To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Fire brigades.
Journal articles on the topic 'Fire brigades'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Fire brigades.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Lee, Wonjoo, and Kwang-Min Moon. "A Study of the Relationship between Volunteer Fire Brigade Management and the Efficiency of the Fire Administrations of Metropolitan Governments." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2a61f202.
Full textAbstract:
This study sought to analyze the relationship between the operation of volunteer fire brigades and the efficiency of fire-fighting administrations. To this end, the efficiency of the fire-fighting administrations of 16 metropolitan and provincial governments in South Korea were measured using data envelopment analysis (DEA) from 2011 to 2018. In addition, the relationship between the operation efficiency of the volunteer fire brigade and the fire administration was analyzed using a Tobit regression model. DEA found that the technical efficiency based on constant returns to scale was 82.78 ± 18.12%, the technical efficiency based on variable returns to scale was 89.31 ± 12.46%, and the efficiency of the scale was 91.72 ± 10.56%. Tobit regression analysis found the ratio of volunteer fire brigade personnel, the budget ratio of the volunteer fire brigade, and the enforcement of the Act on the Establishment and Operation of Volunteer Fire Brigades to have significant positive effects on the pure technical efficiency of local governments. In addition, when the ratio of volunteer fire brigade personnel or ratio of budget had a positive effect on the efficiency of fire administration, the enforcement of the volunteer fire brigade statute exerted a positive adjustment effect. This study thus shows that volunteer fire brigades have a positive impact on the efficiency of the fire-fighting administrations of metropolitan and provincial governments.
2
Choi, Hae-Youn, Sang-Kyu Lee, and Min-Hee Kim. "Comparison of Responsibility Mental Models of Fire Brigades in Charge of Nuclear Power Plants." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.cbbe34b0.
Full textAbstract:
The responsibility mental model (RMM) is an important factor in an effective cooperation system that affects decision-making, role adjustment, and performance. For this purpose, 186 firefighters from an off-site fire brigade and 65 firefighters from an on-site fire brigade participated in the study. We compared the levels of the RMM for a fire at a nuclear plant and analyzed whether the RMM is shared internally in each fire brigade through latent profile analysis. The results showed that the responsibility of on-site fire brigades is prioritized for fire liability in nuclear plants. Both brigades identified the heterogeneity of the RMM. Firefighters from the off-site fire brigade were divided into three groups of thinking they have ‘more responsibility’ (11%), ‘shared responsibility’ (36%), and ‘less responsibility’ (53%) than their cooperation partner. Firefighters from the on-site fire brigade were divided into two groups of ‘more responsibility’ (48%) and ‘shared responsibility’ (52%). The result that each fire brigade does not share a homogeneous RMM suggests the ambiguity of roles in the cooperation system. The need for infrastructure for cross-organizational collaboration and coordination is discussed.
3
Kocowski, Tadeusz. "Ochotnicza straż pożarna jako stowarzyszenie." Prawo 326 (December 20, 2018): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.326.4.
Full textAbstract:
Volunteer fire brigade as an associationVolunteer fire brigades have a long history of operation. They operated as voluntary entities with the legal form of the association. Nowadays, acting as an association, they are also fire protection units. It places these units in a specific position.
4
EWEN, SHANE. "The internationalization of fire protection: in pursuit of municipal networks in Edwardian Birmingham." Urban History 32, no. 2 (August 2005): 288–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926805003007.
Full textAbstract:
Through a case study of Birmingham fire brigade, this article examines the plethora of international networking activities undertaken during the late Victorian and early Edwardian period. Birmingham fire brigade, under the control of Alfred Tozer, led British municipal participation in early international fire networks, attending international congresses and exhibitions in Berlin and London, and also visiting continental cities to inspect fire brigades and their appliances. Locating the study firmly within historical debates concerning the embryonic international municipal movement, this article demonstrates that municipal institutions participated in networking activities as part of a policy learning and knowledge-transfer process.
5
Behr, Jolanta, and Joanna Bogos. "Działalność kulturalna ochotniczych straży pożarnych na tle innych kierunków aktywności." Prawo 326 (December 20, 2018): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.326.17.
Full textAbstract:
The cultural activities of the volunteer fire brigades as compared with their other activitiesVolunteer fire brigades are fire protection units. They are intended primarily for the fight against fires, natural disasters and other local threats. An important area of their activity is also the organisation and conduct of cultural activities. The aim of the study is to analyze the forms and scope of this activity and to determine its role in the functioning of local government communities.
6
Niemiec, Marcin. "Status ochotniczych straży pożarnych w Niemczech." Prawo 326 (December 20, 2018): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.326.7.
Full textAbstract:
The status of volunteer fire brigades in GermanyVolunteer fire brigades have existed in Germany since the mid-19th century. There are belong to the category of public fire brigades next to professional and mandatory fire brigades. They are performing public tasks of the community in the field of fire protection. They are also the basis for the system of this protection at the national level. They provide technical assistance in combating the effects of disasters, in the emergency service and in removing threats to the environment. They are based on the voluntary and social involvement of their members, and only partly on full-time professionals.
7
Błażewski, Maciej. "Wsparcie finansowe i rzeczowe działalności ochotniczych straży pożarnych przez gminę." Prawo 326 (December 20, 2018): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.326.9.
Full textAbstract:
The financial and material support the volunteer fire brigades activity by the communityFire protection is the community’s own task. The community performs this task in cooperation with volunteer fire brigades. For this purpose, the community provides direct and indirect financing of acting of voluntary fire brigades. The provisions allows for a significant differentiation in the method of financing their activities.
8
Ręcławowicz, Stanisław. "Ochotnicza straż pożarna w krajowym systemie ratowniczo-gaśniczym." Prawo 326 (December 20, 2018): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.326.12.
Full textAbstract:
Volunteer fire brigade in the national fire and rescue systemThe legislator, strengthening in 1991 the position of existing volunteer fire brigades to the rank of association, caused, among others, independence of their functioning and enabled them to independently carry out rescue operations as units of modern fire protection.These associations constitute a very strong pillar of the system by locating the closest to the citizen or a potential local threat in the commune.Their rescue operations based on the social involvement of trained rescuers significantly reduce the costs of so-called readiness for action.
9
Ghiringhelli, Aron, Gianni Boris Pezzatti, and Marco Conedera. "Das Konzept «Waldbrand 2020» des Kantons Tessin." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 170, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2019.0242.
Full textAbstract:
The “forest fire 2020” program of Canton Ticino The Canton of Ticino has a long-lasting experience in facing forest fires. As a result, a tradition in forest fire documentation and analysis exists and the forest fire management approach is continuously reviewed and improved with the aim to preserve the forest protection functions and to keep the mountain areas safe for the inhabitants. The fire regime has been reduced in Ticino since the seventies of last century thanks to improvement of the firefighting organization and fire control techniques (e.g. systematic use of helicopters for the aerial fire control) and the possibility of declaring a total fire ban in the open. However the demand in terms of protection of human lives and goods of the modern society is raising and as consequence of the climate change fire risk may increase in the future. For this reason two years ago the forest service of Canton Ticino developed the “forest fire 2020” program, in collaboration with the cantonal fire brigades association and the federal research Institute WSL. The program consists of four interdependent activity modules, which are 1) prevention, 2) organizational and technical measures, 3) firefighting and control, 4) burnt area restoration. The forest service is responsible for the fire-danger rating, the fire-ban release, the mentoring of local authorities in forest management questions and for planning pre-suppression facilities (e.g. water points for helicopters). It is also responsible for defining the mission rules for aerial firefighting, for collecting the data for the statistics, and for planning the post-fire forest restoration measures. The fire brigades are in charge of the firefighting tasks, by first intervening with the urban fire brigades and in case of need requiring the support of specialized forest-fire brigades. During the firefighting actions the forest service takes a consulting role. The first two years of implementation confirmed the suitability of the “forest fire 2020” program. Potential improvements have been however detected and are under implementation, such as the completion of the pre-suppression infrastructures, a better coordination between aerial and terrestrial firefighting and the strengthening of the specialized forest-fire brigades.
10
Kała, Dariusz P. "Aktualne tendencje orzecznicze w sprawach finansowych ochotniczych straży pożarnych." Prawo 326 (December 20, 2018): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.326.10.
Full textAbstract:
Current judicial trends in financial matters voluntary fire brigadesThe aim of the study is to present the latest and current judicial trends in financial issues regarding volunteer fire. You should not pay a cash equivalent for participating in emergency and rescue exercises.Based on Article. 32 para. 3b of the Fire Protection Act, subsidies for volunteer fire brigades may be planned in the commune budget. Compensation and compensation for members of volunteer fire brigades is exempt from tax.
11
Kocowski, Tadeusz. "Gmina a Ochotnicze Straże Pożarne w wykonywaniu zadań w zakresie ochrony przeciwpożarowej." Prawo 323 (December 29, 2017): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.323.11.
Full textAbstract:
Municipality and volunteer fire brigades in executing fire protection tasksOne of the public tasks of the municipality are matters of public order and security of citizens and fire protection. In the area of the municipality they were made by volunteer fire brigades assisted in cash by the municipality. Changes in such asystem were caused by the emergence of anational rescue and firefighting system, hence the need to investigate the current model of these relations.
12
Yang, Dian Bo. "The Impacts of Fires and Fire Operations on Environment." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 434–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.434.
Full textAbstract:
The paper tries to expound environmental damage by fires and fire operations and thus draw more attention on environmental protection in fire protection. The environmental impacts are illustrated with many examples and concrete data. The article comes to the conclusion that: Fires result in not only casualties and economic loss but also permanent and unforeseeable environmental damage; People should try to enhance fire safety and cut down fire accidents while fire brigades should keep environmental protection in mind while fighting fires and choose environmentally friendly methods.
13
Čyras, Petras, and Mecislavas Griškevičius. "ANALYSIS OF FIRES AND RESCUE WORK IN LITHUANIA/GAISRŲ IR GELBĖJIMO DARBŲ LIETUVOJE ANALIZĖ." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2001): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.2001.10531732.
Full textAbstract:
In 1999, there were 14 002 fires in Lithuania. Their losses reached 24 mill Litas. Comparing with 1998, the number of fires increased by 50,2% and loss—10.4%. Fires destroyed 1006 buildings, 215 vehicles, 4,4 tons of grain and other technical cultures. In 1999, 202 inhabitants died during fires in Lithuania, 13 including children; 214 inhabitants were wounded. For 10 000 inhabitants were 37.8 fires. In 1999 there were 10.11% arsons in Lithuania. The most of fires were in open places, in forests, in meadows and peat bogs. 35% of fires occurred in dwelling sector. The essential fire causes are: careless contact with fire (49.66%), violation electrical equipment rules (11.06%), naughty children (9.11%). 4412 duty persons are working in Lithuanian fire and rescue service. Fire and rescue service has 44 branches in the cities. 430 duty persons guard three the most important industrial objects. 202 firemen brigades are financed from the magistrate budgets. They include 2225 staff. In 1999 State inspectorate for fire prevention worked effectively. New statute, instruction of work organisation was prepared, all-important industrial objects were inspected. The strategical work of branches was improved. 28% of fires were eliminated faster than in 15 minutes, the number of fires which elimination takes more than 2 hours decreased. In 1999, Lithuanian fire and rescue brigades made 5781 rescue works. 800 of them were car accidents, 305—search for drowned men, and 9 people were saved in the water. Diving training section was established in the firemen training centre. Officials raise their qualification constantly. 1301 officials have a qualification category. In 1999, 202 privates and 18 officers were trained in the firemen training centre, 980 privates and 206 officers were requalified. 102 officials were retrained with the help of Norway firemen association. 24 Lithuanian officials raised their qualification in Sweden and 22 in Denmark. 51 divers were trained and 74 divers got their rating. Priorities of work: further reorganisation of Fire and rescue service; development of legal regulations; improvement of fire-fighters training and further qualification raising process; widening of rescue works spectrum; better supply of technical equipment of Fire brigades.
14
Tushkanov, Dmitry, and Igor Tushkanov. "16th Mechanized Brigade of the 7th Mechanized Corps in the Pyatikhat Operation of 1943." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 3 (July 2020): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.3.6.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The Pyatikhat offensive operation of the Steppe (2nd Ukrainian) front completes a series of major battles in 1943, but it remains poorly studied, especially on the issue of the actions of individual units (corps, divisions, and brigades). Methods and materials. Declassification of a large set of archival materials allows gradually eliminating this gap in the historiography of the Great Patriotic War. Conducting an objective analysis of combat logs, comparing them with previously published sources has allowed considering the participation of the 16th mechanized brigade in the first stage of the Pyatikhat operation from October 15 to November 5, 1943. Analysis. The article discusses the process of forming and training of the brigade in July-September, the breakthrough of the German defense, the liberation of the city of Pyatikhat and other localities from October 15 to 21, 1943, defensive battles on the approaches to Krivoy Rog (from October 21 to November 4, 1943). Results. For the 16th mechanized brigade formed in summer 1943, participation in this operation was a real baptism of fire. Together with other brigades of the 7th mechanized corps, it actively participated in the liberation of the city of Pyatikhatka and other localities. At the same time, soldiers of the brigade showed mass heroism, breaking through the defense of the Nazis and destroying enemy’s equipment. Then, retreating slightly under the counterattacks of fresh German units, the 16th MB steadfastly and courageously defended the lines assigned to it. The analysis of the ratio of losses of the brigades personnel and similar damage to the enemy shows that in the Pyatikhat operation, the 16th mechanized brigade performed its task with high efficiency, and most of its officers proved themselves competent commanders and courageous soldiers.
15
Park, Jung-Ju, Euy-Hong Hwang, and Don-Mook Choi. "Effective use of Fire Department Connections." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.e4af49dc.
Full textAbstract:
According to the current firefighting facility ordinance, connecting water pipes can be more than five stories in length, and the installation standard is applied to specific objects with a total floor area of > 6,000 m<sup>2</sup> or more than seven stories. This standard is intended to enable fire brigades to quickly move to a fire point and extinguish a fire with extinguishing water supplied smoothly. However, the strict fire safety standards make it possible to install both the connecting water pipe facility and the indoor fire hydrant and sprinkler connecting the water outlet, thus creating a fire extinguishing facility that firefighters cannot use at the fire site. In this study, both domestic and foreign standards and fire cases of consolidated water pipes were reviewed, and various problems were analyzed through field surveys, experiments, and surveys. In addition, using the engineering mathematical calculation method and mathematical calculation program, it was confirmed that direct delivery to the 50th floor is possible with the A1 pump on fire trucks. The fire safety standards have been revised to ensure that fire brigades can extinguish fires under any circumstances, and it is suggested that piping should be installed.
16
Moore, Sian, Tessa Wright, and Philip Taylor. "Fighting Fire: One Hundred Years of The Fire Brigades Union." British Journal of Industrial Relations 58, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12515.
Full text
17
Čyras, Petras, Mečislavas Griškevičius, and Artūras Jaras. "THE ANALYSIS OF FIRES AND RESCUE OPERATIONS IN LITHUANIA/GAISRINGUMO IR GELBĖJIMO DARBŲ LIETUVOJE ANALIZĖ." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 5, no. 2 (April 30, 1999): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921525.1999.10531448.
Full textAbstract:
With the recent increase in the fire and rescue functions the Lithuanian fire fighters have had to endure much higher physical and psychological obligations in fighting for people's welfare and even life. 11 393 fires with an estimated damage of 21,75 million Litas (LT) occurred in Lithuania in 1997 (Table 1). 227 persons perished in fires, 15 children among them. 134 people were wounded. The majority of them (146) perished in the countryside. 51,81 fire cases fell to 10.000 of the village inhabitants, whereas the average number of fires is 30,71 in Lithuania. In 1997, the number of fire victims was 63 per 1 million of the Lithuanian population, while the analogous rate of the Scandinavian countries is 11–19 persons in average. The maximum number of fires occurred in the year of 1996 (Fig 2). The qualitative and quantitative analysis of fire and rescue services rendered have been recently implemented and suggestions for the improvement of fire registration, reduction of fire rate as well as the increase in rescue services have been provided for. In 1997, the majority of fires broke out in the residential areas, ie blocks of flats and private houses; the number of arson cases increased as well. The basic causes of fire (Fig 3) were negligence in fire precautions (47,76%), improper electrical installations as well as violations of fire regulations (13,0%). 128 persons perished due to negligence. The high level of adults perished in fires is related to the ignorance and negligence in fire safety regulations. The fire brigades have also been committed in carrying out rescue services according to the worldwide experience. In 1997 the Lithuanian rescuers responded to 4095 emergencies (Fig 7). Modern rescue equipment is being used. The rescue team, also, renders urgent medical assistance to the injured on the spot. 205 human lives were saved in 1997 (Fig 8). In 1997, the militarised fire and rescue units liquidated 37 percent of fires, while the non-militarized units extinguished 10% of fires (Fig 9). The average expenses in estimating the complete supply and maintenance of the fire brigade fall to 6.450 LT per one statistical fire. Relative numbers alongside with absolute numbers have been suggested to be used in the fire statistics, these being the rate of the fire frequency, the average fire damage and the relative fire damage rates. These factors characterise the fire rate and enable to determine the fire conditions of an administrative unit or throughout the country, as well as to compare them with other countries. Preventive measures to reduce the fire rate have been presented in the recommendations and conclusions. The Fire Department has been commissioned to undertake all rescue functions in order to further continue the militarisation of the fire brigades, to install automatic smoke detectors in new buildings, to establish lightning conductors in the rural areas and pay particular attention to fixing improper installations.
18
Ban, Juraj, Željko Sutlar, and Andrija Antolović. "Fire and Explosion Risk Assessment for the Republic of Croatia." Kartografija i geoinformacije 18, no. 31 (June 13, 2019): 60–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32909/kg.18.31.3.
Full textAbstract:
Through a spatial and statistical analysis, the paper aims to assess vulnerability based on the service capabilities of public fire brigades in the Republic of Croatia. An assessment of fire hazard impacts was developed based on historical fire data over a twenty-year period for the counties and City of Zagreb, an assessment of exposure based on critical infrastructure data for the counties and City of Zagreb, and an assessment of resilience based on the coverage zones of fire brigades within the standard intervention time (15 min) for the counties and City of Zagreb. The results of the research have various potential applications and can be used as a basis for the future planning and development of the fire protection system to serve and protect people, material and cultural goods.
19
Gortych, Dariusz. "Wybrane elementy z historii ochotniczej straży pożarnej." Prawo 326 (December 20, 2018): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.326.3.
Full textAbstract:
Selected elements from history of the volunteer fire departmentThe publication contains historical examples of the functioning of the volunteer fire brigades. There is presents different aspects of their operation.
20
Reutt, M. V., and D. A. Korolchenko. "Practice of use of fire extinguisher SOT-5M by fire brigades." Fire Safety Journal 26, no. 2 (March 1996): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(96)83269-3.
Full text
21
Yevstihnieiev, Andrii. "Judicial protection of several legitimate environmental interests as a way to prevent violations of environmental security." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.64.
Full textAbstract:
The article analyzes some aspects of the legal provision of fire safety in the forests of Ukraine as a component of environmentalsafety on the example of forest fires in Zhytomyr and Kyiv regions in the spring of 2020, the legislative regulation of subordinationand coordination of state and departmental fire protection units on prevention and elimination of forest fires is analyzed, identified someshortcomings of legal regulation in the relevant field. It is concluded that in order to increase the effectiveness of forest fire fighting, itis necessary to improve certain regulations on the interaction of fire departments of different authorities, strengthening their technicalsupport for timely detection of fires and their rapid extinguishing. It is emphasized that Forests play a surprisingly important role inensuring the human right to a safe environment for life and health. It is noted that provided that if fire safety in forests is properlyensured (resulting in the absence of fires or their prompt cessation) will ensure environmental safety, because the environmental risk offire (probability of causing damage to human health or life as a result of harm to human health and life due to environmental pollution(especially atmospheric air).It is concluded that current legislation regulates in detail the activities of the departmental fire protection of the State ForestAgency in the field of prevention and elimination of forest fires, while to the activities of fire departments of the SES of Ukraine aregiven less attention.
According to the results of the analysis of regulations and the main problems that arose during firefighting in Kyiv and Zhytomyrregions in the spring of 2020, we consider it expedient to highlight the following main shortcomings of regulatory and legal regulationof fire safety in the forests of Ukraine:– lack of clear provisions on coordination and subordination of fire brigades of different authorities in the elimination of forest fires;– lack of clear provisions on the coordination of fire brigades and other stare authorities in terms of involving their equipmentfor forest fires.
22
Haghighat, Ali, and Kray Luxbacher. "Tenability analysis for improvement of firefighters’ performance in a methane fire event at a coal mine working face." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 3 (April 10, 2018): 256–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118767066.
Full textAbstract:
Due to the high rate of methane ignitions at active continuous miner working faces in underground coal mines, this location has been the focus of many researchers, as well as safety initiatives. Multiple ignitions occur annually in US mines, and outcomes vary widely based on the magnitude of the ignition and the subsequent damage to ventilation controls or development of active fire. Depending on the magnitude of the explosion or fire, auxiliary ventilation controls, such as exhausting line curtain or tubing may be damaged or completely removed, affecting the ventilation into the area. Investigation of a typical dead end continuous miner working face with exhausting ventilation was undertaken to explore firefighting conditions post ignition. Regular mining crews are trained in the fighting of mine fires, while mine rescue or fire brigade teams may also be utilized for firefighting depending upon the conditions. The research in this article develops an approach to analyze the tenable limits in a fire event in an underground coal mine for barefaced miners, mine rescue teams, and fire brigade teams in order to improve safety and training of personnel trained to fight fires. A detailed computational fluid dynamics analysis was conducted to investigate temperature, visibility, radiation, and concentration of combustion products based on different damage assumptions following an ignition at the continuous miner working face. The source of the combustion products analysis and the exposure effects were considered to assess the potential for harm to mine personnel, mine rescue teams, or fire brigades during a firefighting operation, taking into account their training and personal protective equipment during the 5- and 15-min exposure. This study has shown that if the exhausting line curtain was destroyed, the situation would not be tenable for barefaced personnel. The findings were utilized to recommend the tenable limits for barefaced miners, mine rescue team, and fire brigade teams during the 15-min exposure to the methane fire at a continuous miner working face. The outcome of this research, applied to training, will result in the more efficient evacuation, as well as safe and effective firefighting under certain conditions.
23
Sakaeva, Elvira Zinurovna. "Methods and Results of the Federal Fire Service." Interactive science, no. 6 (52) (August 20, 2020): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-551518.
Full textAbstract:
In this article, the conditions and features of providing federal and regional government services and municipal, market services are discussed, and the efforts of volunteer fire brigades, as well as companies and citizens, are highlighted. As a result of their interaction, a system of interconnected complementary services is established.
24
Gräßle, Eva, and Robert Müller-Török. "Emergency Communications and Alerting Systems for Fire Brigades in Baden-Württemberg – Much Room for Improvement?" Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 331 (July 11, 2018): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v331.40.
Full textAbstract:
Most of the fire brigades in Baden-Württemberg are volunteer forces, hence creating the need for readily available and reliable alerting and communication systems for these forces as well. Digital Pagers are the standard means of alerting but, due to their limited reliability, alternative and complementary methods like Apps, SMS, etc. are also used by these volunteer forces. Regarding communication at the scene, the transition from open analogue to encrypted digital radio systems has been on its way for nearly 20 years. As of today, new technology is available for police forces whilst fire brigades still have to use analogue systems. This contribution analyses the situation, past and present, planning and attempts at improvement.
25
Cerna, Selene, Christophe Guyeux, Guillaume Royer, Céline Chevallier, and Guillaume Plumerel. "Predicting Fire Brigades Operational Breakdowns: A Real Case Study." Mathematics 8, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8081383.
Full textAbstract:
Over the years, fire departments have been searching for methods to identify their operational disruptions and establish strategies that allow them to efficiently organize their resources. The present work develops a methodology for breakage calculation and another for predicting disruptions based on machine learning techniques. The main objective is to establish indicators to identify the failures due to the temporal state of the organization in the human and vehicular material. Likewise, by forecasting disruptions, to determine strategies for the deployment or acquisition of the necessary armament. This would allow improving operational resilience and increasing the efficiency of the firemen over time. The methodology was applied to the Departmental Fire and Rescue Doubs (SDIS25) in France. However, it is generic enough to be extended and adapted to other fire departments. Considering a historic of breakdowns of 2017 and 2018, the best predictions of public service breakdowns for the year 2019, presented a root mean squared error of 2.5602 and a mean absolute error of 2.0240 on average with the XGBoost technique.
26
Molina-Pico, Antonio, David Cuesta-Frau, Alvaro Araujo, Javier Alejandre, and Alba Rozas. "Forest Monitoring and Wildland Early Fire Detection by a Hierarchical Wireless Sensor Network." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8325845.
Full textAbstract:
A wildland fire is an uncontrolled fire that occurs mainly in forest areas, although it can also invade urban or agricultural areas. Among the main causes of wildfires, human factors, either intentional or accidental, are the most usual ones. The number and impact of forest fires are expected to grow as a consequence of the global warming. In order to fight against these disasters, it is necessary to adopt a comprehensive, multifaceted approach that enables a continuous situational awareness and instant responsiveness. This paper describes a hierarchical wireless sensor network aimed atearly fire detection in risky areas, integrated with the fire fighting command centres, geographical information systems, and fire simulators. This configuration has been successfully tested in two fire simulations involving all the key players in fire fighting operations: fire brigades, communication systems, and aerial, coordination, and land means.
27
Szczygieł, Zbigniew. "Działania Samorządu Województwa Dolnośląskiego na rzecz ochotniczych straży pożarnych." Prawo 326 (December 20, 2018): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.326.2.
Full textAbstract:
Activities of the Local Government of the Lower Silesian Voivodship for the volunteer fire brigadesActivities of the Local Government of the Lower Silesian Voivodship for the volunteer fire brigades performing rescue, training and assistance tasks. The author describes the actions based on his own experience and observations in this area.
28
Liu, Fa Lin, and Li Juan Wang. "Study on Task Allocation Model of Forest Fire Fighting." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 1129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.1129.
Full textAbstract:
Firefighting task allocation is the core of the forest fire fighting programs. Making use of information entropy method, combined with the fire brigades, fire fighting capability, difficulty and other factors, an analysis in the priority under the conditions of multiple fire sites and fire lines is made, so as to build up fire fighting mission efficient matrix and determine the optimal allocation scheme by using ant colony algorithm. The practice shows that this task allocation model for forest fire fighting under multiple fire sites situation is feasible and practical.
29
De Freitas e Silva, Anderson. "Voluntary Brigades Work On Integrated Fire Management in Conservation Units." Biodiversidade Brasileira - BioBrasil, no. 1 (August 4, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37002/biobrasil.v10i1.1528.
Full text
30
Log, Torgrim, Vigdis Vandvik, Liv Guri Velle, and Maria-Monika Metallinou. "Reducing Wooden Structure and Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Disaster Risk through Dynamic Risk Assessment and Management." Applied System Innovation 3, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi3010016.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, severe and deadly wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires have resulted in an increased focus on this particular risk to humans and property, especially in Canada, USA, Australia, and countries in the Mediterranean area. Also, in areas not previously accustomed to wildfires, such as boreal areas in Sweden, Norway, and in the Arctic, WUI fires have recently resulted in increasing concern. January 2014, the most severe wooden town fire in Norway since 1923 raged through Lærdalsøyri. Ten days later, a wildfire raged through the scattered populated community of Flatanger and destroyed even more structures. These fires came as a surprise to the fire brigades and the public. We describe and analyze a proposed way forward for exploring if and how this increasing fire incidence can be linked to concomitant changes in climate, land-use, and habitat management; and then aim at developing new dynamic adaptive fire risk assessment and management tools. We use coastal Norway as an example and focus on temporal changes in fire risk in wooden structure settlements and in the Norwegian Calluna vulgaris L. dominated WUI. In this interface, the fire risk is now increasing due to a combination of land-use changes, resulting in large areas of early successional vegetation with an accumulation of biomass, and the interactive effects of climatic changes resulting in increased drought risk. We propose a novel bow-tie framework to explore fire risk and preventive measures at various timescales (years, months, weeks, hours) as a conceptual model for exploring risk contributing factors and possibilities for risk management. Ignition is the top event of the bow-tie which has the potential development towards a fire disaster as a worst case outcome. The bow-tie framework includes factors such as changes in the built environment and natural habitat fuel moisture content due to the weather conditions, WUI fuel accumulation, possibly improved ecosystem management, contribution by civic prescribed burner groups, relevant fire risk modeling, and risk communication to the fire brigades and the public. We propose an interdisciplinary research agenda for developing this framework and improving the current risk understanding, risk communication, and risk management. This research agenda will represent important contributions in paving the road for fire disaster prevention in Norway, and may provide a model for other systems and regions.
31
Gonschorek, Julia, Anja Langer, Benjamin Bernhardt, and Caroline Räbiger. "Big Data in the Field of Civil Security Research." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 7, no. 1 (January 2016): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2016010104.
Full textAbstract:
This article gives insight in a running dissertation at the University in Potsdam. Point of discussion is the spatial and temporal distribution of emergencies of German fire brigades that have not sufficiently been scientifically examined. The challenge is seen in Big Data: enormous amounts of data that exist now (or can be collected in the future) and whose variables are linked to one another. These analyses and visualizations can form a basis for strategic, operational and tactical planning, as well as prevention measures. The user-centered (geo-) visualization of fire brigade data accessible to the general public is a scientific contribution to the research topic 'geovisual analytics and geographical profiling'. It may supplement antiquated methods such as the so-called pinmaps as well as the areas of engagement that are freehand constructions in GIS. Considering police work, there are already numerous scientific projects, publications, and software solutions designed to meet the specific requirements of Crime Analysis and Crime Mapping. By adapting and extending these methods and techniques, civil security research can be tailored to the needs of fire departments. In this paper, a selection of appropriate visualization methods will be presented and discussed.
32
Gernay, Thomas. "A METHOD FOR MEASURING THE SENSITIVITY OF BUILDING STRUCTURAL MEMBERS TO FIRE DECAY PHASES." Acta Polytechnica 56, no. 5 (October 31, 2016): 344–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2016.56.0344.
Full textAbstract:
Firefighters face a major threat when intervening in a building during a fire: the possibility of structural collapse during the cooling phase of the fire, or soon thereafter. At present, this threat is amplified by the fact that the behaviour of structures after the time of peak gas temperature is not well understood, and is not taken into account in the design. This work presents an analysis of the behaviour of different structural members under natural fires, and develops a method for characterizing their sensitivity to fire decay phases. Thermo-mechanical numerical simulations based on the non-linear finite element method are conducted using the parametric fire model of the Eurocode to represent natural fires. The results show that, for all the members (a column, a beam) and materials (reinforced concrete, steel and timber) that are studied here, structural failure during or after the cooling phase of a fire is a possible event. The major factors that promote delayed structural failure are thermal inertia and the constituting material of the member. A method, based on a new indicator, is proposed for quantifying the propensity to delayed failure for structural members under natural fire. This work enhances the understanding of the behaviour of structures under natural fires, and has important implications for the safety of fire brigades and of people responsible for making a building inspection after a fire.
33
Khafizov, F. Sh, and M. A. Savin. "ON THE ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FIRE BRIGADES OPERATIONS." Oil and Gas Business, no. 5 (October 2014): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2014-5-375-390.
Full text
34
Božović, Marijola, Snežana Živković, and Emina Mihajlović. "Integrated system of occupational safety and health and fire protection of the fire rescue brigades members." International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 25, no. 2 (December 27, 2017): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2017.1416481.
Full text
35
Khakzad, Nima. "A Graph Theoretic Approach to Optimal Firefighting in Oil Terminals." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2018): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113101.
Full textAbstract:
Effective firefighting of major fires in fuel storage plants can effectively prevent or delay fire spread (domino effect) and eventually extinguish the fire. If the number of firefighting crew and equipment is sufficient, firefighting will include the suppression of all the burning units and cooling of all the exposed units. However, when available resources are not adequate, fire brigades would need to optimally allocate their resources by answering the question “which burning units to suppress first and which exposed units to cool first?” until more resources become available from nearby industrial plants or residential communities. The present study is an attempt to answer the foregoing question by developing a graph theoretic methodology. It has been demonstrated that suppression and cooling of units with the highest out-closeness index will result in an optimum firefighting strategy. A comparison between the outcomes of the graph theoretic approach and an approach based on influence diagram has shown the efficiency of the graph approach.
36
Sibley, Tom. "Fighting Anti-Communism, 1945-1951: The Case of the Fire Brigades Union." Historical Studies in Industrial Relations, no. 27-28 (April 2009): 41–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/hsir.2009.27-28.3.
Full text
37
Sokolov, S. V., D. A. Portnov, and S. Yu Popkov. "SIMULATION MODEL OF THE VOLUNTARY FIRE BRIGADES ACTIVITIES FOR ESTIMATING RESPONSE TIME." Technology of technosphere safety 82 (2018): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2018.6.82.22-31.
Full text
38
DAHLES *, HEIDI, and ELLEN VAN HEES. "Firefighters across frontiers: two fire brigades cooperating in the Dutch–German borderland." Culture and Organization 10, no. 4 (December 2004): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1475955042000313759.
Full text
39
Corral-De-Witt, Danilo, Enrique Carrera, Sergio Muñoz-Romero, Kemal Tepe, and José Rojo-Álvarez. "Multiple Correspondence Analysis of Emergencies Attended by Integrated Security Services." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (April 3, 2019): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071396.
Full textAbstract:
A public safety answering point (PSAP) receives thousands of security alerts and attends a similar number of emergencies every day, and all the information related to those events is saved to be post-processed and scrutinized. Visualization and interpretation of emergency data can provide fundamental feedback to the first-response institutions, to managers planning resource distributions, and to all the instances participating in the emergency-response cycle. This paper develops the application of multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) of emergency responses in a PSAP, with the objective of finding informative relationships among the different categories of registered and attended events. We propose a simple yet statistically meaningful method to scrutinize the variety of events and recorded information in conventional PSAPs. For this purpose, MCA is made on the categorical features of the available report forms, and a statistical description is achieved from it by combining bootstrap resampling and Parzen windowing, in order to provide the user with the most relevant factors, their significance, and a meaningful representation of the event grouping trends in a given database. We analyzed the case of the 911-emergency database from Quito, Ecuador, which includes 1,078,846 events during 2014. Individual analysis of the first-response institutions showed that there are groups with very related categories, whereas their joint analysis showed significant relationships among several types of events. This was the case for fire brigades, military, and municipal services attending large-scale forest fires, where they work in a combined way. Independence could be established among actions in other categories, which was the case for specific police events (as drug selling and distribution) or fire brigades events (as fire threats). We also showed that a very low number of factors can be enough to accurately represent the dynamics of frequent events.
40
Burgmann, Meredith. "Sian Moore, Tessa Wright and Philip Taylor, Fighting Fire: One Hundred Years of the Fire Brigades Union." Journal of Industrial Relations 62, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619875388.
Full text
41
Boersma, PhD, Kees, and Erwin Engelman, MSc. "Organizing cross-border fire brigade response in the Dutch-German border region." Journal of Emergency Management 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2012.0086.
Full textAbstract:
This article addresses the opportunities and problems with cross-border collaboration between the Dutch and German fire brigades. The following are the main problems: 1) no uniformity in concluding and using the cross-border agreements for emergency assistance, 2) the language problem, 3) the material and equipment problem, 4) communication problems, and 5) differences in organizational autonomy. The following are the possible solutions for the aforementioned problems: 1) new routines by joint-training sessions, 2) bilingual information systems, 3) technical standardization of equipment, 4) standardization of communication, and 5) building trust on the basis of insights into each other’s routines.
42
Hursa Šajatović, Anica, Zvonko Dragčević, and Daniela Zavec Pavlinić. "Oblikovanje zaštitne odjeće, obuće i opreme s ergonomskog stajališta." Sigurnost 59, no. 3 (October 5, 2017): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31306/s.59.3.4.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARY: Ergonomics is a scientific discipline that explores the interaction between man, working systems and environment. Persons engaged in work activities should be protected according to workplace safety regulations by means of appropriate clothing, footwear and equipment specifically designed to meet ergonomic requirements. Protective clothing, footwear and equipment should be designed and engineered in such a way that their size and shape follow the dimensions and shape of the user’s body. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to make static and dynamic measurements of the user’s body. Based on static and dynamic anthropometry we have identified ergonomically favourable positions for pockets and zippers and the optimum length of sleeves, jackets, trousers, overalls, etc., as well as ergonomically favourable positions for incident-related equipment (e.g. devices for maintaining radio connections, lamp, breathing apparatus, etc.). In addition, it was established that some garments should overlap in order to avoid injury due to exposure of body parts. The paper provides examples of functional clothing designed for protection against heat and fire. The examples meet ergonomic requirements by identifying favourable pocket and zipper positions and sizes as well as by ensuring that some parts of protective clothing overlap to provide safety and protection. The paper also describes the method used for testing the ergonomic requirements of protective clothing and equipment, and presents the results of the survey that measured fire fighters’ satisfaction with this kind of protective clothing. The survey was conducted in three public fire brigades – two in Zagreb (Centre and Dubrava) and one in Karlovac, as well as two volunteer fire brigades (Dubrava and Karlovac).
43
Aldabbas, Mohammad, Francesca Venteicher, Lenna Gerber, and Marino Widmer. "Finding the Adequate Location Scenario After the Merger of Fire Brigades Thanks to Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis Methods." Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences 43, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fcds-2018-0006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper addresses the issue of selecting a suitable location for a fire station in canton of Fribourg, as a result of a fire brigades’ merger, by applying Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods. Solving the problem of determining fire station locations through various methods has been analyzed in-depth by researchers. However, a different approach, based on application of ELECTRE I and ELECTRE II methods is advanced in this paper. The selection of the most suitable fire station site is obtained by applying the designated methods to five distinctive alternatives (called scenarios), taking into consideration the relatively limited information and specifics, and the extensive number of relevant criteria that summed up to sixty-one. Taking the merger of the three local fire departments as an example, the proposed methods for selecting a suitable location for the fire station demonstrate and justify the reason behind this choice. Research shows that the applied methods have been proven to be useful and powerful tools that exhibited acceptable levels of consistency when selecting the best project. The main finding is that one scenario in particular proved to be preferred over the others and most suitable in determining the fire station location.
44
Metallinou, Maria-Monika. "Liquefied Natural Gas as a New Hazard; Learning Processes in Norwegian Fire Brigades." Safety 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety5010011.
Full textAbstract:
The innovation and utilization of new products leads to technological changes in contemporary societies and a need for the Fire Brigades (FBs) to update their expertise regarding the challenges these new products may represent. The present study examines learning processes for nine fire brigades in Norway, selected where Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) facilities are in their jurisdiction and/or because they have handled LNG road accidents. The process of acquiring the necessary new knowledge and skills is researched inductively, and each FB is viewed as a unit in the Norwegian fire and rescue community, i.e., a multi-unit learning organization. Kolb’s learning cycle is used to discuss the findings. Large variations in learning processes were used in the different FBs, varying from short classroom courses held by external consultants to a series of learning episodes planned and directed by FB personnel. It was found that each FB focused locally and independently from other FBs when acquiring new knowledge. There was very limited knowledge transfer from FBs experienced with LNG facilities to “newcomers”. There is no established national knowledge-sharing network on LNG. There are, however, regional partner groups, mainly involving the FB and a distribution company, mentioned by all studied FBs to be the most important partner for learning. The inter-municipal committee against acute pollution (IUA) was the second most important learning cooperation partner. It was, however, discovered that LNG test releases gave rise to observations regarding the extension of the flammable cloud versus the visible cloud that was interpreted wrongly due to the lack of theoretical understanding of the influence of the air relative humidity. This was explained to one regional partner group that invited, and therefore asked, an academic about this issue during a training session. This partner group arranged demonstrations for all FBs involved along the path of LNG transport from the production site to their end-users. Surprisingly, there was very limited knowledge exchange between partner groups in different geographical regions, though one of these was certainly more knowledgeable. The present study revealed that knowledge sharing must be improved, at least when it comes to potential LNG incidents.
45
Bozovic, Marijola, and Snezana Zivkovic. "Minimizing injury incidence rate for members of the fire rescue brigades: Systematic approach." Ekonomika 63, no. 2 (2017): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ekonomika1702055b.
Full text
46
Manik, Rudolf. "Pompiéři, požárníci, hasiči." Krízový manažment 20, no. 1 (2021): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/krm.c.2021.1.67-71.
Full textAbstract:
The present publication is the first comprehensive monograph on the historical development of fire and firefighting services in the territory of former Czechoslovakia, from the earliest times until now. The book begins with a treatise on the importance of fire to mankind and human attempts to control fire in the period of antiquity. Subsequently, the readers will familiarize themselves with the first legislation regulating firefighting in the Middle Ages and the establishment of fire brigades in the XIX century. The author then presents voluntary and professional fire service in Czechoslovakia as well as in the independent Czech and Slovak Republics. The monograph is suitably accompanied by a large number of photographs, memories of contemporaries and period materials, which have not yet been published in the available literature. Based on his long-term research, the author managed to clarify the historical development of firefighting, but also, for example, the firefighting equipment in the territory of former Czechoslovakia.
47
Kozioł, Stanisław, Eugeniusz Matras, and Andrzej Zbrowski. "Modular System for Testing the Stability and Safety of Specialised Height Rescue Vehicles." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.55.
Full textAbstract:
The article describes the structure and the principles of operation of the test system for the investigation of safety of height rescue equipment used by rescue services. The system is composed of a portable computer, data acquisition block and measurement modules equipped with own power supply sources and radio transmission modules. Some of the modules constitute original, mechatronic measurement devices with specific metrological properties. The system is intended particularly for accreditation tests for height rescue equipment used by Fire Brigades.
48
Kruger, Tarnya M., and Ruth Beilin. "A ‘responsibility for place’ – firefighter deployment, local knowledge and risk." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 4 (2014): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13108.
Full textAbstract:
This research considers ideas about local knowledge and place for firefighters during a bushfire. In 2012, we interviewed 68 Australian bushfire firefighters from selected agencies and volunteer brigades in diverse localities. The findings from the interviews indicate local knowledge can help firefighters to navigate tracks and understand fire behaviour in familiar landscapes. At the same time, they can experience a heightened awareness of the fire on local people and valued assets. This sets up a ‘responsibility for place’, which can both mediate actions during the fire and increase risk to the firefighters involved. A distant fire can present many unknowns and potential hazards for deployed firefighters because they do not have local knowledge. This disconnect can mean they are more cautious in negotiating unfamiliar surrounds and awaiting orders. We find that although local knowledge can assist firefighters, it highlights the complexity of decision-making during a fire that can make it more hazardous for local firefighters. This research contributes to firefighter training by exploring how local knowledge associated with landscape and community can dominate decision-making in practice.
49
Vacková, Martina, Peter Lošonczi, Jozefína Drotárová, and Lucia Kováčová. "The Use of Virtual Reality Resources to Increase Safety in the Training of Fire and Rescue Corps Units." Security Dimensions 27, no. 27 (September 28, 2018): 126–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0294.
Full textAbstract:
The work of fire departments is influenced by various factors that bring risks. The security of fire fighters is the most important thing when performing their job. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure their security by identifying risks and eliminating them in advance. Virtual reality resources help to increase the safety of firefighters during professional training activities. These activities are conducted with the usage of simulators, practical exercises and simulations; however, these exercises can only partly get them closer to reality. We claim that virtual reality is a huge aid for firefighters, and that by using this tool, efficient protection of life and health as well as property can be provided. The submitted article discusses the current state of virtual reality resources and their use in the professional training of fire brigades and rescue units. It also discusses the benefits of virtual reality use.
50
García-Bryce, Iñigo. "Politics By Peaceful Means: Artisan Mutual Aid Societies in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Lima, 1860-1879." Americas 59, no. 3 (January 2003): 325–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
In July 1866, Lima conducted its independence celebrations with great fanfare. The festivities began at the main portal of the walled city, where the members of various patriotic associations gathered to celebrate Independence Day. The participants included the Sociedad de Fundadores de la Independencia, the veteran corps from both the Independence Wars and from the recent war with Spain, the national fire brigades, and the members of an artisan society named the Sociedad de Artesanos de Auxilios Mutuos. Together they sang the national anthem while standing at the foot of a Tree of Liberty, a republican symbol dating back to the French Revolution. They subsequently marched into the city, thus initiating two days of celebrations that included fireworks displays and an intricate reenactment, in Lima's central plaza, of the recent naval combat with Spain. In the course of the ceremonies, two artisans were presented with prizes, one for the most outstanding piece of craftsmanship (in the 1866 celebration the prize was won by Vicente Pedraza for making an organ) and the other for the artisan who had shown the most bravery during the recent military encounter with Spain. The prizes were in the amount of 200 soles. At another point in the celebrations the Chief of the Artisan Fire Brigade gave a patriotic speech and following the speech a young girl offered the President Mariano Ignacio Prado a laurel wreath in the name of the artisans.