, succeeded to the throne as George I on 1 August 1714. The proclamation of a new monarch took place at a series of traditional sites. The Heralds started at the king’s residence, St James’s Palace, and proceeded to Charing Cross, where the statue of Charles I had replaced the medieval Eleanor cross destroyed in the Civil War. The third site, Temple Bar, marked the boundary of the City Liberties. Within the City the proclamation was repeated at St Mary le Bow and at the Royal Exchange — recent post-Fire buildings, but iconic sites — marking the significance of the Church and the power centre of the City merchants.
40
McLauchlan, Kendra, and Kyleen Kelly. "Dendrochronological Assessment of Whitebark Pine Response to Past Climate Change: Implications for a Threatened Species in Grand Teton National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 37 (January 1, 2014): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2014.4047.
Full textAbstract:
One of the keystone tree species in subalpine forests of the western United States â whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis, hereafter whitebark pine) â is experiencing a significant mortality event (Millar et al. 2012). Whitebark pine occupies a relatively restricted range in the high-elevation ecosystems in the northern Rockies and its future is uncertain. The current decline of whitebark pine populations has been attributed to pine beetle infestations, blister rust infections, anthropogenic fire suppression, and climate change (Millar et al. 2012). Despite the knowledge that whitebark pine is severely threatened by multiple stressors, little is known about the historic capacity of this species to handle these stressors. More specifically, it is unknown how whitebark pine has dealt with past climatic variability, particularly variation in the type of precipitation (rain vs. snow) available for soil moisture, and how differences in quantity of precipitation have influenced the establishment and growth of modern stands. We propose to study the past responses of whitebark pine to paleoclimatic conditions, which would be useful to park ecologists in developing new conservation and regeneration plans to prevent the extinction of this already severely threatened high-elevation resource. The purpose of this study is to determine in great temporal and spatial detail the demographics of the current stand of whitebark pine trees in the watershed surrounding an unnamed, high-altitude pond (known informally as Whitebark Pine Moraine Pond) located approximately 3.06 miles NW of Jenny Lake in Grand Teton National Park (GTNP). The main objectives of this study were: 1.) To obtain the precise GPS locations of the current stand of whitebark pine trees in the watershed to generate a GIS map detailing their locations. 2.) To obtain increment cores of a subset of the trees in the watershed to estimate age and date of establishment for the current stand of whitebark pines, with particular attention to fire history. 3.) To analyze ring widths from core samples to identify climatic indicators that may influence the regeneration and survival of whitebark pine.
41
Bargár, Pavol. "Nigerian-Initiated Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches in the Czech Republic: Active Missionary Force or a Cultural Ghetto?" Exchange 43, no. 1 (March 13, 2014): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-12341302.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The phenomenon of the Nigerian Pentecostal/charismatic missionaries and communities led by them has been fairly well documented with respect to some Western European countries. However, much less attention has been given to the ministry of Nigerian-initiated Pentecostal/charismatic churches in Central Europe. The present paper seeks to fill this lacuna by exploring the ministry of three Nigerian-initiated churches in Prague, the Czech Republic, namely ‘The Mountain of Fire & Miracles Ministries’, ‘Covenant Parish Prague’ of ‘The Redeemed Christian Church of God’, and ‘The Holy Ghost End Time Ministries Intl.’ The present article analyzes different strategies these churches use to move beyond their ethnic origin. On these particular case studies, it tests a thesis, suggested by the research done by various scholars with respect to the Nigerian Pentecostal immigration in Europe and, especially, Great Britain, which claims that Nigerian-initiated Pentecostal/charismatic churches in Europe fail to appeal to the population of non-Nigerian and non-Pentecostal/charismatic backgrounds. This contribution suggests taking a more complex approach to the phenomenon by considering aspects such as contextual knowledge/experience of the pastor, language politics, worldview, worship style, and outreach policy. It will be proposed that sheer numbers are not to be perceived as the main indicator of whether or not a specific church represents an active missionary force, but rather a multiplicity of factors should be taken into consideration.
42
Harris, R. "ROBIN PEARSON. Insuring the Industrial Revolution: Fire Insurance in Great Britain, 1700-1850. (Modern Economic and Social History Series.) Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Publishing Company. 2004. Pp. xi, 434. $99.95." American Historical Review 111, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 1249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.111.4.1249.
Full text
43
Zelya, A., G. Zelya, T. Sonets, T. Makar, and M. Mykhailyk. "Potato of foreign breeding varieties’ evalution on resistance to casuative agents of wart Synchytrium endobioticum Schilbersky Percival." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2023.3.10-15.
Full textAbstract:
Goal. To evaluate and to choose potato varieties of foreign breeding material resistant to wart for inclusion in the State Register of plant varieties suitable for distribution in Ukraine and improve them into disease sources.
Methods. The study involved 5 potatoes varieties of foreign breeding: Mia and Baltic Fire — breeding of company Norica Nordring-Kartoffelzucht und Fermerungs GmbH Gross Lusewitz (Germany); Lady Amarilla and Acoustic breeding of company See Meijer B B (Great Britain); Sensation IPM Potato Group Ltd (Ireland). Evaluation of breeding material for resistance to common 1 (D1) and aggressive pathotypes of potato wart was performed in the laboratory conditions of the Ukrainian Science Research Plant Quarantine Station IPP NAAS on an artificial infectious background according to EPPO Standard PM 7/28/1 and EPPO Standard PM 7/28 / 2 and «Methods for evaluation and selection of breeding material for potatoes resistant to wart Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Perc., Harmonized with EU requirements» and in the field conditions of pathogen spread.
Results. As a result of laboratory and field studies on the evaluation and selection of potato varieties resistant to wart were chosen resistant from 5 potato varieties (100%) received value resistant to common potato wart pathotype One variety Acoustic is (20%)resistant to 11(M1) — Mizhgirya aggressive pathotype. There were chosen two resistant varieties to 13 (R2) — Rachiv aggressive pathotype — Sensation and Acoustic; 18(Ya) Yasynya — Acoustic and Lady Amarilla; 22(B1) — Bystrets pathotypes: Sensation and Mia. It was consisted to 40% from general number of testing varieties. Potato variety Baltic Fire defeated by all aggressive potato wart causative agent pathotypes.
Conclusions. Potato varieties that have not been affected by the pathotypes of the wart causative agent have been proposed for inclusion in the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine for Introduction. They recommend to put into production in the sources of disease spread and breeders for the following usage in crossing as a source of resistance and receiving resistant against disease potato progenies.
44
Heathorn, Stephen. "Susan R. Grayzel. At Home and Under Fire: Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Pp. 334. $99.00 (cloth)." Journal of British Studies 52, no. 2 (April 2013): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2013.33.
Full text
45
Croft, H. "At Home and Under Fire: Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz. By Susan R. Grayzel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. xii plus 343 pp.)." Journal of Social History 48, no. 2 (September 14, 2014): 463–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shu096.
Full text
46
O'Byrne, Alison. "“Everlasting Memorials”: Urban Improvement and the Shadow of Ruin in Mid-Eighteenth-Century London." Eighteenth-Century Life 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00982601-9272992.
Full textAbstract:
This essay explores the relationship between plans for the improvement of London and other forms of writing about the city that imagine its inevitable decline and fall. Those lamenting the appearance of London in the eighteenth century frequently looked back to the Great Fire as a missed opportunity to rebuild the city in a grander, more magnificent manner. For these critics, London's built environment did little to stake the nation's claims to polite refinement and cultural prestige. Such concerns became especially pressing in the wake of Britain's victories in the Seven Years’ War, which made London the center of an extensive global empire. Through an examination of proposals for and accounts of urban improvements as well as works that look to a future moment when visitors survey London's faded glories, this essay considers how imagining London in ruins—a trope thus far explored in the context of the loss of the American colonies and Britain's role in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars—served two competing purposes in mid-eighteenth-century Britain. While, on the one hand, improvers acknowledged the transience of imperial power by arguing that now was the time to build grand monuments to mark the achievements of the present, on the other, a range of writers invoked the trope of future ruin to indicate how the seeds of decline had already been sown. The manifold meanings of ruin to which these works gesture would continue to play out in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
47
Garlińska, Urszula, Marta Iwańska, Robert Śliwiński, and Paweł Florek. "The Role of Smoke Detectors and Carbon Monoxide Detectors in the Fire Safety of Residential Buildings." Safety & Fire Technology 57, no. 1 (2021): 114–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12845/sft.57.1.2021.8.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: The aim of this publication is to present the most important aspects of using smoke and carbon monoxide detectors intended for households or similar residential facilities as well as to indicate the advantages and disadvantages of the adopted system solutions that affect the number of detectors installed in this kind of buildings. The article aims to present the issues related to the Integrated Qualifications System (ZSK), i.e. newly developed market qualification, dedicated to installers and maintenance technicians of smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. Introduction: Smoke and carbon monoxide detectors for early detection of existing threats such as fires or escaping carbon monoxide are an important element of fire protection, dedicated primarily to owners of residential buildings. In many countries in the EU it is obligatory to install detectors in homes, whereas at the moment in Poland the only aspect regulated legally is the obligation of the manufacturer of these products to obtain a certificate. Since 2016, the ZSK has been operating in Poland, in which in 2019 the qualifications of installers/maintenance technicians of smoke and carbon monoxide detectors were distinguished. As a result, a person with a market qualification certificate is prepared for independent installation and maintenance of fire safety monitoring devices Methodology: As part of the research process, theoretical research was used, such as: analysis of literature and legal documents, synthesis, general- ization, inference, comparison and analogy. As part of the research, documents from such countries as Poland, Great Britain (mainly England), Germany and France were analysed. The selection of individual countries was guided by the level of development of these systems in a given country and the availability of source documents Conclusions: The presented analysis of the requirements for the installation of the smoke and carbon monoxide detectors shows how different the ap- proach is regarding the use of this type of devices. Depending on experiences and the administrative structure of a given country, a variety of regulations, whether legal or normative, can be discerned in the use of smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. ZSK is a well-described system of formal organization and classification of competences and offers the public services at the highest possible quality level. It is also a partial solution to the problem of installing detectors. However, it is necessary to regulate this issue from the legal level, as it was the case in other EU countries, where the installation of detectors in homes is obligatory. Such action will contribute to reducing the victims of fires or inhalation of toxic gases (carbon monoxide) Keywords: Integrated Qualifications System (ZSK), smoke alarm detector, electrical apparatus for the detection of carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, residential buildings Type of article: review article
48
Follett, Richard R. "At Home and Under Fire: Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz. By Susan R. Grayzel. (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Pp. xii, 343. $99.00.)." Historian 75, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hisn.12010_40.
Full text
49
Osborne, Martin, Florent F. Malavelle, Mariana Adam, Joelle Buxmann, Jaqueline Sugier, Franco Marenco, and Jim Haywood. "Saharan dust and biomass burning aerosols during ex-hurricane Ophelia: observations from the new UK lidar and sun-photometer network." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 3557–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3557-2019.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. On 15–16 October 2017, ex-hurricane Ophelia passed to the west of the British Isles, bringing dust from the Sahara and smoke from Portuguese forest fires that was observable to the naked eye and reported in the UK's national press. We report here detailed observations of this event using the UK operational lidar and sun-photometer network, established for the early detection of aviation hazards, including volcanic ash. We also use ECMWF ERA5 wind field data and MODIS imagery to examine the aerosol transport. The observations, taken continuously over a period of 30 h, show a complex picture, dominated by several different aerosol layers at different times and clearly correlated with the passage of different air masses associated with the intense cyclonic system. A similar evolution was observed at several sites, with a time delay between them explained by their different location with respect to the storm and associated meteorological features. The event commenced with a shallow dust layer at 1–2 km in altitude and culminated in a deep and complex structure that lasted ∼12 h at each site over the UK, correlated with the storm's warm sector. For most of the time, the aerosol detected was dominated by mineral dust mixtures, as highlighted by depolarisation measurements, but an intense biomass burning aerosol (BBA) layer was observed towards the end of the event, lasting around 3 h at each site. The aerosol optical depth at 355 nm (AOD355) during the whole event ranged from 0.2 to 2.9, with the larger AOD correlated to the intense BBA layer. Such a large AOD is unprecedented in the UK according to AERONET records for the last 20 years. The Raman lidars permitted the measurement of the aerosol extinction coefficient at 355 nm, the particle linear depolarisation ratio (PLDR), and the lidar ratio (LR) and made the separation of the dust (depolarising) aerosol from other aerosol types possible. A specific extinction has also been computed to provide an estimate of the atmospheric concentration of both aerosol types separately, which peaked at 420±200 µg m−3 for the dust and 558±232 µg m−3 for the biomass burning aerosols. Back trajectories computed using the Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment (NAME) were used to identify the sources and strengthen the conclusions drawn from the observations. The UK network represents a significant expansion of the observing capability in northern Europe, with instruments evenly distributed across Great Britain, from Camborne in Cornwall to Lerwick in the Shetland Islands, and this study represents the first attempt to demonstrate its capability and validate the methods in use. Its ultimate purpose will be the detection and quantification of volcanic plumes, but the present study clearly demonstrates the advanced capabilities of the network.
50
Garlińska, Urszula, Tomasz Popielarczyk, Tomasz Sowa, and Robert Śliwiński. "Guidelines for the Use of Voice Alarm Systems Based on the Analysis of Normative and Legal Documents Used in Selected European Countries." Safety & Fire Technology 57, no. 1 (2021): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12845/sft.57.1.2021.1.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: The aim of this publication is to present the results of theoretical research – evaluation of normative and legal documents used for the design and installation of voice alarm systems (VAS) in selected European countries. The aim of the research was to analyze and compare the functioning of voice alarm systems in Poland against the background of selected European countries. Introduction: Voice alarm systems are systems installed in buildings that enable the broadcast of warning signals and voice messages for the safety of people in the building. Mandatory use of voice alarm systems in selected buildings became applicable in Poland on January 16, 2006. In Europe, these systems have been present before. Over the years, there has been development of both the devices included in the systems, as well as the normative documents and legal acts that describe these systems. Methods: Within the research process, theoretical research was used, such as: analysis of literature and legal documents, synthesis, generalization, inference, comparison and analogy. As part of the research, documents from such countries as Poland, Great Britain (mainly England), Sweden, Norway, Germany and the Netherlands were analyzed. The selection of individual countries was guided by the level of development of these systems in a given country and the availability of source documents. Conclusions: The presented analysis of the requirements for the use of voice alarm systems shows how different the approach to the use of this type of systems is. Depending on individual experiences and the administrative structure of a given country, a variety of regulations, whether legal or normative (not always normative documents issued by state standardization institutions), can be seen in the field of voice alarm systems application. Unfortunately, one can get the impression that voice alarm systems are still not as popular as fire detection systems. The definition of the requirements for buildings in which the use of voice alarm systems should be obligatory and the requirements for the determination of the required level of speech intelligibility consti- tute the basis for the consistent development of this type of fire protection equipment. Such requirements should be specified either in legal regulations or in normative acts dedicated to voice alarm systems. Keywords: safety of evacuation, evacuation of buildings, voice alarm system, EN 54-16, EN 54-24, guidelines Type of article: review article