Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fire extinction – Great Britain

Academic literature on the topic 'Fire extinction – Great Britain'

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Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Fire extinction – Great Britain"

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Gilbert, O. L., and O. W. Purvis. "Teloschistes Flavicans in Great Britain: Distribution and Ecology." Lichenologist 28, no. 6 (November 1996): 493–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1996.0047.

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AbstractOver the last century, the distribution of Teloschistes flavicans has contracted from being widespread in the southern half of England and Wales to being limited to South-West England with outlying populations in Pembrokeshire and North Wales. Twelve core sites have been identified where the species is well established: ten of these are saxicolous/terricolous habitats on windy coastal cliff tops; the other two are lines of sycamore trees near the coast. At 39 further localities, some inland, the species is in very small amounts (often on one tree) and vulnerable to extinction. It is normally a member of the Parmelietum revolutae or Ramalinetum scopularis associations. The conservation of the species is discussed.
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Shu, Yong Bao, Wen Jun Li, and Zhong Xue Li. "The Technology of Liquid CO2 Used for Fire Prevention and the Related Device." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1642.

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In order to avoid spontaneous combustion of coal, reduce cost and improve the effect of fire prevention and extinction, this essay brings about the technology and related device to prevent and control the spontaneous combustion of coal based on the properties of fire prevention and extinction of the liquid CO2 toward fire area, such as: asphyxiation oxygen, cooling down and inerting. The technical difficulties such as the safety packing, transportation and perfusion to the fire area underground of liquid CO2 are solved. The liquid CO2 is transported safely to the fire area underground and are infused to fire area in the form of liquid. The on site operation and test proved that the fire-fighting technology and device has the following advantages: high speed, simple operation, adjusted continuously, stable operation, and significant and reliable fire prevention effect. It accords with the actual application and has great practical value.
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EWEN, SHANE. "Insuring the industrial revolution: fire insurance in Great Britain, 1700–1850." Economic History Review 57, no. 4 (November 2004): 777–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_6.x.

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SHIROKOVA, Nadezhda S. "The art of the British Celts. A critical review." STUDIA ANTIQUA ET ARCHAEOLOGICA 21, no. 2 (2015): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/saa-2015-21-2-5.

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The article discusses Celtic art in pre-Roman Britain. The author of the article disagrees with the opinion expressed by R.G. Collingwood and certain other scholars that the art of British Celts, being fragile, linear and abstract, having shallow social foundations (since it was the art of the nobility), was doomed to decline and extinction, even if the Roman conquest of Britain had not taken place. The sources referred to in the article demonstrate that Celtic art, whose intrinsic feature was that bent for poetic abstraction which was typical of Celtic mentality in general, had great potential for growth that lay dormant during the Roman period. The view that the artistic style of British Celts possessed creative capacity which remained hidden under Roman reign is confirmed by the Celtic art’s revival in medieval Britain during the Anglo-Saxon domination.
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Broadhurst, Kensa. "The Death and Subsequent Revival of the Cornish Language." Open Review 6 (November 26, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47967/qhkf3791.

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Cornish is the vernacular language of Cornwall, the most South-Western part of Great Britain. It is widely believed the language died out in the eighteenth century with the death of Dolly Pentreath, the so-called last speaker of the language. What caused the language to become extinct, and why do minority languages fall into disuse? After the subsequent Cornish language revival at the beginning of the twentieth century, what lessons can the language community learn from linguists who have researched language extinction and revival?
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Djohar, Hasnul Insani, Iin Dwi Jayanti, and Nada Tayem. "Combating the War on Terror in Kamila Shamsie’s Home Fire (2017)." Muslim English Literature 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/mel.v3i1.30854.

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This paper investigates how Kamila Shamsie’s Home Fire (2017) resists the ideas of the War on Terror by using symbols, metaphors, and irony. This paper employs a qualitative method particularly close textual analysis. It engages with Bill Ascroft’s theory of postcolonialism to reveal the resistance of British Pakistanis to fight against the mantra of the War on Terror, which led to anti-Muslim racism in Britain. In doing so, Shamsie’s Home Fire undermines the ideology of the War on Terror by using literary devices mentioned previously and by representing how the three protagonists use essays and news to fight against neo-imperialist policies. Thus, Shamsie’s novel delves into the slogan of the War on Terror, using essays and news to challenge anti-Muslim racism in Great Britain, particularly in the aftermath of the 9/11 attack in the US. This novel reveals the connection between British colonialism and US imperialism in periods of global transnational capitalism rooted in white supremacy.
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Gavrilenko, Vladimir, Natalia Kovaleva, and Anna Medvedeva. "Fire protection legislation of Great Britain on the example of the Law on Fire Prevention in the Metropolis of 1774." Аграрное и земельное право, no. 12 (2021): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1329_2021_12_102.

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Ritterbush, Kathleen A., Yadira Ibarra, David J. Bottjer, Frank A. Corsetti, Silvia Rosas, A. Joshua West, William M. Berelson, and Joyce A. Yager. "Marine Ecological State-Shifts Following the Triassic–Jurassic Mass Extinction." Paleontological Society Papers 21 (October 2015): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600002989.

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One of the most severe extinction events in Earth history, the Triassic–Jurassic extinction, struck against a backdrop of radical increases in atmospheric CO2and supercontinent breakup. This juxtaposition of first-order geophysical and biotic changes produced excellent case studies in Earth-Life Transitions. Recent recognition of a worldwide “carbonate gap” following the extinction has focused attention on causes, often invoked as eustacy or ocean acidification, but the ecology of the extinction aftermath remains poorly understood. Results from paleoecological studies on three separate Triassic–Jurassic records are presented and incorporated into regional depositional models. Examination of the Penarth Group of Great Britain reveals a widespread, laterally homogenous, level-bottom microbial stromatolite regime across the innermost ramp. The Sunrise Formation in Nevada, USA, was deposited during a biosiliceous (“glass”) regime dominated by demosponges across the inner ramp that lasted at least two million years. Investigations of the Pucará group in the central Andes of Peru revealed a demosponge-dominated level-bottom glass ramp with many similarities to the Nevada deposits, but offering broader regional extent and variation in recorded depositional settings. This suite of studies demonstrates state-shifts in marine ecological systems that also profoundly altered regional sedimentation regimes. The sponge-dominated systems produced glass ramp conditions instead of carbonate ramps, and indicate the importance of marine silica concentrations. The post-extinction changes in regional marine ecology demonstrate connectivity to changes in global climate and terrigenous weathering driven by global-scale geophysical processes.
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Pénisson, Sophie, and Christine Jacob. "Stochastic Methodology for the Study of an Epidemic Decay Phase, Based on a Branching Model." International Journal of Stochastic Analysis 2012 (December 4, 2012): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/598701.

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We present a stochastic methodology to study the decay phase of an epidemic. It is based on a general stochastic epidemic process with memory, suitable to model the spread in a large open population with births of any rare transmissible disease with a random incubation period and a Reed-Frost type infection. This model, which belongs to the class of multitype branching processes in discrete time, enables us to predict the incidences of cases and to derive the probability distributions of the extinction time and of the future epidemic size. We also study the epidemic evolution in the worst-case scenario of a very late extinction time, making use of the Q-process. We provide in addition an estimator of the key parameter of the epidemic model quantifying the infection and finally illustrate this methodology with the study of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy epidemic in Great Britain after the 1988 feed ban law.
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Dantas, Daniela. "Britons in blue: A contextual analysis of corporeal painting in Great Britain, from the Iron Age to the early Middle Ages." Studia Historica. Historia Antigua 41 (December 7, 2023): e31320. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/shha31320.

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Ancient sources frequently mention body painting as a practice in Great Britain. This custom, which is mentioned in continuity from the days of Julius Caesar to the Anglo-Saxon era, has not yet been confirmed by archaeological and iconographic evidence, but there are enough indicators to promote continued research. Textual and archaeological analysis shows there may have been an evolution in the practice between the Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages, when new religious and cultural spheres would have led to eventual extinction. Although presented by Caesar as a military practice, corporeal painting may have extended to other spheres of ancient societies, including aesthetic purposes and religious rites.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fire extinction – Great Britain"

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Smith, Helen. "The Fire and the Ash." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2002. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1644.

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This thesis comprises two parts. Part One is a novel (The Fire and the Ash), set in the latter half of the nineteenth century. lt chronicles, for the most part, the marriage of a young Irish couple. Part Two is an essay entitled Victorian Women and the Law. This area of research was selected because the life span of the woman in my novel coincides almost precisely with the reign of Queen Victoria. The life of women in Victorian Britain is commonly known to have been difficult. The social dictates of the time required that they be groomed from early childhood for a life of servitude to father and, hopefully, later a husband. There was little room, apart for a small minority of exceptional women, for self-expression, other than through the domestic arts within the home.
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Weeks, Douglas M. "Radicals and reactionaries : the polarisation of community and government in the name of public safety and security." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3416.

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The contemporary threat of terrorism has changed the ways in which government and the public view the world. Unlike the existential threat from nation states in previous centuries, today, government and the public spend much of their effort looking for the inward threat. Brought about by high profile events such as 9/11, 7/7, and 3/11, and exacerbated by globalisation, hyper-connected social spheres, and the media, the threats from within are reinforced daily. In the UK, government has taken bold steps to foment public safety and public security but has also been criticised by some who argue that government actions have labelled Muslims as the ‘suspect other'. This thesis explores the counter-terrorism environment in London at the community/government interface, how the Metropolitan Police Service and London Fire Brigade deliver counter-terrorism policy, and how individuals and groups are reacting. It specifically explores the realities of the lived experience of those who make up London's ‘suspect community' and whether or not counter-terrorism policy can be linked to further marginalisation, radicalism, and extremism. By engaging with those that range from London's Metropolitan Police Service's Counterterrorism Command (SO15) to those that make up the radical fringe, an ethnographic portrait is developed. Through that ethnographic portrait the ‘ground truth' and complexities of the lived experience are made clear and add significant contrast to the aseptic policy environment.
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Comont, Richard Francis. "Modelling the impact of an alien invasion : Harmonia axyridis in Britain." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:08de972b-1c12-4862-bb7d-95d614a9e011.

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Harmonia axyridis is a ladybird native to Asia, but introduced widely as a biocontrol agent. It is invasive and detrimental to native species in North America, which meant its arrival in Britain was met with concern. Establishment was seen as an opportunity to track the spread of an invasive alien species (IAS) whilst also monitoring impacts on native species. The aims of this thesis were to examine the responses of native British ladybirds to the arrival of H. axyridis, to establish the effect of the IAS on native ladybirds when compared to other drivers, and to investigate the possible facilitation of the H. axyridis invasion by natural enemy release. Modelling ladybird distributions with life-history and resource-use traits found that species predatory on a wide range of prey families had larger range sizes than those which ate fewer prey types. This suggests that the wide diet breadth of the IAS is likely to have played a critical role in the species’ rapid spread. Dietary niche overlap between H. axyridis and native ladybirds showed positive correlation with declines of native ladybirds. This indicates that the IAS is playing an important role, but the significance of urbanisation suggests habitat destruction is also significant. Abundance of H. axyridis was influenced by habitat type and aphid abundance, but not by the native ladybird community, suggesting the spread of the IAS will not be slowed by biotic resistance. Harmonia axyridis is attacked by native parasitoids, but at a much lower rate than is the native Coccinella septempunctata, in line with natural-enemy release theory. There was no evidence of attack rate increasing with time since arrival in an area. Overall, H. axyridis is an extremely successful IAS, with detrimental effects on native ladybirds which are likely to continue.
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Hladká, Adriana. "Když město hoří: Velký požár Londýna v roce 1666." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-408907.

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This diploma thesis is focused on the Great Fire of London in the year 1666 and on the course of events that started it. Based on historical sources, the author will try to explain how did the city leaders confront this tragedy and how was the Great Fire seen by the public. The author will also present some possible plans for the reconstruction of the city of London as well as the final plan which gave the city its current shape. This thesis is divided into three sections, first of which introduces the historical context of 17th century in England. The second part is focused on the fire itself - its cause, its development and its aftermath. The last section will introduce reconstruction plans made by five important people of the time as well as the progress of the reconstruction. Last but not least, the memorials of the Great Fire will also be mentioned in this thesis.
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Books on the topic "Fire extinction – Great Britain"

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Limited, Ewbank Preece Consulting, and Great Britain. Home Office. Scientific Research and Development Branch., eds. Survey of fire-fighting foams and associated equipment and tactics relevant to the United Kingdom fire service. London: Home Office, Scientific Research and Development Branch, 1989.

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Henham, Brian. Badges of extinction: The eighteenth and nineteenth century badges ofinsurance office firemen. London: Quiller Press, 1989.

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Henham, Brian. Badges of extinction: The eighteenth and nineteenth century badges of insurance office firemen. London: Quiller, 1989.

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McMunn, Richard. The insider's guide to becoming a firefighter. London: Hodder Education, 2009.

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C, Thompson John, ed. The green machine: Vehicles of the Auxiliary Fire Service and mobile fire columns (together with details of police mobile column and civil defence vehicles). Newport Pagnell: Enthusiasts Publications, 1995.

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W, Baumgardner Randy, and Turner Publishing Co, eds. Birmingham Fire & Rescue Service Department. Paducah, Ky: Turner Pub. Co., 2001.

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John, Graham, ed. A Comparative study of firefighting arrangements in Britain, Denmark, the Netherlands and Sweden. London: HMSO, 1992.

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Chris, Ryan. Land of Fire. London: Century, 2002.

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Office, Great Britain Home, and Great Britain Scottish Office, eds. Fire precautions in the workplace: Information for employers about the Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997. London: Stationery Office, 1997.

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Hickin, W. F. Unified against fire: A short organisational history of the National Fire Service of 1941 to 1948, including details ofthe London Fire Forces and River Thames Formation. [London]: [Hickin?], 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Fire extinction – Great Britain"

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Rowlands, Mark. "The Great Dying." In World on Fire, 157–71. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197541890.003.0008.

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The benefits of no longer eating animals extend beyond climate mitigation. It will also mitigate current species extinction trajectories. This chapter looks at the history of human-caused extinctions. A great extinction occurs when a percentage of a species dies out (e.g., 75%). A mass extinction occurs when the actual rate of extinction exceeds the normal background rate by a certain margin (e.g., 1000×). There are good reasons for thinking that a mass extinction of species is currently occurring. Humans are the cause of this, as they have been the cause of all major extinction pulses since the Quaternary period. This chapter examines one of the Quaternary extinction pulses of 8000–11,500 years ago and defends the hominin paleobiogeography hypothesis, that is, that humans were substantially responsible for this pulse of extinctions. An undue focus on extinction, however, can mask the harm we are currently doing to species.
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Whittaker, Jason. "Chariot of Fire." In Jerusalem, 143–61. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845870.003.0007.

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The Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II marked a moment when British society was becoming more divided than at any point in the previous century, with an increasingly conservative majority seeking to make Britain great while other sections of society, whether disaffected youth or striking miners, became increasingly cynical of attempts to build Jerusalem. This chapter examines the ways in which the ‘Jerusalem’ hymn was used both as a symbol of Thatcherite Britain and resistance to it, beginning with the song’s adoption by those involved in the punk and New Wave scenes in film and music, as well as later in Chariots of Fire.
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Jones, Howard. "Wrapping the World in Fire." In American Civil Wars. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631097.003.0003.

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Too often overlooked in the American Civil War was the crisis over foreign intervention and possible diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy as a sovereign nation. Outside observers watched events in America with great interest, some noting how the South’s struggle for independence could provide an example for their own aspirations for liberty. The controversy involved the central characters on the international scene: Abraham Lincoln and William Seward in Washington, Jefferson Davis in Richmond, Lord Palmerston and Lord John Russell in London, Napoleon III in Paris, and, perhaps a lesser known figure, the British secretary for war, George Cornewall Lewis. The actions considered in Britain and France included mediation, arbitration, and even a forceful intervention in the name of peace, but always based on self-interest. The chief opponent of intervention was Lewis, who warned that such action might lead to war with the United States. Had Britain recognized the South, France and other nations would probably have followed, perhaps permanently dividing the United States and crippling the republic for decades.
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Hollinger, David A. "Justification by Verification: The Scientific Challenge to the Moral Authority of Christianity in Modern America." In After Cloven Tongues of Fire. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691158426.003.0004.

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Historians have observed that Victorian, Edwardian, and Progressive intellectuals embraced science with “religious” zeal. This chapter details the distinctly Protestant style and tone of that zeal. A function of religious images was to enable scientific intellectuals and their supporters to think of science as the practice of exactly the virtues for which Christianity was then most admired by educated citizens of Great Britain and the United States. Thinking of science in these terms enabled them to present scientists as the successors to the clergy as the moral models for modern living. The endlessly repeated assertion that the British agnostic scientist, T. H. Huxley, had enough “real Christianity” in him “to save the soul” of every person in the British Isles is a convenient emblem for this discourse.
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Scott, Andrew C. "Fire and the Coming of the Modern World." In Burning Planet. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198734840.003.0009.

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What kind of world dawned after the K/P boundary? We know from studies across localities in the USA that there is evidence of frequent wildfires continuing into the earliest Paleogene. But what happened to the atmospheric oxygen level after recovery from the K/P mass extinction—did it remain above modern levels? Were we still in a high-fire world? If there were fires, what is the evidence in the charcoal record, and do we know anything about the vegetation that was burning? When the charcoal in the coal database was originally compiled, one of the important issues was how we recorded and represented our data. Early to mid-Paleocene Epoch coals (from around 65 to 55 million years ago) are often recorded as ‘earliest Tertiary’ in coal literature. (The Tertiary was the name we used to use for what we now call the Paleogene and Neogene Periods, stretching from around 65 to 1 million years ago.) However, coals that are nearer to the start of the Eocene Epoch, just older than 55 million years ago, are notoriously difficult to date. This is a problem we have with many coal sequences, as they are deposited on land, and most of the fossils used to give ages are found in marine waters. Many coals of this age are often simply recorded as coming from the late Paleocene or early Eocene. Where we have good dating information, Paleocene coals all tend to have high inertinite (charcoal) contents, well above 19 per cent. By the mid to late Eocene (50–40 million years ago), however, worldwide the charcoal contents are low, around 5 per cent or even less. There must, therefore, have been a fundamental change in the Earth system at this time. Another problem is the way in which we chose to represent our data and show the calculated oxygen curve. In order to get sufficient data to plot the curves we decided to use 10-millionyear bins. This was not a problem for the Paleozoic–Mesozoic transition, covering the great Permian mass extinction, which took place 250 million years ago.
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Holman, J. Alan. "Introductio." In Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in Britain and Europe. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195112320.003.0005.

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There is disagreement about the time of the beginning of the Pleistocene. For instance, Repenning (1987), a North American, puts the beginning date at 1.9 million ybp. On the other hand, some modern Europeans studying the subject (e.g., Gibbard et al., 1991; Kolfschoten and Meulen, 1986; Roebroeks and Kolfschoten, 1995; Zagwijn, 1985, 1992) consider the epoch to have begun about 2.3 million ybp. The system used here, however, follows Sanchiz (in press), who accepts the official usage of Harland et al. (1990), who put the beginning of the Pleistocene at 1.64 million ybp. Evidence that the Pleistocene ended about 10,000 ybp (Meltzer and Mead, 1983) is widely accepted. This ending date correlates very closely with the terminal extinction of many large land mammal species. The Pleistocene is characterized by climatic oscillations and a series of glacial and interglacial events where great continental ice sheets advanced and retreated many times. The ice sheets were massive forces, sculpting the topography of the land and carrying much sedimentary material, including huge boulders and even megablocks of land up to 4 km in diameter, as far as 250 km in the Canadian prairies (MacStalker, 1977). In Britain and Europe, as well as in North America, the advance and retreat of ice sheets had a marked effect on the distribution of plant and animal life. Huge tracts of habitat were alternately obliterated and reopened several times, but other effects perhaps arc not so well known. For instance, during glacial times, so much atmospheric water was tied up in the formation of the ice that sea levels worldwide lowered markedly. On the other hand, sea levels rose during interglacial times when water was melting off the ice sheets. The most interesting and controversial biological event that took place in the Pleistocene was the sudden, almost worldwide, extinction of large land mammals, and to a lesser extent birds, that took place by the end of the epoch 10,000 years ago. At least 200 mammalian genera became extinct, among them large herbivores, the carnivores that preyed on them, and the scavengers that fed on the remains of both groups.
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Colombo, Umberto. "Energy Resources and Population." In Resources and Population, 53–63. Oxford University PressOxford, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198289180.003.0005.

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Abstract Since the discovery of fire, energy has been a major factor in development. Each of the great transformations of civilization has been accompanied by new ways to pro duce and utilize energy. Conversely, each new source of energy has made possible, or has necessitated, transformations in social organization. Fire, by permitting the conservation of food and protection from cold, brought about a more stable and complex prehistoric society; draught animal energy was a majqr component in the advent of agriculture; the use of the wind in sea transport and for mills had a profound influence on the Renaissance and contributed to the expansion of cultural and commercial horizons. Coal was at the base of the industrial revolution, which developed in countries having large reserves of this fuel (such as Great Britain and Germany). Electricity stimulated new forms of industry and changed the urban environment, while oil has fueled the great transformation of industrial society, especially after World War II.
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Aganson, Olga I. "Towards Spheres of Influence and the End of the «Balkan Polyphony»: Southeast Europe in the Strategic Calculations of Great Britain at the Final Stage of World War II." In Slavs and Russia: Problems of Statehood in the Balkans (late XVIII - XXI centuries), 339–55. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2618-8570.2020.19.

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The research analyzes Britain’s approaches to the post-war arrangement of the political space of Southeastern Europe at the final stage of World War II. In an effort to maintain its status as a global power, Great Britain took an active part in developing the foundations of a new world order. British strategic planning paid special attention to the Balkan region, where British interests traditionally clashed with the Russian/Soviet ones. The author tries to trace the elements of continuity and variability in British policy in the Balkans. This will enable us to get a more nuanced understanding of the new balance of forces in the region, one of the main manifestations of which was the extinction of the «Balkan polyphony».
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Hovhannisyan, Artsrun. "Perspective Chapter: Basic Rules of Air Supremacy in the Last Thirty Years." In New Perspectives on Global Peace [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1004435.

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Modern warfare has brought with it the Electro-Fire Battle and Electro-Fire Fight. These are the new forms and methods of operational actions with no clear boundaries and only higher level of them are related to war. Operation “Desert Fox” carried out by the United States and Great Britain in Iraq in 1998 can be considered as a prototype of electro-fire action (operational level action). It was a 73-hour operation, during which four rocket-aircraft strikes were implemented lasting 6–9 hours. These correct electro-fire strikes and operations can break an anti-aircraft system of any density and quality. We can see these kinds of patterns in the wars of the last half century in the Middle East, Artsakh and Ukraine. This study is based on the facts of the wars carried out based on scientific-technical and military-scientific developments taking place in the world in the last thirty years. The method of combining facts and results, sometimes numerical results, was used for the study. Certainly, in military science the measurability of justifications is always difficult to prove with numerical data, sometimes they occur directly with political acts and results, however, it becomes possible to bring out patterns from several examples.
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Gildea, Robert. "Crisis of Empire." In France since 1945, 6–34. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192801319.003.0002.

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Abstract In 1945 France was a great power that had come within an ace of extinction. In 1940 it had suffered the worst defeat in its history, overwhelmed within the space of six weeks. It had been occupied by the Germans (and in small part by the Italians) for four years, the so-called unoccupied zone in the south itself invaded in November 1942. Despite the internal Resistance and combats of the Free French, it was liberated only with the help of the Allies, and was lucky to escape an Allied military administration of the kind that was imposed ort Germany. Defeat was compounded by the time the Allies took to recognize de Gaulle’s provisional government as the legitimate government of France. The USA in particular had long hoped that the Vichy government would at some point end its policy of collaboration with Germany and swing onto its side. Not until after the Liberation of Paris in August 1944 was the French Committee of National Liberation officially recognized by the USA, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, and France admitted to the Security Council of the newly formed United Nations along with these three powers and China. Even then, France was not admitted to the secret talks of the Allies about the post-war settlement.
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