Journal articles on the topic 'Finnish seasons'
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Braunschweiler, Hannu. "The fate of some pesticides in Finnish cultivated soils." Agricultural and Food Science 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72428.
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The persistence and movement of methabenzthiazuron, metazachlor, trifluralin, iprodione, fenitrothion, fenvalerate and furathiocarb was studied in one growing season in cultivated clay, finesand and organic soils in southern Finland. Trifluralin was studied for two growing seasons. Methabenzthiazuron was the most mobile pesticide and metazachlor was almost as much mobile. They leached at least 15 cm in a month. Fenitrothion and fenvalerate were the most immobile. Trifluralin was the most and fenitrothion the least persistent. The concentrations of iprodione and fenvalerate in the top soils increased towards the autumn, presumably due to leaching of pesticides from plants. The residues of trifluralin measured in the surface layer of the mineral soils at the end of the growing season might have been harfmul to plants sensitive to trifluralin. The residues of trifluralin in the peat soil surface 1.5 years after the treatment were still high. Also methabenzthiazuron, iprodine and fenvalerate residues may in all probability have been detected in the following spring. If the half-life of a pesticide is over 80 - 100 days, it is likely that residues of it may be found in the spring following the application in cultivated Finnish soils.
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Krause, Franz. "Seasons as Rhythms on the Kemi River in Finnish Lapland." Ethnos 78, no. 1 (March 2013): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2011.623303.
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Edouard, Pascal, Johan Lahti, Luca Fleres, Juha Ahtiainen, Juha-Jaakko Ulvila, Tiitus Lehtinen, Niklas Virtanen, et al. "A musculoskeletal multifactorial individualised programme for hamstring muscle injury risk reduction in professional football: results of a prospective cohort study." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 10, no. 1 (February 2024): e001866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001866.
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ObjectiveTo test whether a musculoskeletal multifactorial and individualised hamstring muscle injury (HMI) risk reduction programme could reduce HMI risk in professional football.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study in Finnish premier football league teams, with the 2019 season used as a control and an intervention conducted in the 2021 season. Screening was conducted to provide individualised programmes and monitor progress. Cox regression with hazard ratio (HR) was used with HMI as outcome and season as explanatory variable, including all players for primary analysis and those who performed the two seasons for secondary analysis.Results90 players were included in the control and 87 in the intervention seasons; 31 players performed in the 2 seasons. Twenty HMIs were recorded during the control and 16 during the intervention seasons. Cox regression analyses revealed that HMI risk at any given time was not significantly different between control and intervention seasons (for all players: HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.39 to 1.51), p=0.444; for the 31 players: HR 0.32 (95% CI 0.01 to 1.29), p=0.110)). For the 31 players, the HMI burden was significantly reduced in the intervention compared with the control season (RR 0.67 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.85)). Higher compliance with knee strength training, maximal velocity exposure and lower performance reductions in maximal theoretical horizontal force and knee flexor force were associated with lower HMI incidence.ConclusionsAlthough the primary analysis did not reveal any significant effect of the intervention to reduce HMI risk in professional football, the programme was feasible, and additional secondary analyses showed a significant association between the intervention and lower HMI burden, incidence and risk.
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Oksanen, Elina, and Matti Rousi. "Differences of Betula origins in ozone sensitivity based on open-field experiment over two growing seasons." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 804–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-194.
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One-year-old seedlings of nine different white birch seed origins (Betula pendula Roth, Betula platyphylla Sukatchev var. japonica Hara, two crossings of plus trees of B. pendula, and five two-way hybrids between B. pendula, Betula resinifera Britt., and B. platyphylla) were exposed to ambient ozone (control) and 1.3 × ambient ozone concentrations over two growing seasons. At the end of each growing season, the plants were measured for leaf, stem and root growth; visible leaf injuries; leaf senescence; and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, starch, soluble protein, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nutrient concentrations to determine the differences in ozone sensitivity among these species and hybrids and the relationship of ozone sensitivity to changes in growth pattern and tolerance to other abiotic stresses. There was a large variation in growth among seedlings of different birches (species and hybrids). In most birches, elevated ozone exposure resulted in altered resource allocation at the expense of roots, leading to reduced root/shoot ratio. In fast-growing birches, stimulated stem height and foliage growth in the second growing season indicated compensatory growth, which was accompanied by accelerated senescence of old leaves. Seedlings of B. platyphylla and those from crossings with Finnish plus trees (bred for growth) showed highest susceptibility to ozone. The hybrids between Alaskan B. resinifera and Finnish B. pendula were intermediate in ozone sensitivity, whereas the hybrids between Japanese B. platyphylla and Finnish B. pendula genotypes were of improved tolerance compared with parents. The results suggest that ozone-induced disturbances in carbon allocation favouring shoot growth pose a real risk factor for birch establishment, production, and sustainable forestry because of potential deteriorating belowground processess and long-term tree vitality.
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Prasad, Marianne, Mirka Lumia, Maijaliisa Erkkola, Heli Tapanainen, Carina Kronberg-Kippilä, Jetta Tuokkola, Ulla Uusitalo, et al. "Diet composition of pregnant Finnish women: changes over time and across seasons." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 6A (June 2010): 939–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010001138.
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AbstractObjectiveTo describe the diet of a population of pregnant Finnish women over a period of 7 years, with special attention paid to seasonal fluctuations in food consumption and nutrient intake.DesignA validated 181-item FFQ was applied retrospectively, after delivery, to assess the maternal diet during the 8th month of pregnancy.SettingType 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Nutrition Study Cohort.SubjectsThe cohort comprised a total of 4880 women who had newly delivered during the years 1997–2004, with the offspring carrying increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes mellitus.ResultsOver the study period, the proportion of energy derived from fat decreased while the intake from protein and carbohydrate increased. The intake of vitamin D increased from food sources. Seasonal variation was observed in the mean daily consumption of vegetables, fruits and berries and cereals. Intake of dietary fibre, total fat, MUFA, vitamins A, D, E and C, folate and iron also showed seasonal fluctuation.ConclusionsThese results show an overall positive trend in the diet of pregnant Finnish women through the study years. However, there is still room for improvement, particularly in the types of dietary fats. Although food fortification with vitamin D since 2003 was reflected in the increased intake of vitamin D from foods, the mean intake levels still fell below the recommendations. Seasonal changes in food consumption were observed and related to corresponding fluctuations in nutrient intakes. The mean folate intake fell below the recommendation throughout the year.
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Khazaei, Hamid, Frederick Stoddard, Clara Lizarazo, and Ken Street. "New sources of earliness for Finnish faba bean breeding." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 28 (January 31, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75501.
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Crop yields in Finland are limited by many factors, such as the short growing season and spring drought. Thus earliness is an important breeding goal in Finnish agriculture, and is especially needed in some crops such as faba bean that have a longer growing period than cereals. During 2009-2011, 400 accessions of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) from 34 countries were evaluated for morpho-physiological traits related to drought resistance and the earliest accessions were identified. The four earliest accessions, from Cyprus and Syria, were sown in a pot experiment, together with Kontu and Witkiem Manita (an early-flowering, large-seeded Dutch cultivar) in order to determine days to flowering, podding and maturity under controlled conditions. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. There were highly significant differences for all studied traits (p<0.001). Accessions D497, D557 and D505 had significantly faster progress to flowering and podding compared to Kontu. Accession D497 was the earliest genotype with 947 GDD (Growing degree-days to maturity), followed by accession D557 (985 GDD), and Kontu and Witkiem Manita were latest accessions in this study (1165 and 1159 GDD, respectively). The linkage of early flowering and early maturity to large seed size needs to be tested. These accessions may be valuable sources of earliness that could be used in faba bean breeding for short seasons such as those in Finland.
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Bashir, Arslan, Mahdi Pourakbari Kasmaei, Amir Safdarian, and Matti Lehtonen. "Matching of Local Load with On-Site PV Production in a Grid-Connected Residential Building." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 2409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092409.
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Efficient utilization of renewable generation inside microgrids remains challenging. In most existing studies, the goal is to optimize the energy cost of microgrids by working in synergy with the main grid. This work aimed at maximizing the self-consumption of on-site photovoltaic (PV) generation using an electrical storage, as well as demand response solutions, in a building that was also capable of interacting with the main grid. Ten-minute resolution data were used to capture the temporal behavior of the weather. Extensive mathematical models were employed to estimate the demand for hot-water consumption, space cooling, and heating loads. The proposed framework is cast as mixed-integer linear programming model while minimizing the interaction with the grid. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, it was applied to a typical Finnish household. Matching indices were used to evaluate the degree of overlap between generation and demand under different PV penetrations and storage capacities. Despite negative correlation of PV generation with Finnish seasonal consumption, a significant portion of demand can be satisfied solely with on-site PV generation during the spring and summer seasons.
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Lahti, Johan, Jurdan Mendiguchia, Juha Ahtiainen, Luis Anula, Tuomas Kononen, Mikko Kujala, Anton Matinlauri, et al. "Multifactorial individualised programme for hamstring muscle injury risk reduction in professional football: protocol for a prospective cohort study." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 6, no. 1 (August 2020): e000758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000758.
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IntroductionHamstring muscle injuries (HMI) continue to plague professional football. Several scientific publications have encouraged a multifactorial approach; however, no multifactorial HMI risk reduction studies have been conducted in professional football. Furthermore, individualisation of HMI management programmes has only been researched in a rehabilitation setting. Therefore, this study aims to determine if a specific multifactorial and individualised programme can reduce HMI occurrence in professional football.Methods and analysisWe conducted a prospective cohort study over two seasons within the Finnish Premier League and compare the amount of HMI sustained during a control season to an intervention season. Injury data and sport exposure were collected during the two seasons (2019–2020), and a multifactorial and individualised HMI risk reduction programme will be implemented during intervention season (2020). After a hamstring screening protocol is completed, individual training will be defined for each player within several categories: lumbo-pelvic control, range of motion, posterior chain strength, sprint mechanical output and an additional non-individualised ‘training for all players’ category. Screening and respective updates to training programmes were conducted three times during the season. The outcome will be to compare if there is a significant effect of the intervention on the HMI occurrence using Cox regression analysis.Ethics and disseminationApproval for the injury and sport exposure data collection was obtained by the Saint-Etienne University Hospital Ethics Committee (request number: IORG0007394; record number IRBN322016/CHUSTE). Approval for the intervention season was obtained from the Central Finland healthcare District (request and record number: U6/2019).
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Vinha, Juha, Mikko Salminen, Kati Salminen, Targo Kalamees, Jarek Kurnitski, and Mihkel Kiviste. "Internal moisture excess of residential buildings in Finland." Journal of Building Physics 42, no. 3 (January 12, 2018): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259117750369.
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In Finland, the indoor air conditions of 171 single-family buildings and 49 apartments in multi-family buildings have been studied in large research projects in collaboration with Tampere University of Technology and Helsinki University of Technology. This article deals with the results of moisture excess studied in these single-family buildings and apartments. Continuous field measurements up to 28 months enable to include two consecutive heating seasons in the analysis of the internal moisture excess. The higher 10% critical level during the cold period (Te ≤ 5°C) was between 3.4 and 4.9 g/m3 in Finnish heavyweight and lightweight single-family buildings and between 2.4 and 3.6 g/m3 in apartments of multi-family buildings. During the warm period (Te ≥ 15°C), the corresponding values were between 0.3 and 2.6 g/m3 for single-family buildings and 0.5 and 1.5 g/m3 for apartments. The number of occupants and the airtightness of different groups of external wall did not have influence on the average values of moisture excess. Slightly better ventilation air change rates were measured in apartments of multi-family buildings, where also the air change rates from supply–exhaust ventilation systems generally fulfilled the Finnish guideline value. The design values of moisture classes in EN ISO 13788:2012 were found difficult to apply for Finnish residential buildings. The upper limit value of humidity class 2 of EN ISO 13788:2012 is suitable for apartments in Finnish multi-family buildings, but too low for Finnish lightweight and heavyweight single-family buildings. Applying the design values of Finnish guidelines would be justified for the studied buildings almost at the full range of outdoor temperatures.
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HAKALA, K., A. O. HANNUKKALA, and E. HUUSELA-VEISTOLA. "Pests and diseases in a changing climate a major challenge for Finnish crop production." Agricultural and Food Science 20, no. 1 (December 4, 2008): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960611795163042.
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A longer growing season and higher accumulated effective temperature sum (ETS) will improve crop production potential in Finland. The production potential of new or at present underutilised crops (e.g. maize (Zea mays L.), oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)) will improve and it will be possible to grow more productive varieties of the currently grown crops (spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.)). Also cultivation of autumn sown crops could increase if winters become milder and shorter, promoting overwintering success. Climatic conditions may on the other hand become restrictive in many ways. For example, early season droughts could intensify because of higher temperatures and consequent higher evaporation rates. Current low winter temperatures and short growing season help restrict the development and spread of pests and pathogens, but this could change in the future. Longer growing seasons, warmer autumns and milder winters may initiate new problems with higher occurrences of weeds, pests and pathogens, including new types of viruses and virus vectors. Anoxia of overwintering crops caused by ice encasement, and physical damage caused by freezing and melting of water over the fields may also increase. In this study we identify the most likely changes in crop species and varieties in Finland and the pest and pathogen species that are most likely to create production problems as a result of climate change during this century.;
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PELTONEN-SAINIO, P., L. JAUHIAINEN, and K. HAKALA. "Climate change and prolongation of growing season: changes in regional potential for field crop production in Finland." Agricultural and Food Science 18, no. 3-4 (December 4, 2008): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960609790059479.
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Climate change offers new opportunities for Finnish field crop production, which is currently limited by the short growing season. A warmer climate will extend the thermal growing season and the physiologically effective part of it. Winters will also become milder, enabling introduction of winter-sown crops to a greater extent than is possible today. With this study we aim to characterise the likely regional differences in capacity to grow different seed producing crops. Prolongation of the Finnish growing season was estimated using a 0.5º latitude × 0.5º longitude gridded dataset from the Finnish Meteorological Institute. The dataset comprised an average estimate from 19 global climate models of the response of Finnish climate to low (B1) and high (A2) scenarios of greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions for 30-year periods centred on 2025, 2055 and 2085 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Growing season temperature sums that suit crop growth and are agronomically feasible in Finland are anticipated to increase by some 140 °Cd by 2025, 300 °Cd by 2055 and 470 °Cd by 2085 in scenario A2, when averaged over regions, and earlier sowing is expected to take place, but not later harvests. Accordingly, the extent of cultivable areas for the commonly grown major and minor crops will increase considerably. Due to the higher base temperature requirement for maize (Zea mays L.) growth than for temperate crops, we estimate that silage maize could become a Finnish field crop for the most favourable growing regions only at the end of this century. Winters are getting milder, but it will take almost the whole century until winters such as those that are typical for southern Sweden and Denmark are experienced on a wide scale in Finland. It is possible that introduction of winter-sown crops (cereals and rapeseed) will represent major risks due to fluctuating winter conditions, and this could delay their adaptation for many decades. Such risks need to be studied in more detail to estimate timing of introduction. Prolonged physiologically effective growing seasons would increase yielding capacities of major field crops. Of the current minor crops, oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) are particularly strong candidates to become major crops. Moreover, they have good potential for industrial processing and are currently being bred. Realisation of increased yield potential requires adaptation to 1) elevated daily mean temperatures that interfere with development rate of seed crops under long days, 2) relative reductions in water availability at critical phases of yield determination, 3) greater pest and disease pressure, 4) other uncertainties caused by weather extremes and 5) generally greater need for inputs such as nitrogen fertilisers for non-nitrogen fixing crops.;
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Ylivuori, Maija, Reija Ruuhela, Harri Sintonen, Paula Virkkula, Risto P. Roine, and Maija Hytönen. "Seasonal Variation in Generic and Disease-Specific Health-Related Quality of Life in Rhinologic Patients in Southern Finland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 6428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126428.
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Background: Seasonal variation in exacerbations, hospitalisations, and mortality statistics has been reported for some diseases. To our knowledge, however, no published studies exist on the seasonality of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) amongst rhinologic patients. Aims/Objectives: This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the possible seasonal variation in rhinologic patients’ HRQoL using the rhinologic disease-specific Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) and the generic 15D HRQoL instrument. Material and Methods: We enrolled unselected adult rhinologic patients requiring specialist care at the Helsinki University Hospital in this cross-sectional, questionnaire-based prospective study during four seasons: February (winter), May (spring), August (summer), and November (autumn). Patients received SNOT-22 and 15D questionnaires via post. The Finnish Meteorological Institute supplied climate data from these months. Results: SNOT-22 and 15D data were available for 301 and 298 patients, respectively. We found no statistically significant differences (p = 0.948) between the mean monthly 15D scores or mean SNOT-22 scales. Furthermore, the mean SNOT-22 subscales did not differ between the monthly study periods. Conclusions and Significance: Our study shows that seasonality did not impact rhinologic patients’ SNOT-22 or 15D HRQoL scores. Thus, these questionnaires can be used for follow-up amongst rhinologic patients regardless of season.
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Baum, Ulrike, Sangita Kulathinal, Kari Auranen, and Hanna Nohynek. "Effectiveness of 2 Influenza Vaccines in Nationwide Cohorts of Finnish 2-Year-Old Children in the Seasons 2015–2016 Through 2017–2018." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 8 (January 19, 2020): e255-e261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa050.
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Abstract Background From 2015–2016 through 2017–2018, injectable, trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV3) and a nasal spray, tetravalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) were used in parallel in Finland. To understand how well vaccination with each vaccine type protected children against influenza under real-life conditions, vaccine effectiveness in 2-year-olds was estimated for all 3 seasons. Methods Each season, a nationwide register-based cohort study was conducted. The study population comprised 60 088, 60 860, and 60 345 children in 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018, respectively. Laboratory-confirmed influenza was the study outcome. Seasonal influenza vaccination with either LAIV4 or IIV3 was the time-dependent exposure of interest. Vaccine effectiveness was defined as 1 minus the hazard ratio comparing vaccinated with unvaccinated children. Results From 2015–2016 through 2017–2018, the effectiveness of LAIV4 against influenza of any virus type was estimated at 54.2% (95% confidence interval, 32.2–69.0%), 20.3% (−12.7%, 43.6%), and 30.5% (10.9–45.9%); the corresponding effectiveness of IIV3 was 77.2% (48.9–89.8%), 24.5% (−29.8%, 56.1%), and −20.1% (−61.5%, 10.7%). Neither influenza vaccine clearly excelled in protecting children. The LAIV4 effectiveness against type B was greater than against type A and greater than the IIV3 effectiveness against type B. Conclusions To understand how influenza vaccines could be improved, vaccine effectiveness must be analyzed by vaccine and virus type. Effectiveness estimates also expressing overall protection levels are needed to guide individual and programmatic decision-making processes. Supported by this analysis, the vaccination program in Finland now recommends LAIV4 and injectable, tetravalent inactivated influenza vaccines replacing IIV3.
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Stoddard, Fred. "Increasing the range of legume crops for Finnish crop rotations." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 28 (January 31, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75640.
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Europe depends on synthetic N fertilizer for crops, and on imports for 70% of its plant protein requirements, and has little influence on the prices of these commodities. Since 2007, we have screened over 50 accessions of 10 grain legume species for adaptation to Finnish growing conditions, initially at Viikki and subsequently also at Mikkeli and Jokioinen. The trials are in randomized complete blocks with 4 replicates and are generally managed with appropriate herbicides, fungicides and pesticides as required to demonstrate yield potential. No imported cultivar of faba bean (Vicia faba) has been significantly earlier than cv Kontu, but some have matured at much the same time and have shown higher yield combined with greater resistance to drought and chocolate spot disease (Botrytis fabae), while sources of earliness have been identified in larger germplasm screens. This species is best adapted to heavy clay soils with a neutral to alkaline pH. With a protein content around 30% and average yields over 3.5 t/ha, faba bean yields more protein per hectare than any other crop in Finland. The narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) cvs Sonet and Haags Blaue have been shown to be suitable for growing in Finland, with growing seasons of about 100 days or 1000 growing degree-days above 5°C (GDD). The species is particularly adapted to acid sandy soils and in 2011, 91 ha of these cultivars were grown, mostly in Pohjanmaa and Satakunta. Expected seed yields are about 2 t/ha, with protein content around 34-36%. While primarily a feed crop, it is also of interest for food ingredients. Several Canadian lentil (Lens culinaris) cultivars are also suitable, with growing seasons of 90-100 days from May sowing. Lentil needs free-draining soils with low organic-matter content and can yield about 1.5 t/ha of food-quality seeds. Autumn-sown lentil overwintered successfully in 2010-2011 under the heavy snow blanket and was resistant to snow mould (Microdochium spp.). White lupin (Lupinus albus) has shown potential as a biomass or forage crop, including in crop mixtures with cereals. Certain modern cultivars produce more biomass than any other annual legume in our trialsand cover the ground well, suppressing weed growth. Most white lupin cultivars are well adapted to mildly acid soils and need good drainage. Seedlings of all 4 species are tolerant of spring frosts. Frost-sensitive species have also been tested but so far have not shown sufficient yield or adaptation. The trials have shown that there is potential to produce legumes in crop rotations in most parts of the Finnish arable zone.
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Peltonen-Sainio, P., K. Moore, and E. Pehu. "Phenotypic stability of oats measured with different stability analyses." Journal of Agricultural Science 121, no. 1 (August 1993): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600076747.
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SUMMARYThe phenotypic stability of seven Finnish and Nordic oat cultivars and 12 breeding lines developed at the Hankkija Plant Breeding Institute, Finland, was studied using the Finlay–Wilkinson regression method, Eberhart–Russell stability analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) with biplot presentation, canonical variate analysis (CVA) and Procrustes analysis. Comparison of stability analyses was based on four dissimilar growing seasons. In addition to the measurement of phenotypic stability of grain yield, the performance of 12 morpho-physiological traits was evaluated, including maturity class and structure of canopy and plant stand.The different stability analyses examined produced uniform results and ranked the cultivars and breeding lines without major disagreements. Lines with exceptionally stable yield performance over the different growing seasons were identified. In general, there was an association of high yielding ability with poor stability. However, some cultivars deviated from this tendency and showed high grain yield production and average stability of yield performance.
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Helama, Samuli, Anne Tolvanen, Jouni Karhu, Jarmo Poikolainen, and Eero Kubin. "Finnish National Phenological Network 1997–2017: from observations to trend detection." International Journal of Biometeorology 64, no. 10 (July 6, 2020): 1783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01961-6.
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Abstract Plant phenological dataset collected at 42 sites across the mainland of Finland and covering the years 1997–2017 is presented and analysed for temporal trends. The dataset of n = 16,257 observations represents eleven plant species and fifteen phenological stages and results in forty different variables, i.e. phenophases. Trend analysis was carried out for n = 808 phenological time-series that contained at least 10 observations over the 21-year study period. A clear signal of advancing spring and early-summer phenology was detected, 3.4 days decade−1, demonstrated by a high proportion of negative trends for phenophases occurring in April through June. Latitudinal correlation indicated stronger signal of spring and early-summer phenology towards the northern part of the study region. The autumn signal was less consistent and showed larger within-site variations than those observed in other seasons. More than 60% of the dates based on single tree/monitoring square were exactly the same as the averages from multiple trees/monitoring squares within the site. In particular, the reliability of data on autumn phenology was increased by multiple observations per site. The network is no longer active.
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Nieminen, Mauri. "Response distances of wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lönnb.) and semi-domestic reindeer (R. t. tarandus L.) to direct provocation by a human on foot/snowshoes." Rangifer 33, no. 1 (September 1, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.33.1.2614.
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The objective of the study was to examine response distances of wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lönnb.) and semi-domestic reindeer (R. t. tarandus L.) in Finland and Norway to direct provocation by a human on foot/snowshoes in 5 areas and in 15 reindeer herding cooperatives during different seasons in 2010-12. There were no significant differences in mean herd size or in sight, alert, flight and closest response distances of wild forest reindeer in the Kuhmo and Suomenselkä areas. The encounter distance in wild forest reindeer was significantly (P< 0.005) longer than in semi-domestic reindeer in Finland and in Finnmark, Norway, and it increased with the group size. The sight and the alert distances in wild forest reindeer were significantly (P< 0.001) longer than in semi-domestic reindeer. In addition, the flight distance for wild forest reindeer (mean 192 m) was significantly (P< 0.001) and almost three times longer than in semi-domestic reindeer in Finland (mean 68 m). The closest mean distance was in wild forest reindeer 191m (range 100-320 m) but only 44 m (range 2-110 m) in semi-domestic reindeer (P< 0.001). The sight, alert, flight and closest response distances were slightly longer in Norwegian than in Finnish semi-domestic reindeer. However, these distances were significantly (P<0.005) longer in Pohjois-Salla (no supplementary feeding) than in other Finnish reindeer herding cooperatives and at the Kaamanen experimental station. The mean flight distance of reindeer in Pohjois-Salla was 115 m but only 65 m in other cooperatives (P< 0.001). The closest distance of semi-domestic reindeer in Pohjois-Salla (mean 105 m) was more than 2.5 times longer than in other reindeer herding cooperatives (mean 40 m). The mean sight, alert and flight distances in wild forest reindeer in autumn and winter were significantly longer (P<0.005) than in semi-domestic reindeer in Finland. However, during summer these distances in wild forest reindeer herds with young calves were significantly longer (P<0.005). The mean herd size of Finnish semi-domestic reindeer was almost the same in different seasons, but in wild forest reindeer it was slightly bigger during winter and spring and smaller during summer and autumn, only 7-23 reindeer. The mean encounter and sight distances in semi-domestic reindeer were significantly longer (P<0.005) in winter, but the mean alert and flight distances were almost the same in winter and summer and slightly longer than during other seasons. The results suggest that the supplementary feeding practice during winter may likely cause a reduction in flight distances in semi-domestic reindeer.
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STODDARD, F. L., S. HOVINEN, and M. KONTTURI. "Legumes in Finnish agriculture: history, present status and future prospects." Agricultural and Food Science 18, no. 3-4 (December 4, 2008): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960609790059578.
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Legumes are important in world agriculture, providing biologically fixed nitrogen, breaking cereal disease cycles and contributing locally grown food and feed, including forage. Pea and faba bean were grown by early farmers in Finland, with remains dated to 500 BC. Landraces of pea and faba bean were gradually replaced by better adapted, higher quality materials for food use. While grain legumes have been restricted by their long growing seasons to the south of the country, red, white and alsike clovers are native throughout and have long been used in leys for grazing, hay and silage. Breeding programmes released many cultivars of these crops during the 1900s, particularly pea and red clover. A.I. Virtanen earned the 1945 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on both nitrogen fixation and silage preservation. Use of crop mixtures may appear modern, but farmers used them already in the early 1800s, when oat was used to support pea, and much effort has been devoted to improving the system and establishing its other benefits. Although international cultivars have been easily accessible since Finlands 1995 entry into the European Union, the combination of feed quality and appropriate earliness is still needed, as < 1% of arable land is sown to grain legumes and an increase to 910% would allow replacement of imported protein feeds. Climate change will alter the stresses on legume crops, and investment in agronomy, physiology and breeding is needed so that farmers can gain from the many advantages of a legume-supported rotation.;
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Rajaniemi, Mari, and Jukka Ahokas. "Direct energy consumption and CO2 emissions in a Finnish broiler house – a case study." Agricultural and Food Science 24, no. 1 (March 20, 2015): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.48012.
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Direct energy (electricity and heating) consumption was measured from one broiler house in southern Finland. CO2 emissions were also calculated. Six broiler flocks were reared per year with an average of 26 000 birds per flock. Heating constituted the major energy input, averaging 1.3 kWh kg-1 of carcass weight. It varied greatly between seasons and was highest during the cold period. Using renewable energy for heating remarkably reduces CO2 emissions compared to fossil energy. Electricity consumption averaged 0.08 kWh kg-1 of carcass weight. The greatest energy saving potential can be found in heating. CO2 emissions can be lowered to similar levels as in warmer countries by using biofuels for heating. Ventilation control is one possibility for direct energy savings in broiler production. Feed production is one of the key elements when total energy consumption is considered.
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Tikkunen, Mari, and Ilpo Kojola. "Does public information about wolf (Canis lupus) movements decrease wolf attacks on hunting dogs (C. familiaris)?" Nature Conservation 42 (October 23, 2020): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.42.48314.
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The threat that wolves (Canis lupus) pose to hunting dogs is one reason why Finnish hunters have negative attitudes towards wolves and one of the potential motivations for the illegal killing of wolves. During 2010–2017, wolves killed an average of 38 dogs (range 24–50) per year in Finland. Most of the attacks (91%) were directed at hunting dogs during the hunting season. To decrease the risk of attacks, the last seven positions (one position per hour) of GPS-collared wolves were accessible to the public with a 5 × 5 km resolution during the hunting seasons (from August 20th to February 28th) of 2013/2014 (from September 2nd onwards), 2015/2016, 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. The link was visited more than 1 million times in 3 of the 4 seasons. Fatal attacks on dogs occurred on 17% of the days during the hunting seasons of our study (n = 760 days). Both the attacks and visits peaked in September–November, which is the primary hunting season in Finland. According to the general linear model, the number of daily visits to the website was higher on days when fatal attacks occurred than on other days. Additionally, season and the number of days passed from the first day of the season were significantly related to the daily visits. Visits were temporally auto-correlated, and the parameter values in the model where the dependent variable was the number of visits on the next day were only slightly different from those in the first model. A two-way interaction between season and attack existed, and the least squares means were significantly different in 2017/2018. The change in daily visits between consecutive days was related only to the number of days from the beginning of the season. We examined whether this kind of service decreased dog attacks by wolves. Wolf attacks were recorded in 32% of the wolf territories, where at least one wolf had been collared (n = 22). However, within the territories without any GPS-collared wolves, the proportion of territories with wolf attack(s) was significantly higher than those elsewhere (50%, n = 48). Although public information decreased the risk of attacks, it did not completely protect dogs from wolf attacks and may in some cases increase the risk of illegally killing wolves. The most remarkable benefit of this kind of service to the conservation of the wolf population might be the message to the public that management is not overlooking hunters’ concerns about wolf attacks on their dogs.
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Mölsä, Jouko, Urho Kujala, Ove Näsman, Timo-Pekka Lehtipuu, and Olavi Airaksinen. "Injury Profile in Ice Hockey from the 1970s through the 1990s in Finland." American Journal of Sports Medicine 28, no. 3 (May 2000): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465000280030701.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, types, and mechanisms of injury in Finnish ice hockey players at the highest competition level in different decades. Several teams were observed prospectively during the seasons between 1976 and 1979, and in the 1988 to 1989 and 1992 to 1993 seasons. An injury was defined as any sudden trauma requiring examination and treatment by a physician. The inclusion criteria were the same during the entire study. A total of 641 injuries were recorded. The injury rate per game increased significantly from 54 per 1000 player-hours in the 1970s to 83 per 1000 player-hours in the 1990s. The injury profile in the 1980s and 1990s differed from that in the 1970s. Per 1000 player-years, the rate of contusions as well as of sprains or strains increased significantly with each decade. Checking and unintentional collision with an opponent were common mechanisms of injury throughout the study, and the rate of injury by these mechanisms has continually increased. In conclusion, we suggest that there has been an increase in rough body contact between players, causing an alarming increase in the rate of ice hockey injuries.
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SAARELA, I., Y. SALO, and M. VUORINEN. "Effects of repeated phosphorus fertilisation on field crops in Finland 1.Yield responses on clay and loam soils relation to soil test P values." Agricultural and Food Science 15, no. 2 (December 4, 2008): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960606778644548.
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In order to update phosphorus (P) fertiliser recommendations for the Finnish clay and loam soils enriched with applied P, the effects of repeated P fertilisation on the yields of cereal and other crops were measured at eight sites over a period of 12-18 years. Yield results of some earlier field studies were also used in calibrating the soil test P values determined by the Finnish acid ammonium acetate method (PAc). Significant yield responses to P fertilisation were obtained on soils which had low PAc values or medium levels of PAc and too low or too high pH values (< 6.0 or 7.5 in water suspension). The mean relative control yield (RCY, yield without applied P divided by yield with sufficient P multiplied by 100) of the eight sites was 94.6% (n = 128, mean PAc 15.5 mg dm-3) varying from 87% at PAc 2.8 mg dm-3 to 100% at high PAc. A PAc level of 5-7 mg dm-3 was adequate for cereals, grasses and oilseed rape on the basis of the RCY value of 95% at optimal pH. At this PAc replacing the amounts of P in the crops (14 kg in 4 t grain) and the fixation of extractable P (about 6 kg ha-1 a-1) produced almost maximum yields in favourable seasons and were considered optimal.;
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Turunen, M., M. L. Sutinen, K. Derome, Y. Norokorpi, and K. Lakkala. "Effects of solar UV radiation on birch and pine seedlings in the sub-Arctic." Polar Record 38, no. 206 (July 2002): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400017769.
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AbstractThe responses of Betula pubescens Ehr. (European white birch), B. pendula Roth (silver birch) and two provenances of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) to solar ultraviolet (UV < 400 nm) radiation were investigated in a UV-exclusion field experiment during the 1997–99 growing seasons in Finnish Lapland (68°N). The seedlings were grown from seed under UV-B exclusion (a clear polyester filter) and UV-B/UV-A exclusion (a clear acrylic plate) as compared to control treatment (a polyethene filter) and ambient plants (no plastic filter). The mean daily maximum solar biologically effective UV-B irradiance (UV-BE) was 88 mW m-2, 68 mW m-2, and 91 mW m-2 for 1997, 1998, and 1999. A number of growth and biomass variables, PSII (Photosystem II) efficiency, and total concentration of nitrogen were recorded during and/or at the end of the experiment. Exposure (191 d) to solar UV radiation over three growing seasons did not cause many statistically significant UV effects in the growth or biomass of the seedlings. The only significant impacts of UV exclusion were found in P. sylvestris provenance Enontekiö. During the first growing season, the UVB/ UV-A exclusion treatment significantly accelerated the height increment (18–20%) off. sylvestris, and in the same seedlings, the UV-B exclusion treatment resulted in significantly increased dry weight of one-year-old needles (45–57%) after the second growing season. These UV impacts could not be seen at the end of the experiment or in any other species. The low concentration of N in current foliage was related to increased dry weight, but not to solar UV radiation (control vs UV exclusion). The present study indicated that solar UV radiation had limited, but sometimes transient, impacts on the growth of tree seedlings in the sub-Arctic. Longer-term field studies are needed, however, in order to detect the cumulative characteristics of the UV responses.
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Maunula, Leena, and Carl-Henrik von Bonsdorff. "Frequent Reassortments May Explain the Genetic Heterogeneity of Rotaviruses: Analysis of Finnish Rotavirus Strains." Journal of Virology 76, no. 23 (December 1, 2002): 11793–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.23.11793-11800.2002.
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ABSTRACT The predominant rotavirus electropherotypes (e-types) during 17 epidemic seasons (1980 through 1997) in Finland were established, and representative virus isolates were studied by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The virus isolates were either P[8]G1 or P[8]G4 types. The G1 and G4 strains formed one G1 lineage (VP7-G1-1) and one G4 lineage, respectively. Otherwise, they belonged to two P[8] lineages (VP4-P[8]-1 and -2) unrelated to their G types. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of all 11 RNA segments obtained from the strains also revealed genetic diversity among gene segments other than those defining P and G types. With the exception of segments 1, 3, and 10, the sequences of the other segments could be assigned to 2 to 4 different genetic clusters. The results of this study suggest that, in addition to the RNA segments encoding VP4 and VP7, the other RNA segments may segregate independently as well. In total, the 9 predominant e-types represented 7 different RNA segment combinations when the phylogenetic clusters of their 11 genes were determined. The extensive genetic diversity and number of e-types among rotaviruses are best explained by frequent genetic reassortment.
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Tunved, P., H. C. Hansson, M. Kulmala, P. Aalto, Y. Viisanen, H. Karlsson, A. Kristensson, et al. "One year boundary layer aerosol size distribution data from five Nordic background stations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, no. 3 (May 23, 2003): 2783–833. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-2783-2003.
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Abstract. Size distribution measurements performed at five different stations have been investigated during a one-year period between 01 June 2000 and 31 May 2001 with focus on diurnal, seasonal and geographical differences of size distribution properties. The stations involved cover a large geographical area ranging from the Finnish Lapland (67° N) down to southern Sweden (56° N) in the order Värriö, Pallas, Hyytiälä, Aspvreten and Vavihill. The shape of the size distribution is typically bimodal during winter with a larger fraction of accumulation mode particles compared to the other seasons. Highest Aitken mode concentration is found during summer and spring. The maximum of nucleation events occur during spring months. Nucleation events occur during other seasons as well, although not as frequently. Large differences were found between different categories of stations. Northerly located stations such as Pallas and Värriö presented well-separated Aitken and accumulation modes, while the two modes often overlap significantly at the two southernmost stations Vavihill and Aspvreten. A method to cluster trajectories was used to analyse the impact of long-range transport on the observed aerosol properties. Clusters of trajectories arriving from the continent were clearly associated with size distributions shifted towards the accumulation mode. This feature was more pronounced the further south the station was located. Marine- or Arctic-type clusters were associated with large variability in the nuclei size ranges. A quasi-lagrangian approach was used to investigate transport related changes in the aerosol properties. Typically, an increase in especially Aitken mode concentrations was observed when advection from the north occurs, i.e. allowing more continental influence on the aerosol when comparing the different measurement sites. When trajectory clusters arrive to the stations from SW, a gradual decrease in number concentration is experienced in all modes as latitude of measurement site increases.
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Väärikkälä, Sofia, Laura Hänninen, and Mari Nevas. "Assessment of Welfare Problems in Finnish Cattle and Pig Farms Based on Official Inspection Reports." Animals 9, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050263.
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The competent authorities of the Member States of the European Union are required to perform animal welfare inspections on livestock farms. The data obtained from these official inspections performed in Finnish cattle and pig farms in 2010–2015 were used with the aim of estimating the prevalence of the most common non-compliances and identifying underlying risk factors. The prevalence of non-compliant cattle and pig farms was 24.2% and 27.9%, respectively. In cattle, the most common problem was an inadequate lying area followed by deficient housing conditions for calves; in pigs, it was a lack of enrichment material. The non-compliances concerning cattle were most frequently detected in autumn and in farms with small herd size, with tie-stall housing and outdoor rearing year-round. The pig farms with a farrow-to-finish unit had a higher prevalence of non-compliances than other production types. The prevalence of the non-compliant farms differed notably between the regions. It can be concluded that the cattle welfare inspections should be performed with a focus on the cold and rainy seasons and at small farms, whereas the pig welfare inspections should mainly focus on farrow-to-finish units. The data received from official inspections should be efficiently utilized in the development of animal welfare inspection system, with the aim of risk-based, consistent and uniform inspections. In addition, the data should be utilized in targeting information for farmers.
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Bonn, B., M. Boy, M. Kulmala, A. Groth, K. Trawny, S. Borchert, and S. Jacobi. "A new parametrization for ambient particle formation over coniferous forests and its potential implications for the future." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 20 (October 27, 2009): 8079–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8079-2009.
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Abstract. Atmospheric new particle formation is a general phenomenon observed over coniferous forests. So far nucleation is either parameterised as a function of gaseous sulphuric acid concentration only, which is unable to explain the observed seasonality of nucleation events at different measurement sites, or as a function of sulphuric acid and organic molecules. Here we introduce different nucleation parameters based on the interaction of sulphuric acid and terpene oxidation products and elucidate the individual importance. They include basic trace gas and meteorological measurements such as ozone and water vapour concentrations, temperature (for terpene emission) and UV B radiation as a proxy for OH radical formation. We apply these new parameters to field studies conducted at conducted at Finnish and German measurement sites and compare these to nucleation observations on a daily and annual scale. General agreement was found, although the specific compounds responsible for the nucleation process remain speculative. This can be interpreted as follows: During cooler seasons the emission of biogenic terpenes and the OH availability limits the new particle formation while towards warmer seasons the ratio of ozone and water vapour concentration seems to dominate the general behaviour. Therefore, organics seem to support ambient nucleation besides sulphuric acid or an OH-related compound. Using these nucleation parameters to extrapolate the current conditions to prognosed future concentrations of ozone, water vapour and organic concentrations leads to a significant potential increase in the nucleation event number.
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Paoli, Amélie, Robert B. Weladji, Øystein Holand, and Jouko Kumpula. "The onset in spring and the end in autumn of the thermal and vegetative growing season affect calving time and reproductive success in reindeer." Current Zoology 66, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz032.
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Abstract A developing trophic mismatch between the peak of energy demands by reproducing animals and the peak of forage availability has caused many species’ reproductive success to decrease. The match–mismatch hypothesis (MMH) is an appealing concept that can be used to assess such fitness consequences. However, concerns have been raised on applying the MMH on capital breeders such as reindeer because the reliance on maternal capita rather than dietary income may mitigate negative effects of changing phenologies. Using a long-term dataset of reindeer calving dates recorded since 1970 in a semidomesticated reindeer population in Finnish Lapland and proxies of plant phenology; we tested the main hypothesis that the time lag between calving date and the plant phenology in autumn when females store nutrient reserves to finance reproduction would lead to consequences on reproductive success, as the time lag with spring conditions would. As predicted, the reproductive success of females of the Kutuharju reindeer population was affected by both the onset of spring green-up and vegetative senescence in autumn as calves were born heavier and with a higher first-summer survival when the onset of the vegetation growth was earlier and the end of the thermal growing season the previous year was earlier as well. Our results demonstrated that longer plant growing seasons might be detrimental to reindeer’s reproductive success if a later end is accompanied by a reduced abundance of mushrooms.
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Isotalo, Jukka. "Spring Load Restrictions in Finland: Current Policy and Research Implications." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1615, no. 1 (January 1998): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1615-04.
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Roads in Finland are exposed to seasonal strength variation. Because of industrial policy, the maximum weight of heavy trucks is 60 metric tons all year. The policies applied by the Finnish National Road Administration (Finnra) to mitigate the effects of seasonal road strength variations on public roads, and the current research on the topic in Finland, are investigated. It has been estimated that the annual cost of road repairs because of spring damages is about $10 million under the present load restriction policy. The costs for road repairs would be $35 million without restrictions. The annual additional cost for all heavy transport is estimated at $15 million. An internal Finnra survey revealed that $80 million to $100 million is needed to repair all known frost-susceptible road sections. Finnra load restrictions are intended to prevent damage to roads by heavy vehicles during spring thaw. The restrictions will reduce and possibly eliminate increases in annual road maintenance costs. On the other hand, the restrictions will allow a minimum standard for vital transport. Finnra’s Road Structures Research Programme (TPPT) studies improvements in the durability, strength, and economy of road structures. A key part of the TPPT project concerns problems associated with frost, especially durability against frost action. The most important factors of frost action on roads are the freezing index, duration of frost and thaw seasons, surface temperature, and ground water level. Methods for testing and calculating frost effects are discussed, as are the questions that must be answered before more precise models can be published.
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Tyrisevä, Anna-Maria, Tiina Ikonen, and Matti Ojala. "Repeatability estimates for milk coagulation traits and non-coagulation of milk in Finnish Ayrshire cows." Journal of Dairy Research 70, no. 1 (February 2003): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029902005939.
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Effects of systematic environmental factors and milk production and quality traits on milk coagulation properties (MCP), and on repeatability of those traits were estimated from 979 milk samples collected once a month over a period of 2 years from 83 Finnish Ayrshire cows. Estimation was based on a multitrait animal model and REML methodology. In addition, persistence of non-coagulation of milk in individual cows, and factors associated with it were established from a sub sample of 24 cows producing non-coagulating (NC) milk at least once. MCP were at their best during the first lactation, at the beginning and at the end of lactation, and during grazing seasons. Variation in MCP with systematic environmental factors was partly due to variation in composition and quality of milk, especially in pH and ln (somatic cell count, SCC). Coefficients of repeatability for milk coagulation time and curd firmness were 0·65 and 0·68. These estimates were of the same magnitude as those for protein content, but were higher than those for daily milk yield, fat content, pH, and SCC. Based on the repeatability estimates for the milk coagulation traits and effects of the environmental factors, cows should be sampled at least three times during a lactation to estimate reliably breeding values for the milk coagulation traits. A total of 10% of the milk samples did not coagulate in 30 min after addition of rennet. Cows that produced NC milk at least once (30% of the cows) could be classified into those that produced NC milk only a few times during a lactation and those that produced NC milk at almost every sampling. Based on logistic regression analyses, peak and mid-lactation, high milk yield, low protein and fat content and high pH increased the risk of non-coagulation of milk.
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PUUSTINEN, L., V. BLAZEVIC, L. HUHTI, E. D. SZAKAL, A. HALKOSALO, M. SALMINEN, and T. VESIKARI. "Norovirus genotypes in endemic acute gastroenteritis of infants and children in Finland between 1994 and 2007." Epidemiology and Infection 140, no. 2 (April 14, 2011): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268811000549.
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SUMMARYNoroviruses are, after rotaviruses, the second most common causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in young children. We studied norovirus genotypes in faecal specimens collected from Finnish children followed-up prospectively in rotavirus vaccine trials. Almost 5000 faecal specimens collected from cases of acute gastroenteritis were examined using reverse transcriptase–PCR. A total of 1172 cases (25% of all acute gastroenteritis) were associated with noroviruses. Of these, 96% were genogroup GII. GII.4 was the most common genotype (46%) throughout the study period but the proportion of this genotype varied in different norovirus epidemic seasons. Additional norovirus genotypes detected were: GII.7 (15%), GII.3 (14%), GII.1 (9%), GII.b (7%), GII.2 (3%), and GI.3 (2%). GII.4 dominated during the following years: 1998–1999 (75%), 2002–2003 (88%) and 2006–2007 (98%) while recombinant genotype GII.b was dominant between 2003 and 2004 (83%). In conclusion, genotypes GII.4 and GIIb have emerged as predominant norovirus genotypes in endemic gastroenteritis affecting young infants and children in Finland.
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Solonen, Tapio. "Recovering bird diversity by landscaping a landfill: early stages of succession." Ornis Svecica 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34080/os.v17.22694.
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A Finnish pilot project of landscaping a landfill is aimed at creating conditions for a diversified and abundant flora and fauna. In 1997—2005, one part, a recent sand heaping mound was managed, while a second part, a former communal waste dump, was left for free vegetation succession. The birds of the open landfill area (45 ha) and surrounding forest (30 ha) were censused by territory mapping during four breeding seasons (1997, 2003—2005). The changes in the avifauna of the landscaped part were compared to those of the unmanaged one and the surrounding forest. In the open habitats, the total abundance of ground-nesting birds remained relatively stable while the species nesting in scrub clearly increased. However, the ground-nesters increased in the recently landscaped heaping mound, but decreased in the unmanaged area. The bird diversity seemed to change in the expected manner, following the rapid early succession of vegetation. Accordingly, continuous management is needed to keep the species of the most open habitats as permanent members of the local avifauna.
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Tuononen, Minttu, Ewan J. O’Connor, Victoria A. Sinclair, and Ville Vakkari. "Low-Level Jets over Utö, Finland, Based on Doppler Lidar Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 9 (September 2017): 2577–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-16-0411.1.
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AbstractOver two years of meteorological observations from Utö, a small island in the Finnish outer archipelago in the Baltic Sea, were used to investigate the occurrence and characteristics of low-level jets (LLJs) and the diurnal and seasonal variations in these properties. An objective LLJ identification algorithm that is suitable for high-temporal-and-vertical-resolution Doppler lidar data was created and applied to wind profiles obtained from a combination of Doppler lidar data and two-dimensional sonic anemometer observations. This algorithm was designed to identify coherent LLJ structures and requires that they persist for at least 1 h. The long-term mean LLJ frequency of occurrence at Utö was 12%, the mean LLJ wind speed was 11.6 m s−1, and the vast majority of identified LLJs occurred below 150 m above ground level. The LLJ frequency of occurrence was much higher during summer (21%) and spring (18%) than in autumn (8%) and winter (3%). During winter and spring, the LLJ frequency of occurrence is evenly distributed throughout the day. In contrast, the LLJ frequency of occurrence peaks at night (1900–0100 UTC) during summer and during the evening hours (1700–1900 UTC) in autumn. The highest and strongest LLJs come from the southwest, which is also the predominant LLJ direction in all seasons. LLJs below 100 m are common in spring and summer, are weaker, and do not show a strong directional dependence.
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Ménard, Cécile B., Jaakko Ikonen, Kimmo Rautiainen, Mika Aurela, Ali Nadir Arslan, and Jouni Pulliainen. "Effects of Meteorological and Ancillary Data, Temporal Averaging, and Evaluation Methods on Model Performance and Uncertainty in a Land Surface Model." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 6 (November 17, 2015): 2559–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0013.1.
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Abstract A single-model 16-member ensemble is used to investigate how external model factors can affect model performance. Ensemble members are constructed with the land surface model (LSM) Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), with different choices of meteorological forcing [in situ, NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR)/CFSv2, or Water and Global Change (WATCH) Forcing Data ERA-Interim (WFDEI)] and ancillary datasets (in situ or remotely sensed), and with four time step modes. Effects of temporal averaging are investigated by comparing the hourly, daily, monthly, and seasonal ensemble performance against snow depth and water equivalent, soil temperature and moisture, and latent and sensible heat fluxes from one forest site and one clearing in the boreal ecozone of Finnish Lapland. Results show that meteorological data are the largest source of uncertainty; differences in ancillary data have little effect on model results. Although generally informative and representative, aggregated performance metrics fail to identify “right results for the wrong reasons”; to do so, scrutinizing of time series and of interactions between variables is necessary. Temporal averaging over longer intervals improves metrics—with the notable exception of bias, which increases—by reducing the effects of internal data and model variability on model response. Model evaluation during shoulder seasons (fall minus spring) identifies weaknesses in the reanalyses datasets that conventional seasonal performance (winter minus summer) neglects. In view of the importance of snow on the range of results obtained with the same model, let alone identical simulations using different temporal averaging, it is recommended that systematic evaluation, quantification of errors, and uncertainties in snow-covered regions be incorporated in future efforts to standardize evaluation methods of LSMs.
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Pyhälä, R. "Antibody status to influenza A/Singapore/1/57(H2N2) in Finland during a period of outbreaks caused by H3N2 and H1N1 subtype viruses." Journal of Hygiene 95, no. 2 (October 1985): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400062860.
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SUMMARYThe incidence of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody (titre ≥ 12) to influenza A/Singapore/1/57(H2N2) in sera collected from a Finnish population in the summer of 1981 was 58%. Subjects born after 1968 were essentially seronegative, and a comparable low HI antibody status was also recorded among the elderly, lowest being in people born during the period 1901–10. A small increase in antibody titre to the H2N2 virus was observed in the different age groups after infections with the H3N2, but not the H1N1, subtype influenza A viruses. The heterotypic response, which could be due to HI or NA antibodies, was restricted almost exclusively to subjects already exhibiting this antibody in acute phase sera. Moreover, the anamnestic boosting was not as strong as that described in earlier studies from samples collected at the beginning of the present era of H3N2 viruses.At population level, the HI antibody status to H2N2 was about the same at the beginning and end of the follow-up period which covered eight epidemic seasons. The results are discussed with respect to the doctrine of ‘original antigenic sin’ and to the threat of re-emergence of the H2N2 viruses.
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PELTONEN-SAINIO, P., L. JAUHIAINEN, and K. HAKALA. "Crop responses to temperature and precipitation according to long-term multi-location trials at high-latitude conditions." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, no. 1 (November 11, 2010): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000791.
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SUMMARYGlobal warming has accelerated in recent decades and the years 1995–2006 were the warmest ever recorded. Also, in Finland, the last decade has been exceptionally warm. Hence, this study examines how current field crop cultivars, adapted to northern long-day conditions and short growing seasons, have responded to the elevated temperatures, especially with regard to determination of yield potential and quality. These comparisons were carried out with spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and rapeseed (turnip rape, Brassica rapa L. and oilseed rape, B. napus L.). Long-term data sets of MTT Official Variety Trials and the Finnish Meteorological Institute were used to study crop responses to precipitation and elevated temperatures at different growth phases. The MTT data sets were also grouped into experiments that could be considered typical of the temperature conditions in the period 1971–2000 seasons (termed ‘1985’ conditions) or typical of the period 2010–39 (termed ‘2025’). At elevated temperatures, yields generally declined in these relatively cool growing conditions of northern Europe, except for pea. Elevated temperatures tended to have negative effects both in the pre- and post-anthesis phases, but the response depended on species. The response was probably associated with reduced water availability, which limited yield determination, especially in early growth phases. For example, in spring cereals a decrease in early summer precipitation by 10 mm decreased yields by 45–75 kg/ha. As warmer conditions also typically hastened development and growth in such generally cool growing conditions of Finland, it is essential that breeding programmes produce cultivars that are less sensitive to elevated temperatures, which are likely to become more frequent in future.
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Kozlov, Igor E., Elena V. Krek, Andrey G. Kostianoy, and Inga Dailidienė. "Remote Sensing of Ice Conditions in the Southeastern Baltic Sea and in the Curonian Lagoon and Validation of SAR-Based Ice Thickness Products." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22 (November 14, 2020): 3754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223754.
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Here we analyze ice conditions in the Southeastern Baltic (SEB) Sea and in the Curonian Lagoon (CL) using spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data combined with in-situ measurements from coastal stations during four winter seasons between 2009–2013. As shown, the ice conditions in the SEB and in the CL are strongly varying from year to year and do not always correlate with each other. In the SEB, ice cover may form only within 5–15 km band along the coast or spread up to 100 km offshore covering almost the entire region. The mean ice season duration here is 45 days. The CL is almost fully ice-covered every year apart of its northern part subjected to sea water inflow and active shipping. The ice regime is also more stable here, however, it also possesses multiple periods of partial melting and re-freezing. In this study we also perform a validation of three SAR-based ice thickness products (Envisat ASAR 0.5-km and 1-km, and RADARSAT-2 0.5-km) produced by the Finnish Meteorological Institute versus in-situ measurements in the CL. As shown, all satellite products perform rather well for the periods of gradual ice thickness growth. When the ice thickness grows rapidly, all products underestimate the observed values by 10–20 cm (20–50%). The best results were obtained for the RADARSAT-2 ice thickness product with the highest R2 value (0.68) and the root mean square error around 8 cm. The results of the study clearly show that multi-mission SAR data are very useful for spatial and temporal analysis of the ice regime in coastal waters and semi-enclosed shallow water bodies where the number of field observations is insufficient or lacking.
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Ioannidou, Eleftheria, Stefanos Papagiannis, Manousos Ioannis Manousakas, Chrysoula Betsou, Konstantinos Eleftheriadis, Jussi Paatero, Lambrini Papadopoulou, and Alexandra Ioannidou. "Trace Elements Concentrations in Urban Air in Helsinki, Finland during a 44-Year Period." Atmosphere 14, no. 9 (September 13, 2023): 1430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14091430.
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The atmospheric concentrations of seventeen elements were measured in air filters at the Finnish Meteorological Institute station in Helsinki, Finland, during a period of 44 years (1962–2005). The mean annual concentrations were calculated and are presented from the lowest values to the highest ones Cr < Ni < Ti < Br < V < Mn < Cu < Zn < Cl < Al < Fe < K < Ca < Na < Pb < Si < S. Most of the elements (Fe, Si, Ti, K, Ca, Zn, Br, Pb, V, Ni, S, Cr, Na, Al, and Cl) present higher values during spring and winter season, while in summer the elements (Ti, Ca, S, and Na) are found in higher concentrationsdue to the weather conditions across seasons and the sources and emissions of air pollutants. There is a strong correlation between the elements (V-Ni, Si-Pb, Fe-Ca, V-Cr, Si-K, K-Ca, Fe-Ti, K-Na, Si-Ca, and V-S), indicating their common source. The identification of the sources of trace elements was performed based on positive matrix factorization analysis, using SoFi software. Four Suspended Particulate Matter (PM) sources were identified: road dust (due to usage of leaded fuel), heavy oil combustion/secondary sulfates, traffic emissions, and natural dust (soil). For the total of 44 years studied, significant decreases in concentrations were observed for all elements, most of which were over 50%: Na (−74%), Al (−86%), Si (−88%), S (−82%), K (−82%), Ca (−89%), Ti (−80%), V (−89%), Cr (−82%), Mn (−77%), Fe (−77%), Ni (−61%), Zn (−72%), and Pb (−95%). In general, a significant decline has been observed in the majority of the elemental concentrations since the end of the 1970s, underlying the effectiveness of different environmental policies that have been applied during the last few decades.
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Gröhn, Yrjö T., Julia A. Hertl, and Jane L. Harman. "Effect of early lactation milk yield on reproductive disorders in dairy cows." American Journal of Veterinary Research 55, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 1521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1994.55.11.1521.
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Summary Association between individual cumulative milk yield and various reproductive disorders in 56,772 Finnish Ayrshire cows belonging to 5,912 herds in 80 communities was studied. All cows delivered calves between September 1985 and September 1986. Five logistic regression models were fitted, 1 for each outcome disorder of interest: early metritis, late metritis, silent heat, ovarian cyst, and other infertility. Cumulative individual 37-day milk yield was used in the early metritis model, and cumulative individual 60-day milk yield was used in the other models, on the basis of median days in milk when these disorders developed. Cumulative 305 - day herd milk yield, parity, calving season, presence or absence of other disorders, and community were also included in the models. Point estimates from the models represented odds ratios for the likelihood of having the outcome disorder. Lactational incidence risks for the 5 reproductive disorders studied were: early metritis (2.4%), late metritis (1.1 %), silent heat (5.4%), ovarian cyst (6.6 %), and other infertility (2.1 %). The risk of early metritis decreased with increasing 37-day milk yield. The risk of silent heat, ovarian cyst, and other infertility increased with increasing 60-day milk yield; 60-day milk yield had no effect on late metritis. The 305-day herd milk yield increased the risk of early metritis, ovarian cyst, and other infertility; it had no effect on late metritis or silent heat. Parity had an effect on all disorders, except late metritis. Cows that delivered calves during the colder, darker seasons of the year had a higher risk of reproductive disorders than did those that delivered calves at other times of the year. A number of other disorders, reproductive and otherwise, were significant predictors of development of the outcome disorders.
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Tunved, P., H. C. Hansson, M. Kulmala, P. Aalto, Y. Viisanen, H. Karlsson, A. Kristensson, et al. "One year boundary layer aerosol size distribution data from five nordic background stations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 6 (December 9, 2003): 2183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-2183-2003.
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Abstract. Size distribution measurements performed at five different stations have been investigated during a one-year period between 01 June 2000 and 31 May 2001 with focus on diurnal, seasonal and geographical differences of size distribution properties. The stations involved cover a large geographical area ranging from the Finnish Lapland (67º N) down to southern Sweden (56º N) in the order Värriö, Pallas, Hyytiälä, Aspvreten and Vavihill. The shape of the size distribution is typically bimodal during winter with a larger fraction of accumulation mode particles compared to the other seasons. Highest Aitken mode concentration is found during summer and spring during the year of study. The maximum of nucleation events occur during the spring months at all stations. Nucleation events occur during other months as well, although not as frequently. Large differences were found between different categories of stations. Northerly located stations such as Pallas and Värriö presented well-separated Aitken and accumulation modes, while the two modes often overlap significantly at the two southernmost stations Vavihill and Aspvreten. A method to cluster trajectories was used to analyse the impact of long-range transport on the observed aerosol properties. Clusters of trajectories arriving from the continent were clearly associated with size distributions shifted towards the accumulation mode. This feature was more pronounced the further south the station was located. Marine- or Arctic-type clusters were associated with large variability in the nuclei size ranges. A quasi-lagrangian approach was used to investigate transport related changes in the aerosol properties. Typically, an increase in especially Aitken mode concentrations was observed when advection from the north occurs, i.e. allowing more continental influence on the aerosol when comparing the different measurement sites. When trajectory clusters arrive to the stations from SW, a gradual decrease in number concentration is experienced in all modes as latitude of measurement site increases.
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Basnet, S., I. Merikanto, T. Lahti, and T. Partonen. "Seasonal affective disorder associate with common chronic diseases and symptoms in a population-based study." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1467.
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BackgroundSeasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a recurrent mood disorder with 22%–42% of the patients experiencing symptoms even after 5–11 years after diagnosis, and 33%–44% developing non-seasonal symptoms. The purpose of this study was to assess how seasonality is associated with some of the most common non-communicable diseases in the general Finnish population.MethodsThe global seasonality score (GSS) and the experiences of problems due to the seasonal variations from FINNRISK 2012 dataset were used to measure the seasonality in 4689 Finns aged 25–74 years living in five geographical regions in Finland, and assess their association with common non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The regression models and odds ratios were adopted to analyze the associations adjusted for covariates.ResultsThe prevalence of SAD in the Finnish general population is 21%. Seventy percent of the participants had seasonal variations in sleep duration, social activity, mood and energy level, while 40% had seasonal variations is weight and appetite. Angina pectoris and depression were significantly associated with seasonality, including seasonal variations in sleep duration, mood, weight, appetite, social activity and energy level. Depression was significantly associated with the increased odds for experiencing a problem due to the seasonal variations (OR = 4.851, P < 0.0001) and SAD symptoms (OR = 4.075, P < 0.0001), and with the GSS (P < 0.0001).ConclusionOur data suggest that seasonality is associated with depression and angina pectoris. The co-occurrence of the seasonal variations in mood and behavior with common NCDs warrants the need for future research to have insights into the etiology and potentially shared pathways and mechanisms of action.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Tverin, Malin, Janne Granroth, Alexander Abrahamsson, Patrik Tang, Henry Pihlström, Karl Lundström, and Reijo Käkelä. "Adipose tissue fatty acids suggest spatial and temporal dietary differences in great cormorants of the Baltic Sea area." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 101, no. 1 (February 2021): 199–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315420001320.
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AbstractIncreased numbers of great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) in the Baltic Sea may have local impacts on fisheries and salmonid hatcheries. We studied spatial and temporal variability in cormorant diet, and potential consumption of hatchery salmonids, by analysing knee subcutaneous adipose tissue fatty acids (FA) of specimens (N = 77) collected along Swedish and Finnish coasts in different seasons during 2013–2017. The FA profiles of the subspecies sinensis and carbo were similar, with large individual variation. The proportion of C18 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) was the largest in the north, whereas the proportion of C20–22 monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) increased towards the south, reflecting diminishing freshwater and increasing marine food web characteristics towards the south. As an exception, the C20–22 MUFA percentage was high in sinensis collected in June 2017 from the northern Baltic Sea. The source of C20–22 MUFAs was probably hatchery salmonids, raised on ocean fish hatchery feed and released 10 days before, near the cormorant capture site. The FA profiles of northern and southern cormorants differed from each other both in early and late summer samples, suggesting spatially different diets. The largest individual variation was found in 22:1n-11, characteristic of ocean zooplanktivorous fish, and likely originating from Atlantic wild or Baltic Sea hatchery-reared fish. This study shows that adipose tissue FA profiles can be used as proxies for seabird diet monitoring and indicators of predation on hatchery-reared fish. Obtaining quantitative estimates on the proportions of dietary fish species requires future feeding experiments, allowing calibration between the FA compositions and diet.
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Ostroumova, I. N., A. A. Lyutikov, V. V. Kostyunichev, A. K. Shumilina, and M. M. Vylka. "Replacement of fishmeal for protein components of microbial, animal and plant origin in feed for two-year-old whitefish (Coregonidae)." Trudy VNIRO 190 (December 28, 2022): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.36038/2307-3497-2022-190-105-115.
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The purpose of the work: To determine the possibility of replacing fishmeal with other protein components in the composition of feed for two-year-old whitefishes.Methods used: whitefish were grown in cages on experimental, control and imported feeds during the growing seasons of 2018, 2019 and 2020.The growth rate of fish and the physiological state of the liver index, blood parameters, total fat and vitamin C content in the body and liver were studied.Novelty: the use of new domestic protein components in feed for whitefishes — microbial protein concentrate (bacterial biomass on natural gas), Agro-Matike (a mixture of legume components with meat flour — processed products of poultry farms), Protefid (soy concentrate).Results: Two-year-old whitefish fed feed with the replacement of 30–50% of fishmeal with the indicated protein components did not differ in growth rate from the growth rate of fish reared on control feeds without of fishmeal substitutes, but lagged behind in growth from fish fed on imported feed. With an increase in the composition of experimental feeds of fish oil from 14–16 to 20–22%, the final weight of whitefish reached the weight of fish on the Finnish feed. The physiological state of fish on all variants of feed did not deviate from the norm.Practical significance: the mastered production of Agro-Matik, Protefid and the possibility of increasing the production of microbial protein concentrate make it possible to use them as substitutes for fishmeal in the composition of complete feeds for industrial fish farming.
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Staaland, Hans. "Trace elements in the alimentary tract of Svalbard reindeer." Rangifer 5, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.5.2.543.
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<p>In the alimentary tract of Svalbard reindeer concentrations of Fe and Co were higher in winter than in summer, whereas the concentrations of Mn and Cu were equal in both seasons. Zn concentrations were higher in summer throughout the alimentary tract, but Mo were highest only in the distal part. The general pattern of absorption in the alimentary tract seems to correspond to findings in other ruminants. The very high levels of Fe and Co are emphasized.</p><p>Sporelementer i fordøyelseskanalen hos Svalbard-rein.</p><p>Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Konsentrasjonen av Fe og Co i fordøyelsessystemet hos Svalbard-rein var høyere om vinteren enn om sommeren, mens konsentrasjonene av Mn og Cu var like vinter og sommer. Zn konsentrasjonene var høyest om sommeren gjennom hele fordøyelsessystemet, mens Mo konsentrasjonene var høyest i det distale avsnittet. Det generelle absorbsjonsmønster synes å stemme overens med funn fra andre drøvtyggere. De svært høye nivåer av Fe og Co blir fremhevet.</p><p>Huippuvuorten peuran ruoansulatuskanavan ilmaisijaelementeistå.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Huippuvuorten peuran ruoansulatuskanavassa mitattiin talvella korkeammat Fe- ja Co-pitoisuudet kuin kesalla, kun taas Mn- ja Cu-pitoisuudet olivat samanlaisia kesålla ja talvella. Zn-pitoisuudet olivat korkeimmillaan kesållå koko ruoansulatuskanavassa, kun taas Mo-pitoisuudet olivat korkeimmat kanavan distaaliosassa. Yleinen absorptiomalli nayttaa hyvin sopivan yhteen muilla mårehtijoilla tehtyjen loydosten kanssa. Tutkimuksessa korostetaan raudan ja koboltin erityisen korkeaa tasoa.</p>
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Otterbeck, Andreas, Andreas Lindén, Ruslan Gunko, Eeva Ylinen, and Patrik Byholm. "Female breeding dispersal to higher quality habitats in a philopatric top predator." Journal of Ornithology 163, no. 1 (December 10, 2021): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01943-4.
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AbstractPhilopatry and monogamy are conventionally viewed as strategies for improving fitness. Many philopatric and monogamous species have, however, been shown to perform breeding dispersal—an exchange of territory (and often also partner) between two breeding seasons. The adaptiveness of breeding dispersal remains controversial, as data remain scarce and sporadic. For the Northern Goshawk, a typically highly philopatric and monogamous forest raptor, pairs breeding in barren forest landscapes produce fewer fledglings than pairs breeding in more productive landscapes. Using data on Finnish breeding female Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) during 1999–2016, we tested the hypotheses that: (1) breeding dispersal is more likely at barren territories, (2) dispersing females move to less barren territories, and (3) breeding dispersal improves the survival of young. About 29% of the female Goshawks in our study performed breeding dispersal, which contrasts to philopatry and suggest that site and partner fidelities show large variation within the species’ breeding range. We found no evidence that territorial landscape barrenness (proxy on habitat quality) affects the probability of breeding dispersal. However, females that dispersed upgraded to less barren territories. Nevertheless, there were no subsequent effects of breeding dispersal on reproductive performance, suggesting no obvious difference in the capability of rearing young at either site. Although dispersal events were directed to less barren habitats, we suggest that female dispersal is not driven by the pursue for more prospersous habitats, rather that those females are forced to move, for whatever reason. In addition to other observed reasons such as female–female competition for mates and loss of the original mate, intense logging of mature forests lowering local food availability and restricting nest site availability were likely a partial cause of increased breeding dispersal.
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Mäkelä, H. M., M. Laapas, and A. Venäläinen. "Long-term temporal changes in the occurrence of a high forest fire danger in Finland." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 8 (August 16, 2012): 2591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2591-2012.
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Abstract. Climate variation and change influence several ecosystem components including forest fires. To examine long-term temporal variations of forest fire danger, a fire danger day (FDD) model was developed. Using mean temperature and total precipitation of the Finnish wildfire season (June–August), the model describes the climatological preconditions of fire occurrence and gives the number of fire danger days during the same time period. The performance of the model varied between different regions in Finland being best in south and west. In the study period 1908–2011, the year-to-year variation of FDD was large and no significant increasing or decreasing tendencies could be found. Negative slopes of linear regression lines for FDD could be explained by the simultaneous, mostly not significant increases in precipitation. Years with the largest wildfires did not stand out from the FDD time series. This indicates that intra-seasonal variations of FDD enable occurrence of large-scale fires, despite the whole season's fire danger is on an average level. Based on available monthly climate data, it is possible to estimate the general fire conditions of a summer. However, more detailed input data about weather conditions, land use, prevailing forestry conventions and socio-economical factors would be needed to gain more specific information about a season's fire risk.
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Asmala, E., R. Autio, H. Kaartokallio, L. Pitkänen, C. A. Stedmon, and D. N. Thomas. "Bioavailability of riverine dissolved organic matter in three Baltic Sea estuaries and the effect of catchment land use." Biogeosciences 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2013): 6969–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6969-2013.
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Abstract. The microbial degradation of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen (DOC, DON) was studied in three Finnish boreal estuaries with contrasting land use patterns (Kiiminkijoki – natural forest and peatland; Kyrönjoki – agricultural; Karjaanjoki – mixed/urban). Bioassays of 12–18 d long durations were used in 3 seasons at in situ temperatures. Besides the bulk parameters, a suite of dissolved organic matter (DOM) quality parameters were also investigated, including colored DOM (CDOM), fluorescent DOM and the molecular weight of DOM. Bioavailable DOC and DON pools varied significantly between the estuaries, from 7.9 to 10.6% and from 5.5 to 21.9%, respectively. DOM originating from the catchment dominated by natural forests and peatlands (Kiiminkijoki) had the lowest DOC and DON degradation rates, as well as the lowest proportions of biodegradable DOC and DON. A greater proportion of agricultural land in the catchment increased the bioavailability of DON, but not the bioavailability of DOC (Kyrönjoki). Additionally, DOM quality varied significantly between the estuaries, and DOM originating from the agricultural Kyrönjoki catchment sustained higher DOC and DON degradation rates and higher bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) compared to those of the natural forest and peat dominated Kiiminkijoki catchment. The quality of DOM, indicated by differences in CDOM, fluorescent DOM and molecular weight, varied between estuaries with differing land use and was concluded to be major driver of BGE of these systems and thereafter to the microbial CO2 fluxes from the estuaries. The differences in BGE resulted in a 5-fold difference in the calculated daily bacterial CO2 emissions between the study's estuaries due to bacterial activity, ranging from 40 kg C d−1 in the Karjaanjoki estuary to 200 kg C d−1 in the Kyrönjoki estuary. Lower DOC:DON ratios, smaller molecular weight and higher CDOM absorption spectral slope values of DOM resulted in higher proportion of the initial DOC and DON being transferred to microbial growth and therefore to the pelagic food web. The pristine, peatland and forest-dominated Kiiminkijoki catchment had the lowest BGE, and therefore proportionally highest CO2 fluxes.
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Ortiz-Amezcua, Pablo, Alodía Martínez-Herrera, Antti J. Manninen, Pyry P. Pentikäinen, Ewan J. O’Connor, Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado, and Lucas Alados-Arboledas. "Wind and Turbulence Statistics in the Urban Boundary Layer over a Mountain–Valley System in Granada, Spain." Remote Sensing 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 2321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14102321.
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Urban boundary layer characterization is currently a challenging and relevant issue, because of its role in weather and air quality modelling and forecast. In many cities, the effect of complex topography at local scale makes this modelling even more complicated. This is the case of mid-latitude urban areas located in typical basin topographies, which usually present low winds and high turbulence within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). This study focuses on the analysis of the first ever measurements of wind with high temporal and vertical resolution throughout the ABL over a medium-sized city surrounded by mountains in southern Spain. These measurements have been gathered with a scanning Doppler lidar system and analyzed using the Halo lidar toolbox processing chain developed at the Finnish Meteorological Institute. We have used the horizontal wind product and the ABL turbulence classification product to carry out a statistical study using a two-year database. The data availability in terms of maximum analyzed altitudes for statistically significant results was limited to around 1000–1500 m above ground level (a.g.l.) due to the decreasing signal intensity with height that also depends on aerosol load. We have analyzed the differences and similarities in the diurnal evolution of the horizontal wind profiles for different seasons and their modelling with Weibull and von Mises probability distributions, finding a general trend of mean daytime wind from the NW with mean speeds around 3–4 m/s at low altitudes and 6–10 m/s at higher altitudes, and weaker mean nocturnal wind from the SE with similar height dependence. The highest speeds were observed during spring, and the lowest during winter. Finally, we studied the turbulent sources at the ABL with temporal (for each hour of the day) and height resolution. The results show a clear convective activity during daytime at altitudes increasing with time, and a significant wind-shear-driven turbulence during night-time.
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Rosales Rodríguez, Agnieszka. "Ferdynand Ruszczyc: A Polish Painter at the Crossroads of Cultures." Arts 12, no. 6 (November 2, 2023): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts12060232.
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The oeuvre of beloved Polish painter Ferdynand Ruszczyc (1870–1936) reflected the patriotic Neo-Romantic landscape trend of the fin-de-siècle prevalent in Germany and the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden). It should be considered in the context of Nordic visual culture for two reasons: (1) until the affiliation of Central and Eastern European nations with the Soviet Union in the wake of World War Two, nations bordering the Baltic formed a single, fluid territory of cultural exchange, and (2) Ruszczyc’s oeuvre displays significant commonalities with dominant patriotic and Neo-Romantic trends of progressive artists around the Baltic Sea, where landscape became a vehicle for expressing dreams and emotions, as well as love of homeland. This article situates Ruszczyc’s national and artistic identity at the crossroads of cultures and artistic impulses, regional as well as international. Ruszczyc was born in Bohdanów near Vilnius (now Belarus) to a Polish father and a Danish mother. Like many Polish artists from the Russian partition, he was educated at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, where he studied with Ivan Shishkin (1832–1898) and Arkhip Kuindzhi (1878–1910). He also travelled to Sweden. Ruszczyc was influenced by the Russian art circle Mir Iskusstva (World of Art, est. 1898) and is often compared with Nordic (e.g., Akseli Gallen-Kallela; Finnish, 1865–1931) and German (e.g., Otto Modersohn; 1865–1943) artists. His visions of nature are sometimes raw monumental images of the northern landscape or fairy-tale fantasies containing symbolic allusiveness and a mythical, poetic element that evoke intimate memories of the land of his childhood. In his paintings, Ruszczyc presented the changeability of seasons, orchards, soil and streams, clouds formations, and tree trunks with palpable emotion. By exposing the material substance of nature, his paintings also reveal its mystical aspect, its ability to transform in accordance with the cyclical, cosmic rhythm of growth, maturation, death, and rebirth.
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Vajda, Andrea, and Otto Hyvärinen. "Development of seasonal climate outlooks for agriculture in Finland." Advances in Science and Research 17 (November 18, 2020): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-17-269-2020.
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Abstract. Seasonal climate forecast products offer useful information for farmers supporting them in planning and making decisions in their management practices, such as crop choice, planting and harvesting time, and water management. Driven by the need of stakeholders for tailored seasonal forecast products, our goal was to assess the applicability of seasonal forecast outputs in agriculture and to develop and pilot with stakeholders a set of seasonal climate outlooks for this sector in Finland. Finnish end users were involved in both the design and testing of the outlooks during the first pilot season of 2019. The seasonal climate outlooks were developed using the SEAS5 seasonal forecast system provided by ECMWF. To improve the prediction skill of the seasonal forecast data, several bias adjustment approaches were evaluated. The tested methods increased the quality of temperature forecast, but no suitable approach was found for eliminating the biases from precipitation data. Besides the widely applied indices, such as mean temperature, growing degree days, cold spell duration, total precipitation and dry conditions, new sector-oriented indices (such as progress of growing season) have been implemented and issued for various lead times (up to 3 months). The first result of forecast evaluation, the development of seasonal forecast indices and the first pilot season of May–October 2019 are presented. We found that the temperature-based outlooks performed well, with better performance skills for short lead times, providing useful information for the farmers in activity management. Precipitation indices had poor skills for each forecasted month, and further research is needed for improving the quality of forecast for Finland. The farmers who have tested the seasonal climate outlooks considered those beneficial and valuable, helping them in planning their activities. Following the first pilot season, further research and implementation work took place to improve our understanding of the skill of seasonal forecasts and increase the quality of tailored seasonal climate services.