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1
Häkkinen, Antti. "The Great Famine of the 1860s in Finland: An Important Turning Point or Setback?" Journal of Finnish Studies 21, no. 1-2 (November 1, 2018): 156–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.21.1.2.07.
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Abstract In this article, the Finnish Great Famine of the 1860s will be discussed from a number of perspectives. First, using the famine classification developed by Howe and Devereux (2007), it is analyzed at four levels: mortality rate, food supply, coping strategies, and social breakdown. The main finding is that, although the criteria of severe famine conditions were fulfilled in certain parts of the country, at the local level authorities showed competence and the local government organized help in the desperate conditions. Second, the reasons behind the famine will be considered from the point of view of the structural and event history models (Arnold 1988). I will argue that the flow of events cannot be explained without adopting both of the approaches. The system theory approach (Howe and Devereux 2004; Howe 2010) will be connected with the long-term structural explanations (Mokyr 1985). The events can be seen as a process, where different factors strengthened one another, and the culmination point came in May 1868. Third, and finally, the Great Hunger Years of the 1860s will be discussed in the overall historical context: should the famine be considered as a notable turning point in Finland's history interpretation, or was the event a harmful temporary setback on the road to national social and economic prosperity? The latter view seems to be true. The famine impoverished the country, postponed the adoption of new technology and means of production, and proved how vulnerable the one-sided, agriculturally based national economy was.
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Kinnunen, Marja-Liisa, Jaakko Kaprio, and Lea Pulkkinen. "Allostatic Load of Men and Women in Early Middle Age." Journal of Individual Differences 26, no. 1 (January 2005): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.26.1.20.
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Abstract. The present longitudinal study investigated three aspects of allostatic load, a long-term negative consequence of physical responses to stress: (1) sex differences in allostatic load in early middle age, (2) associations between career stability history and allostatic load, and (3) relationships between allostatic load and health problems. Participants consisted of 62 men and 55 women from the ongoing Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development, Finland. Allostatic load was the sum of eight parameters (dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, 12-h urinary norepinephrine, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, glycosylated hemoglobin, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and waist-to-hip ratio) for which the participant fell into the high-risk quartile. Results showed that 41.9% of men and 21.8% of women had an elevated allostatic load at age 42. Participants with preceding unstable career assessed prospectively at age 36 had an over three-fold risk for high allostatic load six years later compared to participants with a stable career history; sex, alcohol consumption, and smoking were adjusted for in the models. Furthermore, participants with high allostatic load reported having more psychosomatic symptoms. The results reveal that an unstable career as a long-term stressful life condition may have long-lasting effects on health.
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Classon Frangos, Mike, and Anna Nordenstam. "Introduction." European Comic Art 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/eca.2022.150101.
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This special issue of European Comic Art presents articles on the diversity of contemporary feminist comics in the Nordic region. The Nordic countries have seen an explosion in feminist comics and graphic novels since the first decade of the twenty-first century. In Sweden, feminist comics have become commercial successes, winning prestigious prizes, and appearing in exhibitions, Instagram, and other social media. Recently, a new generation of artists has entered the scene with a renewed focus on queer and intersectional issues. This special issue directs attention to feminist comic art throughout the Nordic region—with representation from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden—by established creators as well as emerging voices. The history of feminist comics can be traced back to the social movements of the 1970s, but the energy and creativity of contemporary feminist comics is new, reflecting both international trends and conditions specific to the region and to each national context.
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Heikkinen, Eino. "Background, Design, and Methods of the Evergreen Project." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 6, no. 2 (April 1998): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.6.2.106.
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This paper provides a detailed description of the experimental design and chronology of the Evergreen Project, the aims of which were to profile the health and functional capacity of the elderly population of Jyväskylä, Finland, to examine changes in health and functional capacity over time, and to identify the factors related to living conditions and lifestyle that predict changes in functional capacity and health. Residents of Jyväskylä were invited to participate in a series of interviews and laboratory testing sessions. The interviews focused on (a) illnesses, the use of drugs, perceived health, symptoms, and psychosocial well-being, (b) physical and mental capacity and ADL functional capacity, (c) social togetherness and community activity, and (d) living conditions. lifestyle, and life history. The laboratory examinations assessed health status and drug use. anthropometric status, physical performance. sensory functions, perceptual-motor coordination, cognitive capacity and metacognitions. and neuropsychological functioning. A detailed breakdown of the participation and attrition rates, demographic characteristics, and normative data for each age cohort is provided.
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Cavalli, Alessandro, and Roberto Moscati. "Academic Systems and Professional Conditions in Five European Countries." European Review 18, S1 (May 2010): S35—S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798709990305.
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Despite the tendency to create a European Higher Education and Research area, academic systems are still quite different across Europe. We selected five countries (Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway and the UK) to investigate how the differences have an impact on a number of aspects of the working conditions of academic staff. One crucial aspect is the growing diversification of professional activity: reduction of tenured and tenure tracked position, the growing number of fixed-term contracts for both teaching and research, including the growing recruitment of academic staff from external professional fields. These changes are connected with the changing functions of higher education systems and signal the growing openness of higher education institutions to their outside social and economic environment. To understand these trends one has to take into consideration the different degree in which systems distinguish between teaching and research functions. A second aspect has to do with career paths, their regulation, their length and speed. Here, the history of recruitment and career mechanisms in different countries are of particular importance because the different systems went through different periods of change and stability. Also connected to career is the willingness and the opportunity to move from one position to another, both within and outside the academic world. A third aspect deserving attention that is connected to mobility is the professional satisfaction among academic staff in the five systems considered.
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PARTONEN, T., S. LEPPÄMÄKI, J. HURME, and J. LÖNNQVIST. "Randomized trial of physical exercise alone or combined with bright light on mood and health-related quality of life." Psychological Medicine 28, no. 6 (November 1998): 1359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798007491.
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Background. So-called atypical depressive symptoms (carbohydrate craving, prolonged sleep, weight gain, increased appetite) frequently emerge in association with low illumination to which people are ordinarily exposed indoors, or even outdoors at extreme latitudes in wintertime. Our objective was to analyse the effect of physical exercise alone or combined with bright light on mood and the health-related quality of life during winter.Methods. We carried out a randomized controlled trial on 120 indoor employees in southern Finland between November and January. The subjects were allocated to supervised fitness training under bright (2500–4000 lx) or ordinary (400–600 lx) light conditions in a gym 2–3 times weekly for 8 weeks, or supervised relaxation training once a week over the same period as active placebo. We collected questionnaire data on the changes in mood and health-related quality of life after 4 and 8 weeks of training, and after 4 months follow-up.Results. Fitness training in bright light resulted in greater relief from atypical depressive symptoms and more vitality than in ordinary room light. Compared with relaxation alone, the former regime improved general mental health and social functioning in addition to the improvement in depressive symptoms and vitality, whereas the latter only increased vitality.Conclusions. Supervised physical exercise combined with exposure to bright light appears to be an effective intervention for improving mood and certain aspects of the health-related quality of life in wintertime. This effect appears unrelated to the history of season-dependent symptoms, being noticeable among healthy individuals.
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PETRUSHENKO, YURIY, FEDIR ZHURAVKA, IRYNA MAREKHA, and MARIYA NOVGORODCEVA. "INTERNATIONAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT FACTORS." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 294, no. 3 (March 2021): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-294-3-32.
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In the article, the authors analyze the scope of international tourism development factors based on factological and statistical grounds. It was proven in the article that on the macro-level tourist markets can be grouped into national and oversea ones. The classification of the national markets implies their division into highly-intensive markets (USA, Germany, Great Britain, etc.), stabilized markets (Spain, Greece, Turkey, Poland, etc.), reformed markets (Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, China, etc.), ant accumulated markets (India, Tunis, Egypt, Cuba, etc.). The basic factors affecting the international tourist market include static (climate, natural resources, cultural heritage, etc.) and dynamic ones (population, urbanization, wealth, family, leisure, income, spending, technological advancement, international conflicts and their resolution, etc.). In the article, special attention is paid to the analysis of the dynamic factors of international tourism development, social and economic ones in particular. The presence of positive factors in the country promotes favorable conditions for enhancing its tourist attractiveness on the international level. It was found out that positive factors increase the inflows of tourists for the specific regions (Brazil, France, Great Britain, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Cyprus, Israel, and U.A.E.). On the national level, the following factors are crucial for the development of tourist industry: natural resources, politics, population and its well-being, cultural heritage and rich history. It was revealed, that in Ukraine tourist business is internationally-oriented, which has both pros and cons for the national economy. In the article, the authors presented a matrix with positive (catalysts) and negative (inhibitors) factors affecting tourist business in Ukraine. Among the positive drivers are large contribution to the national economy and state financial support. At the same time, imperfect infrastructure and lack of legal regulations can be referred to the negative factors. It was stressed in the article that drastic measures should be undertaken in order to increase social and economic performance of national tourist business in Ukraine and increase it international image.
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Moring, Beatrice. "Marriage and social change in south-western Finland, 1700–1870." Continuity and Change 11, no. 1 (May 1996): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000003106.
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Cet article traite du mariage, du ménage, de la mobilité sociale et des modèles migratoires sur la côte et dans les îles du sud-ouest de la Finlande. Au XVIIe siècle, la famille souche était prédominante dans la population rurale: c'était la conséquence du système d'héritage et des nécessités de l'economie paysanne. Mais, avec le XVIIIe siècle, les unions neo-locales (autrement dit la résidence indépendante du jeune couple) se multiplièrent, l'âge moyen au mariage des cultivateurs augmenta alors que celui des non-cultivateurs diminuait. Ces changements résultent à la fois de l'affaiblissement du système de transmission intégrale des exploitations, de l'introduction de la pomme de terre et de nouvelles techniques de pèche. A la fin du XVIIIe siècle, pour cette région, le modèle de nuptialité se rapproche de celui qu'Hajnal a défini pour l'Europe du Nord-Ouest.La génération née au milieu du XVIIIe siècle descendait pour moitié de paysans et appartenait encore à ce groupe au moment de la mort. La génération suivante n'en était issue que pour un peu plus du tiers, par suite de l'augmentation du nombre des paysans sans terre. Cependant la proportion de la population paysanne touchée par une descente sociale ne changea pas substantiellement avant 1820, alors que 80% des descendants de non-paysans ne connurent aucune mobilité sociale. On remarque en outre, trait important du modèle de mobilité en cause, que les femmes furent socialement plus mobiles que les hommes. On suggère que c'est la crainte d'une mobilité sociale descendante qui doit avoir encouragé les enfants de paysans à émigrer.
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Mäkelä, J. T., and M. Niskasaari. "Stoma Care Problems after Stoma Surgery in Northern Finland." Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 95, no. 1 (March 2006): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145749690609500105.
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Background and Aims: Stoma-related complications and problems in stoma care are common after gastrointestinal surgery requiring the construction of a stoma. The frequency and types of such complications and problems were evaluated in a patient cohort operated on in Oulu University Hospital. Material and Methods: A detailed questionnaire concerning clinical problems and stoma care was mailed to 163 stoma patients operated on during the years from 1995 to 2001 in Oulu University Hospital. One hundred and nineteen patients (70 percent) answered the questions adequately. The clinical variables concerning stoma complications and the patients' symptoms, problems with stoma care and adaptation to the situation were recorded. Special attention was paid to the patients' general wellbeing and social problems. Results: Thirty-five patients (30%) had stoma complications, most commonly parastomal hernias (18 cases). Patients with an ileostomy had more difficulties with stoma handling more often than the patients with a colostomy. Seventy-eight patients (66%) were well adapted to their stoma, including 49 (72%) of the patients with a colostomy and 25 (56%) of the patients with an ileostomy. Of the 41 non-adapted patients, 12 did not accept their altered body image, ten had problems in social life and nine had difficulties because of faecal leakage. The quality of life analysis of 114 patients showed that their physical condition was better than before the operation in 55 cases (48%), unchanged in 16 (14%) and worse in 43 (38%). General mental health was better than before the operation in 52 cases (46%), unchanged in 23 (20%) and worse in 39 (34%) patients. Social functioning had improved after stoma surgery in 38 cases (34%), remained unchanged in 27 (24%) and deteriorated in 46 (42%) patients after stoma surgery. Patients with a colostomy reported worse subjective physical condition, mental health and social functioning than the patients with an ileostomy. Conclusions: Two-thirds of the patients had adapted to their stoma. The patients with an ileostomy had difficulties in stoma handling and the patients with a colostomy reported their physical, mental and social wellbeing to be affected.
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Modeen, T. "The Lapps in Finland." International Journal of Cultural Property 8, no. 1 (January 1999): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739199770645.
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The Lapps of Scandinavia constitute a small indigenous ethnic community divided between four states: Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. The Lapps used to depend on reindeer farming and lacked their own schools. Because of their low social status and the lack of governmental understanding for their cultural needs, most of the Finnish Lapps had been assimilated with the majority population. Only in recent years an effort has been made by the government to encourage the preservation of the Lapp language and the Lapp civilization. A Lapp parliament has been created and the Lapp Language Act makes it possible for the Lapps to communicate in their own language with the authorities. It is to be hoped that these measures will bring positive results in a situation where only few Lappish speaking people remain in Finland, many of them having difficulties finding a livelihood in their homeland, the northernmost part of Finland.
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Roikonen, Petri, and Antti Häkkinen. "Generations, social homogamy and stratification in Finland, 1700–1910." History of the Family 24, no. 1 (August 3, 2018): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1081602x.2018.1500295.
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Sorvari, Jouni. "Social wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) beer trapping in Finland 2008-2012: a German surprise." Entomologica Fennica 24, no. 3 (December 21, 2013): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.8983.
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Beer trapping has been carried out annually in the summer in south western Finland (Turku) from 2008 to 2012 inclusive. In 2012, an additional trapping programme was conducted in southern (Helsinki), central (Kuopio) and northern (Kevo) Finland, which also included another trapping location in the south western (Turku) region. The traps were always presented for seven days in each location. While the median wasp Dolichovespula media (Retzius, 1783) was present in all locations, the common wasp Vespula vulgaris Linnaeus, 1758 was found in five out of six locations (20 traps per site). The Kevo individual represents the northernmost record for the median wasp species. The German wasp Vespula germanica (Fabricius, 1793) was surprisingly common in south western and southern Finland. Vespula germanica has a short history of occurrence in Finland and seems to have shifted its range northwards, possibly due to climate change. Some common species of the genus Dolichovespula Rohwer, 1916 were likely underrepresented, because they are not very attracted by beer.
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Pajari, Ilona. "Coffins in Finland: the history of production, design and attitudes." Mortality 23, no. 3 (December 21, 2017): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2017.1417247.
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Valkola, Jarmo. "Slowly Moving Bodies: Signs of Pictorialism in Aki Kaurismäki’s Films." Baltic Screen Media Review 3, no. 1 (November 1, 2015): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsmr-2015-0023.
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Abstract Aki Kaurismäki is arguably the best-known Finnish filmmaker, owing largely to his feature films such as Crime and Punishment (Rikos ja rangaistus, Finland, 1983), Calamari Union (Finland, 1985), Shadows in Paradise (Varjoja paratiisissa, Finland, 1986), Hamlet Goes Business (Hamlet liikemaailmassa, Finland, 1987), Ariel (Finland, 1988), The Match Factory Girl (Tulitikkutehtaan tyttö, Finland, 1990), I Hired a Contract Killer (Finland/ Sweden, 1990), La vie de bohéme (Finland/France/ Sweden/Germany, 1992), Take Care of Your Scarf, Tatiana (Pidä huivista kiinni, Tatjana, Finland/Germany, 1994), Drifting Clouds (Kauas pilvet karkaavat, Finland, 1996), Juha (Finland, 1999), The Man Without a Past (Mies vailla menneisyyttä, Finland, 2002), Lights in the Dusk (Laitakaupungin valot, Finland, 2006) and Le Havre (Finland/France, 2011). A large body of his work has been made in Finland, but also in countries like France and Great Britain. Besides feature films, he has also made documentaries and short films, as well as musical films with the group Leningrad Cowboys. In a broader context, Kaurismäki has a unique place in Finnish and international film history, as well as in media and communication culture. Kaurismäki’s cultural context includes elements that have been turned into national and transnational symbols of social communication and narrative interaction by his stylisation. The director’s cinematic strategy investigates and makes choices evoking a social understanding of characters that has special communicative value. Kaurismäki’s films have been scrutinised for over thirty years.
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Peltola, Jarmo. "The British contribution to the birth of the Finnish cotton industry (1820–1870)." Continuity and Change 34, no. 01 (May 2019): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416019000080.
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AbstractFinland urbanised and industrialised slowly. In 1820 Tampere was a tiny inland town in the Autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants. Although Finland was a latecomer to industrialisation, Tampere took the path of many other small towns in Europe. It grew around a relatively fast-growing cotton mill with the help of foreign, mainly British know-how. In this article I give an analysis of the policies and networks that made Finnish industrialisation possible from 1820 onwards, and of the roles the British industrialists, technicians and cotton industry specialists played in this process.
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Tourunen, Jouni, Antti Weckroth, and Teemu Kaskela. "Prison-based drug treatment in Finland: History, shifts in policy making and current status." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 29, no. 6 (January 1, 2012): 575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10199-012-0048-1.
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Aim The article outlines, at the level of political discourse, changes in drug and criminal policy that may have influenced the penal system as a backdrop to the rise of prison-based drug treatment programmes (PBDT) in Finland. Methods and Data Our perspective is historical. The article is based on historical and political documents, scholarly research and white papers. Results The history of PBDT in Finland is characterised by an absence of drug treatment programmes until the 1980s, first initiatives at the end of the 1980s, enthusiastic programme development from the mid-1990s, and decreasing interest during recent years. Unlike the National Drug Strategy, the Prison Drug Strategy aimed at a drug-free environment (zero tolerance) and implemented harm-reduction measures only to a limited extent. Conclusion The development of PBDT represents the new way of performing treatment in prisons, with features of managerialism. PBDT is also affected by an organisational segregation of rehabilitation and medical treatment, which prevents integration of harm-reduction measures with rehabilitative treatment, and is in conflict with general aims of integrating substance abuse treatment to mental and healthcare services in Finland. In the spirit of a new kind of Penal Welfarism, the role of documented individual risk and needs assessment in defining an offender's sentence has increased.
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Pitkänen, Kari J. "Contraception in Late Nineteenth-and Early Twentieth-Century Finland." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34, no. 2 (October 2003): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219503322649471.
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Finland's fertility decline started in the 1880s among educated people, and in the 1910s among the masses. By the late 1930s, fertility had started to decline even at the most remote areas. Various documents, such as newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, and ethnographic collections, show that although mechanical, quasimodern contraceptives were widely sold and actively marketed in Finland by the early twentieth century, they were mostly used by the upper social segments of the population, and, to some extent, by the working classes of the urban and industrial centers. The primary methods of birth control used by the masses were withdrawal, often in connection with douching and abortion.
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Ekholm, Laura, Simo Muir, and Oula Silvennoinen. "Linguistic, cultural and history-related studies on Jews in Finland: a look into the scholarship in the twenty-first century." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 27, no. 1 (June 27, 2016): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.67605.
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There has been a significant growth in volume and disciplines working on Jewish history and culture in Finland for the past fifteen years, yet no systematic overview of scholarly efforts have been available. This article aims to fill this gap. Our focus is on the disciplines of linguistics, cultural studies and history. Our overview covers monographs and articles that have appeared in academic publications since 2000, with a focus on Finland. Consequently we have left out Finnish research on Jews in other parts of the globe from our review. About half of the works introduced in this article have been published in Finnish and will now be briefly introduced to a wider Nordic scholarly community. The article consists of four parts. First we discuss Jewish studies and social history pursued in Finland. We then discuss studies focusing on antisemitism in Finland. The third part introduces the relevant literature on Finland’s role in the Second World War and its responsibility towards the conflict’s Jewish refugees and prisoners of war, after which studies on Finnish history culture and memory politics are presented. The final part presents biographies and general studies about the Jewish community in Finland.
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Luhtakallio, Eeva, and Iddo Tavory. "Patterns of engagement: identities and social movement organizations in Finland and Malawi." Theory and Society 47, no. 2 (April 2018): 151–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11186-018-9314-x.
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Ainamo, Antti, Janne Tienari, and Eero Vaara. "Between West and East: A social history of business journalism in Cold War Finland." Human Relations 59, no. 5 (May 2006): 611–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726706066550.
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Peltonen, Matti. "Righteousness or the right to drink? The debate on the ration book in Sweden and Finland during the 1950s." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 18, no. 4 (August 2001): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507250101800410.
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Sweden and Finland reviewed their alcohol control policies in the 1950s at more or less the same time. Sweden abolished its ration book system and lifted restrictions on the sale of medium strength beer, Finland in turn revised its mechanisms for controlling the purchase of alcohol, a version of the Bratt system. In Sweden, alcohol consumption increased sharply and the number of drunkenness offences doubled. In Finland, by contrast, nothing happened. Why? History provides one possible source of explanation. The Swedish version of the Bratt system was much stricter (with monthly rations allocated on the basis of social class and sex) and therefore there was greater pressure towards a liberalisation of alcohol policy than was the case in Finland. During the war and in the post-war years Finland had a strong labour movement, which was keen to underline and demonstrate that the working class were in every respect decent and upright people. The debate that was touched off by the General Strike in 1956 is particularly interesting. On the political right, workers were frequently portrayed as heavy drinkers; the political left worked hard to fend off this propaganda attack. In this kind of atmosphere it was impossible to seriously call for a liberalisation of alcohol control policy in Finland.
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Paaskoski, Leena. "Towards a Better Life: Family Capital and Upward Social Mobility Among Finnish Forestry Employees in the Extended 1950s." Journal of Finnish Studies 16, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 66–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.16.2.06.
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Abstract The article focuses on the questions of the vocational choice, education, and occupation of forestry employees in post-WWII Finland. Extensive oral history material and biographical interviews with Finnish forestry officers and foresters illuminate the concepts of family capital and upward social mobility at the individual, everyday level. In Finland, occupations in forestry are often inherited. The sons of forestry employees profit from family capital as they become forestry employees themselves, and there are many so-called “forestry families” in Finland. Because the situation in Finland after the war strongly favored education, young men were encouraged to educate themselves in the hope of obtaining a better future, economically and socially, for themselves, and also to provide more skilled workers for the nation. The pursuit and acquisition of upward social mobility, occupational prestige, and higher socio-economic positions as compared to their fathers was typical for these forestry employees, as well as the whole of Finnish society in the extended 1950s. The article was written as part of a project called Happy Days? The Everyday Life and Nostalgia of the Extended 1950s, led by Professor Hanna Snellman of Jyväskylä University and Helsinki University and financed by the Academy of Finland.
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Lintunen, Tiina, and Kimmo Elo. "Networks of Revolutionary Workers: Socialist Red Women in Finland in 1918." International Review of Social History 64, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 279–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000336.
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AbstractRevolutions need people. How do these people connect with each other, and how can the revolutionary message pass from one person to another? This article aims to answer these questions by examining the revolutionaries who participated in the Finnish Civil War on the rebellious Red side in 1918. We have chosen Red women from a particular district in Finland in order to analyse their connections and the networks created by membership of the labour movement, place of residence, and kinship. In order to see the layers of those connections, we utilize historical social network analysis rooted in digital history. This allows us to observe the significance and impact of regional, social networks and improves our understanding of structural factors affecting the intra-group dynamics among these revolutionary women. Our results support the claim that historical network analysis is a suitable tool for exploring interaction patterns and social structures in the past, and to gain new insights into historical phenomena.
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Kallioinen, Mika. "The burgesses of Finland as an estate—An example of the social organization of medieval society." Scandinavian Journal of History 21, no. 3 (January 1996): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468759608579324.
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Kallioinen, Mika. "The rise of the land market in medieval south-west Finland." Continuity and Change 33, no. 2 (August 2018): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416018000139.
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AbstractThis article aims to explain how the market for land functioned in medieval south-west Finland. The data show that in medieval times land was increasingly treated as something to be transferred in return for ready money, albeit within the limits set by the interests of the family. The land market was open to large segments of society, suggesting that barriers to entry were low. It was characterised by strong vertical integration, although asymmetric, as the majority of the transactions took place between participants from different social groups. The article will also consider the high degree of geographical integration in the land market.
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Rogers, John. "Nordic Family History: Themes and Issues, Old and New." Journal of Family History 18, no. 4 (September 1993): 291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036319909301800402.
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Using a collection of conference papers published in 1978 as a point of departure, the article reviews developments in family history research in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland during the past two-and-a-half decades. Included are those works which either treat the family or household as the object of study or use the family or household to study social, economic, and demographic change. Methodological developments as well as such topics as marriage and the formation of families, illegitimacy, social legislation, family relationships, family planning, and household size and structure are presented with an emphasis on cross-country comparisons.
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Liu, Fang, and Qi Wu. "Development of Welfare State under Automation Control." Applied Mechanics and Materials 329 (June 2013): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.329.467.
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This article has embedded welfare triangle paradigm in empirical research by social exclusion and social policy. Starting from the situation in Sweden and Finland, it has analyzed the convergence and the differences in paradigm content. At the same time, by using the social research to quantitative analysis the data, it has drawn the economic recession and recovery. Based on the above analysis, it is necessary to build a welfare system that in line with the national condition, to select a long-term welfare system mechanism, and to constantly improve the prototype of the welfare system that has begun to take shape.
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Leinonen, Johanna. "“Money Is Not Everything and That’s the Bottom Line”." Social Science History 36, no. 2 (2012): 243–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011780.
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This article highlights and fills gaps in research on migrant elites, traditionally defined as highly educated or professional migrants. The research on elite migrants has often suffered from methodological individualism: elite migrants are depicted as male professionals who shuttle from one work assignment or country to another, unrestricted by family relationships or national borders. My research shows the important role of marriage and family ties in life decisions of elite migrants, who in migration statistics and scholarly discussions appear merely as professionals, highly educated persons, or students. I also contribute to the recent literature that challenges the common assumption that migration is a unidirectional movement from one place to another initiated by a single motive, work or family. My research shows that in reality, for both women and men, multiple motives and multidirectional movements are often involved. Furthermore, my research highlights how elite migrants’ high social status does not necessarily guarantee privileged treatment by the host society or that elite migrants feel a part of the society in which they live. I use international marriages between Finns and Americans in Finland and the United States as a case study. I base my analysis on the 74 interviews that I conducted with American migrants and their Finnish spouses living in the capital region of Finland, in or near Helsinki, and with Finnish migrants married to US citizens and living in the state of Minnesota. In addition, I use responses to an online survey of American-born people who were living in Finland in 2008. I received 106 responses to the survey.
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Mauranen, Tapani. "Review of research in economic and social history in Finland in the 1970s and 1980s." Scandinavian Economic History Review 36, no. 3 (September 1988): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585522.1988.10408125.
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Alapuro, Risto. "Fred Singleton, A Short History of Finland, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989, 211 p." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 47, no. 4-5 (October 1992): 1051–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0395264900061400.
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Revel, Jacques. "Une condition marrane?" Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 57, no. 2 (April 2002): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.2002.280049.
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En présentant ce nouveau livre, Nathan Wachtel suggère qu’on peut y voir, trente ans après La vision des vaincus, dix ans après Le retour des ancêtres, «le dernier volet d’une trilogie dont le fil conducteur serait celui d’une “histoire souterraine” des Amériques, entre mémoire et oubli». La piste n’est qu’indiquée, et il convient sans doute de ne pas forcer ici l’interprétation. Elle mérite pourtant d’être signalée. D’un livre à l’autre, ce sont bien des histoires de vaincus auxquelles N. Wachtel s’est attaché: vaincus de la colonisation espagnole, dans un premier moment; vaincus des vaincus, avec les Chipayas de l’altiplano bolivien, survivants obstinés d’un monde plusieurs fois disparu; vaincus des vainqueurs aujourd’hui, avec l’archipel marrane, la face cachée, déniée de la société coloniale. Ce que, par delà leurs différences, ces histoires ont en commun, c’est de traiter d’expériences qui ont été contraintes et qui étaient promises à disparaître; elles ne nous sont connues qu’à travers des sources indirectes, morcelées, le plus souvent hostiles. Ce qu’elles attestent, en second lieu, c’est une résistance à l’érosion, à l’effacement, dans laquelle le travail de la mémoire joue un rôle central, quels qu’en soient les supports et les formes sociales. D’où le choix d’une stratégie de recherche, qui se retrouve de livre en livre et choisit de confronter un présent aux passés dont il est issu, et dont il se souvient.
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Virmasalo, Ilkka, and Elina Hasanen. "Defining the accessibility of physical activity Tracing the social dimension." Contesti. Città, territori, progetti, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/contest-14177.
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The promotion of the physical activity (PA) of citizens has traditionally focused on improving spatial accessibility, especially in municipal administrations. However, research evidence indicates that proximity to PA environments is not a sufficient condition for increased PA. This article presents a broader model of the dimensions of the accessibility of PA, developed in cooperation between researchers and the authorities of two cities in Finland. As a result, ten dimensions affecting accessibility have been identified: spatial, temporal, physical/technological, informational, economic, legal/ administrative, cultural/attitudinal, skills related, mental and social. A special focus of attention is on the most neglected dimension: the social. In addition to the dimensional typology, the article presents a view of the PA accessibility process in which the social dimension plays a significant role as a mediating level between the enabling factors and the decisions made by individuals.
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MORING, BEATRICE. "Gender, class and lodging in urban Finland around 1900." Continuity and Change 31, no. 1 (May 2016): 47–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416016000102.
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ABSTRACTThe popular image, if any, related to lodging in industrial and urban society is one of young male lodgers and female landladies. The aim of this article is to discuss the identity of lodgers and landlords/ladies in gender, age and social perspective. Can we find evidence for proximity in origin, gender and social class between those who looked for and those who provided lodgings? While the middle classes saw lodging as a social evil, were their fears of moral and hygienic degradation realistic? Was keeping lodgers a way of fleecing vulnerable migrants and forcing them into a life of squalor? Or is it possible that the people who acquired an extra room, for a bit of income, or squeezed in an extra bed, were at the mercy of builders and slum landlords with multiple houses? We should perhaps remind ourselves that the ultimate power of control of building quality and flat size lay in the hands of the social class that was pointing its finger at those at the bottom of the social ladder. Through the combination of surveys and census data with oral history collections from early twentieth-century Finland a narrative is constructed of the life as a lodger or landlord/landlady of the working class, demonstrating networks of friendship and mutual support, as well as systems of lodging that were simple economic arrangements for the survival of both parties.
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Keskinen, Lauri. "Working-class Sports Clubs as Agents of Political Socialisation in Finland, 1903–1923." International Journal of the History of Sport 28, no. 6 (April 2011): 853–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2011.557908.
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Viita, Ossi. "A Reluctant Hero: Hannes Kolehmainen and the Politics of Sporting Fame in Finland." International Journal of the History of Sport 29, no. 7 (May 2012): 980–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2012.690630.
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Kaihovirta, Matias. "Maintaining paternalism, retaining patriarchy: Gender and class in a Finnish industrial company, 1880–1980." management revue 31, no. 4 (2020): 402–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2020-4-402.
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This article examines industrial paternalism in Finland throughout a century, from the 1880s to the 1980s, and coincides with the rise and decline of industrial society in the history of Western capitalism. The focus of the article is on social relationships between management and employees in an ironworks in Billnäs, located in south-western Finland, and how it developed and changed during the studied time period. Applying a microscopic historical analysis, this article looks at universal phenomenon, namely concerning social relations and gender in the world of industrial paternalism in concrete detail. In addition to a historical understanding of paternalism, the article also contributes to a broader understanding of the relationship between social and economic relations in paternalist organizations with a view to exploring the cultural understandings of gender and class.
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Savolainen, Ulla. "Tellability, frame and silence." Narrative Inquiry 27, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.27.1.02sav.
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Abstract On the basis of the September 1944 Moscow Armistice agreement between Finland, the Soviet Union and the UK, the Finnish government was obliged to intern German and Hungarian citizens in Finland. Applying the concepts of “tellability” and “frame”, I examine how individuals (most of them children of German fathers and Finnish mothers) who were interned as minors and young people in Finland in 1944–1946 describe silence and the rupture of silence. In order to understand the interaction and dynamics between individuals’ remembering and public memory, I analyze oral history interviews of ex-internees in relation to public discussion. I argue that bringing together viewpoints of narrative analysis, oral history research and memory studies facilitates understanding of the link between the individual, private and public dimensions of memory construction. Furthermore, I suggest that the analytical concepts of tellability and frame are highly useful in understanding why some experiences and events of the past are narrated and remembered while others are forgotten or silenced.
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Bufienė, Giedrė. "Proverbs from Childhood: International Research of Children’s Speech and Thinking in the 20th Century." Tautosakos darbai 51 (June 27, 2016): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2016.28891.
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The article focuses on the proverbs used in the families for didactic purposes in the traditional society of the first two decades of the 20th century, along with specific aspects of the children’s thinking and their capacity to understand the figurative metaphoric speech. Psychologists and psycholinguists interested in these problems (like Jean Piaget and others) attempted establishing the age that children started understanding the figurative meaning of the proverbs. The author of the article surveys the main international research of this type carried out in the 20th century, discussing advantages and disadvantages of the experimental methods, commenting on the achieved conclusions, and emphasizing the importance of the context for the perception of proverbs.In the second part of the article, the author introduces the attitude of the anthropologists / folklorists towards the situation of the child and the proverb, maintaining that artificial conditions that the child is placed in during the experiment can never replicate the natural situation and communication in the family. Discussion and interpretation of the latter started since the second half of the 20th century (works by Ruth Finnegan, Charles Briggs, etc.). The author pays special attention to the study by Liisa Granbom-Herranen, investigating proverbs from childhood in the verbal culture of the traditional Finnish rural community. The researcher collected her material from the written sources exclusively, i.e. from the memoirs of the informants born no later than 1930, looking for the episodes of the pedagogical discourse in them (especially proverbs used for pedagogical purposes along with their contexts – situational, social, and cultural). The Finnish paremiologist made rather unexpected conclusions, maintaining that children mostly perceived the proverbs used in the family in quite emotional way. This could be due to the activity that they were engaged in at the particular moment (the situation that required disciplining) and confrontation with the grown-up person uttering the proverb, whose emotional connection with the child determined the intensity of the experience for the latter. Paradoxically, the wording of the proverb and the beauty of the metaphor were almost meaningless to the children (the meaning of the proverbs was frequently lost on them entirely, or received “childish” interpretations). The Finnish paremiologist illustrated her research with ample empiric material proving that in the traditional community, the children’s reaction to the proverbs that they heard and the intensive emotions that they experienced in connection with them was a consistent rather than an accidental phenomenon. Granbom-Herranen also devised a hierarchic thematic scheme for the proverbs that she investigated (including work, the Christian way of living, self-discipline, etc.). According to her, this scheme essentially corresponded to the official pedagogical rules and regulations established in the Finnish autonomous grand duchy of Russia at the time.The article also provides illustrations from the accumulated Lithuanian material, including examples of the “childish” interpretations of the Lithuanian proverbs. This allows for marking the dotted parallel line between Finland and Lithuania, indicating fruitfulness of the prospective comparative research, and suggesting presumable thematic of the Lithuanian proverbs used for pedagogical purposes (e.g., mythopoetic worldview, patriotism) that could be obscure in the traditional Finnish society. The detailed comparison of the relative Finnish and Lithuanian data could doubtless reveal numerous interesting facts.
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AHONEN, PERTTI. "Taming the Expellee Threat in Post–1945 Europe: Lessons from the Two Germanies and Finland." Contemporary European History 14, no. 1 (February 2005): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777304002127.
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This article analyses the process through which the dangers posed by millions of forced migrants were defused in continental Europe after the Second World War. Drawing on three countries – West Germany, East Germany and Finland – it argues that broad, transnational factors – the cold war, economic growth and accompanying social changes – were crucial in the process. But it also contends that bloc-level and national decisions, particularly those concerning the level of autonomous organisational activity and the degree and type of political and administrative inclusion allowed for the refugees, affected the integration process in significant ways and helped to produce divergent national outcomes.
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Drobyshevskya, T. A. "The Role of the Knowledge- Producing Sector in the Innovation Economy." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(25) (August 28, 2012): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2012-4-25-184-189.
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The article is dedicated to the role of the knowledge-producing sector for the development of innovation economy in Finland. History and structure of the Finnish innovation system, as well as main characters of knowledge-producing sector as a part of the system are in the center of investigation. The author comes to the conclusion that it was the social state model in Finland that made it possible to create the knowledge-producing sector able either to keep a high quality of education of all levels or to maintain a culture of networking diffusion of knowledge and innovation.
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Karjalainen, Toni-Matti, and Janne Tienari. "Lemmy Kilmister and milk from Finland: On remembering, online spaces and corporate branding." Metal Music Studies 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/mms_00004_1.
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In this article, we show how new (social) media dynamics condition the way remembering and mourning play out online. We analyse commenting with regard to the Finnish dairy-product company Valio’s advertisement-turned-tribute to rock idol Lemmy Kilmister, who had passed away some days earlier. Our study shows that ambiguous and fluid power relations in online spaces can sustain facile and simplified corporate messages. We offer an example of how the context of representation shifts in online exchanges and highlight how local repertoires of meaning making are overpowered by universal myths. This offers a new perspective to metal music studies. More generally, our study elucidates contextual shifts as one of the ways in which contemporary capitalism operates as consumers such as metal music fans are engaged in co-production of corporate brand meanings.
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Leppänen, Anne. "Final Results of Road Traffic in Winter Project: Socioeconomic Effects of Winter Maintenance and Studded Tires." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1533, no. 1 (January 1996): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153300104.
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Finland is a sparsely populated country where the road network provides access even to the most remote areas of the country. All public roads maintained by the Finnish National Road Administration (FinnRA) are kept in good condition day and night throughout the year. Sodium chloride is the main substance used for chemical deicing; sanding is used only on roads with little traffic. In Finland the use of studded tires began in the early 1960s. Finland is the leading country in the use of studded tires: in winter, 95 percent of passenger cars have studded tires. The simultaneous use of salt and studded tires causes problems. To solve these problems, FinnRA launched a large research program called “Road Traffic in Winter” to evaluate alternative winter maintenance scenarios for improving social benefits. The project had nine future scenarios, representing permutations of three alternatives each for studded tire use and salting. None of the examined scenarios was more favorable than the baseline situation (current usage). When searching for the socioeconomic optimum, the accident costs become the most important factor, and the accident costs strongly support retention of the baseline situation: the use of salt and studded tires should be continued at current levels despite their drawbacks.
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Darbo-Peschanski, Catherine. "Condition humaine, condition politique. Fondements de la politique dans la Grèce archaïque et classique." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 51, no. 4 (August 1996): 711–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1996.410882.
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Quand on s'interroge sur la politique en Grèce ancienne, on associe régulièrement cette question à deux autres, objets de débats toujours ouverts : celle de la naissance de la cité, bien que la cité ne soit pas la seule forme d'organisation politique du monde grec et, inextricablement, celle d'une définition générale de la politique ou du politique.Peut-on dire que la cité naît au 8esiècle avant notre ère, quand s'affirme un mouvement d'implantation centralisé et planifié que vient confirmer l'érection d'édifices communs, religieux ou militaires? Ou bien ces données archéologiques et d'autres qui les accompagnent (augmentation et changement de nature du matériel funéraire, diffusion de l'écriture alphabétique et de l'art figuré, implantations de colonies) demandent-elles des interprétations nuancées et n'ont-elles rien de vraiment probant? Par ailleurs, à supposer que la cité naisse à cette époque et non pas plus tôt ou plus tard, sa véritable naissance n'est-elle pas marquée par une certaine manière de vivre en commun que ne révéleront jamais directement les traces matérielles interprétées par les archéologues?Dès lors, il convient de savoir ce qu'on entend par politique.
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Jutila, Matti. "Securitization, history, and identity: some conceptual clarifications and examples from politics of Finnish war history." Nationalities Papers 43, no. 6 (November 2015): 927–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2015.1065402.
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This article shows how we can use the securitization framework to study extreme history politics.Securitizationrefers to a speech act or discursive process in which an actor makes a claim that some referent object, deemed worthy of survival, is existentially threatened. If successful, securitization justifies the use of extraordinary measures to counter the threat. After introducing the concept of securitization in detail, the article presents three ways in which history and securitization can be connected: history can serve as a facilitating condition of securitization; history can be explicitly used to strengthen a securitizing move; or history, or a particular interpretation of it, can be the referent object of securitization. The second half of the article is devoted to a discussion on the role of history in the securitization of national identities. Historical myths are the standard building blocks of national identities; challenging these myths can be presented as threats to the survival of the nation. The article also discusses potential forms of resistance against securitization of history/national identities. Illustrative examples from the political use of WWII history in Finland will be used to show the practical consequences of various conceptual choices.
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Conway, Martin. "On fragile democracy: Contemporary and historical perspectives—Introduction." Journal of Modern European History 17, no. 4 (October 10, 2019): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419880456.
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The concept of fragility provides an alternative means of approaching the history of democracy, which has often been seen as the ineluctable consequence of Europe’s social and political modernisation. This is especially so in Scandinavia, as well as in Finland, where the emergence of a particular Nordic model of democracy from the early decades of the twentieth century onwards has often been explained with reference to embedded traditions of local self-government and long-term trends towards social egalitarianism. In contrast, this article emphasises the tensions present within the practices and understandings of democracy in the principal states of Scandinavia during the twentieth century. In doing so, it provides an introduction to the articles that compose this Special Issue, as well as contributing to the wider literature on the fragility of present-day structures of democracy.
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Silfver, Mia, and Liisa Myyry. "Integrating historical and moral consciousness in history teaching." Historical Encounters: A journal of historical consciousness, historical cultures, and history education 9, no. 2 (August 8, 2022): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52289/hej9.203.
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The aim of this study is to explore historical perspective-taking from a social psychological perspective and reflect on the role of social identities and conceptions of human nature in perspective-taking. The sample consisted of 160 Year 9 students in Finland who responded to a historical perspective-taking task based on an edited excerpt from the book Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (Browning, 1999). Based on qualitative content analysis, four types of answers were identified: all groups have the potential for good and evil; in-group is morally superior; lessons learned from history; and in the future similar situation would be possible. Social identity as an in-group – out-group distinction was essential in the responses as well as moral and historical empathy. Our empirical data shows that many students are willing and able to reflect on complex ethical questions on history lessons, and therefore we suggest that open discussions and consideration of different perspectives should be encouraged in history teaching. In addition, connecting historical topics to current day issues would help students to recognize the patterns of thinking that may lead to intergroup conflicts and violence.
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MORROW, JOHN. "THOMAS CARLYLE, ‘YOUNG IRELAND’ AND THE ‘CONDITION OF IRELAND QUESTION’*." Historical Journal 51, no. 3 (September 2008): 643–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0800695x.
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ABSTRACTThis article reconsiders Thomas Carlyle's views on the crisis facing Ireland in the 1840s and British responses to it. It argues that while Carlyle saw this crisis as being related to difficulties facing contemporary ‘English’ society, he treated it as a distinctive manifestation of a malaise that afflicted all European societies. Carlyle's views on Ireland reflected the illiberal and authoritarian attitudes which underwrote his social and political thought, but they were not, as has sometimes been suggested, premised on anti-Irish prejudices derived from racial stereotypes. An examination of Carlyle's writings on Ireland demonstrate that he attributed the parlous state of that country in the 1840s to widespread failures in leadership and social morality that were not unique to the inhabitants of Ireland and were also to be found in England. Carlyle's works were not only admired by leading members of ‘Young Ireland’, but also generated ideas that framed their response to the economic, social, and political challenges facing Ireland.
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Chechikova, Yulia S. "Finnish Libraries: From Agrikola Times to the Present Day." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 6 (December 2, 2009): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2009-0-6-80-85.
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The present paper considers the history of Finnish public libraries, the situation and circumstances of the first experiences in this area like readers` associations. The author shows the political and social tendencies in the country which had the largest influence on the formation of principles of libraries` activities. Much attention is given by the author to the history of foundation and current activities of the National Library of Finland.
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Lahelma, Eero, Pekka Martikainen, Ossi Rahkonen, and Karri Silventoinen. "Gender differences in illhealth in Finland: patterns, magnitude and change." Social Science & Medicine 48, no. 1 (January 1999): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00285-8.
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Salmela, Anu. "Fleshy Stories. New Materialism and Female Suicides in Late Nineteenth-Century Finland." International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity 6, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/hcm.545.
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In nineteenth-century western medicine suicide was a gendered phenomenon. Female suicides were linked to emotion, whereas the male ones were seen as social acts, reflecting the state of the national economy and social wellbeing. Concentrating on late nineteenth-century Finnish female suicides, this article offers a new perspective on the medical history of suicides: firstly, it utilizes an underused source type, the post-mortems of suicides, and, secondly, it develops a methodology inspired by Karen Barad’s agential realism. While recognizing the gendered and cultural dimensions of suicide, I argue that female suicides included factors even beyond the human. Hence, the article suggests that suicide was neither a human nor a discursive phenomenon but an entanglement of multiple agencies, including human and nonhuman, matter and discourse.